Ka pele. Hum. Neurosci., 15 Phato ea 2016 | http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00402
Mateusz Gola1,2 *, Małgorzata Wordecha2,3, Artur Marchewka3 'me Guillaume Sescousse4
- 1Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Setsi sa Neural Computations, Univesithi ea California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- 2Setsi sa Psychology, Setsi sa Mahlale sa Poland, Warsaw, Poland
- 3Laboraro la Brain Imaging, Setsi sa Neurobiology, Setsi sa Nencki sa Tlhahlobo ea Biology ea Setsi sa Mahlale sa Poland, Warsaw, Poland
- 4Setsi sa Donders bakeng sa Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Ho na le palo e ntseng e eketseha ea lithuto tsa neuroimaging tse sebelisang takatso ea thobalano e bonoang (VSS), haholo-holo ka har'a karolo e hlahang ea lipatlisiso mabapi le boits'oaro bo matla ba thobalano (CSB). Potso ea mantlha lefapheng lena ke hore na litloaelo tse joalo ka tšebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li arolelana mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea bokhoba ka litheko le boithuto ba boitšoaro. Ho ipapisitse le hore na VSS e hlophisitsoe joang, likhakanyo tse fapaneng li ka boptjoa ka har'a meralo ea Reinforcing Learning kapa Incentive Salience Theory, moo ho khetholloang bohlokoa ba mantlha lipakeng e hlophisitsoeng 'me e sa amoheleheng stimuli (e amanang le tebello ea moputso dhidi ea tšebeliso ea moputso, ka ho latellana). Ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tsa 40 tsa morao-rao tse entsoeng ke batho re bonts'a phetoho e teng mabapi le conceptualization ea VSS. Ka hona, re na le maikutlo a hore ho bohlokoa ho araba potso ea hore na VSS e lokela ho nkuoa e le e susumetsang (cue) kapa sepheo se sa sebetseng (moputso). Mona re hlahisa pono ea rona, e leng hore maemong a mangata a laboratori VSS e bapala karolo ea moputso, joalo ka bopaki:
(1) boiphihlelo ba thabo ha u ntse u shebelletse VSS, mohlomong e tsamaisana le karabelo ea setho sa botona;
(2) ts'ebetso e amanang le moputso e amanang le moputso e kopantsoeng le maikutlo ana a monate ha a arabela VSS;
(3) boikemisetso ba ho etsa boiteko ba ho shebella VSS ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le oa tse ling tse khothatsang tse kang chelete; le
(4) maemo a mofuta oa cSS e reriloeng esale pele.
Rea tšepa hore sengoloa sena sa pono se tla qala puisano ea mahlale ka sehlooho sena sa bohlokoa le se hlokomolohileng mme se eketsa tlhokomelo bakeng sa litlhaloso tse nepahetseng tsa sephetho sa lithuto tsa neuroimaging tsa batho tse sebelisang VSS.
Ho na le palo e ntseng e eketseha ea lithuto tsa neuroimaging tse sebelisang maikutlo a thobalano a bonono (VSS, Figure 1A). Hangata VSS e sebelisoa e le ntho e ntle, e tsosang maikutlo e nang le boleng bo nepahetseng ba bohlokoa (bona Wierzba et al., 2015). Ho busetsa hoa boko ho bakiloeng ke VSS hangata ho tolokoa ho latela melaoana e tsebahalang e hlalosang lits'ebetso tsa ho ithuta kapa boits'oaro bo susumetsoang joalo ka ho matlafatsa thuto (Sutton le Barto, 1998; Botvinick et al., 2009) kapa Khopolo ea Tsietso ea Salience (Robinson le Berridge, 1993; Berridge, 2012). Habohlokoa, likhopolo tsena li etsa phapang ea bohlokoa lipakeng maemo a hlohlelletsang (CS) 'me susumetsang maikutlo ntle le tšohanyetso (UCS), tse amanang le moputso tebello / ya ho batla vs. tshebetso ya moputso / ho rata, ka ho latellana. Ka hona, ho bohlokoa ho hlakisa hore na VSS e bapala karolo ea CS kapa UCS, ke hore, na ke litheko tse khothatsang tse bolelang esale pele moputso o tlang, kapa hore na ba fumana moputso ka bobona. Taba ena e se e anngoe ka mokhoa o makatsang lithutong tse fetileng, leha e na le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa. Re shebile lithuto tsa batho tsa 40 tse phatlalalitsoeng pakeng tsa 2013 le 2016, re sebelisa VSS hammoho le mekhoa ea neuroscience (fMRI, EEG, ERP, PET, MEG kapa TMS; 1B):
• Liphuputso tse robong li hlalositse VSS e le litheolelo / CS: (Minnix et al., 2013; Politis et al., 2013; Steele et al., 2013; Kühn le Gallinat, 2014; Oei et al., 2014; Voon et al., 2014; Wetherill et al., 2014; Prause et al., 2015; Seok le Sohn, 2015).
