Karolo ea bohlokoa ea khopolo ho fokotsa likotsi tse tsoang ho mahlale a morao-rao. Lahleheloa ke komiti?. Tlhaloso mabapi le: Ho ipeha kotsing ho kenyelletsa mahlale a morao-rao: Moralo oa bankakarolo ho fokotsa likotsi (Swanton et al., 2019)

Mekhoa e meng ea theknoloji e putsa ho feta e meng

Bohareng ba Swanton et al.'s (2019) moralo ke 'ho ipeha kotsing ea ho ipeha kotsing', moaho o ts'oanang le, empa o fapane hōle le, ho se tsotelle or ho nka kotsi ho latela likhopolo tse ling. Sena e ne e le ka boomo ebile se ts'epiloe ke bangoli ho nolofalletsa mofuta oa mekhoa e fapaneng ea boits'oaro e neng e ke ke ea tloaela ho nahana ka 'libaka tse sa boneng' tse ka hlahang ho tsoa mokhoeng o mong 'o kopaneng'. Le khetho ea lebitso "ho ipeha kotsing" e ne e le ho qoba ho bua ka tahi empa, ka ho etsa joalo, e boetse e tlohetse karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho matlafatsa ka boitshwaro. Khopolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e kholo ea ho se tsotelle, ho ipeha kotsing, kapa ho batla mokhoa o mocha oa ho batla maikutlo (o hahiloeng mananeong a lipatlisiso a mangata) o na le tšusumetso ea ho phehella batšehetsi, ho kenyeletsoa le maemong ao ho ka bang kotsi ho etsa joalo (Barratt, ka 1972; Cloninger, 1987; Eysenck, 1993; Gullo, Loxton, & Dawe, 2014; Whiteside & Lynam, 2001; Zuckerman le Kuhlman, 2000). Boitšoaro ba ho nkeha maikutlo kapa ba ho ipeha kotsing, ho sa natse hore na bo na le mathata kapa che, bo susumetsoa ke ho batla tšusumetso e ntle kapa e sa lefelloeng (mohlala, lijo, thobalano, tumello ea sechaba, ho fella ka ho matlafatsoa). E ka boela ea susumetsoa ke mpe matlafatso, ho lelekisa phomolo maemong a hlobaetsang a mmele kapa a kelello (ke hore kotlo), joalo ka bohloko kapa maikutlo a tlase. Ho sa tsotelehe matlafatso a 'nete, ke tebello ea matlafatso e susumelletsang boits'oaro ba ho ipeha kotsing le boits'oaro. Ho se sebetse ha matlafatso kapa matla a thekenoloji e ncha ke moeli oa bohlokoa ho Swanton et al.'s (2019) moralo.

Lintho tse ling tse matlafatsang ka tlhaho li matlafatsa (ho putsa le / kapa ho imolla) ho feta tse ling. Mohlala, ke ba fokolang ba ka hanang hore theknoloji e lumellang phihlello (inthaneteng) ea lipapali tsa video kapa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e kanna ea baka ts'ebeliso e thata ho feta theknoloji e lumellang ho hlatsoa lijana habonolo. Ho bapala Inthaneteng le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li matlafatsa haholo hobane li ama dopamine neurotransmission haholo ho feta ts'ebeliso ea mochini o hlatsoang lijana kapa mesebetsi e meng (Gola et al., 2017; Koep et al., 1998). Ka ho ama haholo neurotransmission ea dopamine, lipapali tsa inthanete le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka ba kholo ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso ho feta litšupiso tsa mochini o hlatsoang lijana, mehopolo ka tsona khafetsa e hapa tlhokomelo ea basebelisi le ho hlahisa takatso e matla ea ho batla moputso o amanang le ts'ebeliso (Berridge & Robinson, 2016; Monghali Han, Kim, Lee, Min, & Renshaw, 2010; Robinson & Berridge, 2001). Boits'oaro ba khothatso ke ntho ea bohlokoa e tšehetsang matlafatso (ea lintho le boits'oaro) e ka lebisang ho mathata a taolo ea ts'ebeliso le likotsi tse latelang (Koob & Volkow, 2016; Saunders, Degenhardt, Reed, & Poznyak, 2019). Ka mehopolo e kenang haholoanyane le litšusumetso tse matla tsa tšusumetso li tla le bothata bo boholo ba ho thibela boits'oaro ba tšebeliso ha bo sa nepahala kapa bo le kotsi. Monyetla / matlafatso a theknoloji efe kapa efe e ncha ke ntlha ea bohlokoa ho tseba hore na e tla ba kotsi ho basebelisi joang?Saunders et al., 2017).

