Litšoantšo tse manyala tsa bootsoa lilemong tsa bocha: Sebelisa: Tlhahlobo ea Litokomane tsa Ts'ebetso ea Litsela Tsa Phuputso 2000-2017. (2018)

Keywords: Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisoa; lintho tse sebetsang; bacha; lintlha tsa maemo; lintho tse ling; kakaretso ea lingoliloeng; prisma

Mofuta oa Tokiso: Tlhahlobo ea Tlhahlobo

Letsatsi la ho phatlalatsa: March 1, 2018

LIPOTSO

3.2. Mekhoa e meholo / Lipatlisiso tsa Mantlha

Mefuta e fapaneng ka ho fetisisa ea lipatlisiso (e hlahang e le mefuta e fapaneng ea thahasello bonyane lithuto tsa 6) e ile ea hlahlojoa ho latela likamano tse bohlokoa tse senotsoeng mabapi le PU nakong ea bocha 'me lingoliloeng tse ka sehloohong li fihletsoe ka tlase mona. Kakaretso ea liphuputso e hlophisitsoe tlas'a lihlopha tse tharo tse phahameng tsa lithuto tse buang ka lintlha tse amanang le motho ka mong, moralo le liketsahalo tse amanang le mesebetsi le mekhoa ea litsela tse tsoang ho tse ngata ho ea ho tse fokolisitsoeng.

3.3. Lintho tse amanang le batho ka bomong

3.3.1. Ho Kopanela liphate ka bongaka

Ho kopanela liphate ka likokoana-hloko ho 'nile ha hlahlojoa e le ho feto-fetoha ha lipatlisiso ho 46 ho tsoa lithuto tsa 57 tse kenyelletsoeng tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng hona joale. Ka bokhutšoanyane, lipatlisiso li fetola banna ba tlaleha mokhoa o phahameng oa ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho feta basali ba nang le phapang pakeng tsa tekano le ho eketseha nakong ea bocha, ba amanang le mekhoa e phahameng haholo ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate le; menyetla e phahameng ea thobalano le motsoalle oa banna [7, 10, 11, 25-32]. Ho se tšoane ha liphatsa tsa botona le botšehali ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ne ho phetoleloa tabeng ea ho pepesa lihlahisoa tsa marang-rang le tsa marang-rang le tšebeliso ea litaba tse amanang le litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo hlephisang boitšoaro. dessyecik smartphone, Inthanete, kapa liwebsaete tsa batho) [33, 34]. Leha ho le joalo, ho sa tsotellehe ho lumela hore banna ba hlahisitsoeng ho batla ho kopanela liphate ka litaba tse kopanetsoeng ho feta basali, liphuputso tse ling li bontšitse phapang ho ea ka sekhahla, 'me banna ba phahame ka ho fetisisa ho feta basali ba batlang boitsebiso ba bootsoa websaeteng, lifilimi le thelevisheneng [15]. Ho thahasellisang ke hore ho ba mohlankana ho fumanoe ho itšireletsa khahlanong le tlhekefetso ea thobalano, ha ho ja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ka liphello tse ling tsa ho shebella lifilimi tse hlephisang boitšoaro litabeng tsa ho kopanela liphate tse sa batleheng ho senotsoe hore li phahame ho banana [35]. Lingoliloeng tsa morao-rao li atisa ho hlalosa phapang pakeng tsa tekano le ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho latela maemo a ho khetholla ho hlahisoang ke mecha ea litaba (36), ho nka hore phapang e joalo e ka 'na ea e-ba teng feela empa e boetse e ama banna le basali ka tsela e fapaneng; haholo-holo mabapi le mokhoa oa bona oa ho kopanela liphate [12].