• Lithuto tse 16 li hlalositse VSS e le meputso / UCS: (Costumero et al., 2013, 2015a,b; Graf et al., 2013; Klucken et al., 2013, 2015, 2016; Sescousse et al., 2013a; Cassidy et al., 2014; Li et al., 2014; Mascaro et al., 2014; Oei et al., 2014; Lee le al., 2015; Banca et al., 2016; Brand et al., 2016; Schöne et al., 2016).
• Phuputso e le 'ngoe e hlalositse VSS ka bobeli e le CS le UCS: (Oei et al., 2014).
• Lithuto tse 15 ha lia sebelisa mabitso a mofuta o joalo: (Abler et al., 2013; Chung et al., 2013; Habermeyer et al., 2013; Hernández-González et al., 2013; Sylva et al., 2013; Wehrum et al., 2013; Borg et al., 2014; Prause et al., 2014; Kim le Jeong, 2013, 2014; Wehrum-Osinsky et al., 2014; Flaisch et al., 2015; Amezcua-Gutiérrez et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2016; Knott et al., 2016).
Setšoantšo sa 1. (A) Li-bar bar li bonts'a palo ea lithuto tsa batho ba sebelisang mekhoa ea neuroscience (fMRI, EEG, ERP, PET, MEG kapa TMS) le maikutlo a susumetsang a thobalano (VSS) a phatlalalitsoeng lipakeng tsa 2000 le 2016 ho latela PubMed (e fihletsoeng ka la XKUMXst 31). Li-bar bar tse khubelu li bonts'a palo ea lithuto tsa "neuroscience" mabapi le boits'oaro bo matla ba thobalano (CSB): 2016 ho 1 (Steele et al., 2013), 2 ho 2014 (Kühn le Gallinat, 2014; Voon et al., 2014), 1 ho 2015 (Prause et al., 2015), le 3 ho 2016 (Banca et al., 2016; Brand et al., 2016; Klucken et al., 2016). (B) Palo ea lithuto tse phatlalalitsoeng pakeng tsa 2013 le 2016 e hlalosang VSS e le cue, moputso kapa ha ho le e 'ngoe ea mabitso ana (e sa hlalosoang). Hlokomela hore ka Oei et al. (2014) VSS e ne e hlalosoa ka bobeli e le "meputso ea moputso" le "monyaka o khothatsang", ka hona e baliloe ka mekhahlelo ena ka bobeli "Cue" le "Moputso".
Morero oa The Incentive Salience Theory, o hlahisitsoeng ke Robinson le Berridge (1993), e khetholla likarolo tse peli tsa motheo tsa boitšoaro bo susumetsoang - "ho batla" le "ho rata". E qetellang e hokahane ka kotloloho le phihlelo boleng ba moputso (UCS), athe ea pele e amana le e lebeletsoe boleng ba moputso, bo atisang ho tsamaisoa ke cue (preseicative cue (CS)). Boithuto mabapi le lithethefatsi le ho lemalla papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete li bonts'a hore mekhoa e ithutileng (CS) e amanang le bokhoba ba tahi e etsa hore likarabo li eketsehe mokhoeng o mong le o mong oa boits'oaro bo matla (ke hore, linako tse khutšoane tsa karabelo, ho nepahala ho phahameng) bathong ba lemaletseng, ha likarabelo tsa moputso ka bo tsona li sala e sa fetoheng kapa e kenellana ha nako e ntse e feta (Berridge, 2012; Robinson et al., 2015).
