inahaneloang
Morero oa tlhahlobo ena e ne e le ho hlophisa lipatlisiso tse matla tse phatlalalitsoeng likoranteng tsa Senyesemane tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka lipakeng tsa 1995 le 2015 mabapi le ho ata, lits'oants'o le litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Phuputso ena e bontšitse hore bacha ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, empa sekhahla sa ho ata se fapana haholo. Bacha ba neng ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa e ne e le banna, boemong bo phahameng haholo ba ho pepa, ba batlang maikutlo, hape ba na le likamano tse fokolang kapa tse nang le mathata a lelapa. Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e amahanngoa le maikutlo a ho lumella thobalano ho feta tekano mme e ne e tloaetse ho hokahanngoa le litumelo tse matla tsa thobalano. E ne e bonahala e amana le ketsahalo ea thobalano, boiphihlelo bo boholo ka boits'oaro bo sa tloaelehang ba thobalano, le tlhekefetso e fetang ea thobalano, ka bobeli ba tlhekefetso le tlhekefetso. Lintho tse fumanoeng tlhahlobisong ena li hloka ho bonoa khahlano le semelo sa mefokolo e fapaneng ea mekhoa le ea thuto, hammoho le khethollo e 'maloa lingoliloeng, tseo hajoale li thibelang liqeto tse nepahetseng tsa kahare ka litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bacha.
- PMID: 27105446
- DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1143441
Ka lebaka la ho fumaneha habonolo ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang bakeng sa bacha, hammoho le matšoenyeho mabapi le menahano e bohloko e ka hlahang (mohlala, Davis, 2012; Dombrowski, Gischlar, le Durst, 2007; Mattebo, Larsson, Tydén, le Häggström-Nordin, 2013), Patlisiso e matla mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e eketsehile lilemong tsa morao tjena. Ho tloha 2005, ho hlahile lingoloa tse fetang 65 tsa semmuso, ka sehlohlolo sa lingoloa tse 11 ka 2011. Ho arabela keketseho ena e potlakileng ea lipatlisiso mabapi le bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, bafuputsi ba 'maloa ba hlahlobile tšimo (Bloom & Hagedorn, 2015; Dombrowski et al., 2007; Owens, Behun, Manning, & Reid, 2012; Selemo le Omar, 2013). Leha ho le joalo, litlhahlobo li fihletse liqeto tse fapaneng, haholo mabapi le potso ea hore na litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li amana le maikutlo le boitšoaro ba bacha ba botona kapa botšehali. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Dombrowski et al. (2007, leq. 155) le Owens et al. (2012, leq. 116) e fihletse qeto ea hore, ntle le pefo ea thobalano, ha ho na litholoana tse hlakileng mabapi le hore na litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li amana le maikutlo le boits'oaro ba bacha joang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, litlhahlobo tse ling tsa morao-rao tse boletsoeng ke Bloom le Hagedorn (2015, leq. 88) le Springate le Omar (2013, leq. 470), e neng e sebetsana le khetho e nyane ea lingoliloeng ho feta Owens et al., E hlokometse hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha e amana hampe le maikutlo le boits'oaro ba bona.
Ha ho fanoa ka liqeto tsena tse hanyetsanang litekong tse teng tse mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bacha, hammoho le keketseho e potlakileng ea lingoliloeng tšimong, tlhahlobo ea morao-rao e bonahala e le nakong ebile e hlokahala. Morero oa pele oa tlhahlobo ea rona ke ho fana ka tlaleho e akaretsang ea lingoliloeng mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bacha lilemong tsa 1995 ho isa 2015. Ka ho khetheha, re boetse re botsa potso ea bosholu le liphatlalatso tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bongoaneng. Ho feta moo, re etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li amana kae le maikutlo le litumelo tsa bacha tsa thobalano, boits'oaro le boitšoaro ba thobalano. Re khethile nako ea 1995 ho 2015 hobane ke ha feela ho fihla ha inthanete bohareng ba 1990s moo thahasello ea thuto ho bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li seng li atile. Ho fapana le litlhahlobo tsa pejana, re ela hloko ka kotloloho mekhoa ea ho bokella ya data, moralo oa ho ithuta le mehlala. Ka pono ea rona, tšimo ka kakaretso, hammoho le liphetho tse ikhethang tsa lithuto, li ka hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng ha re nahana ka mekhoa ea lithuto. Sena ke 'nete haholo bakeng sa tšimo eo ho eona lipatlisiso li qaptjoang ke boemo bo sirelelitsoeng ba sehlopha sa bona sa bocha, bacha,' me bo rarahantsoe ke sebopeho se hlokolosi sa sehlooho sa eona, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Morero oa bobeli oa tlhahlobo ena ke ho hokahanya liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tse ntseng li le teng mohlaleng oa morao-rao oa theory bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa litlamorao tsa media. Litlhahlobo tsa nakong e fetileng, leha li le bohlokoa, li tloaetse ho akaretsa lingoliloeng ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng ho fapana le ho li hlophisa ka mohopolo. Ka ho khetheha, mela e 'meli e hlahelletseng ea lipatlisiso-patlisiso mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le lipatlisiso mabapi le litlamorao - ha e so ka e emeloa ka ho lekana kapa e sa aroloe ka mohopolo. Leha ho le joalo, likhopolo tsa morao-rao litabeng tsa litaba li ama lipatlisiso (mohlala, Slater, 2007; Valkenburg le Peter, 2013) ba totobalitse tlhokeho ea mefuta e mengata e kopaneng ho utloisisa hamolemo hore na ho pepeseha litaba tsa media ho amana le maikutlo le boits'oaro ba batho joang. Ka ho kopanya se fumaneng mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha lilemong tsa bocha le sephetho sa eona mohopolong o le mong, re ke ke ra tseba ho hlophisa lingoliloeng feela ka pono ea mohopolo mme re tla fumana mefokolo ea theory ho khothaletsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang.
Tumellanong le lingoliloeng tsa pejana (Peter & Valkenburg, 2011d, maq. 1015-1016), re hlalosa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le lifoto kapa livideo tse hlahisoang ke basebelisi kapa livideo (li-clip) tse reretsoeng ho tsosa sebapali. Hangata livideo tsena le litšoantšo li bontša liketso tsa thobalano, joalo ka ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali le molomo, hammoho le ho kenella ka botšehaling le boinotšing, ka tsela e sa patiloeng, khafetsa ka ho atamelana. Boholo ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo fumaneha inthaneteng, bo hlahang lipatlisisong tse ngata tekong ena. Leha ho le joalo, ha re kopanye maikutlo ana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete ho tsamaisa papiso le katoloso ea Owens et al.'s (2012) tlhahlobo, e leng tlhahlobo e felletseng ka ho fetesisa ea sehlooho ho fihlela joale. Sehlomathisong (boitsebisong bo tlatselletsang inthaneteng), re fana ka leseli la hore na phuputso e sebetsane le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete kapa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mecheng e meng ea litaba. Ka bacha re bolela bacha ba lilemo li 10 ho isa ho 17 (kapa mehlala ea bacha ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 18 ka karolelano). Re khethile lilemo tse 10 joalo ka moeli o tlase hobane lilemong tsena tsa bohlankana li qala, tseo hangata li tsamaeang le thahasello e matlafalitsoeng ea thobalano (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2010, leq. 296). Re lekanyetsa tlhahlobo ena ho batho ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 18 hobane, linaheng tseo ho tsona litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li leng molaong, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li tlameha ho ajoa kapa ho bontšoa feela batho ba lilemo li 18 kapa ho feta. Kamora nako, joalo ka ha litlhahlobo tsa pejana li bontšitse hore boholo ba lithuto tsa bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ngata-ngata (Bloom & Hagedorn, 2015; Owens et al., 2012), tlhahlobo ea rona e sebetsana haholo le mofuta ona oa lithuto. Rona, ka hona, re khethile mokhoa oa ho khetha mokhoa oa ho sebelisa mekhoa le thuto ea thero e loketseng hantle lithutong tsa bongata. Leha ho le joalo, re bapisa liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsa boholo-bo-'molimo le lipatlisiso tsa boleng.
Likarolong tse peli tse latelang, re fana ka lebaka la semelo sa lithuto tseo re buang ka tsona le ho hlakisa mohlala oa thuto eo re lekang ho kenya lipatlisiso ka tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha le melemo ea eona. Kamora ho hlalosa mokhoa oa rona oa ho khetha lingoliloeng, re qala ka ho hlahloba litšobotsi tsa lithuto tsa lithuto tse fapaneng. Tsebo ea mofuta oa mokhoa oa ts'ebetso ea bonono lebaleng e bohlokoa ho hlahloba bonnete ba sephetho ka mokhoa o hlakileng. Re tataisoa ke mohlala oa rona oa theoretical, re akaretsa lintlha tse fumanoeng ka bokhutšoaane le boloi ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso hammoho le kamano ea tsona le maikutlo a bacha a botona le botšehali, kholiso ea bona ea botona kapa botšehali. ho hloka botsitso le khotsofalo ea thobalano), le boitšoaro ba thobalano. Joale re bapisa sephetho se kopantsoeng le liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsa boleng. Tlhahlobo e phethela ka tlhahlobo e tebileng ea sephetho le litlhahiso tsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang. Likarolong tse fapaneng tsa sengoloa, re hlophisa lingoliloeng hammoho le mantsoe ponelopele le maemo a fetohang. Re sebelisa mantsoe ana ka mokhoa oa lipalo ho fapana le ho ts'oara: Ha motho a tlaleha ka khokahano lipakeng tsa ponelopele le phokotso ea tlhahlobo, motho a ka sebelisa sebatli ho bolela esale pele phapang e ikemetseng, ntle le maikutlo a ho tsitlallela (mohlala, Hayes, 2005).
