Ts'ebetso ea bokooa le ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa botšehali ka banna ba phelang ka thobalano (2002)

Leha e le karolo ea mantlha ea boko ts'ebetsong ea thobalano, ha ho tsejoe hanyane ka likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko le karabelo ea thobalano. Thutong ena, re sebelisitse MRI e sebetsang (fMRI) ho lekola likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko le ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano sehlopheng sa bacha, ba phetseng hantle, le banna ba bong bo fapaneng. Sehlooho se seng le se seng se ne se pepesitsoe ka tatellano ea livideo tse nang le likarolo tse hlakileng tsa thobalano (E), tse khathollang (R) le tsa lipapali (S) ka tatellano e sa lebelloang. Lintlha mabapi le bohloeki ba penile li ile tsa bokelloa ho sebelisoa cuff ea khatello ea moea ea pneumatic. Ka bobeli li-block tsa setso li sekaseka ho sebelisoa phapang lipakeng tsa livideo tsa thobalano tse sa tsosang takatso le tse sa tsose le khatello ea maikutlo ho sebelisa penile bohloeki joalo ka ha ho ne ho etsoa thahasello e kholo. Mefuteng ka bobeli ea litlhahlobo, litšoantšo tse fapaneng li ile tsa ngoloa bakeng sa taba ka 'ngoe' me litšoantšo tsena tsa sebelisoa hamorao tlhahlobisong ea litlamorao. Ts'ebetso e matla e amanang haholo le ho fifala ha penile e ile ea bonoa sebakeng se ka tlase sa subinsular ho kenyeletsoa le claustrum, caudate le putamen, gyri ea bohareng ba occipital / bohareng ba nakoana, li-cingulate gyrus tse nepahetseng le sensorimotor e nepahetseng le libaka tsa pre-motor. Ts'ebetso e nyane, empa ea bohlokoa e bonoe ho hypothalamus e nepahetseng. Ho fumanoe ts'ebetso e fokolang ea bohlokoa tlhahlobisong ea li-block. Ho tšohloa moelelo oa liphetho. Boithuto ba rona bo bonts'a monyetla oa ho hlahloba likamano tsa ts'ebetso ea thobalano / likamano tsa thobalano tikolohong ea fMRI mme e senola likarolo tse ngata tsa boko tseo ts'ebetso ea tsona e koaletsoeng nako ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano.

Selelekela

Patlisiso ea morao tjena e matlafalitse tsebo ea rona ea physiology ea karabelo ea thobalano ka thobalano, haholoholo ho banna. Sena se lebisitse khatelo-peleng ea bohlokoa kalafong ea khatello ea kelello ea erectile (Lue, 2000). Le ha ho le joalo, leha ho na le karolo ea boko e le 'setho se hloahloa' se laolang tšebetso ea thobalano (McKenna, 1999), ha ho tsejoe haholo ka likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko le karabelo ea thobalano. Le ha lingoliloeng tsa liphoofolo tse pharaletseng li fane ka datha mabapi le likamano tsena, hore na liphumano tse joalo li ka akaretsoa ho batho joang ha li hlake (McKenna, 1999). Ho hlaha ha mekhoa e sa hlaseleng ea ho sebetsa ha boko ho fana ka monyetla oa ho eketsa kutloisiso ea rona ea likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko le ts'ebetso ea thobalano ho batho.

Boithuto ba PET bo fetileng bo batlisisang karabelo ea monna thobalanong (Stoleru et al a., 1999; Redoute et al a., 2000) ba tlalehile ho nka karolo ka pele, hoa nakoana, ho ts'oara le ho kenella. Ea pele (Stoleru et al a., 1999), banna ba robeli ba lilemo li 21-25 ba pepesitsoe mefuta e meraro ea lifilimi (tse qabolang, tse sa jeleng paate le tsa thobalano) ha ba ntse ba le tlasa tlhahlobo ea PET le sepheo sa tumescence. Liphuputso li senotse hore ts'oaetso ea thobalano e bonts'itsoeng e ne e amahanngoa le phallo ea mali ea tikoloho (rCBF) e karolong e tlase ea tempele, insula e nepahetseng le kotloloho e ka tlase e ka pele ea cortex, le cortex e ka lehlakoreng le letšehali le ka pele. Ho eketseha ha tumescence ho ne ho amahanngoa le ts'ebetso ho gyrus e nepahetseng e tlase ea occipital. Thutong ea bobeli le banna ba robong ba lilemo li 21-39 le lilemo tse tšoanang tsa pono (Redoute et al a., 2000), boholo ba tumescence bo ne bo amahanngoa le rCBF e eketsehang libakeng tse 'maloa ho kenyelletsa claustrum, anterior cingulate, putamen le caudate nucleus. Lisosa tsa pono ea thobalano li ne li hokahana le rCBF e ntseng e eketseha libakeng tse 'maloa ho kenyelletsa le gyrus e ka letsohong le letšehali, leqhoele le leholo, "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "Gyrus"

FMRI ea ts'ebetso, e sebelisitsoeng ho supa le ho etsa mapa a mefuta e mengata ea mesebetsi e rarahaneng ea motho joalo ka pono (Belliveau et al a., 1991; Engel et al a., 1994le litsebo tsa makoloi (Kim et al a., 1993; Jack et al a., 1994), e na le likarolo tse 'maloa tse loketseng ho hlahloba likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko le ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Ha e bapisoa le PET, fMRI: (i) ha e phatlalatse; (ii) e na le tharollo ea sebaka se phahameng; (iii) lumella ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho seo a se fumaneng thuto e le 'ngoe moo ho loketseng ho fapana le ho itšetleha ka tlhaiso-leseling e fumanehang; Habohlokoa ka ho fetisa (iv) e na le matšoao a phahameng haholo a molumo ‐ ho ea lerata a thusang ho ikamahanya hoa moea lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko le karabelo ea potoloho ea (Moseley le Glover, 1995). Ha lithuto tsa PET tse bontšitsoeng kaholimo li lekantsoe mabapi le tumescence, lithuto tsena ha li khone ho bokella data mabapi le likamano tsa nakoana tsa moea lipakeng tsa liphetoho ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea boko le liphetoho lipuisanong tsa thobalano.

Park le basebetsi mmoho (Park et al a., 2001) o batlisitse likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko le karabelo ea thobalano a sebelisa fMRI. Phuputso ena, e sebelisitseng sekena sa 1.5T le mali oksijene ea maemo a oksijene (ho fapana) (BOLD) fMRI, e kenyelelitse banna ba 12 ba nang le ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea thobalano (lilemo tse bolelang = lilemo tse 23) le banna ba babeli ba hypogonadal. Likoto tsa lifilimi tse tsosang takatso le tse sa amaneng le maikutlo a mang li ile tsa fapanyetsana. Liphuputso li kenyellelitse ts'ebetso ho lihlooho tse supileng ho tse 12 tse phetseng hantle tse amanang le likarolo tse litšila libakeng tse latelang: lobe e ka tlase e ka pele, cingulate gyrus, insula, corpus callosum, thalamus, nucleus, globus pallidus le maemo a tlase a nakoana. Ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano hammoho le maikutlo a ikhethileng a ho emisoa ho ile ha hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa sekala sa lintlha tsa 5 ho tloha 1 (ha ho phetoho) ho isa 5 (keketseho e kholo).

Boithuto ba hona joale bo kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea senepe sa 3T fMRI ho fuputsa ts'ebetso ea boko le ts'ebetso ea thobalano ho banna. Morero oa rona e ne e le:

(i) Ho theha paradigm ea liteko tsa ho ithuta kamano pakeng tsa ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano le ts'ebetso ea boko ho banna ba sebelisang mahlale a fMRI, ho kenyelletsa likarolo tse laoloang le tse se nang pono tsa maikutlo le tlhahlobo ea sepheo; le

(ii) Ho sebelisa phetisetso e kholo ea sebatli sa 3T ho khetholla libaka tsa boko tseo liphetoho tsa ts'ebetso li amanang ka kotloloho le liphetoho tsa mmele ho batho ba batona, ba phetseng hantle, ba bong bo fapaneng.

Ho ipapisitse le liphumants'o tse tlalehiloeng lithutong tse ncha tse boletsoeng ka holimo (Stoleru et al a., 1999; Redoute et al a., 2000; Park et al a., 2001) re ne re lebelletse ho fumana khokahano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa thobalano le ts'ebetso libakeng tse latelang: (i) cingulate ea ka ntle; (ii) putamen; (iii) mookotaba oa caudate; le (iv) insula / claustrum. Ntle le moo, ho fanoe ka bopaki bo pharaletseng ba lingoliloeng tsa liphoofolo tse bontšang likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea hypothalamic le karabelo ea thobalano (mohlala, Carmichael et al a., 1994; Chen et al a., 1997), re ne re lebelletse ho bona khokahano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa karabelo ea thobalano le ts'ebetso ho hypothalamus.

Lintho tse bonahalang le mekhoa

Lihlooho

Pakeng tsa Mmesa le Mphalane 2000, banna ba 14 ba bong bo fapaneng, ba letsoho le letona, ba lilemo li 18-30, ba nang le ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea thobalano ba kentsoe thutong. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hiroa ka lipampiri tse ngotsoeng khamphaseng ea Univesithi ea Stanford le lipapatso koranteng ea khamphase le pampiring ea lehae ea Palo Alto. Litaba tsohle tse ka bang teng li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka mohala 'me, haeba li bonahala li tšoaneleha, li ile tsa etsa tlhahlobo ea hora ea 1 le h le setsebi sa kelello sa bongaka (LLB) mme sa tlatsa lipotso tse' maloa tsa lipotso tse kenyeletsang International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) (lirosa et al a., 1997), Inventory ea Likamano tsa Botona le Botšehali (SBI) (Bentler, 1968),, Patlano ea Likamano tsa Botona le Botšehali ka tsa thobalano (SAI) (Hoon et al a., 1976) le SCL ‐ 90 ‐ R (Derogatis, 1983). Moralo oa thuto o ile oa hlalosoa ka botlalo mme lithuto tsohle li baliloe le ho saena tumello e nang le tsebo pele ba botsoa kapa ho tlatsa lipotso. Tumello ea ba-Subhana e fumanoe ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Boithuto bona bo amohetsoe ke Boto ea Sekolo sa Tlhatlhobo ea Sekolo sa Bongaka sa Stanford le Komiti ea Lipatlisiso ea Magnetic Resonance Lefapheng la Radiology la Stanford.