Kahoo, conceptualization ea VSS joalo ka litheko kapa meputso moqapi oa teko ha se feela taba ea puisano, hobane e na le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho toloka liphetho. Phello e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ke lebaleng le hlahang la patlisiso ea methapo ea kutlo mabapi le boits'oaro bo matla ba thobalano (CSB; Rata et al., 2015; Kraus et al., 2016a,b;; Setšoantšo 1). Potso ea mantlha lefapheng lena ke hore na li-CSB (joalo ka tšebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Gola et al., 2016a,b) arolelana mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello ka lintho tse ithutoang haholo le litheko tsa boitšoaro (Rata et al., 2015; Gola le Potenza, 2016; Gola et al., 2016c; Kraus et al., 2016b). Ho ipapisitse le hore na VSS e hlophisitsoe joang, likhakanyo tse fapaneng li ka boptjoa. Haeba motho a nahana hore VSS e bapala karolo ea cue, joale ho eketseha hoa moea oa boiphihlelo pakeng tsa lithuto tse nang le CSB (ha ho bapisoa le taolo) ho ka bua mohopolo oa tlatsetso, ha tlasa monahano oa hore VSS e bapala karolo ea moputso, ke eona sephetho se fapaneng (se fokotsehile ha moea o fokola) o neng o ka buella khopolo e tšoanang. Ka hona re ikutloa hore ho bohlokoa ho arabela potso ea hore na VSS e lokela ho nkuoa e le li-cues (CS) kapa meputso (UCS) lithutong tsa batho. Mona re hlahisa pono ea rona, re na le tšepo ea hore e tla qala puisano ea mahlale ka sehlooho sena.
Ho araba potso ena re nahana hore ho bohlokoa ho khetholla moelelo oa VSS bophelong ba nnete vs. maemong a laboratori (Setšoantšo. 2). Maemong a mangata a bophelo, VSS e kang mmele o hlobotseng oa molekane ea shebahalang ka thobalano e eketsa takatso ea thobalano mme e lebisa ho mekhoa ea ho qala ts'ebetso ea thobalano ea dyadic le ho fela ka li-orgasm (Georgiadis le Kringelbach, 2012; Gola et al., 2015a). Maemong ana, re pheha khang ea hore VSS e bapala karolo ea cue (CS), ha li-orgasm li bapala karolo ea (mantlha) moputso (UCS). Mabaka a tšoana le maemong a mangata a thobalano a le mong. VSS e tloaelehileng haholo ke livideo kapa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (cue / CS), tse eketsang takatso ea thobalano, 'me li lebisa ho ipholla litho ho phethela ka orgasm (moputso / UCS). Ho fapana le hoo, nakong ea liteko tsa laboratori, hangata lithuto ha li lumelloe ho qala ketso efe kapa efe ea thobalano (e kang ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali) le UCS ea tlhaho — ha e fumanehe. Le ha lithuto li ka lumelloa ho ipholla litho nakong ea thuto, maemo a laboratori ha a phutholohe ho feta boemo bo tloaelehileng ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kapa ketso ea thobalano. Kahoo, batho ba nkang karolo litekong tsa mahlale ha ba lebelle moputso o mong ntle le ho pepesoa VSS. Ka hona, re tiisa hore maemong a laboratori VSS e bapala karolo ea moputso (UCS; Setšoantšo 2). Conceptualization ea VSS e le meputso maemong a liteko tsa laboratori e tla ka likhakanyo tse 'maloa. Har'a lithuto tse phetseng hantle tseo re lokelang ho li ela hloko: (1) boiphihlelo ba thabo ha u ntse u shebelletse VSS, mohlomong e tsamaisana le karabelo ea setho sa botona; (2) ts'ebetso e amanang le moputso e amanang le moputso e kopantsoeng le maikutlo ana a monate ha a arabela VSS; (3) boikemisetso ba ho etsa boiteko ba ho shebella VSS ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le oa tse ling tse khothatsang tse kang chelete; le (4) boemo ba li-cues (CS) bo boletsoeng esale pele ka VSS. Ka tlase re hlahloba bopaki bo tšehetsang likhakanyo tsena.