Litšobotsi tsa Mokhoa oa Patlisiso ea Bohlokoa ho Bacha le Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa
Hobane lipatlisiso tsa liteko tsa ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha li khonehe - hangata ha ho lumelloe ke molao ho bontša litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bana ba banyenyane — hangata bafuputsi ba itšetleha ka lipatlisiso ho ithuta taba ena, joalo ka lipatlisiso tsa litaba tse ling tse thata (mohlala, Beebe, Harrison, Mcrae, Anderson, le Fulkerson, 1998; Owens et al., 2012). Ha ho hlahlojoa patlisiso e thehiloeng lipatlisisong, bonyane litšobotsi tse tharo tsa lipatlisiso tse joalo li bohlokoa kaha li amana ka kotloloho le mathata a mekhoa lipatlisisong tse mabapi le litaba tse thata tse ka bakang bonnete le ho akaretsa ha liphetho (mohlala, Bradburn, Sudman, & Wansink, 2004; Tourangeau & Yan, 2007).
Tšobotsi ea pele ea phuputso e ka behang bonnete le ho akaretsa ha sephetho sa eona ke mokhoa oa phuputso (mohlala, sefahleho sefahleho, mohala kapa khomphutha e kopaneng) hammoho le tsamaiso ea lipotso (ke hore, ho itšebelletsa ho ipapisa le motho ea botsang lipotso) . Lipotso tse tebileng, joalo ka lipotso mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, hangata lia kenella ebile li kenyelletsa ts'okelo ea ho senola (Tourangeau & Yan, 2007), ehlile bakeng sa bacha ba ka 'nang ba ikutloa ba sa phutholoha ho senola litaba tse haufi-ufi, ka lebaka la boits'oaro ba bona ba thobalano (Buzwell & Rosenthal, 1996; Peter & Valkenburg, 2011a). Ka lebaka leo, ho nepahala ha ho tlaleha ho kanna ha fokotseha, ha ntho e sa arabeng e ka eketseha (Bradburn et al., 2004; Tourangeau & Yan, 2007). Patlisiso mabapi le tšusumetso ea mokhoa oa ho etsa tlhahlobo mabapi le boits'oaro bo hlokolosi e bonts'itse mekhoa ea lipatlisiso e kopantsoeng le khomphutha (mohlala, lipuisano tse ithutoang tse entsoeng ke khomphutha kapa lipatlisiso tsa inthanete) li etsa tlaleho e nepahetseng ho feta mefuta e meng ea lipatlisiso (Mustanski, 2001; Tourangeau & Smith, 1996), hape lipatlisisong har'a bacha (Beebe et al., 1998; Seromoa, 1997). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho nepahala ha ho tlaleha ho phahame mme ntho e sa arabeleng e tlase ha potso e ipehiloe ho feta ha motho ea hlahlobang lipotso a fana ka lipotso (Mustanski, 2001; Tourangeau & Smith, 1996) hape le har'a bacha (Romer, 1997). Thutong ena, ka tsela e tšoanang re bapisa mokhoa oa lipatlisiso le mofuta oa tsamaiso ea lipatlisiso.
Tšobotsi ea bobeli ea tlhahlobo e ka ts'oarang bonnete le ts'ebetso ea kakaretso ea sephetho sa eona ke mehlala ea sampole (ke hore, tlhaiso-leseling, kapa ho ba bonolo) hammoho le palo ea ba arabelitsoeng ba qetellang ba nka karolo lipatlisisong (ke hore, sekhahla sa karabelo). Tšobotsi ena e amana ka kotloloho le kakaretso ea sephetho mme, le ha e le bohlokoa ho mefuta eohle ea lipatlisiso, e bohlokoa haholo ho lipatlisiso tse amanang le thobalano. Patlisiso ea mahlale e tlaleha khethollo e fapaneng ea khetho mabapi le litaba tsa thobalano. Batho ba nkang karolo ka boithaopo lipatlisisong tse amanang le thobalano, mohlala, ba na le thobalano e eketsehileng, ba na le maikutlo a amanang le thobalano le tlhonamo e kholo ea thobalano, 'me ba rata ho batla botona kapa botšehali (mohlala, Wiederman, 1993, 1999). Phuputso efe kapa efe e ipiletsang ea ho ikhethela (mohlala, ka ho memela liwebosaete tsa marang-rang) kapa e nang le karabelo e tlase e ka hlahisa litholoana tse mpe. Thutong ena, re bapisa mohlala le litekanyetso tsa likarabo tsa lipatlisiso. Bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa liphanele, re bapisa le litefiso tsa ho hohela.
Tšobotsi ea boraro ea bohlokoa ea tlhahlobo ke sebopeho sa eona (ke hore, sebopeho-karohano le longitudinal), hammoho le mekhoa ea lipalo e sebelisitsoeng ho sekaseka data. Moralo oa likarolo tse fapaneng o bonts'a hore na, ka nako e fanoeng, tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amana le phaello e itseng. Meralo ea nako e telele ha e bonts'e feela hore bonyane maemong a mabeli a fapaneng a nako, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li hokahane le phetoho e ngoe empa hape le hore na tatellano ea nakoana lipakeng tsa lintho tse peli tse kopaneng ke efe, ke hore. li amana ka nako nako le nako). Leha ho le joalo, leha meralo e teletsana e na le bonnete bo phahameng kahare ho feta ba sebopeho, ba ntse ba sa khone ho fana ka litlhaloso tse ling mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse ts'oanang le lits'oants'o tse ling tsa bokhutšoanyane ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le oa meralo ea liteko. Ka hona, ho bohlokoa ho ela hloko hore na litekanyetso tsa lipalo li lekola litlhaloso tse ling joang, mohlala, ka mekhoa e meng ea lipalo kapa ho kenyelletsa lintho tse fetotsoeng taolo. Thutong ena, re bapisa moralo oa lithuto le maano a ho sekaseka data, hammoho le kenyelletso ea mefuta-futa ea taolo.
Mokhoa o kopantseng oa lingoliloeng ka Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa le Bacha
Lipatlisiso tsa kahisano le mahlale mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bacha ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke lithuto tse fapaneng, tse fanang ka lithuto tse bululetsoeng, ka mohlala, ke psychology e nts'etsopele (mohlala, Bonino, Ciairano, Rabaglietti, & Cattelino, 2006; Doornwaard, van den Eijnden, Overbeek, & ter Bogt, 2015), lipatlisiso tsa puisano (mohlala, Lo & Wei, 2005; Peter & Valkenburg, 2006a), le sexology (mohlala, Chen, Leung, Chen, & Yang, 2013; Ho, Ngai, & Iu Kan, 2012). Mefuta e fapaneng ea khalemelo ea lithuto e bonts'a kalafo e fapaneng ea khopolo. Le ha ho ne ho ke ke ha utloahala ho bitsa lingoliloeng tse mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha ba sebelisa thuto ea Molimo, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore palo e kholo ea lithuto e ne e sa itšetleha ka moralo oa thuto. Lithutong tse sebelisitseng meralo ea thuto e thehiloeng, mekhoa e khethiloeng e ne e fapana haholo. Bafuputsi ba sebelisitse, mohlala, mecha ea phatlalatso ea mecha ea phatlalatso (mohlala, Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Peter & Valkenburg, 2006a; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2013b), tatelano ea boitšoaro ba thobalano (Chen et al., 2013; Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a, 2009a; Ho isa al., 2012), khopolo-taba ea boits'oaro ba sechaba (Peter & Valkenburg, 2011b, 2011c; Ybarra, Mitchell, Hamburger, Diener-West, & Leaf, 2011), Khopolo ea liketso tse nahannoeng (Hardy, Steelman, Coyne, & Ridge, 2013), khopolo e kopanyang sechaba, tšebeliso le maikutlo a khotsofatsang (Mesch, 2009; Mesch & Maman, 2009), mofuta oa hedonic-valence (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008aKhopolo-taba ea boemo ba boits'oaro (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a), likhopolo tse lumellanang (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009a, 2010b), khopolo ea papiso ea sechaba (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009b), mokhoa oa ho ngola ka thobalano (Peter & Valkenburg, 2010b), le khopolo ea temo (Weber, Quiring, & Daschmann, 2012).
Ha ho fanoa ka karohano ea maikutlo lefapheng lena, ho bonahala ho le molemo ho hlophisa tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng ka har'a sebopeho sa theoretical se ka amohelang lipatlisiso ka bobeli mabapi le tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha le ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na ts'ebeliso ena e amana joang le likarolo tse ling tsa tlhahlobo, joalo ka maikutlo le boitšoaro. Mohlomong, moralo o lokela ho hokahanya mekhoa, joalo ka papiso ea mecha ea litaba, tatellano ea boitšoaro ba thobalano, le maikutlo a kelello a sebelisoang hangata ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bacha ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Qetellong, moralo oa theoretical o lokela ho thusa ho hlophisa lipatlisiso tse seng li ntse li le teng tse kang hore tsebo e thehiloeng hantle, ho se lumellane, le lipotso tse bulehileng li totobala ka tsela e nang le mohopolo ea ho khothaletsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang.
Moralo oa thuto o fihlelang litlhokahalo tsena ke phapang e kholo ea mofuta oa litlamorao tsa mecha ea litaba (DSMM; Valkenburg & Peter, 2013). Tumellanong le likhopolo tse ling tsa litlamorao tsa mecha ea litaba (mohlala, Anderson & Bushman, 2002; Slater, 2007), DSMM e kopanya mefuta e boletsoeng esale pele le ea tlhahlobo ea tšebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso mohlaleng o le mong kahoo e bonahala e loketse ho hlophisa lipatlisiso tsa boithuto ho bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ntle le moo, DSMM e haha ka ho hlaka lits'ebetsong tsa theoretical, joalo ka mofuta oa boits'ebetso ba litaba le thuto ea sechaba. Ka ho khetheha, DSMM e beha litlhahiso tse 'ne tse amanang le lithuto tsa bocha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Morero oa pele oa DSMM ke hore mefuta e meraro ea mefuta-futa (ke hore, e laoloang, e nts'etsopele le ea sechaba) e bolela tšebeliso ea litaba (Valkenburg & Peter, 2013). Leha litlhahlobo tsa pejana tsa lingoliloeng li ne li bua ka ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, Bloom & Hagedorn, 2015), re ntse re haelloa ke tsebo e hlophisehileng ea hore na ke bacha ba fe ba pepesetsang bootsoa. Thutong ena, re bapisa litekanyetso tsa bongoana, tsa nts'etsopele, le tsa setjhaba mabapi le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Morero oa bobeli oa DSMM ke hore karabelo e re (ke hore, maemo a mmuso a tsoang ts'ebelisong ea media; Valkenburg & Peter, 2013) buella kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba le lipapatso tsa maemo. Likarabo tsena li ka lemohuoa (ke hore, ka tsela eo basebelisi ba media ba nkang karolo ho khetha le ho tsetela ho leka ho utloisisa litaba tsa mecha ea phatlalatso), maikutlong (ke hore, maikutlo ohle a netefalitsoeng ho litaba tsa media), le thabo (ke hore, tekanyo ea boikoetliso ba 'mele) mokhelo ha a araba mecha ea phatlalatso). Ha Owens et al. (2012) ka boomo ba thibela likamano tse sa tobang tlhahlobisong ea bona, ho fana ka maikutlo mabapi le litlamorao tsa media ho bontšitse bohlokoa ba lits'ebetso tsa mantlha, ka hona likamano tse sa tobang, bakeng sa kutloisiso ea rona ea kamoo ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa media e ka bolelang mefuta e fapaneng (mohlala, Anderson & Bushman, 2002). Ka hona re bapisa lintho tse fapaneng tse ithutoang tsa bonohe, maikutlo, le maikutlo a monate a ithutoang ka har'a lingoliloeng tsa bacha le bootsoa.