Likhetho li ne li le ka tsela e latelang: (i) nalane ea ho se sebetse ha erectile joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe ke tlhahlobo ea lipotso le IIEF; (ii) ho hloka boiphihlelo ba thobalano; (iii) ho se arabe 'hangata,' 'hangata' kapa 'kamehla' ho potso ea SAI mabapi le khafetsa ea ho tsosa takatso ka livideo tsa thobalano; (iv) ho fihlela litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV tsa claustrophobia kapa mofuta o fe kapa o fe oa 1, khatello ea maikutlo, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa lefu la kelello le hlahlojoang le SCID e laoloang ke lipotso.First et al a., 1996) lipotso tse hlahlobang; (v) lintlha tse phahameng ho feta tekano e le 'ngoe e kaholimo ho moelelo bakeng sa batho ba sa sithabetseng ho index ea matšoao ea kakaretso ea SCL ‐ 90 ‐ R; (vi) ts'ebeliso ea meriana leha e le efe ea psychoactive, litlhare tse fanoang ke ngaka kapa litlhare tse fetang tse ling tse ka amang ts'ebetso ea thobalano; (vii) ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa boithabiso matsatsing a 30 a fetileng; (viii) ts'ebeliso ea sildenafil kapa meriana efe kapa efe e etselitsoeng ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea thobalano; (ix) nalane ea ho etsa litlolo tsohle tsa thobalano ho kenyeletsa ho hlekefetsoa, ​​ho betoa le ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano; (x) pono e sa lekana ho shebella lisebelisoa tsa video tlasa maemo a fMRI; le (xi) ho roala sesebelisoa leha e le sefe sa kantle kapa sa kahare joalo ka pacemaker ea pelo e thibela mekhoa ea fMRI.

Hang hoba lithuto li amoheloe, li ne li reretsoe hore li eteloe kamora moo ho hlahlojoa ha fMRI.

Moralo oa ho ithuta le maemo

Ho ile ha hlahisoa livideo tse peli ho sehlooho ka seng, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e nka 15 min le 3 s. Videong ea pele, lihlooho li ile tsa fumana likarolo tse fapakaneng tsa lipono tse khathollang (R), lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa lipapali (S) kapa video e tsosang takatso ea thobalano (E) ka tatellano e latelang: S, R, E, R, E, R, S, R, S , R le E. Linako tse fapaneng tsa likarolo tsena ka metsotsoana e ne e le: 129, 60, 120, 30, 120, 30, 120, 33, 123, 30 le 108. Ketsahalong ea bobeli, livideo tse khutšoane tsa liketsahalo tsa boikhathollo le lipapali livideo li etsahetse pele le ka mor'a tlhahiso e telele ea video e tsosang takatso ea thobalano. Taelo ea boemo ba video 2 e ne e le: S, R, E, R le S, 'me linako tse fapaneng ka motsotsoana bakeng sa boemo ka bong e ne e le 123, 60, 543, 60 le 117. Karolo e telele e tsosang takatso ea video 2 e sebelisitsoe hobane, ho Qalong ea thuto, re ne re sa tsebe hore na tsoho e tla ba teng ho isa bohōleng bofe tikolohong ea li-scanner. Bakeng sa litlhahlobo ka bobeli, bafo ba ile ba tobetsa konopo e le 'ngoe ho tse tharo ba sebelisa menoana e meraro ea pele ea letsoho le letona ho bonts'a thahasello ea thobalano, ho qala ho emisa kapa ho felloa ke thahasello ea thobalano.

Ho na le lintlha tse 'maloa tse tsebisitseng moralo le tšusumetso e khethehileng. Ha ho fanoa ka tlhaiso-leseling e fanang ka maikutlo a hore ho ikarola ho tsoa linthong tse bonoang tse susumetsang maikutlo tlasa maemo a fMRI ho nka hoo e ka bang 15 s (Garrett le Maddock, 2001), likarolo tsa S le E li ne li sa kopane 'me li ne li arotsoe ke bonyane ba 30 s ea R. Litaba tsa likarolo tse tsosang takatso li ne li kenyelletsa mefuta e mene ea liketso tsa thobalano: likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse kenang ka morao, thobalano le mosali boemong bo phahameng, fellatio le thobalano le motho e motona ya boemong bo hodimo. Ho tse robeli tse fapaneng tsa thobalano tse bontšitsoeng filiming, mesebetsi ena e mene e ne e amahanngoa le maemo a phahameng ka ho fetisisa a penile tumescence ho sampuli ea banna ba 36 (Koukounas le Over, 1997). Kamora nako, bakeng sa ho laola bakeng sa litlamorao tse lebelletsoeng tsa tebello, lihlooho ha lia ka tsa tsebisoa ka tatellano ea likarolo.

Teko e ne e laoloa ke komporo ea Macintosh e sebelisang PsyScope (1) ho qala sekena le sehatisi sa livideo ‐ cassette (VCR) le ho rekota likarabo tsa litaba ka lebokoseng la konopo. VCR (Panasonic Pro AG ‐ 6300, Secaucus, NJ, USA) e ile ea qobelloa ho qala tatellano ea video mme ea beoa ka mokhoa oa khefutso. Joale VCR e ile ea qala ka tieho e nyane (e hakantsoeng ho ~ ms50 ms) ha transistor-transistor logic trigger e amoheloa. Ho nepahala hona ha nako ho netefatsa boiketlo ba ho sekaseka le ho hlalosa lintlha. Sehlooho se ne se shebella livideo skrineng sa morao-rao se hlahisitsoeng kela ea hlooho ka seiponeng.

Ho fifala ha penile ho ile ha beoa leihlo ka sesebelisoa se sebeletsanang le matla a khoheli se thehiloeng ho khofu ea mali e sa tsoa tsoaloa (WA Baum Co., Copiague, NY, USA) e behiloeng botoneng e sebelisa khohlopo. Pompo ea inflation e ile ea atolosoa 'me ea hokeloa tee, ka letsoho le le leng la tee le hokahantsoeng le methapo ea khatello ea mali ea transducer (4285-05, Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL, USA) mme e ngoe e hokahantsoe ka belofo ho tleloubu ea inflation. . Cuff e ne e tšetsoe moea ho 50 mm Hg ka sehlooho se supang tafoleng kantle ho makenete. Joale valve e ile ea tima 'me tleloubu ea inflation ea khaoha le ho tlosoa (joalo ka ha khatello ea eona ea khatello e na le likarolo tsa makenete). Transducer e ne e hokahantsoe le sehlophisi se tloaelehileng sa bioinstrumentation (ETH ‐ 250, CB Science Inc, Dover NH, USA). Letšoao la analoko le tlalehiloe ke sampling ea data logger ho 40 Hz (MacLab, AD Instruments, Inc, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Ho phefumoloha le sekhahla sa pelo li ne li tlalehiloe ka nako e le ngoe ke logger ea data a sebelisa methapo ea scanner le pulse oximeter e behiloeng mpeng ea taba le monoaneng o bohareng oa letsoho le letšehali. Logger ea data e hlahisitsoe ke pulse e tsoang ho skena ho netefatsa khokahano lipakeng tsa lirekoto tsa data tsa mmele le fMRI.

Ho fumana data

Lintlha tsa fMRI li fumanoe ho makenete oa 3 T GE Signa ho sebelisoa T₂* ‐Weighted gradient echo spiral pulse e latellanang (Glover le Lai, 1998) le ho sebelisa "coome" e hlophisitsoeng ea "qubrature" dome 'elliptical bird' coil. Ho sisinyeha ha hlooho ho ile ha fokotsoa ho sebelisoa bite ‐ bara e ileng ea etsoa ka maikutlo a meno a taba eo le ho e lokisa haholoanyane (Friston et al a., 1995a) ba sebelisa lipalo tsa lipalo tsa lipalo (1999 software version) (SPM99) software package (Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, University College, London, UK). Litekanyetso tsa fMRI li fumanoe ho tsoa lilomong tse 25 tsa axial ho sebelisoa mekhahlelo ea TR (nako ea phomolo) = 3000 ms, TE (nako ea echo) = 30 ms, flip angle = 80 °, thunya e le 'ngoe, qeto ea sefofane = 3.75 mm, le botenya = 5 mm. AT₂‐ Echo e matlafalitsoeng e potlakileng e fumanoe ka sefofaneng se le seng le lisebelisoa tse sebetsang tse nang le mekhahlelo ea TR = 4000 ms, TE = 68 ms, bolelele ba terene ea echo = 12, le NEX (palo ea thabo) = 1. Lintlha tsena tsa sebopeho li ne li kopane E ngolisitsoe ka mokhoa o bolelang oa kamora 'motsamao - e lokisitsoeng bophahamo ba fMRI mme e hlophisitsoe ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho template ea boko ea Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) (2 × 2 × 2 mm voxels) e sebelisa phetoho ea 9 aff parameter phetoho ho SPM99 (Friston et al a., 1995ae ntlafalitsoe moeeng ka ho sebelisa kernel ea Gaussian e nang le FWHM (bophara bo felletseng ka halofo ea halofo) = 5 mm.