Setšoantšo sa 2. Lintho tse susumetsang tsa thobalano (VSS) li sebetsa e le lintho tsa bohlokoa bophelong ba nnete, empa li beha moputso ho lab. Ho ea ka pono ea rona, maemong a mantlha a bophelo (joalo ka ts'ebetso ea thobalano le molekane kapa tšebeliso e litšila ea bootsoa) VSS joalo ka mmele o hlobotseng oa molekane ea shebahalang ka tsa thobalano kapa litaba tsa bootsoa li bapala karolo ea cue (CS). VSS e eketsa ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa botšehali 'me e lebisa ho boitsoaro bo qalang thobalano ea dyadic kapa boinotšing mme e fella ka moputso-ke hore, orgasm (UCS). Ho fapana le hoo, maemong a mangata a laboratori liketso tsa thobalano le li-orgasm ha li fumanehe. Re bolela hore VSS joale e bapala karolo ea moputso (UCS), ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le maemo a mang a bophelo ba nnete joalo ka ketelo ea sehlopha sa baitlami. Maemong a joalo, batho ha ba lebelle moputso o mong ho feta ho pepesetsoa VSS, mme ba ikemiselitse ho ikitlaetsa kapa ho lefa chelete ho fumana VSS e lakatsehang, ha ba ntse ba ts'oaroa ke maemo a ho etsa mofuta oa ponelopele ea VSS. Bakeng sa papiso ea mehopolo ea rona setšoantšo sena se hlahisa setšoantšo se bonolo sa bophelo ba nnete moo maemo a mang a ts'ebeliso ea VSS a ka bang teng, ke hore, tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka lebisa liketsong tsa botona le botšehali tsa bootsoa. Lits'oants'o tsa lifoto tsa mehlala: Li-Thru a Lens; K'hamphani ea Strip e Montreal, Quebec, e Saint Henri; Lola Bel Aire, striptease ho tsoa ho Miss Exotic World 2008, CC KA 2.0. Bakeng sa mantsoe a laesense bona: CC KA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/).
Boithuto bo bokellang litekanyetso tsa VSS tsa hedonic, lithuto li lula li tlaleha hore ho shebella VSS ke boiphihlelo bo khahlisang ha tsena li lumellana le litakatso tsa thobalano tsa liithuti (tsa thobalano)Chivers le Bailey, 2005; Rupp le Wallen, 2009; Jacob et al., 2011; Wierzba et al., 2015). Ntle le moo, litekanyetso tsena tsa hedonic li bontšitsoe hore li tsamaisana le liphetoho tsa botona ha li lekantsoe ke penile plethysmography ho barupeluoa ba banna (Stoléru et al., 1999; Redouté et al., 2000; Ferretti et al., 2005). Karabelo ea Erectile har'a banna e nka nako e telele kahoo ho bonolo ho e boloka ka VSS e tšoarellang joaloka livideo kapa tlhahiso e telele ea litšoantšo (Ferretti et al., 2005), leha ho le joalo, esita le lipuo tse khutšoane tsa litšoantšo tsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano li amana le ho ithabisa le ho tsosa (Ferretti et al., 2005; Wierzba et al., 2015).