Morero oa boraro oa DSMM ke hore mefuta e fapaneng ea maemo, nts'etsopele le phedisano e kanna ea se ke ea noha tšebeliso ea mecha ea litaba feela empa ea lekanyetsa hore na ts'ebeliso ea media e bolela esale pele mefuta e fapaneng ea maemo (Valkenburg & Peter, 2013). Malamuth le basebetsi-'moho (mohlala, Malamuth, Addison, & Koss, 2000; Malamuth le Huppin, 2005) haholoholo ba totobalitse bohlokoa ba ho ela hloko liphapang tsa batho ka bomong ha ba ithuta litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Tlhahiso ea boraro ea DSMM e bonahatsa khatiso ena. Thutong ena, re hlophisa le ho bapisa maemo a fapaneng a ntlafatso a ntlafatso, a ntlafatso le a sechaba a ithutoang ka har'a lingoliloeng.
Tlhahiso ea bone le ea hoqetela ea DSMM ke hore ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso le mefuta ea litekanyetso li amana ka tsela ea thekisetsano, ke hore, mohopolo oa hore (liphetoho ho) mefuta e fapaneng ea litekanyetso e boletsoeng esale pele ke ts'ebeliso ea media le eona e ka bolela ts'ebeliso ea media (Valkenburg & Peter, 2013). Litlhahlobo tsa nakong e fetileng tsa lingoliloeng li sebelitse khopolo ena feela. Lingoliloeng tse amang litaba tsa litaba, leha ho le joalo, li se li shebile likamano tsa litaba lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea mecha ea litaba le liphatlalatso hobane li bonahala li hlalosa se boleloang ke ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso e le kannete ebile e le 'nete ho feta mehopolo e sa lebelloang le e mabapi le litlamorao tsa media (Bandura, 2009; Slater, 2007). Ka hona re bona hore na ho ithutile ha likamano tsa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.
Method
Re batlile Web tsa Science (SSCI database) le PsycINFO ka mantsoe a ho batla (porn * LE mocha) * OR (porn * LE mocha *) OR (porn * LE Bacha) bakeng sa lithuto tse matla tsa bocha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse phatlalalitsoeng nakong ea 1995 ho 2015 (letsatsi la pheletso la December 15, 2015). Ho Web of Science, mantsoe a lipatlisiso a ka hlaha ho sehlooho (ka mantsoe a mang, sehlooho, abstract, mantsoe a sehlooho a mongoli, 'me mantsoe a bohlokoa le). Ho PsycINFO, re batlile masimo sehlooho, "abstract," sehlooho sa mantsoe, likhopolo tsa bohlokoa, 'me sehlooho sa mantlha. Re fuputse patlo ea rona ho lingoliloeng tse hlahlobiloeng ke lithaka. Re khethile lingoloa tsa koranta hobane ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa lithuto tse matla le ho netefatsa hore ho ka bapisoa ho joalo. Re khethile limakasine tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka hobane tlhahlobo ea lithaka hangata e tiisa boleng ba lithuto tsa mantlha.
Patlisiso ea rona e matlafalitsoe qalong lingoloa tsa 349 ho li-Web tsa Science le lihlooho tsa 271 ho PsycINFO. Taba ea mantlha, re ile ra sheba hore na ho na le sengoloa se hatisitsoeng ka Senyesemane. Re kenyelelitse lingoloa tsa puo ea Senyesemane feela, hobane li fumaneha habonolo ho barutehi ba bangata, e leng se etsang hore tlhahlobo ea rona e be pepeneneng ebile e netefatsoe. Ka hona re ile ra kenyelletsa lingoliloeng tse latelang: Sebakeng sa Web of Science, re ile ra tlosa ba robeli ka Sejeremane, ba bane ka Sepanishe, ba babeli ka Sefora, e 'ngoe ka Seturkey, e' ngoe ka Sedache; likhethong tsa PsycINFO, re ile ra qhela 13 ka Sejeremane, tse robeli ka Sepanishe, tse supileng ka Sefora, tse 'ne tsa China, tse peli ka Sejapane, tse peli ka Seturkey, e' ngoe ka Setaliana, e 'ngoe ka Sepotoketsi.
Ka mor'a moo, re kentse lingoloa ho latela e 'ngoe ea tse latelang. Pele, re kentse lingoloa tse neng li sa sebetsane le bacha ba neng ba le pakeng tsa lilemo tse 10 le 17. Ha sengoloa se ne se kenyelletsa batho ba neng ba le ka tlase ho lilemo tse 10 le / kapa ho feta lilemo tse 17 (kapa mehlala ea batho ba baholo ba arohaneng), lilemo tse bolelele ba sampole ea (mocha) li ne li lokela ho ba kaholimo ho 10 le ka tlase ho 18 hore thuto e kenngoe ; Lingoloa tse 113 ho Websaense ea Saense le lingoloa tse 43 tsa PsycINFO ha lia kenyelletsoa. Taba ea bobeli, re kentse lingoloa tse sa hlahiseng sephetho sa mantlha: lingoloa tse 31 ho Websaense ea Saense le lingoloa tse 49 ho PsycINFO. Taba ea boraro, re kentse lingoloa tse shebaneng feela le palo e khethehileng ea bacha (mohlala, litlokotsebe, lisampole tsa bongaka): lingoloa tse 14 ho Websaete ea Saense le lingoloa tse 17 ho PsycINFO. Ho kenyelletsa baahi bana ho ka hlahisa phapang e makatsang. Ea bone, re khethile lihlooho tse neng li sa sebetsane haholo le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha: lingoloa tse 115 ho Websaete ea Saense le lingoloa tse 66 tsa PsycINFO. Ka tloaelo, lingoloa tse joalo li ne li na le lentsoe litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke mantsoe a bohlokoa feela empa ha ho moo ho buuoang ka 'ona haholo; tse shebiloeng feela litabeng tse kang boloi ba bana kapa bokhoba ba marang-rang; kapa ba ne ba na le dikahare, puo, kapa mefuta e meng ea tlhahlobo ea lingoloa. Letoto la lihlooho tse hlahisitsoeng ke patlo ea rona li ne li batla li ts'oana le Websaeteng ea Science le PsycINFO, le ha e le kholo ho Web Science. Ka hona, re bile le tlhahlobo ea "coder" e ikemetseng ea 10% ea lingoliloeng tse khutlisitsoeng ho Web of Science hore na, ho latela maemo a rona, ba ne ba lokela ho kenyelletsoa tlhahlobisong ea rona. Ho ts'epahala ka mokhoa oa intercoder e ne e le 100%.
Ka kakaretso, lingoliloeng tsa bongata ba 64 le lingoloa tse robong tse tšoanelehang ho kenyeletsoa tlhahlobisong. Leha ho le joalo, ha re bala lingoliloeng tse kenyellelitsoeng, re fumane litšupiso tsa lipatlisiso tse ling tse peli tse neng li sa hlaha phuputsong ea rona. Ka hona re kenyelelitse boithuto bo bongata ke Lo, Neilan, Sun le Chiang (1999; e qotsitsoeng ho Lo le Wei 2005) le boithuto bo bongata bo entsoeng ke Vandenbosch le Eggermont (2013b; e qotsitsoeng ho Vanden Abeele, Campbell, Eggermont le Roe, 2014). Ka kakaretso, ka hona re hlahlobile lithuto tse 75, tse 66 tse ngata (sheba Sehlomathiso Litlalehong tsa Tlatsetso tsa inthanete) le lithuto tse robong tsa boleng (Abiala & Hernwall, 2013; Arrington-Sanders et al., 2015; Cameron et al., 2005; Kinsman, Nyanzi, & Letamo, 2000; Lavoie, Robitaille, le Herbert, 2000; Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010; Ke Marston le Lewis, 2014; Mattebo, Larsson, Tydén, Olsson, le Häggström-Nordin, 2012; Rothman, Kaczmarsky, Burke, Jansen, le Baughman, 2015).
Ke lingoloa tse peli feela tse tsoang ho khetho ea rona tse phatlalalitsoeng nakong ea 1995-1999 mme ke tse 'ne feela ka nako ea 2000-2004. Nakong ea 2005-2009, leha ho le joalo, palo ea lingoliloeng tse phatlalalitsoeng e ile ea nyolohela 20, le nakong e pakeng tsa 2010 ho 2014 ho 41. Ho 2015 (ho fihlela ka December 15), ho ile ha hatisoa lingoloa tse robeli. Bongata ba lingoliloeng tse fokotsang le tse loketseng (n = 35) e tsoa Europe. Har'a lihlooho tsena, tse 15 li tsoa Netherlands, tse supileng li tsoa Sweden, tse hlano li tsoa Belgium, tse peli li tsoa Greece, 'me se seng se tsoa Czech Republic, Jeremane, Great Britain, Italy le Switzerland. Phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane lintlha tse tsoang linaheng tse ngata tsa Europe (Ševčíková, Šerek, Barbovschi, & Daneback, 2014). Lingoloa tse 16 li simolohile Asia (tse tšeletseng ho Hong Kong, tse 'ne tsa Taiwan, tse peli tsa Korea, e le' ngoe e le Cambodia, China, Malaysia le Thailand). Lingoliloeng tse 14 li ne li tsoa United States 'me e le' ngoe e tsoa Canada. Ho ile ha etsoa lithuto tse hlano Afrika (tse peli Ethiopia le e 'ngoe e le Morocco, Nigeria le Uganda),' me likhaolo tse peli li ne li tsoa Australia le Israel.