Tlhahlobo ea data

Litlhahlobo tsa lipalopalo li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa mantlha oa mehala o fumanehang ho SPM99 (Friston et al a., 1995b). Mefuta e mmedi ya tshekatsheko e entswe: (i) tshekatsheko ya setso ya setso (n = 14) ho sebelisa phapang lipakeng tsa livideo tsa thobalano tse tsosang takatso le tse sa tsosang; le (ii) tlhahlobo ea khatello ea maikutlo e sebelisang ho khohlela ha penile nakong ea thupelo e le karolo ea thahasello (n = 11; Lintlha tsa penile tagidity ha lia ka tsa fumanoa bakeng sa lithuto tse tharo, hang ka lebaka la ho se sebetse hantle 'me, maemong a mabeli, mohlomong ka lebaka la ho beoa hampe ha sesebelisoa ke sehlooho kapa ho thellela nakong ea scan.

Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea "block", nako e khaotsoeng ea "pass pass" ea SPM99 e ne e behiloe maemong a mantlha bakeng sa mananeo a 1 le 2, e neng e le 246 le 360 ​​s, ka ho latellana, athe bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea khatello ea penile, nako ea ho khaola e sa feleng e ne e le 512 s. Bakeng sa litlhahlobo ka bobeli, data e tsoang ho video 1 le video 2 e kopantsoe, mme ho sefa ho tlase ha lethathamo la nako ho fihletsoe ka ho kopanya le tekanyetso ea karabelo ea haemodynamic ea karabelo ea SPM99. Bakeng sa litlhahlobo ka bobeli, litšoantšo tse fapaneng li ile tsa sebetsoa bakeng sa sehlooho ka seng. Litšoantšo tsena li ile tsa sebelisoa hamorao tlhahlobisong ea litlamorao tse sa reroang (Holmes le Friston, 1998), Ka palo ea likhato tsa tokoloho (DF) e lekanang le palo ea lithuto tlasa 1 (ke hore DF = 13 bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lithibelo le DF = 10 bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea khatello ea khatello ea maikutlo). Litokiso tsa lipapiso tse ngata tsa voxel li entsoe ka mokhoa oa boholo ba sehlopha sa Friston et al a. (1994). Bakeng sa ho laola lipapiso tse ngata, empa hape u nahane ka ts'ebetso libakeng tse nyane tsa boko, ho sebelisitsoe litekanyetso tse peli tsa tlaleho mabapi le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso. Sekao sa pele, se neng se loketse ho khetholla lihlopha tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa ts'ebetso, se sebelisitse khaolo ea "kelello" ea lipapatso tse ngata ho P <0.05. Tekanyetso ea bobeli, e neng e le thata haholo ebile e sebelisetsoa ho khetholla meaho ka tebello ea pele ea ts'ebetso (ho kenyeletsoa hypothalamus, anterior cingulate gyrus, putamen le insula / claustrum) e sebelisitse e sa lokisoang P boleng ba 0.001 le khalemelo e nyane ea li P <0.05. Bakeng sa litokiso tse nyane tsa molumo, mabokose a litekanyo tse latelang (ka mm) a sebelisitsoe ho bala Z menyako bakeng sa khalemelo P boleng ba 0.05: (i) hypothalamus: 10 × 12 × 10 (bilateral) ;, (ii) anterior cingulate gyrus: 17 × 20 × 20 (bilateral); (iii) putamen: 15 × 40 × 20 (lehlakore le leng le le leng); le (iv) insula / claustrum 15 × 40 × 20 (lehlakore le leng le le leng). Lihokahanyo tsa MNI li ile tsa fetoloa mokhoa oa khokahanyo oa atlelase ea Talairach le Tournoux stereotaxic (Talairach le Tournoux, 1988) o sebelisa liphetoho tse latelang (Matthew Brett, http://www.mrc‐cbu.cam.ac.uk/Imaging/mnispace.html). Bakeng sa MNI e hokahanya hofeta mohala oa "anterior commissure-posterior commissure" (AC-PC) z hokahanya ≥0):

                    x'= 0.9900x

                    y'= 0.9688y + 0.0460z

                    z′ = -0.0485y + 0.9189z

moo x, y, z sheba lihokela tsa MNI mme x′, y′, z′ Bua ka likhokahano tsa Talairach. Bakeng sa MNI e hokahanya ka tlase ho mola oa AC-PC (ke hore z <0), liphetoho e bile:

                    x'= 0.9900x

                    y'= 0.9688y + 0.0420z

                    z′ = -0.0485y + 0.8390z

Results

Lintlha tsa boitšoaro

Mochini oa khatiso oa likonopo le mehato e tloaelehileng ea bohloeki ba penile bakeng sa lithuto tse 11 li bontšitsoe ho Fig. 1 bakeng sa video 1 le sa feiga. 2 bakeng sa video 2. Ho ka bonoa hore likhatiso tsa konopo tse bonts'ang ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano (Konopo ea A lipalo), hammoho le likarabo tse bonoang tsa erection (Button B), li hokahane haufi-ufi le karolo e ntseng e phahama ea karabelo ea khatello, athe konopo Mechini ea khatiso e bonts'ang tahlehelo ea erection (Button C) e hlaha mohatong o tlase, kapa nakong ea likarolo tsa video tsa lipapali kapa tsa boikhathollo.

• Khoasolla setšoantšo
• Bula ka tabo e ncha
• Khoasolla motlakase

Feie. 1 Karolelano ea bofokoli ba penile le likhatiso tsa konopo bakeng sa lihlooho tse 11 tsa video 1. Konopo A e ile ea hatelloa ho bonts'a thahasello ea thobalano, Button B e ile ea hatelloa ho bonts'a qaleho ea khaho le Button C e ile ea hatelloa ho bonts'a tahlehelo ea phaello. Ho qala le linako tsa linako tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa video, tse tsosang takatso, lipapali le boikhathollo (R), li bonts'itsoe ka tlase ho mokhoa oa ho hloka botsitso.

• Khoasolla setšoantšo
• Bula ka tabo e ncha
• Khoasolla motlakase

Feie. 2 Karolelano ea ho fetoha ha penile le likhatiso tsa konopo bakeng sa lihlooho tse 11 tsa video 2. Likarabo tsa likonopo A, B le C li ne li le joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 1.

Sekhahla sa pelo, ho phefumoloha le mehato ea ho potoloha mongobo ka makhetlo a mangata ho bontšitsoe ho setšoantšo sa feiga. 3. Pearson product- motsamao oa motsotsoana o sebelisitsoeng ho maqhubu a karolelano ea mehato ena e meraro e fane ka liphetho tse latelang bakeng sa video 1: (i) ho koafala / ho hema: r = 0.295, (ii) ho otla ha pelo / ho hema: r = 0.023, (iii) ho fifala / ho fifala: r = -0.176. Bakeng sa video 2, likamano e ne e le: (i) ho fifala / ho hema: r = 0.455, (ii) ho hema / ho hema: r = 0.1, (iii) ho fifala / ho fifala: r = 0.177. Ho leka lintlha tsa lipalo tsa likamano tsena, rPhapang pakeng tsa mehato e 'meli e ne e kenyellelitsoe thuto e ngoe le e ngoe ebe e fetoloa ho a Z lintlha sebelisa Fisher r ho Z phetoho. Mohlala o le mong tTest e ne e etsoa ka boleng bo le bong ka taba ho lekola hore na moelelo oa lipalo tseo o ne o fapane hofe le zero. Tlhatlhobo ena e senotse hore khokahano ea ho fifala / ho hema e ne e le bohlokoa bakeng sa video ea 1 (P <0.035) le video 2 (P <0.013), 'me ha ho likamano tse ling tse neng li le bohlokoa.

• Khoasolla setšoantšo
• Bula ka tabo e ncha
• Khoasolla motlakase

Feie. 3 Ho otla ha pelo, sekhahla sa phefumoloho le boits'oaro ba penile bakeng sa livideo 1 le 2, ka karolelano ho feta lithuto tse 11. Ho qala le linako tsa maemo a mararo a fapaneng a video [tse tsosang takatso, lipapali le boikhathollo (R)] li bonts'itsoe ka tlase ho mokhoa oa ho hloka botsitso.

Ts'ebetso ea boko

Tlhahlobo ea thibela

Hobane likarolo tsa video ea lipapali li ile tsa aroloa ka nako ho tloha likarolong tse sa lokang ho isa boholeng bo boholo ho feta likarolo tsa boikhathollo (bona Li -igs 1 'me 2) 'me li ne li tsamaisana haholo le likarolo tse sa lokang mabapi le ho lekana ha likarolo, lihlahlobisisong tsa thuto li shebile phapano lipakeng tsa likarolo tse seng molaong le tsa lipapali. Ke ts'ebetso e fokolang haholo e ileng ea bonoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ena. Video e tsosang takatso e matlafalitse ts'ebetso e kholo ho feta likarolo tsa lipapali libakeng tsa pono feela. Video ea lipapali e ile ea phahamisa ts'ebetso e kh relative ol relative o ha e kopana le livideo tse tsoileng tseleng ka hara cerebellum le karolong e ka morao ea 'mele o bohareng ba "temple" tempirit gyrus.

Tlhahlobo ea regile turgidity regression

Ho fapana le liphetho tse fumanoeng bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea li-block, ts'ebetso e matla e ile ea senoloa ha penile turgidity e sebelisoa e le regressor. Tsepamiso ea kelello e senotsoeng ho tsoa tlhahlobisong ena e thathamisitsoe ka har'a Tafole 1, nakong ea feiga. 4 e bontša ts'ebetso e kholo e tsepamisitsoeng holima T₂Litšoantšo tsa "anatomical" tse nang le boima bo fetisisang le tse tloaelehileng. Joalokaha ho bonahala ho tloha ho feiga. 4A le B, sebaka se seholo le se bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa sa ts'ebetso e ne e le sebaka se nepahetseng sa subula / insula, ho kenyeletsoa le claustrum. Feie. 5 e bonts'a ngollano e haufi lipakeng tsa nako e tloaelehileng ea ho khohlela ha penile lihloohong tsohle le nako ea ts'ebetso ea boko e fumanoeng sebakeng sena nakong ea video 1.