Batho ba bang ba amehile haholo ka moputso

Ho elelloa bohlokoa ba matlafatso ts'ebelisong e thata ea mahlale ho etsa hore ts'ebeliso ea mohopolo oa ho se ts'oenyehe o hlake ha o nahana ka mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le likotsi. Batho ka bomong ba nang le litšobotsi tse ngata ho khanna moputso / kutloisiso, karolo e kholo ea ho se tsotelle, e tla ba le matla a matla ho feta ho sebelisa meputso e amanang le mahlale, ka potlako e hokahanya mekhoa e fapaneng le moputso ona, mme e thehe litebello tse ntle ka ho fetelletseng mabapi le melemo ea ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a morao-rao, tsena tsohle li baka litakatso tse matla le tse matlafatsang khafetsa ( Ho e lakatsa) ho e sebelisa khafetsa (Dawe, Gullo, & Loxton, 2004; Gullo, Dawe, Kambouropoulos, Staiger, le Jackson, 2010; Robinson le Berridge, 2000). Ho khanna moputsong ke tšobotsi e ipapisang le bioloji e bonts'ang liphapang tsa motho ka mong ts'ebetsong ea mesolimbic dopamine system eo boholo ba eona e leng liphatsa tsa lefutso (Cloninger, 1987; Costumero et al., 2013; Dawe et al., 2004; Depue & Collins, 1999; Schreuders et al., 2018). Ho khanna / ho ba le kutloisiso ea moputso ho lutse khubung ea extraversion (Depue & Collins, 1999; Gray, 1970; Lucas & Diener, 2001), e hlalositsoe ka ho hlaka ho Gray's Behavioural Approach System (BAS) (Grey, 1975), 'me e bonahala ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng likhopolong tse ling tsa ho batla maikutloSteinberg, 2008; Woicik, Stewart, Pihl, & Conrod, 2009), empa hanyane joalo ho ba bang (Zuckerman le Kuhlman, 2000).

Koloi e phahameng ea moputso e bontšitsoe ho bolela esale pele mathata a nako e telele ka lintho tse fapaneng tse matlafatsang (De Decker et al., 2017; Heinrich et al., 2016; Urošević et al., 2015) le batho ka bomong ba nang le bothata ba papali ea inthanete ba phahame haholo ho khanna moputso ho feta taolo e nepahetseng (Lee et al., 2017; Rho et al., 2017). Tlhōrō ea meputso nakong ea bocha, e hlahisa nako e ikhethang ea likotsi bakeng sa boits'oaro bo fapaneng ba boits'oaro (Ernst et al., 2005; Galvan le al., 2006; Gullo & Dawe, 2008; Steinberg & Chein, 2015). Ho shebella mahlale a macha le a hlahang ka lense ea matlafatso ho ka lumella ho khetholloa ka potlako ho nang le monyetla oa ho ba kotsi (mohlala, boqapi ba theknoloji ea mochini o hlatsoang lijana ho kanna ha ba le mathata). Ts'ebeliso ea mohopolo oa ho hloka takatso e tla lumella hore ho khetholloe batho bao sechabeng ba kotsing ea ho sebelisoa hampe.

Ho laola boitšoaro bo putsoang

Le ha theknoloji e ngoe e na le matla a ho matlafatsa a bang, bongata ba basebelisi ba ke ke ba hlahisa mathata, leha ba a sebelisa khafetsa. Liphuputso tse entsoeng ka bongata li hakanya ho ata ha papali ea papali ea marang-rang e le 1-15% hara bacha, 'me sena se fapana haholo ho ea ka libaka le lilemo (Molichaba, 2009; Saunders et al., 2017). Bacha ba bapalang lipapali tsa video ho fihlela lihora tse 19 ka beke ha ba tsoele pele ho bapala lipapali tsa mafu (Moditjhaba et al., 2011). Joalo ka ha ho le lintho tse matlafatsang haholo (Wagner le Anthony, 2007), Le ha tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea theknoloji e matlafatsang e eketsa menyetla ea ho ba le mathata, boholo ba basebelisi ha bo hlahise mathata a laolang tšebeliso ea bona. Molaoana o atlehileng o ipapisitse le bokhoni ba ho thibela boits'oaro bo matlafalitsoeng kamora ho hlaha ha litlamorao tse mpe, ke hore kotlo (Patterson & Newman, 1993).