Ntle le mekhelo e fokolang (Arrington-Sanders et al., 2015; Bekele, Van Aken, & Dubas, 2011; Mattebo, Tydén, Häggström-Nordin, Nilsson, & Larsson, 2013; Odeyemi, Onajole, & Ogunowo, 2009; Skoog, Stattin, le Kerr, 2009; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2013a), lingoloa li bua haholo ka bacha le ba batona le ba batšehali. Lingoloa tse ling li ne li bua ka bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha (mohlala, Atwood et al., 2012; Ma Shek, 2013; Shek & Ma, 2012a, 2012b); tse ling li tsepamisitse maikutlo bohareng (mohlala, Skoog et al., 2009kapa bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha (mohlala, Chen et al., 2013; Moroallo, 2007; Luder et al., 2011; Weber et al., 2012). Bongata ba lingoloa, leha ho le joalo, li ne li bua haholo ka mehlala ea bacha ba lilemo tse fapaneng, joalo ka Sehlomathiso se bonts'a lithuto tsa bongata.
Lithuto tse 'maloa li ile tsa itšetleha ka mehlala e tšoanang. Sampole e tšoanang ea maDutch e sebelisitsoe lingong tsa Peter le Valkenburg (2006a, 2006b, 2007); enngwe e Peter le Valkenburg (2008a, 2008b, 2009a, 2009b, 2010a, 2010b); 'me oa boraro Peter le Valkenburg (2011b, 2011c, 2011d). Mitchell, Finkelhor, le Wolak (2003), Ybarra le Mitchell (2005) le Mitchell, Wolak, le Finkelhor (2007) e itšetlehileng ka sampole e ts'oanang ea bacha ba US (Bacha ba Inthanete ea Ts'ireletso ea Inthanete 1). Mitchell et al. (2007) le Wolak, Mitchell, le Finkelhor (2007) o sebelisitse boithuto ba marang-rang ba polokeho ea Inthanete ea Bacha, ha Jones, Mitchell le Finkelhor (2012) e kopantseng lipatlisiso tsa polokeho ea Inthanete ea Bacha 1 le 2 le mofuta oa boraro oa tlhahlobo eo. Shek le Ma (2012a, 2012b, 2014) le Ma le Shek (2013) o ile a bua ka mohlala o mong oa bacha ba Hong Kong; le Mattebo, Tydén, et al. (2013) le Mattebo, Tydén, Häggström-Nordin, Nilsson, le Larsson (2014) ba thehiloe mosebetsing oa bona mohlaleng o mong oa bacha ba Sweden. Mesch (2009) le Mesch le Maman (2009) ka bobeli ba sebelisitse Phuputso ea Naha ea Isiraele ea 2004, ha To et al. (2012) le ho, Iu Kan, le Ngai (2015) ba itšetlehile ka mohlala o tšoanang oa bacha ba Hong Kong. Qetellong, lithuto tse entsoeng ke Doornwaard, van den Eijnden, et al. (2015) le ka Doornwaard, Bickham, Morui, terogt, le van den Eijnden (2015) a itšetleha ka mohlala o le mong oa bacha ba maDutch. Ka kakaretso, tlhahlobo ea rona e thehiloe ho li-sampuli tsa 'nete tsa 49 tsa lithuto tse ngata le mehlala e robong ea' nete bakeng sa lithuto tsa boleng.
Re bala lingoliloeng tse ngata re shebane feela ka sepheo sa lipheo tse peli tsa tlhahlobo. Haeba tlhahisoleseling e neng e hlokahala ho rarolla e 'ngoe ea lipheo tse peli tsa tlhahlobo ea rona e sa ka ea boleloa ka ho hlaka likhatisong, re lekile ho fumana tlhahisoleseling lena tlhahlobisong ea litaba kapa litšupisong tsa litokomane tse ling. Ho fumana leseli la boholo ba ts'ebetso, re lekantsitse tsa Cohen d (Cohen, 1988) bakeng sa liphumano tsa bohlokoa tlhahlobisong ea li-multivariate, ha feela lipalo-palo tsa bivariate, joalo ka Pearson r kapa karo-karolelano ea litšenyehelo, le tsona li tlalehiloe bakeng sa liphumano tsena. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore li-Cohen's d Litekanyetso tse tlalehiloeng tlhahlobisong ena litekanyetso tsa pele tse boima, kaha li thehiloe feela lipalo-palo tse fumanehang lihloohong. Li ke ke tsa khutlisa lipalo tse hlophisitsoeng hantle tsa Cohen's d. Tumellanong le likopano, re nka tsa Cohen d litekanyetso tse pakeng tsa 0.20 le 0.49 (li lekana r litekanyetso lipakeng tsa 0.10 le 0.24) likamano tse nyane, boleng lipakeng tsa 0.50 le 0.79 (e lekanang r litekanyetso lipakeng tsa 0.25 le 0.37) likamano tse mahareng, le boleng ba 0.80 le ka holimo (ho lekana r litekanyetso tsa 0.38 le tse phahameng) likamano tse matla. Re bala lingoliloeng tsa boleng re shebane le hore na liphetho tsa bona li bapisoa le liphihlelo tsa lingoloa.
Results
Litšobotsi tsa Mokhoa oa Patlisiso ea Bohlokoa ho Bacha le Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa
Sehlomathiso se fana ka kakaretso ea boithuto bo bongata le bocha ba bongoana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse phatlalalitsoeng lipakeng tsa 1995 le 2015 litlalehong tsa koranta tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka. Joalokaha Sehlomathiso se bontša, lipatlisiso tsa bonono ho bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ne li thehiloe feela lipatlisong. Ho latela mokhoa oa lipatlisiso, boholo ba lithuto li sebelisitse lipatlisiso tsa pampiri le pensele (49%) kapa lipatlisiso tsa inthanete (20%). (Lipalo tsena le lipalo tse latelang li baliloe motheong oa palo ea sampole ea 'nete ea lipatlisiso.) Ka kakaretso, 12% ea lithuto e ne e itšetleha ka lipatlisiso tsa sefahleho le 8% liphuputsong tsa mohala, athe lipatlisiso tsa k'homphieutha tse thusitseng li etsahetse habeli feela (lingoloa tse tharo, mokhoa oa tlhahlobo o ne o sa hlaka). Hajoale lipotso tse ngata haholo li ne li ipehetse (73%), ho fapana le mohlahlobi oa lipotso (20%). Boholo ba lipotso tse ikarabellang bo ile ba phethoa lapeng kapa ka phapusing kapa lithutong tsa sekolo. Ka lithuto tse tharo, mokhoa oa lipatlisiso le tsamaiso li ne li sa hlaka.
Boholo ba lithuto (59%) li ne li itšetleha ka sampole ka karolo e itseng e sa sebetseng (hangata mohatong oa pele oa sampole, mohlala, likolo kapa malapa); 4% ea lithuto e ne e ipapisitse le sampole ea quota, e hlalositsoeng e le sampole eo ho eona, ho ipapisitseng le lipalopalo tsa semmuso, litekanyetso tsa likarolo tse ikhethang tsa mohlala, tse kang lilemo, thobalano ea tlhaho le boemo ba thuto, li neng li behiloe pele data e ka bokelloa mme e lebisitsoe ho pokello ea data. Kakaretso ea lithuto tsa 37% li thehiloe ho li-sampole tse bonolo, tse hlalositsoeng e le sampole tse neng li se na thepa ea tšohanyetso kapa ea kotulo (mohlala, ha ho fanoa ka limemo ho baeti bohle ba sebaka sa marang-rang. Mehlala ea mehlala (e hlalositsoeng motheong oa ba arabetseng ba sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa boithuto) e fapana ho N = 97 (Skoog et al., 2009) ho N = 11,712 (Ševčíková et al., 2014), ka boholo bo mahareng ba N = 896. Ka boholo ba sampole e ne e le N = 1,498 ka ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng ha 1,930, ho bonts'a phapang e kholo ea boholo ba mehlala. Sekhahla sa karabelo se tlalehiloe ka tlase ho halofo ea lithuto mme se pakeng tsa 10% (bakeng sa batsoali; Hardy et al., 2013) le 98.7% (Mesch & Maman, 2009), ka sekhahla sa karabelo ea bohareng ba 82% le sekhahla sa karabelo se tloaelehileng sa 74% (SD = 24.35). Lithutong tsa longitudinal, ho hohela ho ne ho le lipakeng tsa 5% (Brown & L'Engle, 2009) le 46% (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a), ka mokelikeli oa 22% le khaello e tloaelehileng ea 23% (SD = 11.80).