• Khoasolla setšoantšo
• Bula ka tabo e ncha
• Khoasolla motlakase

Feie. 4 Lik'homphieutha tse amanang le ts'ebetso e fumanoeng ho tsoa tlhahlobisong ea litlamorao tse sa fetoheng tsa lithuto tsa 11. Sekala se sefubelu se 'mala o mosehla se bontša libaka tse bonts'ang likamano tse kholo le boits'oaro ba penile. Limmapa tsena tsa mebala li phahamisitsoe ka karolelano ea T₂Bophahamo ba modumo ea bophahamo ba mmele le boiketsetso. (AHo aha bocha ba SPM99 ho bonts'a likhakanyo tsa ts'ebetso ka lehlakoreng le letona la boko. (BKarolo ea Axial e bonts'ang ts'ebetso e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea boko e bonoeng tekong ena ea insula le claustrum e nepahetseng. (CKarolo ea Axial e bonts'ang ts'ebetsong ka har'a caudate / putamen le ka lehlakoreng le letona la bohareng / bohareng ba occipital gyri (BA 37/19). (DKarolo ea Axial e bonts'a ts'ebetso ea cingate gyrus. (EKarolo ea Coronal e bonts'ang ts'ebetso ho hypothalamus e nepahetseng.

• Khoasolla setšoantšo
• Bula ka tabo e ncha
• Khoasolla motlakase

Feie. 5 Concordance ea liphetoho tsa nakoana tse bonoang bakeng sa ho fifala ha penile le ho ts'oaroa ha boko ba cortex / claustrum e nepahetseng. Mofuta oa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko o fumanoe ka ho ntša ho tsoa sehloohong se seng le se seng karolelano ea lintlha tsa tatellano ea nako ho li-voxels tse kahara 5 mm radius ea x = 41.6, y = 5.7, z = -2 hokahanya, moo ts'ebetso e kholo ea claustrum / insula e fumanoeng, ho sebelisoa bophahamo ba mosebetsi oa SPM99. Mofuta o hlahisoang ke leqhubu la thuto ka 'ngoe, hammoho le taba ea ho hlapoloha ha penile ea taba eo, e ile ea tlhotliloeng ka sefahleho se tlase sa Butterworth se nang le khafetsa ea khauta ea 0.008 ebe se akaretsa lihlooho tse ling.

Lits'ebetso tse ling tse kholo, tse pholohang ho latela mokhoa o matla oa ho bapisa lintho tse ngata, li boetse li bontšoa ho Fig. 4. Tsena li kenyelletsa "gyri" ea bohareng ba "occipital" bohareng. 4A le C). Hlokomela hore ts'ebetso e nyane hanyane haufi le sebaka se le seng e boetse e bonoe ka lehlakoreng le letšehali, ka x, y, z e hokahanya –45.5, -67.7, 5.2 ho Lethathamo 1; caudate ea leqeleng le putamen (sa feiga. 4C), habeli ka har'a ging ea cingrate (sa feiga. 4D) le libakeng tse nepahetseng tsa sensorimotor le pele ho likoloi (tse bonoang joalo ka ts'ebetso e khubelu e totobetseng e phahametseng ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea claustrum ho feiga. 4A).

Har'a lits'ebetso tse nyane tse hlokometsoeng ho sebelisa sekhahla se sa tieang (empa se ntse se le teng P <0.001), e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa bo ikhethang tlalehong ena e ile ea bonoa ho hypothalamus e nepahetseng, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe karolong ea coronal (Fig. 4E). Nts'etsopele e nyane e kentsoeng ho Tafole 1 li ne li bonoa haholo ka lehlakoreng le letšehali. Tsena li kenyelletsa libaka tsa pele tsa medial pele (ka ts'ebetso e le 'ngoe e nyane kahara "front" gyrus), anterior insula / claustrum, cuneus le putamen.

Puisano

Maikemisetso a rona a mabeli e ne e le: (i) ho ntšetsapele paradigm ea liteko e kenyelletsang tekanyo ea sepheo sa tumescence le mehopolo e sa bonahaleng ea pono, hammoho le likarolo tse sa laoleheng le tse susumetsang maikutlo tse sebelisang theknoloji ea fMRI ho lekola ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko nakong ea thobalano; le (ii) ho sebelisa qeto e phahameng ea fMRI ho supa likarolo life tsa boko tse bonts'ang liphetoho tsa ts'ebetso tse lumellanang le liphetoho tsa mmele ho batho ba batona le ba batšehali ba phetseng hantle.

Mabapi le sepheo (i), se hlokang hore lithuto li ka kenella kahare ho sebaka se kentsoeng, matla a khoheli ha a ka a hlahisa tšitiso ea bohlokoa ho hlahlobeng liketsahalo tsa phaello. Liprotheine tsa liteko li sebelisitsoe joalo ka ha li reriloe, ka lithuto tse tlalehang ka mokhoa o tšepahalang lithahasello tsa thobalano le popo nakong ea likarolo tse fosahetseng empa eseng nakong ea likarolo tse peli tsa papiso. Ntle le moo, sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo ea bokhoni se etselitsoeng thuto ena se bontšitse hore se nepahetse tikolohong ea fMRI, se nang le bopaki bo hlakileng ba ho kenella ha lithuto nakong ea tatellano e fosahetseng, ha ho kenella ka nako ea karohano ea taolo, le khokahano e phahameng haholo pakeng tsa thuto ea boithuto ba lithuto le liphetoho tsa mercury sesebelisoa sa ho shebella. Kahoo, thuto ea rona e tiisa bokhoni ba fMRI ba ho ithuta ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello le sepheo sa ho tsosa thobalano.

Mabapi le sepheo (ii), liphetho tsa rona li ka akaretsoa ka tsela e latelang. Taba ea mantlha, bopaki ba ts'ebetso e ikhethileng ea boko bo amanang le ts'usumetso ea thobalano le karabelo e ne e le matla ho feta litlhahlobong tse amanang le khatello. Litlhahlobo tsa block li senotse liphapang tse fokolang tsa bohlokoa. Taba ea bobeli, libaka tse kholo tsa ts'ebetso e amanang le tumescence e ne e le: (i) sebaka se nepahetseng sa insula / subinsular, ho kenyeletsoa le claustrum; (ii) hypothalamus; (iii) khubu ea caudate; (iv) putamen; (v) Sebaka sa Brodmann (BA) BA 24 le BA 32; le (vi) BA 37/19.

Ts'usumetso e kholo le ea bohlokoa sebakeng se nepahetseng sa insula / subinsular (ho kenyeletsoa le claustrum) e ts'oana hantle joalo ka liphumano tse tlalehiloeng lithutong tsa PET tsa batho ba batšehali ba batona kapa ba batšehali (Stoleru et al a., 1999; Redoute et al a., 2000). Ha boroko bo hokahane le mesebetsi ea motor, vestibular le puo (Augustine, 1985), e boetse e atametse haufi le sekhutlo sa bobeli sa somatosensory, 'me merero ka bobeli e ho amohela le ho amohela menahano e tsoang ho e latelang (Augustine, 1996). Bopaki bo tsoang lipatlisisong tse 'maloa bo bonts'a hore ts'ebetso e kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo ea visceral ho kenyelletsa lithuto tsa tatso (Scott et al a., 1991; Smith ‐ Swintosky et al a., 1991) le ho ts'oaroa ha oesophageal kudzera ka balloon distention (Aziz et al a., 1995). Ntle le moo, bopaki bo kenyelletsa rCBF e kenelletseng ka har'a ts'usumetso e latelang ts'usumetso ea vibrotactile (Burton et al a., 1993) e lebisitse qetong ea hore lits'ebetso li sebetsa joalo ka sebaka sa ts'ebetso ea somatosensory (bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Augustine, 1996). Ka hona, ts'ebetso e bonoang sethaleng thutong ea hona joale e ka bonts'a ts'ebetso ea somatosensory le ho amohela mokete.

Ntle le moo, bopaki bo bong bo fana ka maikutlo a ho kenyelletsa "insula / claustrum" e nepahetseng phetisong ea tlhaiso-leseling ea litaba. Phuputsong e entsoeng ka PET e batlisisang motheo oa neuroanatomic oa tlhaiso-leseling ea maikutlo lipakeng tsa mekhoa e fapaneng (ke hore, e sa bonahale ebile e shebahala), banna ba baholo ba batona ba ile ba pepesetsoa maemo a bonoang a pono, le pono le pono e sa tloaelehang ho kenyelletsa maemo a taolo a sebelisa ellipsoids (Hadjikhani le Roland, 1998). E lumellana le liphetho tsa pejana (Horster et al a., 1989; Ettlinger le Wilson, 1990), liphetho li senotse hore sebaka se nepahetseng sa insula-claustrum se ne se ameha ka mokhoa o ts'oanang mabapi le lifapano tsa 'mele, ke hore, mesebetsing e hlokang lihlooho ho tsebahatsa lintho tse boneng ka ho ama. Kahoo, seo re se fumaneng le sa ba bang (Stoleru et al a., 1999; Redoute et al a., 2000) of activation ea claustrum / subinsular nakong ea moroetsana ha a ntse a shebelletse livideo tse tsosang takatso, a ka bonts'a phetisetso ea mohopolo oa phetoho ea maikutlo bakeng sa ho susumetsa ho nahanoang ha tactile. Bopaki bo bong bo lumellanang le khopolo ena bo tsoa data e bokelitsoeng ho bakuli ba lemetseng ba likotsi tsa boko tse fokotsehileng tse bontšang hore ho senyeha ho amana le mathata a ho theha litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso tsa thobalano (Crowe le Ponsford, 1999) le ho tsoa ho batho ba nang le marapo a claustrum a bonts'itseng likotsi tse sa tloaelehang tsa somatosensory (Litlatse et al a., 1988).