Boithuto bo bongata bo bontšitse hore ho shebella ha VSS feela ho etsa hore motho a ts'oare lintho tse etsahalang (Arnow et al., 2002; Stark et al., 2005; Sabatinelli et al., 2007; Demos et al., 2012; Georgiadis le Kringelbach, 2012; Stoléru et al., 2012; Wehrum-Osinsky et al., 2014). Ho thata ho lekola hore na lintho tse etsahalang sepakapakeng li bonts'a cue amanang ho batla kapa moputso o amanang rata lithutong tsena tse fuoeng hore ventral striatum e tsejoa ho arabela ho litakatso ka bobeli (CS) le meputso (UCS; Flagel et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011) Leha ho le joalo, khokahano e hlokometsoeng pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea maemo a leholimo le litekanyetso tsa hedonic li bakiloe ke VSS lithutong tse fapaneng (Walter et al., 2008; Sescousse et al., 2010, 2013b) e rata khopolo-taba ea hore VSS e etsa lintho tse khothatsang. Mabapi le sena, VSS e bapala karolo e ts'oanang le meputso ea chelete: li kenya letsoho libakeng tse tšoanang tsa boko ho kenyeletsa le ventral striatum, le lisosa tse tšoanang tsa boitšoaro le boitšoaro bo susumetsang (Sescousse et al., 2010, 2013b, 2015). Phapang e kholo ke hore VSS ke meputso ea mantlha (ke hore, ba na le moputso o makatsang le oa kahare), athe chelete ke moputso oa bobeli (eo boleng ba ona bo ithutoang ka phapanyetsano khahlano le meputso e meng). Phapang ena e lebisa ho 'mapa o fapaneng ka mokhoa o fapaneng ho sistimi ea moputso oa boko, le matla a fapaneng a ts'ebetso (Sescousse et al., 2010, 2013b, 2015).
Leha lithuto tse ngata tse sebelisang VSS li sebelisitse paradigms ea ho shebella feela, lipatlisiso tse fokolang li sebelisitse meralo e tsoetseng pele ea tlhahlobo e ikemiselitseng ho lekola boikemisetso ba barupeluoa ba ho fana ka boikemisetso ho VSS. Letotong la lithuto, re sebelisitse mofuta o fetotsoeng oa mosebetsi oa ho lieha ho khothaletsa chelete (Knutson et al., 2001) ho kenyelletsa VSS (Sescousse et al., 2010, 2013a, 2015; Gola et al., 2015b, 2016c). Thutong ena mosebetsi o bona mefuta e 'meli ea litšupiso tse reriloeng esale pele tsa phaello ea VSS kapa chelete. Lits'oants'o tsena li lateloa ke mosebetsi oa khethollo moo lithuto li tlamehang ho tobetsa konopo e nepahetseng (ho tsoa ho tse peli) nakong ea nako ea 1 s. Ho fumana phaello ea chelete kapa VSS ho itšetlehile ka tšebetso ea bona mosebetsing ona, e le hore linako tsa karabelo li ka hlalosoa e le mokhoa o sa tobang oa tšusumetso ea ho fumana meputso ena. Habohlokoa, litloaelo tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa VSS li hlahisa linako tse tšoanang tsa ho arabela joalo ka tseo li bolelang esale pele meputso ea chelete, ho bonts'a hore barupeluoa ba ikemiselitse ho etsa boiteko ho talima VSS, le hore ts'usumetso ea eona e ts'oana le bakeng sa meputso ka bobeli (Sescousse et al., 2010). Boikemisetso bona ba ho etsa boiteko, e leng letšoao la moputso (Thorndike, 1965), e hlokometsoe lithutong tse ling ho sebelisoa boiteko (empa hape e lieha) ho theola paradigms ka VSS (Prévost et al., 2010). Ntle le moo, re bonts'itse hore liphapang tsa motho ka mong boitekong bo sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa chelete le VSS e hokahane ka matla le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko e amanang le ts'ebetso e lumellanang le litheko tse tsamaellanang ho "ventral striatum"Sescousse et al., 2015; Gola et al., 2016c). Ho hlophisoa hantle hona hoa tšebetso ea boko le linako tsa karabelo ke VSS ea ho bolela esale pele ho tiisa hore VSS e na le thepa ea moputso.