Mabapi le moralo, 80% ea lithuto e ne e e-na le moralo oa sefapano mme 20% e ne e na le moralo o molelele; 64% ea lingoloa e ne e itšetleha ka likhetla tse ngata tse tloaelehileng tse tloaelehileng (OLS), logistic, kapa regression ea multinomial, mme 21% e sebelisitse mofuta oa modation equation modelling (SEM). Ntle le moo, 15% ea lingoloa e hlahisitse liphetho tse ipapisitseng le lipalo-palo tse ikhethang. (Liperesente tsa mekhoa ea lipalopalo e sebelisitsoeng li baliloe ho palo eohle ea lingoliloeng tse lekanang.) Ha e le litheko tsa taolo, lingoloa li ne li fapana haholo, ho tloha ho taolo bakeng sa palo ea batho (mohlala, Bonino et al., 2006) ho hlakisa likarolo tsa taolo tse fapaneng, tse akaretsang palo ea batho, botho, thobalano le tšebeliso ea Marang-rang (mohlala, Luder et al., 2011). Lihloohong tse ipapisitseng le meralo ea likarolo tse fapaneng, phapano ea tsepamiso ea maikutlo, mehlala le mekhoa ea lipalo li entse hore ho be thata ho khetholla tatellano e nepahetseng ea taolo ea mefuta e sebelisitsoeng. Leha ho le joalo, ho bonahala ho bolokehile ho bolela hore palo ea batho, mefuta e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang (mohlala, maqhubu, mofuta, le sebaka sa ts'ebeliso), le mefuta e amanang le lelapa (mohlala, sebopeho sa lelapa, thuto ea botsoali, likamano tsa lelapa) hangata li ne li laoloa bakeng sa . Lingoloeng tse ipapisitseng le meralo ea bolelele ba nako, e ne e le tloaelo e tloaelehileng ho laola maemo a fetileng a maemo a fapaneng (ke hore, litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo; bona Sehlomathiso), ka lithuto tse 'maloa tse laolang, kapa ho kenyelletsa, mefuta e meng ea tlhahlobo (Beyens, Vandenbosch, & Eggermont, 2015; Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Peter & Valkenburg, 2011b, 2011c, 2011d; Vandenbosch, 2015). Ha litla-morao tsa ho se sebetse li sa hlahlojoe, e ka ba liphatlalatso tse matla tsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo (ke hore, mabifi ka kakaretso ho fapana le ho hlaseloa ka thobalano; Ybarra et al., 2011) e ne e le karolo ea mohlala kapa ho ne ho sa khonehe ho laola maemo a fetileng a maemo a fapaneng (ke hore, ho qala thobalano; Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2013b).
Phetha: Dominance of self-Adminjer lipotso tsa lipotso le meralo ea likarolo-likarolo
Boholo ba lithuto tse mabapi le bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li latela temohisiso ho tsoa lipatlisisong tsa lipatlisiso 'me li sebelisitse lipatlisiso tsa pampiri le pensele kapa lipatlisiso tsa inthanete tse nang le lipotso tse ikarabellang. Hoo e batlang e le likarolo tse peli ho tse tharo tsa lithuto (63%) li itšetlehile ka sampole ka karolo e itseng e sa sebetseng kapa ea quota. Sekhahla sa karabelo se ne se phahame haholo, mohlomong hobane lithuto tse ngata li entsoe mohlaleng oa sekolo, empa palo ena e ipapisitse le tlhaiso-leseling e fokolang. Litefiso tsa phepelo liphuputsong tse telele le tsona li ne li le holimo haholo.
Ka kakaretso, ho akaretsa ho akaretsang ho akaretsang ho felletseng ka sepheo sa liphetho tse akaretsang hoa khoneha. Mabapi le moralo, leha ho le joalo, boholo ba meralo ea likarolo tse bohareng, hammoho le sebopeho se lumellanang sa meralo e telele, o kopa tlhokomeliso mabapi le ho etsa liqeto. Ntlha ena e bonahala e le ea bohlokoa le ho feta ha ho fanoa ka ngangisano ea morao-rao (mohlala, brown, 2011; Steinberg le Monahan, 2011) mabapi le hore na lipatlisiso tse thehiloeng ho khatello ea maikutlo, tse laolang lipatlisiso tsa bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, li lokela ho nkeloa sebaka ke tlhaiso ea lintlha tsa boleng ha e fana ka mabaka a fapaneng a etsang hore bacha ba sebelise litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka mokhoa o fapaneng.
Bokapele ba Ts'ebeliso ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bacha
Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bocha e lekiloe lithutong ka ho shebisisa (a) tšebeliso e se ka boomo, (b) ts'ebeliso e se nang morero, le (c) ts'ebeliso efe kapa efe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (ke hore, eseng ho khetholla pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e se ka boomo le ka boomo). Lethathamo 1 e bontša ho ata ha tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha lilemong tsa bocha lithutong tse fapaneng moo ho tlalehiloeng. Tšebeliso ea bana ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka boomo e se e le ka boomo hangata e ithutile joalo ka ha e sa batlehe (mohlala, Mitchell et al., 2003; Wolak et al., 2007) kapa ka phoso (mohlala, Moroallo, 2007; Tsaliki, 2011) ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng. Mofuta ona oa ho pepeseha o ka hlaha, ka mohlala, ka ho bula melaetsa eo u sa e tsebeng kapa ho amohela mangolo-tsoibila a spam (Chen et al., 2013; Mitchell et al., 2003), liaterese tse fosahetseng tsa sebaka sa marang-rang li batla mantsoe a nang le moelelo oa thobalano le litlamorao tse fapaneng (Moroallo, 2007), kapa ka tšohanyetso ho fumana litšoantšo le lipapatso tsa pop-up (Chen et al., 2013; Ševčíková et al., 2014). Litefiso tsa prevalence tsa ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka boomo tse tsoang ho 19% tse fumanoang har'a 10- ho bana ba lilemo li 12 ba United States (Mitchell et al., 2007) ho 60% har'a banana ba Australia le 84% har'a bashanyana ba Australia ba lilemo li 16 ho 17 (Moroallo, 2007); 'me litekanyetso li bonahala li theohile lilemong tsa morao tjena, bonyane United States (Jones et al., 2012). Lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li fumane hore 41% ea bacha ba Taiwan ba ne ba pepesitsoe ka boomo ho litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete (Chen et al., 2013), ha 68% ea bacha ba United States ba kile ba kopana le bootsoa ka boomo (Hardy et al., 2013).
Tafole 1. Ts'ebetso le ho ba teng ha tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Adolescents (ntle le morero, boikaelelo, eng kapa eng) (Lithuto Feela tse Tlalehileng Prevalence)
Tšebeliso ea bootsoa ea bootsoa ka boomo hangata e ithutile joalo ka boomo (mohlala, Luder et al., 2011), e nang le sepheo (mohlala, Peter & Valkenburg, 2006a) ho pepesehela litaba tsa bootsoa, hangata ho kenyelletsa ho batla litaba ka botlalo (Tsaliki, 2011). Tekanyetso ea ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka boomo le eona e fapane haholo. Ha Ybarra le Mitchell (2005) o fumane feela 7% ea 10- ho ea lilemo li 17 tsa United States e le basebelisi ba nang le sepheo sa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mecheng ea litaba tsa setso (8% inthaneteng), Chen et al. (2013) e tlalehile hore 59% ea Taiwanese 10- ka liithuti tsa sehlopha sa 12th selemong se fetileng se sebelisitse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Liphuputso tse sebetsanang le ts'ebeliso efe kapa efe ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa ke bacha ntle le ho khetholla pakeng tsa ho pepesa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka boomo le ka boomo le tsona li bile le litholoana tse fapaneng. Litefiso tsa bongata li ne li le lipakeng tsa tlase ho 7% (ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; Dong, Cao, Cheng, Cui, & Li, 2013; litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa inthanete le mecheng ea litaba tsa setso selemong se fetileng Shek & Ma, 2012a) ho 71% (ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete selemong se fetileng; Chen et al., 2013). Weber et al. (2012) o fumane hore bashanyana ba 93% le banana ba 52% ba lilemo li 16 ho isa ho 19 ba shebelletse baesekopo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa likhoeling tse tšeletseng pele ho tlhahlobo. Sekhahla sa nako ea ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro se tloha ho 25% har'a bacha ba Taiwan (litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng; Cheng, Ma, & Missari, 2014) ho 98% har'a bashanyana ba Jeremane le 81% har'a banana ba Jeremane (baesekopo ea bootsoa; Weber et al., 2012).
Hoo e batlang e le liphuputso tsohle ho fihlela joale li shebile tekanyo ea nako e le ngoe ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha, ka hona ba hlokomoloha hore ts'ebeliso ena e ka hlaha joang ha nako e ntse e feta. Ha a sebetsana le lekhalo lena la lipatlisiso, Doornwaard, van den Eijnden, et al. (2015) haufinyane tjena o ithutile hore na bacha ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tsa bocha joang. Ba fumane litloaelo tse 'ne tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bakeng sa bashanyana: tšebeliso e sa sebetseng kapa e sa tloaelehang; tloaelo eo ho eona litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ileng tsa eketseha ka sekhahla; mofuta oa tšohanyetso oa tšebeliso ea nako le nako; le mofuta oa tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso. Mekhoa e meraro ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e hlahile bakeng sa banana: mokhoa o sa tsitsang oa tšebeliso e mpe kapa tšebeliso e sa tloaelehang; tšebeliso e matla ea tšebeliso ea methapo; le mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa ho sebelisa tšohanyetso nako le nako.
Sephetho: Bacha ba Sebelisa Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa, Empa Litekanyetso tsa Bofelo bo fapana Haholo
Liphumano mabapi le ho ata ha ts'ebeliso ea bacha ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li fapana haholo, ho sa tsotelehe hore na lithuto li sebetsana le sena ka boomo, ka boomo, kapa ts'ebeliso efe kapa efe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Boithuto bona bo fana ka maikutlo a hore bonyane bacha ba bangata ba bacha bohle ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, empa lipalo tse tobileng mabapi le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha li bonahala li le thata ho fumana lingoliloeng.
Phapang e fumanoeng mabapi le tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bongoaneng e na le mabaka a ka bang mararo. Pele, joalo ka Lethathamo 1 mme Sehlomathiso se bonts'a, lithuto li fapana ka mokhoa o fapaneng, haholo-holo mabapi le mokhoa oa sampole, mohlala oa sampole, sebopeho sa sampole, mokhoa oa lipatlisiso / ts'ebetso, le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka lebaka leo, lipalo tse ngata mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li kanna tsa ba le thuto e itseng mme ho thata ho e bapisa lipatlisiso. Taba ea bobeli, nakong ea 1995 ho isa 2015, eo re e hlahlobileng mona, marang-rang a bile le liphetoho tse kholo — mme ka mokhoa ona bacha ba fihlelang ho bootsoa Inthaneteng. Ho fumana ho neng ho nepahala ho li-2000 tsa pele ho ka ba ha se sa ba teng kajeno. Taba ea boraro le ea ho qetela, ha mokhoa o hlakileng o sa bonahale lithutong tse hlahlojoang, moelelo oa setso (mohlala, thuto ea thobalano, bolokolohi ba thobalano) oa lithuto o kanna oa ama hangata hakae bacha (ba tlalehang) ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lintlha tsena tse tharo- phapang ea mekhoa, liphetoho tsa mahlale le maemo a setso — li ama ho ata ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bongoana ho hloka tlhokomelo e hlakileng lithutong tse tlang. Hajoale, re ke ke ra thibela hore qeto efe kapa efe ea bonyane ba bacha ba pepesetsang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e soabisoa ke bonyane lintlha tse tharo tse sa tsoa boleloa.