Boholo ba bacha ba bapalang lipapali tsa video ba fumana matlafatso a amanang mme ba sa tsoelepele ho ba bapalami ba mafu a itseng (Moditjhaba et al., 2011). Bakeng sa ba bang, boits'oaro bo matlafalitsoeng bo eketseha khafetsa le ho tiea, ho baka kotlo (mohlala, maemo a tlase tlhahlobong). Boiphihlelo (kapa tebello) ea kotlo e joalo e hlahisa tšusumetso e hanyetsanang ea ho thibela boits'oaro bo matlafalitsoeng, ka tsela eo ho qoba (litlamorao) tsa litlamorao tse mpe (Gray & McNaughton, 2000; Patterson & Newman, 1993). Ho bapala inthaneteng ho ka ba monate, empa hora e 'ngoe le e' ngoe eo u e qetang u bapala e siea hora e le 'ngoe ho qeta ho ithutela tlhahlobo kapa ho ba le moshanyana / kharebe. Sena se kanna sa se be kotsi kapa se be kotsi, empa se eketsa menyetla ea litlamorao tse mpe kaha ho sebelisoa lihora tse ngata ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a putsang hanghang ho fapana le mesebetsi e meng. Ho etsa liqeto tsa mofuta ona, ho kenyelletsang moputso o potlakileng le kotlo e liehang / e sa tsitsang, ke sepheo sa mosebetsi o mongata oa thuto ea tšimo.

Litlaleho tsa khopolo ea ho se tsotelle le ho ipeha kotsing li e hlalosa e le tloaelo ea ho etsa boits'oaro bo lebisang moputsong / phomolo (hangata moputso o potlakileng le ho feta) leha ho ka ba le kotlo (hangata e lieha ho feta ebile e sa fuoe kotlo e itseng (Barratt, ka 1972; Cloninger, 1987; Eysenck, 1993; Gullo et al., 2014; Zuckerman le Kuhlman, 2000)). Ha likhopolo tse ling li sa khetholle pakeng tsa ho se tsotelle 'me ho nka kotsi, ba bang ba sisinya hore ea pele e khetholloa haholo ke ho se lemohe litlamorao tse ka bang teng tse mpe mme ea morao ho feta ke ho ikemisetsa ho 'ipeha kotsing' leha ba lemohile litlamorao (Sefapano, Copping, & Campbell, 2011; Eysenck, Easting, & Pearson, 1984; Gullo & Dawe, 2008; Nigg, 2017; Zuckerman le Kuhlman, 2000). Ho latela pono ea methapo ea kelello, ho bohlanya ho feta ho sheba tlhokomeliso ea likotlo tsa kotlo le bohlokoa ba tsona bo susumetsang joalo ka ha li le teng ka nako e le 'ngoe ea' ts'oaetso ea kotlo '(Gray & McNaughton, 2000; McNaughton le Corr, 2004).

Phapang ea motho ka mong mabapi le kutloisiso ea kotlo e bonts'a monyako oa ts'ebetso ea ts'ireletso ea boko. Sistimi ena e na le, har'a tse ling, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, entorhinal cortex, subicular area (subiculum), amygdala, orbitofrontal le cingulate cortices (Bechara, 2004; Gray & McNaughton, 2000). Batho ba nang le kutloelo-bohloko ea kotlo ba ne ba ka arabela feela litlhahisong tsa litlamorao tse mpe tsa hanghang le tse itseng (mohlala: 'Haeba ke hloleha tlhahlobo e le ngoe hape, e leng hosane, ke tla tlameha ho pheta sehlopha sa 10'). Batho ba nang le kutloelo-bohloko ea kotlo ba ka ba le tšusumetso e kholo ea tšibollo ha ba arabela litlamorao tse mpe hanghang (mohlala: 'Ha ke batle ho bapala lipapali tsa video matsatsing a beke hobane e ka 'na ama lithuto tsa ka ').

Puisano e fetileng ha ea lokela ho baloa ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho se ts'oenyehe ke feela motsoako oa ho ba le kutloelo-bohloko e phahameng ea moputso le ho ba le kutlo e tlase ea kotlo, 'me bopaki bo paka sena (Depue & Collins, 1999; Smillie, Pickering, & Jackson, 2006). Liphapang tsa sebopeho sa nakoana sa meputso le likotlo, hammoho le makhetlo / menyetla ea ketsahalo ea tsona li hloka ho tsotelloa. Sena ke sebaka se seng seo re lumelang ho sona Swanton le basebetsi-'moho (2019) mohopolo oa ho ipeha kotsing o ka una molemo kholisong e ngoe.