Kamora nako, liphuputso tsa morao tjena li bonts'itse hore CS e sa tsotelleng (joalo ka mebala kapa matheba a mebala) e amanang le VSS e lula e le bohlasoa ba litšusumetso leha e sa rera esale pele VSS hape (Banca et al., 2016; Klucken et al., 2016). Thutong ka Banca et al. (2016), lipaterone tse sa bonahaleng li fumane boleng bo nepahetseng ba ho bonela (CS +) kapa boleng ba ho se nke lehlakore ba CSR) ka ho pheta-phetoa ka VSS kapa sepheo sa ho se nke lehlakore, ka ho latellana. Karolong e latelang ea teko, lithuto li ile tsa tlameha ho etsa liqeto lipakeng tsa CS le tlhoko ea lipale tse nyane, athe CS kaofela e ne e se e ngotsoe ka menyetla e mengata ea menyetla ea chelete (empa e seng VSS hape). Leha ho na le CS ka bobeli ba nang le menyetla e lekanang ea ho tlisa katleho ea chelete, CS + e ile ea khethoa khafetsa ho feta CS− ka karolelano (haholo ke lithuto tse nang le CSB), tse bonts'a thepa e ntle ea VSS.
Joalokaha re bontšitse kaholimo, ho na le bopaki bo ts'oanang bo tšehetsang pono ea rona ea hore maemong a laboratori VSS e bapala karolo ea moputso ho fapana le ho buella. Ho feta moo, esita le bophelong ba letsatsi le leng le le leng VSS ha e nke karolo ea papali ea ho etsa thobalano le boithabiso. Nako e telele pele ho nts'etsopele ea lifoto batho ba ratile litšoantšo tse kang lits'oants'o le litšoantšo tse bonts'ang manyala. Mohlomong (ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le oa mehla ea kajeno) mofuta ona oa bonono e ne e le mohloli oa thabo ho ena le ho qhekella ketso tsa thobalano. Nakong ea ho nka lifoto batho ba bontšitse hore ba ikemiselitse ho patala litšoantšo le livideo tse nang le litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, 'me joale theknoloji ea inthanete e file motho e mong le e mong monyetla oa ho fumana VSS habonolo le mahala.Cooper, 1998). Mohlomong boholo ba VSS ea mehleng ea kajeno (joalo ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete) e bapala karolo ea ho etsa thobalano e le boinotšing kapa ea bootsoa, empa maemong a mang VSS e batloa ka boyena, e boetse e bonts'a boleng ba eona bo khahlisang. Mohlala o motle bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ke khalendara e nang le litšoantšo tse litšila, tseo batho ba li rekang le ho li pepesa mosebetsing kapa malapeng. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho tuma ha mekotla ea metsero, eo ho eona batho ba ikemiselitseng ho lefa ho shebella barekisi ba hlobotseng bao ba sa lumelloang ho kopanela liketsong tsa thobalano, ba bonts'a bokhoni ba VSS joalo ka tšusumetso ea hedonic (Setšoantšo. 2).
Motheong oa mabaka a kaholimo, re pheha khang ea hore VSS e bapala karolo ea moputso-ho e-na le ho hlahella — litekong tse ngata tsa liteko tseo ho tsona ho se nang thobalano le boiphihlelo ba sehloho li sa fumaneheng. Joalokaha re hlalositse ka holimo, ho shebella VSS ke boiphihlelo bo monate boo batho ba ikemiselitseng ho bo sebetsa le ho bo emela (Prévost et al., 2010), hape e sebetsa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa moputso oa boko joalo ka phaello ea chelete (Sescousse et al., 2010, 2013a, 2015; Gola et al., 2015b, 2016c). Ho hlohlelletsa ho se nke lehlakore ho amanang le VSS ka boemo ba Pavlovia ho