Boikutlo ba 3.3.2 Mabapi le Thobalano

Ka kakaretso, lipatlisiso tsa 21 li ile tsa hlahloba boikutlo ba ho kopanela liphate le boits'oaro ba bacha ka ho kopanela liphate le PU. Ha ho makatse hore ebe merero ea ho ja boitsebiso bo ts'oanang le bootsoa e amana haholo le maikutlo a tloaelehileng a nahanang ka PU [15] le tšusumetso e kholo ho bacha le litloaelo tsa thobalano [7, 37, 38]. Ka ho khetheha, lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele le li-cross-sectional li sebelisa Senyesemane,

Mehlala ea United States, Taiwan le Dutch e bontšitse hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro pele ho nako ho bolela hore ho na le maikutlo a mangata a ho kopanela liphate, ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano, boitšoaro bo bongata ba ho kopanela liphate ho basali le ho ameha ka ho kopanela liphate le hamorao ho etsa thobalano ho banna [7, 30, 39-41]. Motseng oo, Haggstrom-Nordin, Hanson, Hanson le Tyden [29] ba sebetsanang le baahi ba bacha ba Sweden, ba fumane hore banna ba bangata ba litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea bootsoa ba ne ba atisa ho tsosoa takatso ea ho kopanela liphate, ho fantša kapa ho etsa liketso tse bontšoang lifiliming tsa bootsoa. Ho bonahala sena se lumellana le lingoliloeng tse bontšang hore hangata basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ba tlalehile ho tsosa takatso ea ho kopanela liphate ka kakaretso, hammoho le maikutlo a mangata a fapaneng mabapi le bophelo ba thobalano, likhopolo tsa botona le botšehali le boikutlo bo litšila ba botona le botšehali (mohlala. litšoaneleho tsa ho kopanela liphate li amana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse kang ho laola le ho tlotlolloa ka ho khetheha) [27, 42-44].

3.3.3. Ntlafatso

Lithuto tse leshome le metso e 'meli (ho tloha 57 tse kenyelelitsoeng tlhahlobisong ea lingoliloeng) li hlahlobile liphetoho tsa nts'etsopele ka boitšoaro ba PU, hammoho le kamanong le bona nakong ea bocha. Ka ho hlakileng, liphuputso li tšehetse hore nako ea ho phatlalatsa, nako ea ho nona nako ea pele le botsofali e amana le PU e phahameng [7, 13, 45, 46]. Ha e le hantle, ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho fumanoe ho ama tsoelo-pele ea litekanyetso, haholo-holo ba kenang bolumeling [47]. Ha ho makatse hore ebe ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bontšitsoe hore ho na le tšusumetso e matla, ho fokotsa bolumeli ba bacha ho feta nako, bo sa ikemetseng ka botona le botšehali [47]. Moelelong ona, ntshetsopele e ntle ea bacha e amahanngoa le boemo ba pele ba PU le tekanyo ea eona ea phetoho ha nako e ntse e feta mekhoeng ea bacha ba Chaena [28].

3.3.4. Ho hlekefetsoa

Ho hlekefetsoa ha batho ba bang le ho hlekefetsoa ho ile ha ithutoa ka lithuto tsa 11 ka likamano tse kholo tse senotsoeng mabapi le PU ea bocha. Ho bonahala eka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse mabifi / tse nyonyehang li tloaelehile har'a bacha, li kopantsoe le boitšoaro bo kotsing, 'me, ho basali, haholo-holo, e amana le histori ea tlhekefetso [48]. Ka ho khetheha, thuto ea Ybarra le Mitchell [11] e ile ea etsa qeto ea hore basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (ba leng Inthaneteng kapa ba offline) ba lakatsa ho tlaleha liphihlelo tse ling tsa tlhekefetso ea 'mele kapa ea thobalano, ha lipatlisiso tse ling li totobatsa khokahanyo pakeng tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le tlhekefetso e sa tsoa thehoa [14]. Ho thahasellisang ke hore phuputsong ea morao-rao ea bona, Ybarra le Mitchell [11] ba tšehetse hore batho ba ntshetsa pele ba pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 10-15 (ntle le tekano) ba ne ba rata ho tlaleha boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate ha ba ne ba kile ba pepesa PU. Leha ho le joalo, phello ena e ne e hanyetsana le lithuto tsa pele tse bontšang phapang pakeng tsa botona le botšehali mabapi le ho kopanela PU le ho ameha boitšoarong bo mabifi, le banna ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ka ba le monyetla o moholo oa ho bontša boitšoaro bo bobe (9). Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse ling li fihletse qeto ea hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ne li se na setsoalle le boitšoaro bo kotsi ba ho kopanela liphate le hore boikemisetso ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha bo bonahale eka bo na le tšusumetso ea liketso tse kotsi tsa ho kopanela liphate har'a bacha ka kakaretso [46]. Ho sa tsotellehe tsena, liphuputso tse ling li bontšitse hore ka kakaretso, ho pepeseha ka boomo ho PU ho ne ho amahanngoa le mathata a boitšoaro bo phahameng ho bacha, ho hlekefetsoa ka ho kopanela liphate ka ho kopanela liphate le ho etsa kōpo ea ho kopanela liphate ka ho kopanela liphate le liketso tsa bashanyana tsa ho qobelloa ho kopanela liphate le tlhekefetso e amanang haholo le ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kamehla [ 14, 27]