Meetso ea sejoale-joale ea ho se ts'oenyehe, hammoho le mefuta ea boits'oaro bo lemalloang ka kotloloho, e lemoha bohlokoa ba phapang ea ho pepeseha moputso le kotlo ka lebaka la boits'oaro, le hore na sena se fetoha joang ha nako e ntse e tsamaea. Boitšoaro bo lemalloang hangata bo qala ka ho nka karolo ketsong e hlahisang moputso feela (mohlala, ho bapala lipapali tsa video inthaneteng). Boitšoaro bona boa phetoa ebile bo putsoa makhetlo a mangata ka kotlo e nyane kapa ha e fuoe ho hang, mme kemiso ena ea matlafatso e ka lula lilemo tse 'maloa, leha ho le joalo ka lithethefatsi tse seng molaong (Wagner le Anthony, 2007). Ha maqhubu le / kapa bolelele ba boitšoaro bo tsepameng bo ntse bo eketseha, ntlheng ena, papali ea inthanete, monyetla oa kotlo oa eketseha ha o qala ho kena-kenana le mesebetsi ea bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi: ho robala ka ho lekaneng, ho ikoetlisa, ho fa metsi metsi, phepo e nepahetseng (Achab et al., 2011; Chuang, 2006; Mihara, Nakayama, Osaki, & Higuchi, 2016). Likotlo tsena li etsahala molemong oa boits'oaro bo tiileng, bo matla, bo atamela ho putsa mme bo sa sebetsanoe ke boko ka tsela e ts'oanang le likotlo tse etsahalang ntle le nalane ena ea ho ithuta (Bechara, 2004; Basebetsi, 2007; Gray & McNaughton, 2000; Patterson & Newman, 1993). Habohlokoa, ho na le liphapang tse kholo tse ipapisitseng le bioloji tse susumetsang likotlo tse hlahisitsoeng ho boitšoaro bo neng bo putsoa nakong e fetileng.Dawe et al., 2004; Gullo, Jackson, & Dawe, 2010; Patterson & Newman, 1993). Ena ke sepheo sa ntlha ea bobeli e kholo ea ho se ts'oenyehe, ho potlaka kapele, eo hape e amanang le kutloisiso ea ts'ebeliso e kotsi ea mahlale a macha.

Ho potlaka kapele ke tšobotsi e ipapisang le bioloji e bonts'ang liphapang tsa motho ka mong ho bokhoni ba ho fetola kapa ho thibela boits'oaro ba boits'oaro ho latela litlamorao tse ka bang teng tse mpe (Dawe & Loxton, 2004; Gullo & Dawe, 2008). E ts'oana le mohopolo joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ke Eysenck le Eysenck (1978) le Barratt (1972), 'me e tšoana le Cloninger's (1987) mokhoa o mocha oa ho batla, le la Zuckerman ho batla maikutlo (Zuckerman le Kuhlman, 2000). Liphapang tsa batho ka bomong li bakoa ke ho fapana ha tšebetso ea orbitofrontal le anterior cingulate cortices, ho kenyeletsoa khokahano ea tsona le libaka tse fapaneng tsa boko ba limbic joalo ka striatum (Gullo & Dawe, 2008). Ho na le bopaki ba hore ka bobeli dopamine le serotonin li bapala karolo e kholo ts'ebetsong ea litsamaiso tsa methapo e ipapisang le tšobotsi eo (Lipholiso, Roberts, & Robbins, 2008; Gullo et al., 2014; Leyton et al., 2002). Ho potlakela ho phatloha ho tšoana hantle le Swanton le basebetsi-'moho (2019) Ho ipeha kotsing ea ho ipeha kotsing, empa ho na le molemo o mong oa profil e qaqileng ea methapo ea kutlo, boits'oaro le litekanyo e hlahisang lilemo tse fetang 50 tsa lipatlisiso. E boetse e hlakola tlhoko ea moithuti ea 'nang le mathata', eo ka boeona a nang le mathata.