Libaka tse ling tse qalileng nakong ea tumescence e ne e le hypothalamus le "basal ganglia" striatum (ke hore, caudate nucleus le putamen). Palo e kholo ea lithuto tsa liphoofolo e hokahantse hypothalamus le karabelo ea thobalano. Bopaki bo kenyelletsa lithuto tse bontšang hore marapo a sebakeng sa medial preoptic a nyenyefatsa boits'oaro ba banna ho mefuta eohle e lekiloeng (bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Meisel le Sachs, 1994) le hore ts'usumetso ea motlakase ea "patothricular nucleus" ea hypothalamus e amahanngoa le ho fetoha ha likhoto (Chen et al a., 1997; McKenna et al a., 1997). Ka lithuto tsa batho, secretion ea pituitary secretion ea oxetocin e tsoang mothong oa popo ea limela e bontšitsoe hore e eketseha nakong ea takatso ea thobalano ho banna le basali.Carmichael et al a., 1987, 1994).

Ho feta moo, dopamine e hakanngoa ho hypothalamus le striatum ho tloha sebakeng sa incertohypothalamic le substantia nigra, ka ho latellana. Bopaki ba hore dopamine e tsamaisa boitšoaro ba monna ba thobalano bo matla haholo. Mohlala, li-dopamine agonists tse kang apomorphine li bonts'itsoe ho kenya ts'ebetso ea monna ho banna ba nang le ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea "erectile".Lal et al a., 1989), ha li-antipsychotic tse fokotsang tšebetso ea dopaminergic li amahanngoa le ho senyeha ha erectile (Marder le Meibach, 1994; Aizenberg et al a., 1995). Agopist e 'ngoe ea dopamine, l ‐ dopa, e leng moriana oa lefu la Parkinson ka boeona e amanang le 80-90% dopamine redopions in the striatum, e bontšitsoe ho hlahisa tsoalo ho banna (Hyppa et al a., 1970; Bowers et al a., 1971; O'Brien et al a., 1971). Le ha ho na le lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa dopamine tsamaisong ea methapo e meholo, lithuto tsa liphoofolo li hokahne litsamaiso tsa dopamine tsa nigrostriatal le incertohypothalamic le boitšoaro ba thobalano (Hull et al a., 1986; Eaton et al a., 1991).

Ts'ebetso ho anterior cingulate cortex, haholo-holo BA 24 le BA 32, le eona e ne e amahanngoa le tumescence. Cingulate ea ka ntle e tsejoa hore e hokahane le lits'ebetso tsa tlhokomelo. Haholo-holo, Devinsky le basebetsi-'moho le eena (Devinsky et al a., 1995) e hlahisitse hore BA 24 le BA 32 li ka tataisa karabelo ho tšusumetso e ncha ea tikoloho. Lintho tse sa tloaelehang mosebetsing oa anterior cingulate li tlalehiloe ho bakuli ba nang le boloetse bo feteletseng bo qobelloang (Rauch et al a., 1994), Autism (Ahnishi et al a., 2000), le likotsi tsa pono ea Autism (ramatlotlo et al a., 2000), tseo kaofela li khetholloang ka ho pheta-pheta boitšoaro le mathata a ho lebisa tlhokomelo. Leha ho le joalo, menehelo ea anterior cingulate ho karabelo ea thobalano le eona e ka ba e otlolohileng haholoanyane. BA 24 le BA 32 ba kentse letsoho ho hlophiseng mesebetsi ea boipuso le endocrine ho kenyelletsa sephiri sa gonadal le adrenal (Devinsky et al a., 1995). Khothaletso ea motlakase ho BA 24 e bonts'itsoe ho tlisa ts'ehetso ho litšoene (Robinson le Mishkin, 1968).

Ts'ebetso nakong ea tsoelo-pele e ile ea bonoa hape ho li-gyri tsa bohareng tse bohareng le tse bohareng tsa occipital gyri (BA 37/19). Bopaki bo hlakileng bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea pono ke mosebetsi o moholo sebakeng sena. Phuputsong ea PET e shebaneng le lipale tsa lipale tse tloahelehileng le tse tloaelehileng tsa lentsoe le sefahleho, ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea hemisphere e nepahetseng e tlalehiloe libakeng tsa 37 le 19 bukeng le maemong a tloaelehileng a sefahleho, empa eseng maemong afe kapa afe (Kim et al a., 1999). Lintlha tse ling li fana ka maikutlo a hore BA 37/19 e kanna ea ameha ka kotloloho ho sebetsaneng le tšusumetso ea pono ea lipale. Phuputsong ea fMRI e bapisang pono ea sefahleho le memori e sebelisang sefahleho se phetoang, lifahleho tsa lipale tse sa phetoang, lifahleho tse sa reng letho tse phuthetsoeng le skrine e se nang letho, libaka tsa 37 le 19 li ile tsa ts'oaroa haholo nakong ea sefahleho sa sefahleho empa eseng nakong ea maemo a papiso (Clark et al a., 1998). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le ts'ebetso ea sefahleho, pono ea karolo ea barupeluoa ba rona e kanna ea kenyelletsa ho khaoha ho hoholo ha lintlha.

Ho fapana le lithuto tsa morao-rao tsa PET tsa ho tsosa ka thobalano (Stoleru et al a., 1999; Redoute et al a., 2000), Litlhahlobo tsa block tsa data li senotse ts'ebetso e fokolang. Liphapang tsa moralo oa liteko li ka hlalosa phapang ena. Taba ea mantlha, ha e bapisoa le lipatlisiso tsa rona, lithuto tsa morao-rao li kentse karohano ea nakoana pakeng tsa maemo a tsosang takatso le a se nang maikutlo (ke hore, 15 min, 30--60 s). Taba ea bobeli, boemo ba papiso ea lipapali thutong ea rona e kanna ea ba taolo e sebetsang ha e bapisoa le maemo a metlae lithutong tsa PET. Le ha ho ne ho na le libaka tse ngata tse fetang, kaofela re fumane libaka tse fapaneng haholo tsa ts'ebetso ha li bapisoa le thuto e phatlalalitsoeng ea fMRI ea ho tsosa banna (Park et al a., 2001). Sena se ka bakoa ke ho ba sieo ha tekanyo ea sepheo sa ho fokola phuputsong thutong ke Park le basebetsi mmoho (Park et al a., 2001), hammoho le ho ba sieo ha likarolo tsa pono tse sa nke lehlakore (mohlala: lipapali) ho laola bakeng sa mohono o akaretsang.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore lithuto tsa neuroimaging tsa taolo ea ho phefumoloha li senotse ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello, hypothalamic le paralimbic lithutong tsa batho ba nang le ts'ebetso ea phefumoloho ea ts'ebetso ea phefumoloho (Brannan et al a., 2001; Liotti et al a., 2001; Parsons et al a., 2001). Likamano tse bonolo empa e le tsa bohlokoa tseo re li boneng lipakeng tsa ho fifala le ho hema (0.295 bakeng sa video 1, 0.45 bakeng sa video 2) li hlahisa monyetla oa hore likamano tse ling tse bonoeng lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko le karabelo ea thobalano thutong ea rona e kanna ea amana le ho hema. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la ho rarahana ha mesebetsi ea boko e amanang le karabelo ea thobalano le tlhaiso-leseling ea data, ha re khone ho bolela ka bonnete ba hore na ke lits'ebetso life tse amanang le thobalano ka kotloloho kapa tse amanang le mesebetsi e meng ea boipuso.

Leha re sa khone ho fihlela liqeto tse mabapi le likamano tsa boko le boitšoaro, likarolo tsa ts'ebetso li fana ka mehopolo mabapi le hore na likarolo life tsa boko, haeba li senyehile, li ka hlahisa liphetoho mosebetsing oa thobalano. Boithuto bo eketsehileng ba bakuli ba senyehileng ba boko bo tlalehang liphetoho tse joalo bo ka hlakisa likarolo tse tobileng tsa likarolo tse kenelletseng tsa tšebetso ea thobalano. Ntle le moo, tlatsetso e ka bang teng ea tšusumetso ea lihormone (mohlala, testosterone) joalo ka babuelli ba karabo ea thobalano e ne e sa fetoloe ke thuto, empa le eona e ka kenya letsoho haholo ts'ebetsong.

Boithuto bo teng hona joale bo fuputse ka nepo likarolo tsa neano tsa ho kopanela liphate ho bashanyana ba phetseng hantle. Se khahlisang haholo lithutong tse tlang ke hore na ts'ebetso ena e ka fetoha joang joaloka ts'ebetso ea lilemo, le hore na ts'ebetso ea boko ea monna le mosali e ka fapana joang. Mabapi le phapang e joalo, phuputso ea morao-rao ea 1.5 T fMRI ea libaka tse ts'eletseng tsa basali e tlaleha libaka tsa ts'ebetso libakeng tsa thalamus, amygdala, anterior temporort cortex, fusiform gyrus, understal frontal gyrus le posterior temporal (Maravilla et al a., 2000). Ts'ebetso tsena ha li fetelle ka tšebetso e kholo ea "insular" / sub ‐, cingrate le basal ganglia e hlokometsoeng thutong ea hona joale. Ho tla hlokahala lithuto tse ling ho bona hore na liphapang tse joalo li bonts'a phapang ea bong kapa paradigm ts'ebetsong ea boko e amanang le thobalano.

Ho ananela

Phuputso ena e tšehelitsoe ke chelete e tsoang ho TAP Holdings, Inc.