3.3.5. Litšoaneleho tsa Bophelo ba kelello

Liphuputso tse leshome le metso e 'meli li senotse likarolo tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello / litšoaneleho le / kapa matšoao a lokelang ho amahanngoa le PU ea bacha, hammoho le mefuta e sa tšoaneng e hlahlobang boemo ba bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho latela mokhoa oa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoamohlala. Inthaneteng le offline) [11, 49]. Ka ho hlaka, 'me ho sa tsotellehe liphuputso tse ling tse sa tiiseng hore ho na le setsoalle pakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello ea kelello le PU [50], bongata ba lipatlisiso tse fetohang PU e phahameng nakong ea bocha li atisa ho amana le maikutlo a phahameng (mohlala. ho tepella maikutlo) le mathata a boitšoaro [10, 14, 34]. Tabeng eo, ho ithuta ka Ybarra le Mitchel [11] ho bontšitse hore ba batlang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba inthaneteng ba ka 'na ba tlaleha matšoao a ho tepella maikutlong ho bapisoa le ba sa batle le ba sa batle. Leha ho le joalo, Tsitsika et al a. [10] o ile a fana ka maikutlo a hore le hoja hangata PU ea Inthanete e ne e amahanngoa haholo le mathata a maikutlo le a kelello, tšebeliso e sa tloaelehang ha ea ka ea sebelisoa. Ka hona, o ile a fana ka maikutlo a mofuta oa PU (e hlalositsoeng ke maqhubu a tlaase). Moleng oo, Luder et al a. [46] o ile a fana ka maikutlo a fapaneng le phapang pakeng tsa botona le botšehali pakeng tsa PU le ponahalo e tebileng ea banna le ba nang le kotsi e kholo. Tlhaloso ena e ne e le tumellanong le lithuto tsa longitudinal tse senolang hore maemo a futsanehileng a kelello a ne a ameha ho nts'etsopele ea ho sebelisoa ka mokhoa o qobelloang ka litaba tsa ho kopanela liphate Inthaneteng [51].

3.3.6. Ho Batla Maikutlo

Mekhoa ea ho batla maikutlo e boetse e bonahala e kile ea hlahlojoa khafetsa mabapi le PU lilemong tsa bocha [4, 13, 34, 46, 52, 53]. Leha ho le joalo, liphetho ha li lumellane le lithuto tse ling tse netefatsang [46, 54] le tse ling tse sa netefatseng mekhoa efe kapa efe e ikhethang ea mekhatlo lipakeng tsa ho batla maikutlo le PU ea bocha [4]. Leha ho le joalo, boholo ba lithuto bo sekametse ho netefatseng kamano pakeng tsa maikutlo a batlang litšekamelo le PU bocheng. Haholo-holo, Braun le basebetsi-'moho le eena [37] ba tšehelitse hore bacha le basali ba lilemong tsa bocha ba nang le tlhoko e kholo ea ts'usumetso ba na le monyetla oa ho batla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Moleng oo, Luder et al a. [46] o fumane hore banna le basali, ba ikhethang litabeng tsa bootsoa, ​​ba ka 'na ba e-ba ba batlang litsebo. Ka ho tšoanang, Ševčikova, et al a. [34] lipatlisiso tse amanang le ho pepesehela lintho tse amanang le ho kopanela liphate le ho fumana boikutlo ba ho ba le boikemisetso ba ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata marang-rang le offline. Qetellong, ho na le bopaki ba hore kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea mecha ea thobalano le boitšoaro ba thobalano e ka 'na ea sebelisana le maikutlo a batlang [38].