Barekisi ba Tšebeliso ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa Bacha
Boithuto ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha lilemong tsa bocha bo bua ka mefuta e boletsoeng esale pele eo bacha ba itseng ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho seo re se khethollotseng e le moetapele, re ile ra latela ho tsepamisa maikutlo le conceptualization thutong e khethehileng. Ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho fumana lintho tse senotsoeng, ha re tlalehe liphetho tsa litlhahlobisiso tsa bivariate mme ra tsepamisa maikutlo ho litheko tsa litlhahlobo tsa likhatiso. Bakeng sa lithuto tsa longitudinal, re tlaleha sephetho ho tsoa mehlala e nang le mefuta e 'meli feela ha ho kenyelletsoa litlamorao tsa autoregress (ke hore, ho laola boleng ba nakong e fetileng ea phapanyetsano ea tlhahlobo).
Ho tse latelang, ha re kenyeletse baphethahatsi ba ts'ebeliso e mpe ea bootsoa ea bongoana bo ithutoang ka har'a lingoliloeng. Hoa utloahala hore na ketsahalo e kenyang karolo ea monyetla e tla fetoha ka mokhoa o tšoanang har'a bacha. Ntle le moo, ha ho hlake hore na karabo e nepahetseng potsong e mabapi le ho pepesoa ka boomo ke mokhoa feela oa ho khelosa likarabo tse sa rateheng sechabeng mabapi le ho pepeseha ka boomo. Kamora nako, khokahanong ea ho pepesoa ka boomo, lingoliloeng ha li a fumanwa ka botlalo hore na, ka mor'a ho ikopanya le motho ea sa tsebeng letho, ho pepeseha ho se be ka boomo. Ntle le moo, haeba bacha ba etsa qeto ea ho tsoela pele ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho thata ho bona hore na litšoantšo tsena li lula li sa ikemisetsa kapa li sa etsahale.
Morero oa pele oa DSMM (Valkenburg & Peter, 2013) tšebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso e boletsoe esale pele ka liphapano tse fapaneng, tsa nts'etsopele le tsa kahisano. Mabapi le likhakanyo tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ho entsoe lipatlisiso tsa lihlopha tse hlano (ntle le lithuto tsa ts'ebeliso e sa reroang): lipalo tsa batho, litšoaneleho tsa botho, mefuta e amanang le tloaelo, lithahasello tsa thobalano le boits'oaro ba inthanete. Mabapi le palo ea batho, liphuputso tse ngata li bontšitse hore bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ne ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa ho feta kamoo basali ba lilemong tsa bocha ba entseng (Holt, Bossler le May, 2012; Lo et al., 1999; Lo & Wei, 2005; Mesch, 2009; Mesch & Maman, 2009; Peter & Valkenburg, 2006a, 2011d; Ševčíková et al., 2014; Shek & Ma, 2012a; Tsitsika et al., 2009; Wolak et al., 2007; Ybarra le Mitchell, 2005). Phuputso ea morao-rao e bapisoang le naha ea linaha tsa European Union, leha ho le joalo, e bontšitse hore liphapang tsa thobalano ts'ebelisong ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ha li khetholle haholo linaheng tse lokolohileng ho feta linaheng tse nang le tokoloho e ngata (Ševčíková et al., 2014). Vandenbosch (2015) ha baa fumana liphapang tsa bonyatsi ba bacha ba maDutch ba ho bontšana lerato, matla, kapa bootsoa ba inthanete. Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha kapa ba bong bo tšoanang ba fumanoe ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng khafetsa ho feta bacha ba batona ba batšehali (Luder et al., 2011; Peter & Valkenburg, 2011d). Bacha ba nang le katleho e phahameng lithutong ba na le monyetla oa ho kopana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete lithutong tsa maDutch (Vandenbosch, 2015). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, banana ba rutehileng haholo ba ne ba le monyetla oa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng thutong ea Switzerland (Luder et al., 2011). Phuputsong e 'ngoe ea Sedache, leha ho le joalo, boemo ba thuto bo ne bo sa amane le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete (Peter & Valkenburg, 2011d).
Mabapi le litšobotsi tsa botho, ho na le bopaki bo matla ba hore bacha ba batlang maikutlo a bootsoa ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata ho feta balekane ba bona (Beyens et al., 2015; Luder et al., 2011; Peter & Valkenburg, 2006a, 2011d; Ševčíková et al., 2014), leha phuputso e sa tsoa etsoa e sa tlalehe tšusumetso ea maikutlo a ho sheba litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo bobe tsa inthanete (ke hore, lerato, matla, pefo) tseo bacha ba ileng ba pepesetsoa ho tsona (Vandenbosch, 2015). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bacha ba nang le boits'oaro bo tlase ba ja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse ngata tsa inthanete (Holt et al., 2012). Bacha ba neng ba sa khotsofala maphelong a bona le bona ba ne ba le monyetla oa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete (Peter & Valkenburg, 2006a), sephetho sa likarolo tse fapaneng se ileng sa phetoa thutong ea bolelele ba nako (Peter & Valkenburg, 2011d). Lithutong tse peli tsa Korea, bacha ba nang le boits'oaro bo tlase le bona ba ne ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata (Kim, 2001, 2011). Phuputsong ea Isiraele, ka lehlakoreng le leng, boitšepo bo fumanoe bo sa amane le ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete (Mesch & Maman, 2009). Boitšoaro bo fokolang bo lemohuoang bo ne bo hokahane le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa (Weber et al., 2012), joalo ka ts'ebetso e matla haholo (Kim, 2001, 2011). Kamora nako, bacha ba nang le hyperfeminine kapa maikutlo a bong a basali ba ne ba ka pepesetsoa tlhekefetso ea bootsoa ea inthanete ho feta lilemong tsa bocha ntle le tšusumetso e joalo ea hypergender (Vandenbosch, 2015).
Mefuta e amanang le maemo a tloaelehileng e bua ka mohopolo o sebetsanang le boemo ba bocha ba ho latela kapa ho lahla litloaelo le litloaelo sechabeng se itseng. Mabapi le lintho tsena tse fapaneng, bacha ba tlolang molao (Wolak et al., 2007; Ybarra le Mitchell, 2005) le bacha ba sebelisang lintho (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005) ho tlalehiloe hore ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa. Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e boetse e fumanoe e le semelo sa sehlopha sa bacha ba bitsoang "litlokotsebe tse kholo" (Hasking, Scheier, & Ben Abdallah, 2011, leq. 26). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bacha ba bolumeli (Hardy et al., 2013) le ba likolong tsa bolumeli (Mesch, 2009; Mesch & Maman, 2009) sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso khafetsa, haholo hobane tumelo e bontšitsoe hore e amana le boitšoaro bo phahameng, maikutlo a mabe mabapi le litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, le maikutlo a hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho hatakela litebello tsa batho le litloaelo tsa bona (Hardy et al., 2013). Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse peli tsa maDutch ha lia ka tsa fumana tšusumetso ea tumelo ts'ebelisong ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete (Peter & Valkenburg, 2006a; Vandenbosch, 2015). Hore na bacha ba ngolisitsoe sekolong 'me ba lula le batsoali ka bobeli le hona ho ne ho sa amane le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Lopez, Mukaire, & Mataya, 2015). Kamora nako, maikutlo a fosahetseng ka sekolo (Mesch, 2009; Mesch & Maman, 2009) hammoho le ho ba le metsoalle e etsang lintho tse khelohileng (Holt et al., 2012) li ne li amahanngoa le tšebeliso e kholo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng.
Ha e le lithahasello tsa thobalano tsa ba lilemong tsa bocha, ba nang le lithahasello tse kholo tsa thobalano, hammoho le ba sebelisang thobalano mecheng e meng ea litaba, le bona ba ne ba pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete (Peter & Valkenburg, 2006a). Kamora nako, mabapi le boits'oaro ba inthanete, ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng e ne e phahame ho ba nang le tsebo e kholo ea dijithale thutong ho pholletsa le linaha tsa European Union (Ševčíková et al., 2014), empa e ne e sa amane le bokhoni ba khomphutha ba lilemong tsa bocha thutong ea Amerika (Holt et al., 2012). Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete e ne e bonahala e le tlase ha software e sebetsoa (Wolak et al., 2007). Bacha ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng khafetsa ba ne ba sebelisa marang-rang khafetsa (Ševčíková et al., 2014) le bakeng sa mesebetsi e fapaneng, joalo ka ho arolelana lifaele (Wolak et al., 2007), thuto ea thobalano (Tsitsika et al., 2009), ho bua le batho bao u sa ba tsebeng (Wolak et al., 2007), Lipapali tsa inthanete le ho reka thepa (Tsitsika et al., 2009).