References

1. ↵
   Aizenberg D, Zemishlany Z, Dorfman ‐ Etrog P, Weizman A. Ho hloka thobalano ho bakuli ba schizophrenic ba batona. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56: 137-41.

   nullMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
2. ↵
   Augustine JR. Motsoako o fumanehang ka har'a litlhapi tsa khale le batho. Neurol Res 1985; 7: 2-10.

   nullMedline
3. ↵
   Augustine JR. Potoloho le likarolo tse sebetsang tsa lobe e fumanehang ka har'a li-primates ho kenyeletsoa le batho. [Sekaseka]. Brain Res Rev 1996; 22: 229-44.

   nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
4. ↵
   Aziz Q, Furlong PL, Barlow J, Hobson A, Alani S, Bancewicz J, et al. Sebopeho sa 'mapa oa bokaholimo ba lintho tse nang le bokhoni ba cortical bo hlahisitsoeng ke tšitiso ea bokhoni ba batho ba ho sesa le distal esophagus. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1995; 96: 219-28.

   nullCrossRefMedline
5. ↵
   Belliveau JW, Kennedy DN, McKinstry RC, Buchbinder BR, Weisskoff RM, Cohen MS, et al. Ts'ebetso ea 'mapa oa sebopeho se sebetsang sa motho ka ho ba le setšoantšo sa boloi. Mahlale 1991; 254: 716-9.

   nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
6. ↵
   Bentler PM. Tlhahlobo ea boitšoaro ba monna. I. Ba batona. Behav Res Ther 1968; 6: 21-5.

   nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
7. ↵
   Bowers MB, Van Woert M, Davis L. Boitšoaro ba thobalano nakong ea kalafo ea L ‐ dopa bakeng sa parkinsonism. Ke J Psychiatry 1971; 127: 1691-3.

   nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
8. ↵
   Brannan S, Liotti M, Egan G, Shade R, Madden L, Robillard R, et al. Ho khothaletsoa hoa ts'ebetso ea likhoerekhoere le lits'ebetso tse amanang le hypercapnia le tlala ea moea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 2029-34.

   nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
9. ↵
   Burton H, Videen TO, Raichle ME. Tactile ‐ vibration ‐ activated tsepamisitsoeng kahare le parietal ‐ opercular cortex e ithutoang ka positron emission tomography: 'mapa oa sebaka sa bobeli sa somatosensory ho batho. Somatosens Mot Res 1993; 10: 297-308.

   nullMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
10. ↵
    Carmichael MS, Humbert R, Dixen J, Palmisano G, Greenleaf W, Davidson JM. Plasma oxytocin e eketseha karabelong ea motho ea thobalano. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64: 27-31.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
11. ↵
    Carmichael MS, Warburton VL, Dixen J, Davidson JM. Kamano lipakeng tsa karabelo ea pelo le mesifa le ea oxytocin nakong ea thobalano ea motho. Arch Sex Behav 1994; 23: 59-79.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
12. ↵
    Chen KK, Chan SH, Chang LS, Chan JY. Ho nka karolo ha "potency" ea li-hypothalamus ho tsamaiso ea mantlha ea penile erection ho rat. J Urol 1997; 158: 238-44.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
13. ↵
    Clark VP, Maisog JM, Haxby JV. FMRI ho ithuta ka sefahleho le ho hopola lintho ka tšebeliso ea tatellano ea tšusumetso. J Neurophysiol 1998; 79: 3257-65.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
14. ↵
    Crowe SF, Ponsford J. Karolo ea litšoantšo lipuisanong tsa botona le botšehali ho monna ea lemetseng likotsi tse mpe tsa kelello. Brain Inj 1999; 13: 347-54.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
15. ↵
    Derogatis LR. SCL ‐ 90 ‐ R: Tsamaiso, tataiso le lintlha tsa tataiso, Moq. 2. Towson (MD): Patlisiso ea Psychometric ea Clinical; 1983.
16. ↵
    Devinsky O, Morrell MJ, Vogt BA. Menehelo ea cortex ea ka ntle ea boitšoaro. [Sekaseka]. Brain 1995; 118: 279-306.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
17. ↵
    Eaton RC, Markowski VP, Lumley LA, Thompson JT, Moses J, Hull EM. Li-receptor tsa D2 tse ka har'a potoloho ea potoloho ea methapo li laola likarabo tsa botšehali le ho kopitsa ho likhoto tsa banna. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991; 39: 177-81.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
18. ↵
    Engel SA, Rumelhart DE, Wandell BA, Lee AT, Glover GH, Chichilnisky EJ, et al. fMRI ea cortex ea pono ea motho. Tlhaho 1994; 369: 525.
19. ↵
    Ettlinger G, Wilson WA. Ts'ebetso ea sefapano Cross Tsela ea boits'oaro: Mekhoa ea boitsoaro, ho nahanisisa ka phylogenetic le mekhoa ea neural. [Sekaseka]. Behav Brain Res 1990; 40: 169-92.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
20. ↵
    Pele MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbons M, Williams JB. Puisano e hlophisitsoeng ea bongaka bakeng sa mathata a DSM-IV axis 1. New York: Setsi sa Psychiatric sa New York State, Lefapha la Patlisiso ea Biometrics; 1996.
21. ↵
    Friston KJ, Worsley KJ, Frackowiak RSJ, Mazziotta JC, Evans AC. Ho lekola bohlokoa ba tšebetso e tsepamisitsoeng pele ba sebelisa boholo ba sebaka sa bona sa bolulo. Hum Brain Mapp 1994; 1: 210-20.

    nullCrossRefMedline
22. ↵
    Friston KJ, Ashburner J, Frith CD, Poline JB, Heather JD, Frackowiak RSJ. Ngoliso ea sepakapaka le ho etsa hore litšoantšo li tloaelehe. Hum Brain Mapp 1995a; 3: 165-89.
23. Friston KJ, Holmes AP, Worsley KJ, Poline JB, Frith CD, Frackowiak RSJ. Limmapa tsa Statistical parametric ka ts'ebetso ea ho nahana: mokhoa oa kakaretso oa ho latela. Hum Brain Mapp 1995b; 2: 189-210.

    nullCrossRef
24. ↵
    Glover le Lai. Mokhoa oa boithati oa ho itšireletsa mafung ka boeona: ferekanngoa le 'moho. Mag Reson Med 1998; 39: 361-8.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
25. ↵
    Garrett AS, Maddock RJ. Nako ‐ nako ea karabelo e ikhethileng ea maikutlo litšoantšong tse khelohang: bohlokoa ba lithuto tsa fMRI. Psychiatry Res 2001; 108: 39-48.

    nullMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
26. ↵
    Hadjikhani N, Roland PE. Ho fetisoa ka mokhoa o fetohang oa tlhahisoleseling lipakeng tsa thobalano le lipono tse hlahang bokong ba motho: thuto ea positron emission tomographic. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 1072-84.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
27. ↵
    Haznedar MM, Buchsbaum MS, Wei T ‐ C, Hof PR, Cartwright C, Bienstock CA, et al. Li-circry tsa limbic ho bakuli ba nang le mathata a ho fetoha ha pono ea autism ba ithutileng ka positron emission tomography le imagonance imaging. Ke J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1994-2001.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
28. ↵
    Holmes AP, Friston KJ. Generalisability, litlamorao tsa tšohanyetso le tlhoko ea sechaba. Neuroimage 1998; 7 (4 Pt 2): S754.
29. ↵
    Hoon EF, Joon PW, Wincze JP. Moralo oa ho lekanya litekanyetso tsa botona kapa botšehali tsa basali: SAI. Arch Sex Behav 1976; 5: 269-74.
30. ↵
    Horster W, Rivers A, Schuster B, Ettlinger G, Skreczek W, Hesse W. Meaho ea neural e kentsoeng tšebetsong ea boemo ba modemona le ts'ebetso ea khethollo ea tactile: lipatlisiso tse sebelisitsoeng 2 ‐ DG. Behav Brain Res 1989; 333: 209-27.
31. ↵
    Hull EM, Bitran D, Pehek EA, Warner RK, Band LC, Holmes GM. Dopaminergic taolo ea boitšoaro ba botona ba botšehali ho likhoto: litlamorao tsa ts'ebetso ea kelello ea "intracerebrally". Brain Res 1986; 370: 73-81.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
32. ↵
    Hyppa M, Rinne UK, Sonninen V. Phello e sebetsang ea kalafo ea l ‐ dopa mabapi le thobalano le semelo sa eona sa liteko. Acta Neurol Scand 1970; 46 Suppl 43: 223.
33. ↵
    Jack CR, Thompson RM, Butts RK, Sharbrough FW, Kelly PJ, Hanson DP, et al. Sensory motor cortex: ho ikamahanya le 'mapa oa nako le nako oa ho tsamaisa mmapa le tšebetso ea' mapa o sa hlaseleng. Radiology 1994; 190: 85-92.

    nullMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
34. ↵
    Kim SG, Ashe J, Hendrich K, Ellermann JM, Merkle H, Ugurbil K, et al. Ts'ebetso ea matla a matla a molumo o sebetsang oa motor cortex: hemispheric asymmetry le ho aba. Mahlale 1993; 261: 615-7.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
35. ↵
    Kim JJ, Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Wiser AK, Ponto LL, Watkins GL, et al. Papiso e tobileng ea likarolo tse ka tlase tsa neural tsa memori ea ho amohela mantsoe le sefahleho. Brain 1999; 122: 1069-83.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
36. ↵
    Koukounas E, Holim'a R. Male e tsosang takatso ea botona le botšehali e tsosoa ke lifilimi le litoro tse tšoanang. Aust J Psychol 1997; 49: 1-5.
37. ↵
    Lal S, Tesfaye Y, Thavundayil JX, Thompson TR, Kiely ME, Ronald NP, et al. Apomorphine: lithuto tsa tliliniki mabapi le ho se sebetse hantle ha erectile le ho hlohlona. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1989; 13: 329-39.

    nullCrossRefMedline
38. ↵
    Liotti M, Brannan S, Egan G, Shade R, Madden L, Abplanalp B, et al. Likarabo tsa boko tse amanang le ho tseba ho se phefumolohe (tlala ea moea). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 2035-40.

    null
39. ↵
    Lue TF. Ho se sebetse hantle ha kelello. [Sekaseka]. Engl J e ncha J Med 2000; 342: 1802-13.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
40. ↵
    Maravilla KR, Deliganis AV, Heiman J, Fisher D, Carter W, Weisskoff R, et al. Tlhahlobo ea BOLD fMRI ea karabelo e tloaelehileng ea botona le botšehali: libaka tsa ts'ebetso ea setho sa botšehali se kopantsoeng le mehato e lumellanang le sepheo sa ho tsosa. Proc Int Soc Magn Reson Med 2000; 8: 918.