Mathata ka ho ipeha kotsing ka 'mathata'

behoa bothata Ho ipeha kotsing bohareng ba moralo o mong le o mong o mocha oa mahlale a morao-rao ho hlahisa mathata a mangata a mohopolo. Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ke Swanton le basebetsi-'moho (2019, leq. 2-3), 'Moelelong oa tikoloho ea marang-rang, ho beha likotsi bothateng ho hlalosoa e le ho itsoakanya le litaba tsa inthanete ka tsela e sekisetsang motho ka mong, e mo lebisang likotsing'. Taba ea mantlha, e hlalosa boits'oaro hanyane hanyane ka litlamorao tsa eona tse mpe, e fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea eona ho thibela le ho kenella kapele. Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, litlamorao tse mpe tsa ho ipeha kotsing hangata lia lieha ebile ha li etsahale hangata. Mocha ea kenang lihora tse 10+ ka letsatsi lipapaling tsa inthanete o beha bophelo ba hae kotsing, mme boits'oaro bona ke lebaka la ho tšoenyeha, leha ba sa ntse ba tla hlaheloa ke likotsi (Saunders et al., 2017). Papali ea khafetsa, e matla ea mofuta ona e kanna ea tšoauoa ka tšusumetso ea matlafatso ea nako e khuts'oane ntle le ho nahanisisa ka kotlo e ka bang teng nakong e tlang, monyetla oa hore e kanna ea eketseha maemong a phahameng joalo a ts'ebeliso. Phapang ena lipakeng tsa likarolo tsa boits'oaro le bopaki ba likotsi li bonts'oa ke litekanyetso tsa nakoana tsa tlhahlobo ea mathata a ho bapala lipapaling tsa marang-rang a DSM-5 (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013), Le mekhoa ea hajoale ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Motho a ka fumana ts'oaetso ho ipapisitsoe le likarolo tsa boits'oaro (mohlala, mamello, ho tsepamisa mohopolo), tse lumellang ho kenella ha bongaka, pele ho kotsi e kholo (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013). Ntlafatso ea morao-rao (ea leshome le motso o mong) ea Lenaneo la Machaba la Maloetse (ICD-11) e na le likarolo tse tharo tsa mantlha tsa Bofokoli ba Lipapali, ka tlhoko e arohaneng empa e le tlamo ea ho holofala ho etsahetseng (Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2019). Taba ea bobeli, kotsi e hlalosoa e le monyetla oa ho baka kotsi nakong e tlang, ho etsa hore poleloana e reng 'ho ipeha kotsing ea ho ba kotsing' tautological (Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2009). Ho tlosa se tšoanelehang 'se nang le mathata' le ho beha mohopolo o tšehelitsoeng hantle oa ho ipeha kotsing le ho se ts'oenyehe, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe kaholimo, bohareng ba Swanton le basebetsi-'moho (2019) moralo o tla nolofalletsa ts'ebeliso e sebetsang haholoanyane ho thibela le ho khetholla ka ho hlaka ho se nang bothata ho ho kenella ka mathata le theknoloji.

Ha ho na ntho e sebetsang joalo ka mohopolo o motle

Mabapi le papali ea inthaneteng, ho a thusa ho khetholla ho se tsotelle kapa ho ipeha kotsing ho tsoa lipapaling tse nang le mathata kapa (Internet) Gaming Disorder. Le pele ho fumaneha ha lipapali tsa inthanete, ho ne ho hlakile ho tsoa likhopolong le patlisisong ea boits'oaro bo bong bo khetholloang ke moputso o ka bang teng, oa hanghang ebile o sa khonehe, oa kotlo ea hore batho ba phahameng ba sa tsotelleng ba ka ba kotsing e kholo ea ho ba le mathata (Dawe le Loxton, 2004). Ho joalo, kamano lipakeng tsa ho hloka takatso e matla le bothata ba papali ea inthanete e se e thehiloe hantle.Şalvarlı le Griffiths, 2019). Joalokaha ho fumanoe ka bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi pele ho eona, ho se ts'oenyehe ho lebelletse ho hlaha ha matšoao a boloetse ba marang-rang (Moditjhaba et al., 2011) mme ka bobeli ho khanna moputso le ho potlaka ho bontšitsoe ho kenya letsoho ka boikemelo ho kotsi ea ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete (Lee et al., 2017; Rho et al., 2017). Papali ea inthaneteng e ama likaroloana tsa mokokotlo oa moputso le ho potlaka, ka ho bapala papali ho eketsa tokollo ea ventral striatal dopamine (Koepp et al., 1998), Le anterior cingulate cortex e le e 'ngoe ea libaka tsa boko tse amehileng ka ho fetisisa ho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (Lee, Namkoong, Lee, & Jung, 2018; Yuan et al., 2011). Ho se ts'oenyehe ke sesosa se hlakileng sa kotsi ea papali ea mathata mme e ka hlahlojoa ka nepo pele kotsi e hlaha, leha e sa le bongoaneng mme kotsi ea eona e ka lebelloa ho sebetsa ho mahlale afe kapa afe a macha a fanang ka phihlello ea meputso e ka bang teng, ea kapele le likotlo tse liehang ho etsahala. (Dawe et al., 2004; Gullo & Dawe, 2008).