3.3.7. Bolumeli

Litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa bolumeli li 'nile tsa amahanngoa le maemo a tlase a PU nakong ea bocha [9, 47, 55, 56]. Liphuputso li bontšitse hore maqhama a fokolang ho kenyelletsa mekhatlo ea sechaba, ho kenyelletsa le mekhatlo ea bolumeli e atisa ho ata haholo bathong ba bootsoa [9]. Ka taba eo, ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata ho tšehetsoa ho fokotsa ho ba teng ha tšebeletso ea bolumeli, bohlokoa ba tumelo ea bolumeli, khafetsa ea thapelo, le ho lemoha hore Molimo o haufi, ha ho ntse ho bontšoa ho eketsa lipelaelo tsa bolumeli [47]. Ho thahasellisang ke hore liphello tsena li tšoara ho sa tsotellehe hore na ke tsa bong le ho bonahala eka li matla ho bacha ha li bapisoa le batho ba baholo ba hlahang [47]. Leha ho le joalo, le hoja lipatlisiso tse ling li boetse li tiisa hore ho ba teng ha bolumeli ho fokolloa ke PU e phahameng, ba ile ba senola phapang pakeng tsa bong bo botle pakeng tsa bolumeli bo tlaase le PU, le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho fokola ho ba teng libokeng, haholo-holo har'a bashanyana [55]. Ha ho makatse hore ebe ho kopana le baeta-pele ba bolumeli ho fumanoe hore ho amahanngoa le litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho batho ba lilemong tsa bocha [56]. Leha ho le joalo, hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore bacha ba mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ba fapana le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, tse ka kenyelletsang ho se tšoane ha bolumeli ka mokhoa oa setso. Sena se lumellana le liphuputso tse bontšang hore bacha ba tsoang lihlopheng tse fapaneng tsa bolumeli (mohlala. Mak'hatholike, Maprostanta, joalo-joalo) ho fapana le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, mohlomong ka lebaka la ho se lumellane ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

3.3.8. Litšebeletso tsa Sechaba

Kamano pakeng tsa PU le bocha le likamano tsa boiketlo tseo bacha ba li etsang li bonahala li atisa ho khahloa ke lipatlisiso [38]. Ka kakaretso, ho bonahala ho lumellana hore bacha ba atisang ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba atisa ho fapana le litšoaneleho tse ngata tsa sechaba ho tloha ho bacha ba sebelisang Inthanete bakeng sa tlhahisoleseding, puisano ea sechaba le boithabiso [9]. Haholo-holo, mokhoa oa ho ikemela oa boipheliso o bonahala o amana le ho eketseha ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [57]. Tumellanong le tsena, Mattebo et al a., [8] e tšehetsa hore karolo e phahameng ea basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea bocha e tlaleha mathata a kamano le lithaka ho ea ka basebelisi ba tloaelehileng le ba sa tloaelehang. Qetellong, tšekamelo ea tokoloho mabapi le litlamo tsa sechaba e 'nile ea amahanngoa le PU e phahameng nakong ea bocha [4].

3.4. Liketsahalo tse amanang le tsona

3.4.1. Litšebeliso tsa ho Sebelisa Inthaneteng

Litšobotsi tsa ts'ebetsong tsa ts'ebetsong li ile tsa batlisisoa ka 15 ho tsoa lithuto tsa 57 tse kenyelelitsoeng tlhahlobisong ea hona joale. Tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore litšoaneleho tse tloaelehileng tsa bacha ba shebaneng le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano li kenyeletsa maemo a phahameng a papali ea lipapali tsa inthanete, boitšoaro ba kotsi ea inthanete, ho tepella maikutlo le ponahalo ea lik'homphieutha, le ho itšehla thajana ka thobalano [49]. Sena se ka tsamaisana le lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ke Doornward et al a. [30], e ileng ea boela ea bontša hore bocha ba banna le ba batšehali 'ba tloaetse ho sebelisa metsoalle ho batho ba bang letsatsi le leng le le leng. Ho fapana le liphuputso tse ling li bonts'a hore bophelo bo botle bo botle ba kelello le mathata le bothata bo botle le batsoali bo ne bo sa kopane le litšobotsi tsa ho sebelisa marang-rang Leha ho le joalo, ho itšunya-tšunya ho kopanela liphate ka boithaopo inthaneteng ho ne ho amahanngoa haholo le tšoaetso ea ho kopanela liphate inthaneteng har'a bacha ba batona le ba batšehali [50]. Ho feta moo, thuto e entsoeng ke Mattebo et al a., [8] e fumane hore banna, ba neng ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso khafetsa, ba ne ba tloaetse ho kopanela liphate le ho qeta nako e eketsehileng Inthaneteng (ke hore., ho feta lihora tse latellanang tsa 10, makhetlo a 'maloa ka beke), ho phela bophelo bo sa hloekang (mohlala. ho feta boima ba 'mele / botenya), ho fapana le bareki ba tloaelehileng / ba tlaase ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