    null
41. ↵
    Marder SR, Meibach RC. Risperidone ka kalafo ea lefu la kelello. Ke J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 825-835.

    nullMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
42. ↵
    McKenna K. Boko ke sona setho se ka sehloohong se sebetsanang le thobalano. [Sekaseka]. Int J Impot Res 1999; 11 Suppl 1: S48-55.
43. ↵
    McKenna KE, Giuliano, F, Rampin O, Bernabe J. Tšusumetso ea motlakase ea "patencyricular nucleus" (PVN) e etsa hore motho a tsebe ho bua ka mokhoa oa penile erection le ejaculation ho rat. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1997; 23: 1520.

    null
44. ↵
    Meisel RL, Sachs BD. Boikoetliso ba 'mele ba botona kapa botšehali Ka: Knobil E, bahlophisi ba Neill JD. Physiology ea ho ikatisa, Moq. 2. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994. leq. 3-105.
45. ↵
    Morys J, Slonviewski P, Narkiewicz O. Somatosensory a tsosa likhakanyo tse latelang lits'oants'o tsa claustrum. Acta Physiol Pol 1988; 39: 475-83.

    nullMedline
46. ↵
    Moseley ME, Glover GH. Ts'ebetso ea MR e sebetsang: bokhoni le mefokolo. [Sekaseka]. Clin ea Neuroimaging N Am 1995: 5: 161-91.
47. ↵
    CPU ea O'Brien, DiGiacomo JN, Fahn S, Schwarz GA. Litlamorao tsa kelello tsa levodopa e phahameng. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1971; 24: 61-4.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
48. ↵
    Ohnishi T, Matsuda H, Hashimoto T, Kunihiro T, Nishikawa M, Uema T, et al. Mali a sa tloaelehang a k'holeseterole ea potoloho a tsoang bongoaneng. Brain 2000; 123: 1838-44.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
49. ↵
    Park K, Seo JJ, Kang HK, Ryu SB, Kim HJ, Jeong GW. Monyetla o mocha oa boemo ba oksijene ea mali (oxygen) o sebelisang MRI bakeng sa ho hlahloba litsi tsa kankere ea penile. Int J Impot Res 2001; 13: 73-81.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
50. ↵
    Parsons LM, Egan G, Liotti M, Brannan S, Denton D, Shade R, et al. Bopaki bo fanang ka tšusumetso e matla e bakang cerebellum boiphihlelo ba hypercapnia le tlala ea moea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 2041-6.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
51. ↵
    Rauch SL, Jenike MA, Alpert NM, Baer L, Breiter HCR, Savage CR, et al. Phallo ea mali a khubung ea tikoloho e lekantsoeng nakong ea pherekano ea matšoao ho obs lefu le qobelloang le sebelisang oksijene 15 ‐ e nang le carbon dioxide le positron emission tomography. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 62-70.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
52. ↵
    Redoute J, Stoleru S, Gregoire MC, Costes N, Cinotti L, Lavenne F, et al. Ho sebetsoa ha lisele tsa maikutlo a susumetsang a thobalano ho banna. Hum Brain Mapp 2000; 11: 162-77.

    null
53. ↵
    Robinson BW, Mishkin M. Alimentary likarabo tsa ho bonts'a tšusumetso ho litšoene. Brain Res 1968; 4: 330-66.

    nullMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
54. ↵
    Rosen RC, Riley A, Wagner G, Osterloh IH, Kirkpatrick J, Mishra A. The Index ea Machabeng ea Erectile Function (IIEF): tekanyo ea likarolo tse fapaneng bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea dysfunction ea erectile. Urology 1997; 49: 822-30.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
55. ↵
    Scott TR, Plata ‐ Salaman CR, Smith VL, Giza BK. Gustatory neural coding ka monkey cortex: matla a susumetsang. J Neurophysiol 1991; 65: 76-86.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
56. ↵
    Smith ‐ Swintosky VL, Plata ‐ Salaman CR, Scott TR. Gustatory neural coding ka monkey cortex: boleng ba tšusumetso. J Neurophysiol 1991; 66: 1156-65.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
57. ↵
    Stoleru S, Gregoire MC, Gerard D, Decety J, Lafarge E, Cinotti L, et al. Lits'oants'o tsa Neuroanatomical tsa maiketsetso a ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano ho banna. Arch Sex Behav 1999; 28: 1-21.

    nullMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
58. ↵
    Talairach J, Tournoux P. Co ‐ lipolanete tsa polasetiki ea kelello ea motho. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1988.

Ho ananela

Phuputso ena e tšehelitsoe ke chelete e tsoang ho TAP Holdings, Inc.

References

1. ↵
   Aizenberg D, Zemishlany Z, Dorfman ‐ Etrog P, Weizman A. Ho hloka thobalano ho bakuli ba schizophrenic ba batona. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56: 137-41.

   nullMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
2. ↵
   Augustine JR. Motsoako o fumanehang ka har'a litlhapi tsa khale le batho. Neurol Res 1985; 7: 2-10.

   nullMedline
3. ↵
   Augustine JR. Potoloho le likarolo tse sebetsang tsa lobe e fumanehang ka har'a li-primates ho kenyeletsoa le batho. [Sekaseka]. Brain Res Rev 1996; 22: 229-44.

   nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
4. ↵
   Aziz Q, Furlong PL, Barlow J, Hobson A, Alani S, Bancewicz J, et al. Sebopeho sa 'mapa oa bokaholimo ba lintho tse nang le bokhoni ba cortical bo hlahisitsoeng ke tšitiso ea bokhoni ba batho ba ho sesa le distal esophagus. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1995; 96: 219-28.

   nullCrossRefMedline
5. ↵
   Belliveau JW, Kennedy DN, McKinstry RC, Buchbinder BR, Weisskoff RM, Cohen MS, et al. Ts'ebetso ea 'mapa oa sebopeho se sebetsang sa motho ka ho ba le setšoantšo sa boloi. Mahlale 1991; 254: 716-9.

   nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
6. ↵
   Bentler PM. Tlhahlobo ea boitšoaro ba monna. I. Ba batona. Behav Res Ther 1968; 6: 21-5.

   nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
7. ↵
   Bowers MB, Van Woert M, Davis L. Boitšoaro ba thobalano nakong ea kalafo ea L ‐ dopa bakeng sa parkinsonism. Ke J Psychiatry 1971; 127: 1691-3.

   nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
8. ↵
   Brannan S, Liotti M, Egan G, Shade R, Madden L, Robillard R, et al. Ho khothaletsoa hoa ts'ebetso ea likhoerekhoere le lits'ebetso tse amanang le hypercapnia le tlala ea moea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 2029-34.

   nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
9. ↵
   Burton H, Videen TO, Raichle ME. Tactile ‐ vibration ‐ activated tsepamisitsoeng kahare le parietal ‐ opercular cortex e ithutoang ka positron emission tomography: 'mapa oa sebaka sa bobeli sa somatosensory ho batho. Somatosens Mot Res 1993; 10: 297-308.

   nullMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
10. ↵
    Carmichael MS, Humbert R, Dixen J, Palmisano G, Greenleaf W, Davidson JM. Plasma oxytocin e eketseha karabelong ea motho ea thobalano. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64: 27-31.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
11. ↵
    Carmichael MS, Warburton VL, Dixen J, Davidson JM. Kamano lipakeng tsa karabelo ea pelo le mesifa le ea oxytocin nakong ea thobalano ea motho. Arch Sex Behav 1994; 23: 59-79.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
12. ↵
    Chen KK, Chan SH, Chang LS, Chan JY. Ho nka karolo ha "potency" ea li-hypothalamus ho tsamaiso ea mantlha ea penile erection ho rat. J Urol 1997; 158: 238-44.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
13. ↵
    Clark VP, Maisog JM, Haxby JV. FMRI ho ithuta ka sefahleho le ho hopola lintho ka tšebeliso ea tatellano ea tšusumetso. J Neurophysiol 1998; 79: 3257-65.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
14. ↵
    Crowe SF, Ponsford J. Karolo ea litšoantšo lipuisanong tsa botona le botšehali ho monna ea lemetseng likotsi tse mpe tsa kelello. Brain Inj 1999; 13: 347-54.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
15. ↵
    Derogatis LR. SCL ‐ 90 ‐ R: Tsamaiso, tataiso le lintlha tsa tataiso, Moq. 2. Towson (MD): Patlisiso ea Psychometric ea Clinical; 1983.
16. ↵
    Devinsky O, Morrell MJ, Vogt BA. Menehelo ea cortex ea ka ntle ea boitšoaro. [Sekaseka]. Brain 1995; 118: 279-306.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
17. ↵
    Eaton RC, Markowski VP, Lumley LA, Thompson JT, Moses J, Hull EM. Li-receptor tsa D2 tse ka har'a potoloho ea potoloho ea methapo li laola likarabo tsa botšehali le ho kopitsa ho likhoto tsa banna. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991; 39: 177-81.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
18. ↵
    Engel SA, Rumelhart DE, Wandell BA, Lee AT, Glover GH, Chichilnisky EJ, et al. fMRI ea cortex ea pono ea motho. Tlhaho 1994; 369: 525.
19. ↵
    Ettlinger G, Wilson WA. Ts'ebetso ea sefapano Cross Tsela ea boits'oaro: Mekhoa ea boitsoaro, ho nahanisisa ka phylogenetic le mekhoa ea neural. [Sekaseka]. Behav Brain Res 1990; 40: 169-92.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
20. ↵
    Pele MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbons M, Williams JB. Puisano e hlophisitsoeng ea bongaka bakeng sa mathata a DSM-IV axis 1. New York: Setsi sa Psychiatric sa New York State, Lefapha la Patlisiso ea Biometrics; 1996.
21. ↵
    Friston KJ, Worsley KJ, Frackowiak RSJ, Mazziotta JC, Evans AC. Ho lekola bohlokoa ba tšebetso e tsepamisitsoeng pele ba sebelisa boholo ba sebaka sa bona sa bolulo. Hum Brain Mapp 1994; 1: 210-20.