Ho ts'oara moralo o mocha o nang le mefuta e tiisitsoeng ea ho se ts'oenyehe le hona ho ka tsebisa lipatlisiso tsa boits'ebetso. Ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo le boits'oaro ea ho se ts'oenyehe e kopana haholo le tse tsejoang ka boits'oaro bo hlephileng (Dawe et al., 2004). Ts'ebetso ena ea motheo e arolelanoang e fana ka 'borokho' ho hokahanya mahlale afe kapa afe a macha a nolofalletsang phano ea moputso o phahameng, oa hanghang le kotlo e liehang / e sa tsitsang ho mananeo ana a lipatlisiso a thehiloeng. Ho tšoana lipakeng tsa karolo ea boits'oaro lipapaling tse nang le mathata le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (le papali ea chelete) ho supa lintlha tse ts'episang tsa ho kenella. Mehato e shebileng takatso e amanang le papali e bonts'a litlamorao tse ts'oanang tsa methapo ho ba bonoang ba lemaletse (Saunders et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2016); joalo ka bokhobeng, boits'oaro ba boits'oaro bo na le bopaki bo matla ho feta (King et al., 2017); le likonopo tsa bohlokoa tse sa sebetseng tse fumanoeng mathateng a bapalami le tsona li ts'oana le tse bonoang ke bokhoba (Marino & Spada, 2017; Moudiab le Spada, 2019). Ho ipapisitsoe le mohopolo oa ho hloka maikutlo le lipatlisiso tsa nako e fetileng ka ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, re ka nahana hore moputso oa ho khanna le ho potlaka ho ka ama nts'etsopele ea ho matlafatsa likamano le boits'oaro bo amanang le mahlale (Fowler, Gullo, le Elphinston, 2020; Gullo, Dawe, le al., 2010; Papinczak et al., 2019), le hore hona, ho ka baka hore mekhoa e meng ea ho kenella kapele e sebetse ho feta e meng, haholo-holo bakeng sa lintlha tse fapaneng tsa botho (E fetotsoe, 2016; Patton, Connor, Sheffield, Wood, & Gullo, 2019). Ka lebaka la ho ts'oana ha lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa tsa methapo ea pelo, khopolo e teng e ka fana ka motheo o matla oa lipatlisiso tsa ho kenella le nts'etsopele ea melao ha ho se na bopaki bo ikhethang ba theknoloji efe kapa efe e ncha.

Ho na le bopaki bo bongata, bo tsoang lithutong tse ngata, bo bonts'ang hore batho ka bomong ba fapana ka ts'oaetso ea bona ho tsoa kotsi e amanang le moputso o phahameng hanghang le kotlo e liehang / e sa tsitsang. Sena se na le litlamorao tse hlakileng ho lihlopha tsa bankakarolo ba bohlokoa (sheba Lethathamo la 1 ho Swanton et al., 2019). Le ha ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a macha, a matlafatsang a tla ba le liphapang tsa ona, ho ts'oana le mekhoa e meng e lemalloang ho tiisa hore ho lokela ho nkuoa ha ho tsebisoa sechaba. Sena se tloha ho ba amanang haholo le basebelisi (ba lelapa, matichere) ba ka shebang le ho lekola likotsi (Bonnaire & Phan, 2017), ho bankakarolo ba indasteri ba qapileng theknoloji (Fitz et al., 2019) le mebuso e e laolang (Gainsbury le Wood, 2011). Bafuputsi ba na le karolo ea bohlokoa ho nts'etsapele maano a sechaba mabapi le mahlale a macha, a kenyeletsang ho tsebisa bankakarolo (le ho ikhopola) hore ntle le bopaki bo ikhethang ba boleng bo holimo ba hore, 'Ha ho letho le sebetsang joalo ka mohopolo o motle' (Lewin, 1951).