3.4.2. Likamano tsa ho kopanela liphate lilemong tsa bocha

Boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate mabapi le thobalano mabapi le PU bo entsoe lipatlisisong tsa 11, le lithuto tsohle li tlaleha liphello tse kholo. Thuto e entsoeng ke Doornward, et al a. [31, 32] o fumane hore bashanyana ba nang le mekhoa e tsitsitseng ea ho kopanela liphate, ho kenyelletsa le tšebeliso ea lihlahisoa tse hlakileng tsa inthanete, ba tlaleha boikutlo bo tlaase ba ho itšepa, maemo a phahameng a ho tepella maikutlong le maemo a phahameng a ho kopanela liphate ho feteletseng. Ka taba ena, lipatlisiso tse ling li bontšitse hore bashemane ba fumanoeng ba sebelisana le lisebelisoa tsa ho kopanela liphate le liwebsaeteng tsa liwebsaete tsa metsoalle ba fumane tumello e eketsehileng ea lithaka 'me ba bontša phihlelo e kholo ho nahana ka ho kopanela liphate [31, 32]. Ho feta moo, bashanyana ba bontšitseng hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata li ne li atisa ho ba le lipelaelo tsa ho kopanela liphate ha ba sa le banyenyane le ho kopanela mefuteng e mengata ea likamano tsa thobalano. Ho phaella ho sena, ho ba ngoanana, ho lula le batsoali ba arohaneng, ho ba le phihlelo ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano, le ho ba le pono e nepahetseng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho amana le phihlelo e phahameng ea thobalano nakong ea bocha [8].

3.4.3. Mefuta e sa Tšoaneng ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa

Litšoantšo tse litšila tse amanang le PU li ile tsa hlahlojoa lithuto tsa 10, tse bontšang likamano tse kholo le boitšoaro ba ho kopanela liphate. Haholo-holo, lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ke [52] li senoletse hore bacha ba banyenyane 'hangata ba pepeseha maikutlo a bona, ba boholong-ba boholong le ba mabifi ka litaba tse mabifi. Ho fapana le sena, bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha le bacha ba nang le maemo a phahameng a thuto ba atisa ho khetha ho busa-litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso hangata. Moleng oo, Hald et al a. [38] o fumane hore ho ne ho e-na le kamano e leka-lekaneng, empa e le ea bohlokoa, pakeng tsa lintho tse hlalosang ka ho kopanela liphate tse sebelisoang le boitšoaro ba thobalano bo bonahatsoang ke bacha. Ka mohlala, khethollo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse mabifi le e nyonyehang e ne e feta banna ba neng ba e-na le litšoantšo tsa thobalano, ba e-na le metsoalle e neng e atisa ho reka / ho rekisa litšebeletso tsa thobalano le ho tloaela ho ja joala bo bongata. Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, le hoja basali ba neng ba e-na le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse mabifi kapa tse nyonyehang, ba ne ba iketsetsa litšoantšo tsa thobalano, ba na le metsoalle e neng e atisa ho reka / ho rekisa litšebeletso tse amanang le thobalano le ho tsuba [42, 48].

3.4.4. Porn Traditional

Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa setso li hlalosoa e le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse seng tsa inthanete joalo ka limakasine, thelevishene le lifilimi [28]. Litaba tsa bootsoa li ile tsa batlisisoa liphuputsong tse 7, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore thahasello ea lipatlisiso ts'ebelisong ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e fokotsehile haholo ha e bapisoa le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng. Shek & Ma [28] ba hlalosa hore sena se bakoa ke ho fumaneha ho ntseng ho hola ha litšebeletso tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang tse sa bitseng chelete e ngata. Kamora moo, bacha ba khona ho fumana litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng habonolo le ka mokhoa o sa tsejoeng ka likhomphutha tsa bona, matlapa le li-smartphone [28, 44].