    nullCrossRefMedline
22. ↵
    Friston KJ, Ashburner J, Frith CD, Poline JB, Heather JD, Frackowiak RSJ. Ngoliso ea sepakapaka le ho etsa hore litšoantšo li tloaelehe. Hum Brain Mapp 1995a; 3: 165-89.
23. Friston KJ, Holmes AP, Worsley KJ, Poline JB, Frith CD, Frackowiak RSJ. Limmapa tsa Statistical parametric ka ts'ebetso ea ho nahana: mokhoa oa kakaretso oa ho latela. Hum Brain Mapp 1995b; 2: 189-210.

    nullCrossRef
24. ↵
    Glover le Lai. Mokhoa oa boithati oa ho itšireletsa mafung ka boeona: ferekanngoa le 'moho. Mag Reson Med 1998; 39: 361-8.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
25. ↵
    Garrett AS, Maddock RJ. Nako ‐ nako ea karabelo e ikhethileng ea maikutlo litšoantšong tse khelohang: bohlokoa ba lithuto tsa fMRI. Psychiatry Res 2001; 108: 39-48.

    nullMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
26. ↵
    Hadjikhani N, Roland PE. Ho fetisoa ka mokhoa o fetohang oa tlhahisoleseling lipakeng tsa thobalano le lipono tse hlahang bokong ba motho: thuto ea positron emission tomographic. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 1072-84.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
27. ↵
    Haznedar MM, Buchsbaum MS, Wei T ‐ C, Hof PR, Cartwright C, Bienstock CA, et al. Li-circry tsa limbic ho bakuli ba nang le mathata a ho fetoha ha pono ea autism ba ithutileng ka positron emission tomography le imagonance imaging. Ke J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1994-2001.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
28. ↵
    Holmes AP, Friston KJ. Generalisability, litlamorao tsa tšohanyetso le tlhoko ea sechaba. Neuroimage 1998; 7 (4 Pt 2): S754.
29. ↵
    Hoon EF, Joon PW, Wincze JP. Moralo oa ho lekanya litekanyetso tsa botona kapa botšehali tsa basali: SAI. Arch Sex Behav 1976; 5: 269-74.
30. ↵
    Horster W, Rivers A, Schuster B, Ettlinger G, Skreczek W, Hesse W. Meaho ea neural e kentsoeng tšebetsong ea boemo ba modemona le ts'ebetso ea khethollo ea tactile: lipatlisiso tse sebelisitsoeng 2 ‐ DG. Behav Brain Res 1989; 333: 209-27.
31. ↵
    Hull EM, Bitran D, Pehek EA, Warner RK, Band LC, Holmes GM. Dopaminergic taolo ea boitšoaro ba botona ba botšehali ho likhoto: litlamorao tsa ts'ebetso ea kelello ea "intracerebrally". Brain Res 1986; 370: 73-81.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
32. ↵
    Hyppa M, Rinne UK, Sonninen V. Phello e sebetsang ea kalafo ea l ‐ dopa mabapi le thobalano le semelo sa eona sa liteko. Acta Neurol Scand 1970; 46 Suppl 43: 223.
33. ↵
    Jack CR, Thompson RM, Butts RK, Sharbrough FW, Kelly PJ, Hanson DP, et al. Sensory motor cortex: ho ikamahanya le 'mapa oa nako le nako oa ho tsamaisa mmapa le tšebetso ea' mapa o sa hlaseleng. Radiology 1994; 190: 85-92.

    nullMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
34. ↵
    Kim SG, Ashe J, Hendrich K, Ellermann JM, Merkle H, Ugurbil K, et al. Ts'ebetso ea matla a matla a molumo o sebetsang oa motor cortex: hemispheric asymmetry le ho aba. Mahlale 1993; 261: 615-7.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
35. ↵
    Kim JJ, Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Wiser AK, Ponto LL, Watkins GL, et al. Papiso e tobileng ea likarolo tse ka tlase tsa neural tsa memori ea ho amohela mantsoe le sefahleho. Brain 1999; 122: 1069-83.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
36. ↵
    Koukounas E, Holim'a R. Male e tsosang takatso ea botona le botšehali e tsosoa ke lifilimi le litoro tse tšoanang. Aust J Psychol 1997; 49: 1-5.
37. ↵
    Lal S, Tesfaye Y, Thavundayil JX, Thompson TR, Kiely ME, Ronald NP, et al. Apomorphine: lithuto tsa tliliniki mabapi le ho se sebetse hantle ha erectile le ho hlohlona. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1989; 13: 329-39.

    nullCrossRefMedline
38. ↵
    Liotti M, Brannan S, Egan G, Shade R, Madden L, Abplanalp B, et al. Likarabo tsa boko tse amanang le ho tseba ho se phefumolohe (tlala ea moea). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 2035-40.

    null
39. ↵
    Lue TF. Ho se sebetse hantle ha kelello. [Sekaseka]. Engl J e ncha J Med 2000; 342: 1802-13.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
40. ↵
    Maravilla KR, Deliganis AV, Heiman J, Fisher D, Carter W, Weisskoff R, et al. Tlhahlobo ea BOLD fMRI ea karabelo e tloaelehileng ea botona le botšehali: libaka tsa ts'ebetso ea setho sa botšehali se kopantsoeng le mehato e lumellanang le sepheo sa ho tsosa. Proc Int Soc Magn Reson Med 2000; 8: 918.

    null
41. ↵
    Marder SR, Meibach RC. Risperidone ka kalafo ea lefu la kelello. Ke J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 825-835.

    nullMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
42. ↵
    McKenna K. Boko ke sona setho se ka sehloohong se sebetsanang le thobalano. [Sekaseka]. Int J Impot Res 1999; 11 Suppl 1: S48-55.
43. ↵
    McKenna KE, Giuliano, F, Rampin O, Bernabe J. Tšusumetso ea motlakase ea "patencyricular nucleus" (PVN) e etsa hore motho a tsebe ho bua ka mokhoa oa penile erection le ejaculation ho rat. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1997; 23: 1520.

    null
44. ↵
    Meisel RL, Sachs BD. Boikoetliso ba 'mele ba botona kapa botšehali Ka: Knobil E, bahlophisi ba Neill JD. Physiology ea ho ikatisa, Moq. 2. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994. leq. 3-105.
45. ↵
    Morys J, Slonviewski P, Narkiewicz O. Somatosensory a tsosa likhakanyo tse latelang lits'oants'o tsa claustrum. Acta Physiol Pol 1988; 39: 475-83.

    nullMedline
46. ↵
    Moseley ME, Glover GH. Ts'ebetso ea MR e sebetsang: bokhoni le mefokolo. [Sekaseka]. Clin ea Neuroimaging N Am 1995: 5: 161-91.
47. ↵
    CPU ea O'Brien, DiGiacomo JN, Fahn S, Schwarz GA. Litlamorao tsa kelello tsa levodopa e phahameng. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1971; 24: 61-4.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
48. ↵
    Ohnishi T, Matsuda H, Hashimoto T, Kunihiro T, Nishikawa M, Uema T, et al. Mali a sa tloaelehang a k'holeseterole ea potoloho a tsoang bongoaneng. Brain 2000; 123: 1838-44.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
49. ↵
    Park K, Seo JJ, Kang HK, Ryu SB, Kim HJ, Jeong GW. Monyetla o mocha oa boemo ba oksijene ea mali (oxygen) o sebelisang MRI bakeng sa ho hlahloba litsi tsa kankere ea penile. Int J Impot Res 2001; 13: 73-81.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
50. ↵
    Parsons LM, Egan G, Liotti M, Brannan S, Denton D, Shade R, et al. Bopaki bo fanang ka tšusumetso e matla e bakang cerebellum boiphihlelo ba hypercapnia le tlala ea moea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 2041-6.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
51. ↵
    Rauch SL, Jenike MA, Alpert NM, Baer L, Breiter HCR, Savage CR, et al. Phallo ea mali a khubung ea tikoloho e lekantsoeng nakong ea pherekano ea matšoao ho obs lefu le qobelloang le sebelisang oksijene 15 ‐ e nang le carbon dioxide le positron emission tomography. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 62-70.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
52. ↵
    Redoute J, Stoleru S, Gregoire MC, Costes N, Cinotti L, Lavenne F, et al. Ho sebetsoa ha lisele tsa maikutlo a susumetsang a thobalano ho banna. Hum Brain Mapp 2000; 11: 162-77.

    null
53. ↵
    Robinson BW, Mishkin M. Alimentary likarabo tsa ho bonts'a tšusumetso ho litšoene. Brain Res 1968; 4: 330-66.

    nullMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
54. ↵
    Rosen RC, Riley A, Wagner G, Osterloh IH, Kirkpatrick J, Mishra A. The Index ea Machabeng ea Erectile Function (IIEF): tekanyo ea likarolo tse fapaneng bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea dysfunction ea erectile. Urology 1997; 49: 822-30.

    nullCrossRefMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
55. ↵
    Scott TR, Plata ‐ Salaman CR, Smith VL, Giza BK. Gustatory neural coding ka monkey cortex: matla a susumetsang. J Neurophysiol 1991; 65: 76-86.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
56. ↵
    Smith ‐ Swintosky VL, Plata ‐ Salaman CR, Scott TR. Gustatory neural coding ka monkey cortex: boleng ba tšusumetso. J Neurophysiol 1991; 66: 1156-65.

    nullSephiri / Text Full FREE
57. ↵
    Stoleru S, Gregoire MC, Gerard D, Decety J, Lafarge E, Cinotti L, et al. Lits'oants'o tsa Neuroanatomical tsa maiketsetso a ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano ho banna. Arch Sex Behav 1999; 28: 1-21.

    nullMedlineWebsaense ea Saense
58. ↵
    Talairach J, Tournoux P. Co ‐ lipolanete tsa polasetiki ea kelello ea motho. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1988.