fumana boleng ba tšusumetso (Sescousse et al., 2010, 2013a, 2015; Banca et al., 2016; Gola et al., 2016c; Klucken et al., 2016). Khopolo-taba ena ea VSS e le meputso ho fapana le ho batla ho hlahlojoa bocha — hape e ka 'na ea hlalosoa hape-ea liphetho tse tlalehiloeng lithutong tsa pejana tse hlalosang VSS e le litheko. Ehlile e kanna ea ba le tšusumetso e matla ho toloko ea lithuto tsa neuroimaging tse batlisisang ho ts'oana ha neurobiological lipakeng tsa CSB le bokhoba ba tahi; mohlala, ho ipapisitse le moralo oa Khopolo e tsebahalang ea Incentive Salience, motho a ka lebella ho kopana hape ha VSS ho ipapisitse le hore na li hlalositsoe e le chate kapa moputso (joalo ka mohlala oa tlhaloetso e makatsang ena: Prause et al., 2015, 2016;; bona hape Gola, 2016 bakeng sa lipuisano). Haeba boholo ba litlhahlobo tsa liteko, joalo ka ha re pheha khang, VSS e bapala karolo ea moputso, ebe e fokotsehile (ho fapana le ho eketseha) ho kenella hoa moea oa morao-rao ho VSS ho batho ba nang le bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Gola et al., 2016a) o ne a tla bua molemong oa tšibollo ea temoso (Robinson et al., 2015). Re ka lebella hore sena se tsamaisane le ts'ebetso e nyane ea tšebetso ea "CSSS" e reriloeng esale pele ka VSS, hammoho le boiteko bo eketsehileng kapa linako tse khutšoanyane tsa karabelo ho fihlella VSS ena. Lithutong tse tlang, re ts'epa hore karolo e phehiloeng ke VSS liprothong tse ikhethileng tse tla sebelisoa li tla fumana tlhokomelo e eketsehileng, le hore litlhaloso tse nepahetseng tsa sephetho li tla etsoa ka nepahalo.
Tlhahisoleseling e 'Ngoe
Mokhoa oa ho Ithuta
Re batlile lethathamo la phatlalatso le phatlalalitsoeng ho tloha 2000 ho isa ho 2016 ho khetholla lingoliloeng tsa neuroscience (mantsoe a bohlokoa: fMRI, EEG, ERP, PET, MEG kapa TMS) ka VSS (mantsoe a bohlokoa: VSS, takatso ea thobalano, maikutlo a tsosang takatso, litšoantšo tsa thobalano, litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso, litšoantšo tsa thobalano) Litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso, livideo tsa thobalano le livideo tse tsosang takatso. Ho ile ha khethoa lingoliloeng feela tse ntlafalitsoeng ke lithaka (ha ho na litlatsetso tsa kopano). Bakeng sa lithuto tse phatlalalitsoeng pakeng tsa 2013 (selemo sa phatlalatso ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso) le 2016 re li arotse ka mekhahlelo e meraro ho latela hore na VSS e hlalositsoe e le: (1) “cue / CS”; (2) "moputso / meputso e khothatsang / UCS"; le (3) ho seng joalo.
Litaba Tse Amanang le Sena
Mona re batla ho totobatsa lintlha tse 'maloa tseo, haeba li ka hlahlojoa ka nepo, tse ka fanang ka tlhaiso-leseling ea bohlokoa phehisanong mabapi le phetolelo ea lithuto tse sebelisang VSS le ho thusa ho holisa bohlokoa ba lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang.
E 'ngoe ea lintlha tsa bohlokoa ke ho hlahloba phapano ea karabelo ea boitšoaro le boitsoaro ha VSS e sebelisoa joalo ka meputso le meputso. E ka etsoa ka ho bapisa maemo a mabeli a liteko moo VSS e bapalang karolo ea moputso (boholo ba litlhophiso tsa tlhahlobo ea hajoale) kapa cue (litlhophiso tse lumellang lithuto ho fihla sehlohlolong nakong ea thuto kapa kamora ho ithuta).