3.5. Lintlha tse amanang le taba

3.5.1. Mosebetsi oa Lelapa

Ho sebetsa ha lelapa ho ne ho phenyekollisitsoe lithuto tsa 12 tse kenyelletsoeng tlhahlobisong ea hona joale. Ka ho khetheha, Weber le basebetsi-'moho le [44] ba ile ba khothalletsa bacha hore ba ikutloe ba le tlase ho batsoali ba bona ba atisa ho ja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata. Sena se boetse se lumellana le tse ling tse fumanoeng [11], tse neng li boetse li tšehetsa hore bacha ba hlahisa likamano tse futsanehileng le batsoali ba bona, boitlamo bo fokolang ba malapa, tlhokomelo e tlaase ea batsoali, le puisano e tlaase e ne e atisa ho feta PU. Ho thahasellisang ke hore lintlha tse joalo li bonahala li susumetsa ka kakaretso tšebetso ea malapa, e 'nileng ea amahanngoa le PU [9, 58].

3.5.2. Tloaelo ea Lithaka

Tloaelo ea lithaka ha e bapisoa le PU e ne e phenyekolloa hohle lithuto tsa 7. Liphuputso li bontša hore litloaelo tsa lithaka li amana le maikutlo a bochaba, litloaelo tsa thobalano, le ho lemoha lithaka tsa lithaka le boitšoaro ba ho kopanela liphate ba lilemong tsa bocha ba PU [7, 31, 32]. Haholo-holo, tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa Inthaneteng tsa ho kopanela liphate har'a bashanyana, 'me tšebeliso ea liwebsaetete tsa liwebsaete ho batho ba babeli li ne li lumellana hantle le maikutlo a tumello ea lithaka le boitšoaro ba thobalano [7, 31, 32]. Molaong ona, lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ke Peter le Valkenburg [59, 60] li ile tsa hatisa maikutlo a thobalano e le ntho ea bohlokoa haholo le e sa tloaelehang ho e-na le ho ratana le ho ratana, e nang le sehlooho se reng "ts'ebetso ea sechaba" le "tšebelisano ea sechaba" ka ho latellana. Phuputso ena e bontšitse hore ho sebelisa hangata litabeng tsa Inthaneteng ka ho kopanela liphate ho ekelitse "ts'ebetso ea sechaba" le "thuso". Sena se ka hlalosoa moelelong oa ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa ho fokotsa kamano e haufi-ufi ea likamano ka ho susumetsa maikutlo a thobalano, haholo-holo 'meleng le o sa tloaelehang. Ho phaella ho sena, Ho le basebetsi-'moho le [43] ba tšehetsoeng hore ts'oaetso ea khatello ea lithaka e boetse e ama tšusumetso e hlakileng ea thobalano le liphihlelo tsa thobalano.

TŠOHLOA

Liphuputso tse kenyelletsong tse hlakileng tsa lingoliloeng li bontša hore patlisiso tšimong ea PU ea bocha e tsepamisitse maikutlo litabeng tse tharo tse kholo tse amanang le (I), moelelo (C) le liketsahalo (A). Ka kakaretso, boholo ba lihlopha tse ithutoang li hlahlojoa mosebetsing oa hona joale li ne li khetholloa ka ho khetheha li amanang le motho ka mong (I: 18), ka ho hatisa mefuta e amanang le liketsahalo tse amanang le mosebetsi (A: 8) tse latelang, le mefuta e amanang le moelelo oa mothusi eo e le eena ea ithutang haholo (C: 6). Liphuputso tsena li bontša mokhoa o matla oa ho etsa lipatlisiso ka litšobotsi tsa batho ka bomong mabapi le PU nakong ea bocha, le lipatlisiso tse fokolang ka ho fetisisa litabeng tse amanang le mesebetsi le maemo a teng libukeng tse ntseng li le teng (Lethathamo la 1). Sena se bontšitse ho se leka-lekane ha libukeng tseo ho ka etsahala hore ebe li buuoa ka lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang.