Mabapi le boetapele ba nts'etsopele ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, lipatlisiso li shebile ka lihlopha tse tharo tsa mefuta e fapaneng: ho fetoha ha lilemo / ho pepeseha, boiphihlelo ba thobalano le bokhoni ba nts'etsopele. Mabapi le lilemo, litholoana tse sa lumellaneng li hlaha. Ha lithuto tse 'nè li bontšitse hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e eketsehile ka lilemo (Ševčíková et al., 2014; Shek & Ma, 2012a; Wolak et al., 2007; Ybarra le Mitchell, 2005), lithuto tse ling tse hlano ha lia ka tsa fumana keketseho e joalo (Holt et al., 2012; Mesch, 2009; Mesch & Maman, 2009; Peter & Valkenburg, 2006a, 2011d). Phuputso ea morao-rao e tlaleha ho pepesoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tseo batho ba lilemong tsa bocha ba li ratang lilemong tsa bocha le ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tsa bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha (Vandenbosch, 2015). Bakeng sa maemo a phahameng a bophelo, ka lehlakoreng le leng, liphetho li bonahala li ts'oana. Tšebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa e fumanoe ho bashanyana (Beyens et al., 2015; Peter & Valkenburg, 2006a) le banana (Luder et al., 2011) e nang le ntlafatso e tsoetseng pele ea pubertal. Mabapi le boiphihlelo ba thobalano, sephetho ha se ikhethang. Phihlelo e kholo ea thobalano e ne e amana le tšebeliso ea khafetsa ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete thutong e le 'ngoe (Ševčíková et al., 2014) le ka tšebeliso e tlase khafetsa ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete (har'a banana) ho e 'ngoe (Peter & Valkenburg, 2006a). Ha e le bokhoni ba nts'etsopele, bokhoni ba ho rarolla mathata, ho ipehela lipheo, ho etsa khetho e nepahetseng ea boits'oaro le ho etsa lintho ka nepo) li ne li amana le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, litšoaneleho tse ntle tsa nts'etsopele ea bacha (mohlala, boiphihlelo sechabeng, boits'oaro le boits'oaro ba boitšoaro) li ne li amana le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa, inthaneteng le mecheng ea litaba tse sa tloaelehang (Shek & Ma, 2012a).
Mabapi le batho ba boletseng esale pele tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, bafuputsi ba ile ba sebetsana le lintho tse amanang le malapa le likamano tse amanang le lithaka le ho hlekefetsoa. Boitlamo bo fokolang ho lelapa (Mesch, 2009; Mesch & Maman, 2009), malapa a futsanehileng a sebetsang ka kakaretso (Shek & Ma, 2014), mme haholoholo ts'ebelisano 'moho tšebetsong ea lelapa (Shek & Ma, 2012a) kaofela li ne li amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso e matla ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho ne ho le joalo le ka kamano e mpe ea maikutlo le mohlokomeli (bakeng sa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng; Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005) le mohlokomeli ea sebelisitseng khalemelo e qobelloang (bakeng sa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa setso; Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005). Ntle le moo, likhohlano tsa malapa le puisano e mpe ea malapa li ne li amana le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng le mecheng ea litaba tsa setso, leha e ne e buelloa ke nts'etsopele e fokolang ea bacha (Ma & Shek, 2013). Maikutlo a bohlasoa a bobebe a amanang le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa (Mesch, 2009; Shek & Ma, 2012a). Tšebelisano e thibelitsoeng ea botsoali (Ševčíková et al., 2014) le software e kentsoeng ea thibela (Wolak et al., 2007) li ne li amahanngoa le tšebeliso e nyane ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mefuta e fapaneng ea taolo ea batsoali le batsoali ba buang ka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng le bana ba bona li fumanoe li sa amane le ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete (Peter & Valkenburg, 2006a; Wolak et al., 2007).
Mabapi le lithaka, tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng e fumanoe hangata ha metsoalle ea bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha e ne e le monyane (Peter & Valkenburg, 2006a), ha bacha ba ne ba sebelisa marang-rang malapeng a metsoalle ea bona (Wolak et al., 2007), ha ba buisana khafetsa le metsoalle ea bona ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (banna feela; Weber et al., 2012), mme ha lithaka li ne li bonoa li sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (bakeng sa basali feela; Weber et al., 2012). Phuputso e mabapi le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mehala ea lifono e boetse e bonts'a hore ho tuma le lithaka tsa bong bo tšoanang, ho ratoa ke lithaka tsa bong bo fapaneng, takatso ea botumo, le khatello ea lithaka li ne li hokahane le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa (Vanden Abeele et al., 2014). Ho ikamahanya le lithaka, leha ho le joalo, ho fumanoe ho sa amane le ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete (Mesch & Maman, 2009). Qetellong, mabapi le ho hlekefetsoa, Wolak et al. (2007) o fumane hore bacha ba na le monyetla oa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ha ba hlekefetsoa inthaneteng mme ba hlekefetsoa maphelong a bona a kantle ho marang-rang.
Qeto: Mosebelisi oa Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa tsa Batho ba Bacha ke Monna, O Tsoetse Pele Haholoanyane, O Batla Ts'ireletso, o Ntle le Kamano e Ntle ea Lelapa kapa ea Likhathatso.
Patlisiso e ithutile bongata ba litlhahiso tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha. Leha ho le joalo, bopaki bo bokelletseng ba se bolelang esale pele ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo ntse bo lekantsoe. Le ha ho sena litekanyetso tse amoheloang ka kakaretso mabapi le palo ea litlatsetso tse hlokahalang ho theha bopaki bo bokellanang, ho na le tumellano ea hore liphetho tsa lipatlisiso li lokela ho hlahisoa bonyane hanngoe hape ka ho khetheha makhetlo a mangata (mohlala, Casadevall & Fang, 2010). Thutong ena, re hlalosa bopaki bo hlahisang sephetho se ts'oanang se fumanoeng ke bonyane lihlopha tse tharo tsa lipatlisiso tse fapaneng bonyane mehlala e meraro e fapaneng ea baphatlalatsi ba tšoanang hantle kapa ba haufi haholo ka lebaka la sephetho se hanyetsanang. Ha re le mothating ona, re ka fihlela qeto e hlakileng ea hore bao e ka bang basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa haholo ke banna, bacha ba tsoetseng pele haholo, ba batlang bacha ba nang le likamano tse fokolang tsa lelapa kapa tse nang le mathata. Leha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ba reretsoeng ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ka fetoha e le mokhoa oa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kapa maemo a setso a phetoho ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka mohlala, haeba inthanete e fumaneha feela bakeng sa ba fuoeng tlotla kapa ba nang le tsebo, ba fumanang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro marang-rang ba ka fapana haholo le ba e fumanang haeba inthanete e ka fumaneha ke motho e mong le e mong. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, haeba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li tloaelehile moetlong, ts'ebeliso ea eona e kanna ea boleloa ke mefuta e fapaneng haholo ho feta ha e nkoa e kheloha.
Tšebeliso ea Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo a Bacha
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le tlhahlobo ea rona ea baatlelete ba ts'ebeliso ea thobalano ea bacha lilemong tsa bocha, Karolong ena re boetse re tlaleha liphetho tsa lihlahlobo tsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali. Joalokaha ho entsoe pejana, re tlaleha sephetho ho tsoa mehlala e nang le mefuta e 'meli feela ea meralo ea bolelele ha ho kenyelletsoa litlamorao tsa ho ikatisa.
Boitšoaro ba Thobalano
Mabapi le maikutlo a thobalano, lipatlisiso li shebile mefuta e 'meli ea maikutlo: litumelo tse lumellehang tsa thobalano le litumelo tsa bong ba bong bo fapaneng. Re sebelisa poleloana maikutlo a lumellang a thobalano e le selelekela bakeng sa maikutlo a nepahetseng ka ho kopanela liphate le balekane ba sa batleng, hangata maemong a sa kopaneng kapa ka ntle ho likamano tsa lerato. Ka har'a lingoliloeng, maikutlo a lumelloang ka thobalano a hlahlojoe ka mehato e kang menahano e se nang thobalano (Lo et al., 1999), maikutlo a bohlokoa mabapi le thobalano (Peter & Valkenburg, 2010b), Maikutlo mabapi le tlhahlobo e sa reroang ea thobalano (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008b), Kapa maikutlo mabapi le boits'oaro bo lumellang thobalano (Lo & Wei, 2005). Kotara litumelo tsa bong e bua ka litumelo tseo ho tsona likhopolo tsa moetlo, tse sa fetoheng tsa likarolo tsa banna le basali hammoho le likamano tsa bong. Mehato ea lingoliloeng e kenyelletsa maikutlo a tsoelang pele a karolo ea bong (Brown & L'Engle, 2009), likhopolo tsa basali e le lintho tsa thobalano (Peter & Valkenburg, 2007, 2009a), litumelo tsa bong bo amanang le bong mabapi le ho se lekane ka matla likamanong tsa thobalano (To et al., 2012), le litumelo tse mabapi le tekano ea bong (Ho et al., 2015).
Boikutlo bo lumelletseng ba thobalano
Bopaki bo sa fetoheng bo hlahile hore ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amana le maikutlo a matla a ho lumella thobalano (Brown & L'Engle, 2009, ke bashanyana feela; Doornwaard, Bickham, et al., 2015, ke bashanyana feela; Lo et al., 1999; Lo & Wei, 2005; Peter & Valkenburg, 2006b, 2008b, 2010b; Ho isa al., 2015; Ho isa al., 2012). Bopaki bo bongata bo thehiloe lipatlisisong tse entsoeng ka methati (Lo et al., 1999; Lo & Wei, 2005; Peter & Valkenburg, 2006b, 2008b; Ho isa al., 2015; Ho isa al., 2012). Mefuta e mengata ea mekhatlo lithutong tse bohareng ba libaka e ne e tloha ho Cohen's d = 0.45 (Lo et al., 1999) ho d = 0.72 (Peter le Valkenburg, 2008b), ka karolelano ea d = 0.56 ho pholletsa le lithuto. Lithutong tsa longitudinal, boholo feela ba phello e nang le moelelo bo ka baloang e ne e le d = 0.39 (Peter le Valkenburg, 2010b). Bakeng sa tlhaloso ea liphetho tsena, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore kabo ea mefuta-futa lithutong hangata e bonts'a hore bacha ka karolelano ba tloaetse ho hana mekhoa e lumellang thobalano (Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Doornwaard, van den Eijnden, et al., 2015; Peter & Valkenburg, 2008b, 2010b; Ho isa al., 2012kapa ba ne ba sa khetholloe (Lo et al., 1999; Lo & Wei, 2005; Peter & Valkenburg, 2006b). Ha ho na lipatlisiso tse ileng tsa fumana hore, ka kakaretso, bacha ba buella menahano e lumelletsoeng ea thobalano.