Khopolo-taba e 'ngoe e khahlisang ke hore boitšoaro le ts'ebetso ea boko tse hlahisitsoeng ke VSS maemong a tloaelehileng a liteko li ka bonts'a taolo ea thibelo. Taolo ena ea thibelo e ka tlosoa qetellong ea teko, kamora hore lithuto li qale ho batla ho kopana le thobalano kapa ho qala ts'ebetso ea thobalano e le mong. Mohlala, thuto ea khale ea boitšoaro ka Brown et al. (1976) e bonts'itse hore hara banna ba bong bo fapaneng, ho shebella VSS ka hara bonono ho kenyelletsa ho 24.5% ea lithuto ka letsatsi la teko, ha ka matsatsi a mang ke 12.5% feela e sebelisitseng thobalano. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore karolo e fokolang ea litaba, ho shebella VSS ka laboratoring e kanna ea ba sesosa sa maikutlo a thobalano a neng a tlameha ho thibeloa. Ho hlahloba monyetla o joalo ho ka ba bohlokoa ho laola liketso tsa thobalano kamora lithuto tsa liteko. Ntle le moo, ho hlahisa lipotso tse 'maloa: na sehlotšoana sena se fapana le barupeluoa ba bang, ke hore, mabapi le ho tsosa thobalano (Gola et al., 2015a)? Mme haeba ho le joalo, ho feta ho ama tšebetso ea boko?
Rea tšepa hore lipotso tsena li tla khothatsa bafuputsi mme li tla arajoa lithutong tse tlang.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
Bangoli bohle ba ile ba buisana ka mohopolo ona. Lipalo tse lokiselitsoeng ke MG. MW le MG ba ile ba etsa tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng. MG le GS ba ngotse buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. AM le MW li arabetse ka mongolo o ngotsoeng.
dithuso tsa ditjhelete
MG e tšehelitsoe ke tumello ea Opus e tsoang Setsing sa Sechaba sa Sechaba naheng ea Poland (2014 / 15 / B / HS6 / 03792; MG) le boithuto ba Ministry of Science of Higher Education of Republic of Poland (469 / STYP / 10 / 2015); MW e tšehelitsoe ke chelete ea Opus e tsoang Setsing sa Sechaba sa Sechaba ho la Poland (2014 / 15 / B / HS6 / 03792; MG); GS e tšehelitsoe ke chelete ea Veni e tsoang ho Netherlands Research Organisation (NWO, Ref no. 016.155.218).
Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso
Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.
Bahlahlobisisi RS le TK ba phatlalalitse kamano ea bona e kopaneng, 'me Editing e tsamaisang e re tšebetso e ntse e fihlella maemo a tlhahlobo e nepahetseng le e nepahetseng.
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Mantsoe a bohlokoa: tšusumetso ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali, ho hlasimolla, boitšoaro bo qobelloang ba thobalano, lithahasello tsa boitšoaro
Caring: Gola M, Wordecha M, Marchewka A le Sescousse G (2016) Stimuli e bonts'ang thobalano - Cue kapa Moputso? Sephetho sa ho Fetolela Liphumano tsa Biring ba Maqhubu a Bareki ba Batho ba Ho Kopanela Liphate. Ka pele. Hum. Neurosci. 10: 402. Doi: 10.3389 / fnhum.2016.00402
E amohetse: 27 April 2016; E amohetsoe: 26 Julayi 2016;
E phatlalalitsoe: 15 August 2016.
E hlophisitsoeng ke:
Mikhail Lebedev, Univesithi ea Duke, USA
Hlahloba by:
Rudolf Stark, Univesithi ea Giessen, Jeremane
Tim Klucken, Univesithi ea Giessen, Jeremane
Janniko Georgiadis, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
Shane W. Kraus, Lefapha la Litaba tsa Veterans le Univesithi ea Massachusetts, USA
Copyright © 2016 Gola, Wordecha, Marchewka le Sescousse. Ena ke sengoloa se bulehileng se fihletsoeng ka tlase ho License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons (CC BY). Ts'ebeliso, ho tsamaisoa le ho hlahisoa hape liforong tse ling li lumeletsoe, ha feela ho ngolisitsoe sengoli kapa bangoli ba pele le lengolo la tumello le hore sengoloa sa mantlha koranteng ena se boletsoe, ho latela tloaelo e amohetsoeng ea thuto. Ha ho ts'ebeliso, ho tsamaisoa kapa ho hlahisoa hape hoa lumelloa ho sa lumellaneng le lipehelo tsena.
Ngollano: Mateusz Gola, [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
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