4.1. Lintho tse amanang le batho ka bomong

Maemong a amanang le batho ka bomong, ho kopanela liphate le liphatsa tsa botona le botšehali, boikutlo ba ho kopanela liphate, mabaka a amanang le tsoelo-pele, mahlatsipa, litšoaneleho tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello, litlhoko tsa maikutlo, litšebeletso tsa bolumeli le likamano tsa boithabiso ba sechaba li khahliloe ke lipatlisiso mabapi le PU ea bacha. Ka kakaretso, liphetho li bontša hore banna, maikutlo a lokolotsoeng ka ho kopanela liphate, botsoako ba pele le botsofali, tlhekefetso ea batho ka bomong le ho hlorisoa, bophelo ba kelello bo futsanehileng, mekhoa e metle ea ho ba le maikutlo le ho fokotsa litlamo tsa sechaba li atisa ho amana le PU e phahameng nakong ea bocha [4 , 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 25, 27-29, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 45-48, 50].

4.2. Liketsahalo tse amanang le tsona

Ho na le mabaka a amanang le liketsahalo, mekhoa ea ho sebelisoa ha Inthaneteng, boitšoaro ba ho kopanela liphate le bacha, mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse tloaelehileng li bonahala li khahliloe ke karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea tlhokomelo ea lipatlisiso Hoa thahasellisa hore lipapali tse phahameng tsa papali ea lipapali tsa inthanete, boitšoaro ba lithethefatsi bo lemalang, liketsahalo tse hlaselang lik'homphieutha, le ho itšehla thajana ka thobalano ho bonahala eka li hokahane le PU [31, 32, 49]. Mabapi le maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate, bacha ba nang le boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate, bophelo ba pele ba thobalano le ba nang le phihlelo bo fumaneha haholoanyane ho PU [8, 31, 32]. Ha ho buuoa ka litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, bacha ba banyenyane 'ba rata ho ba le lerato, ba boholong-ba boholong le ba nang le pefo-PU, ha bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha le bacha ba nang le maemo a phahameng a thuto ba khetha ho ba le taolo-e leng PU [52]. Ha ho makatse hore ebe lipatlisiso tse buang ka tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse tloaelehileng li bonahala li fokotsehile, mohlomong ka lebaka la ho atolosoa ho fumaneha ha lits'oants'o tsa bootsoa tsa Inthaneteng [44, 58].

4.3. Lintlha tse amanang le taba

Ha re nahana ka maemo a potolohileng a amanang le PU ea bocha, lelapa le sebetsang le litloaelo tsa lithaka li hatelitse thahasello ea lipatlisiso [9, 15, 58]. Ka ho khetheha, boikemelo ba batsoali, likamano tse futsanehileng le batsoali, boikitlaetso bo tlase ho malapa, tlhokomelo e tlaase ea batsoali, le puisano e tlase ea malapa e ne e atisa ho ba teng ho bacha ba hlahisang PU e phahameng. Mabapi le setso sa lithaka, likarolo tse amanang le boikutlo ba maikutlo a tekano, litloaelo tsa thobalano, maikutlo a lithaka tsa bacha le boitšoaro ba ho kopanela liphate li amana le PU [7, 31, 32] ea bocha. Molaong ona, maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate e le a tloaelehileng le a tloaelehileng ho e-na le ho ratana le ho ratana, a nang le sehlooho se reng "ts'ebetso ea sechaba" le "tšebelisano" e bonahala e phahame har'a basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [59, 60]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ts'oaetso ea khatello ea lithaka e boetse ea eketseha ho PU e hlakileng nakong ea bocha [59, 60].

QETELLO

Ka ho hlakileng, thahasello ea lipatlisiso ho PU ea bocha e bonahala e sa tšoaane hohle libakeng tse tharo tse ka sehloohong tse khetholloeng tse amanang le lintlha tse amanang le motho ka mong, maemo le liketsahalo. Lintho tse ling li khahliloe ke thahasello e kholo, tse tlatsetsang haholo ho tsebo e fumanehang ho PU ea bacha. Leha ho le joalo, tlhokomelo e eketsehileng ea lipatlisiso ke ea bohlokoa kamanong le maemo le maemo a amanang le litaba tsa PU. Liphuputso tsa mofuta ona li ne li tla lumellana le likhopolo tsa mehleng ea kajeno, tse hlahisoang sebakeng se pharaletseng sa lits'ebeletso tsa kelello tsa nts'etsopele, hammoho le tšimo ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba boitšoaro, 'me li ka ntlafatsa litsela tsa thibelo le mehato e amanang le maemo a bohlokoa a lelapa la bacha, sekolo le sechaba [76-78].