Morero oa bobeli oa DSMM ke hore karabelo ea kutloisiso, maikutlo le thabo e fana ka maikutlo a kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea media le mefuta ea litekanyetso. Boithuto bo bong bo fumane hore nnete ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (Peter & Valkenburg, 2006b), haholo-holo boits'oaro ba eona ba sechaba bo hlalositsoeng (ke hore, ho tšoana le thobalano ea lefats'e ea nnete) le ts'ebeliso e nkuoang e le mohloli oa tlhaiso-leseling ea thobalano (Peter & Valkenburg, 2010b), e kopanetse kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete le maikutlo a lumellang. Ho ne ho boetse ho na le bopaki ba hore karabo ea bacha le e mafolofolo e hlalosang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (ke hore, karolo e akaretsang ea likarabo tsa 'mele, boithati, tlhalohanyo le boitšoaro mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete; To et al., 2012) karolo e itseng e amanang le kamano ena. Phello kapa boholo bo kopaneng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le basireletsi e ne e le ba Cohen's d = 0.52 (bakeng sa bonnete ba sechaba; Peter & Valkenburg, 2010b) ho d = 1.00 (Peter le Valkenburg, 2006b), ka karolelano ea d = 0.79. Kabo ea mefuta-futa lithutong tse peli e bonts'itse hore, ka karolelano, bacha ha ba bone litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le (sechabeng) kapa e le mohloli o sebetsang oa tlhaiso-leseling ea thobalano.
Tlhahiso ea boraro ea DSMM ke hore mefuta-futa, nts'etsopele, le maemo a sechaba ha li na ho bolela tšebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso feela empa le litekanyetso li ka lekana le maemo a sebelisang mecha ea phatlalatso e nahanang ho fetoha ha maemo. Ho fihla joale, baokameli ba kopano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le maikutlo a lumelloang ha ba e-so hlahlojoe khafetsa. Mabapi le thobalano ea likokoana-hloko (mookameli oa ho lahla lintho ho latela DSMM), Brown le L'Engle (2009) hammoho le Doornwaard, Bickham, et al. (2015) o fumane kamano e lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo a lumelloang ke thobalano bakeng sa bashanyana feela. Peter le Valkenburg (2010b), ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha a ka a nka karolo e phetang ea bacha ba botona le botšehali ba tlhaho ea bootsoa le boiphihlelo ba thobalano (mookameli oa ntlafatso). Ho isa al. (2015) e tlaleha hore kamano e teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete le maikutlo a lumelloang ka thobalano (ke ho re, likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse amanang le thobalano) li ne li le matla ha bacha ba buisana le batsoali ka ho feta ka thobalano 'me ba ikutloa ba le khatello e matla ea lithaka mabapi le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Mabapi le likamano tse teng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo a lumelloang a amehang (tlhahiso ea bone ho DSMM), bopaki bo haelloa. Boithuto bo boletsoeng pejana bo boletsoeng ke Peter le Valkenburg (2010b) le Doornwaard, Bickham, et al. (2015) o fumane hore, ha nako e ntse e ea, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete e ile ea bolela esale pele maikutlo a lumelloang, leha mekhoa e lumellang ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e sa bolele esale pele ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Litumela-khoela tsa bong ba motho le bong
Likarolo tse peli tse fapaneng (Peter & Valkenburg, 2007; Ho isa al., 2012) le lithuto tse peli tsa bolelele (Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Peter & Valkenburg, 2009a) li bontšitse hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bongoana e amana le litumelo tsa botona le botšehali tsa botona kapa botšehali. Phuputso ea boraro ea karolo e kholo e fumane hore kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete le litumelo tse akaretsang mabapi le tekano ea bong li ile tsa mpefala le ho feta ha bacha ba buisana khafetsa ka thobalano le batsoali ba bona. Leha ho le joalo, kamano e tobileng pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tekano ea bong e ne e le sieo thutong eo (Ho et al., 2015). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, thuto ea boraro ea bolelele ba nako ha ea ka ea fumana kamano lipakeng tsa bacha ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng le litumelo tse amanang le thobalano (Peter & Valkenburg, 2011b). Lithutong tse faneng ka lipalo-palo tsa lipalo tsa boholo ba phello, boholo ba litlamorao bo tsoa ho Cohen's d = 0.10 (Ho et al., 2015) ho d = 0.74 (Peter le Valkenburg, 2009a), e hlahisang Cohen's ea kakaretso d ea 0.42. Ho ajoa ha lintho tse fapaneng lithutong ho bontšitse hore bacha ka kakaretso ba ne ba sa kholoe litumelo tsa bong tsa bong.
Liphuputso tse peli li bonts'itse hore kamano ea pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha le lintho tse fapaneng tsa tlhahlobo e arotsoe (tlhahiso ea bobeli ea DSMM) ka karabo e ikhethang: Karabo e sebetsang le ea tumellano e re ho litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li arolelane kopano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete le litumelo tse fosahetseng ho Ho latela thuto ea al.2012). Ho rata litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho amme kamano ena ho Peter le Valkenburg (2009a) lipatlisiso. Boholo ba phello ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho rata litakatso tsa Peter le Valkenburg's (2009a) thuto e ne e le ea Cohen d = 1.21.
Bo-moderator ba neng ba ithutile (tlhahiso ea DSMM ea boraro) ba hlahisitse mekhatlo e sa lumellaneng ea phapang lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litumelo tse amanang le thobalano. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, thobalano ea bocha ea bacha (mookameli ea laoloang ke maemo) ha ea ka ea eketsa kapa ea fokotsa kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litumelo tse sa lumellaneng (Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Peter & Valkenburg, 2009a), kapa lilemo tsa bocha (moderator oa nts'etsopele) 2009a). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, puisano le batsoali ka litaba tsa thobalano (mookameli oa sechaba) e ne e bonahala e fana ka kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete le litumelo tse mabapi le tekano ea bong le ho feta (Ho et al., 2015).
Ha e le likamano tsa thekisetsano (tlhahiso ea bone ea DSMM), phuputso e le 'ngoe ea nako e telele e fumane bopaki ba likamano tsa khoebo lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete le litumelo tsa thobalano (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009a). Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete ha e bolele feela litumelo tse matla ho feta nako, empa litumelo tse mpe li supile ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete ha nako e ntse e feta (Cohen's d = 0.68). Kamano ena e ne e le matla haholo bakeng sa banna ho feta ea basali ba lilemong tsa bocha mme e ne e buelloa ke ho rata litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Ho Ikutloisisa ka Thobalano
Lithuto tse tharo tsa bolelele ba nako e telele le tse tharo li sebetsane le kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha le boits'oaro ba bona ba thobalano (ke hore, likarolo le mesebetsi e amanang le kholo ea boits'oaro ba thobalano). Bopaki bo bong bo hlahile hore ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng e amana le ho se ts'oanehe ho hoholo ka thobalano, ke hore, boemo boo bacha ba sa tsebeng letho ka litumelo le litekanyetso tsa bona tsa thobalano (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008b, 2010a), leha maemo a sa tsitsang a ne a le tlase ka karolelano. Meetso ea boholo e fapana pakeng tsa Cohen d = 0.32 thutong ea likarolo tse fapaneng (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008b) le d = 0.20 thutong ea bolelele (Peter & Valkenburg, 2010a). Phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane hore ts'ebeliso ea bongoana ea banna ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete e ne e hokahane, ka ho ikemela le ho ikhetholla litekanyetsong tsa ponahalo, ka tlhahlobo e kholo ea' mele (Cohen's d = 0.35; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2013a). Boiteko ba 'mele bo ne bo le tlase haholo ho feta har'a bashanyana thutong eo.
Boithuto bo boetse bo bontšitse hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa e amana, ka boholo ba phello ea Cohen's d = 0.62, ho tšoarella litabeng tsa thobalano (ke hore, ho ba le seabo se matla litabeng tsa thobalano, ka linako tse ling ho qheleloa mehopolo e meng; Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a), hammoho le litoro tsa botona le botšehali (To et al., 2012). Ka karolelano, boemo ba bocha ba thobalano bo ne bo le bobebe (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a), ha litoro tsa ho kopanela likobo li etsahetse khafetsa (Ho et al., 2012). Kamora nako, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e fumanoe e amahanngoa le ho se khotsofale ha thobalano ka nako e telele, Cohen's d = 0.24 (Wave 1 ho Wave 2) le 0.28 (Wave 1 ho Wave 3) (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009b), ha bacha ka kakaretso ba sa khotsofalle kapa ba sa khotsofalle bophelo ba bona ba thobalano. Ntle le matšoao a fapaneng a boithuto ba thobalano, boholo ba litlamorao e ne e le ba Cohen d = 0.28 ha mohopolo oa pele oa thobalano o ne o qheleloa ka thoko mme d = 0.35 ha ho kenyelletsoa thobalano ea thobalano.
Bonyane lingoloa tse 'nè li bontšitse hore kamano ea lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha le ho ikhola ka boyona ha e ea toba empa e mahareng (tlhahiso ea tse peli tsa DSMM). Ho et al.'s (2012) Boithuto bo bontšitse hore karabelo e sebetsang le e tšehetsang maikutlo ha e shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete e le karolo e kopanyang kopano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka ho kopanela liphate. Peter le Valkenburg (2008a) e bonts'itse hore takatso ea thobalano e kopantse kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete le boitšoaro ba thobalano, ka boholo ba Cohen's d = 1.28 lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano. Bangoli ba tšoanang ba fumane hape hore ho nka karolo litšoantšong tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho fetotse kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng le ho se ts'oanehe ka thobalano, Cohen's d = 1.09 (Peter le Valkenburg, 2010a). Leha ho le joalo, mekhoa ea basireletsi bana e bonts'itse hore, ka karolelano, bacha ba tlaleha hore ba ne ba sa tsosoe ka ho khetheha ka thobalano ke, kapa hona ho kenella litšoantšong tsa bootsoa. Qetellong, Vandenbosch le Eggermont (2013a) e bontšitse hore boitšepo ba bacha ba batona (bacha ba Cohen's) d = 0.32, ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro) le ho kenya likhopolo tsa bona kahare ho tsona (Cohen's d = 0.37, e sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro) e ile ea bontša kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete le leihlo la 'mele. Karolelano ea Cohen's d bakeng sa babuelli ba fapaneng e ne e le 0.77.
Bafuputsi ba tsepamisitse maikutlo ho thobalano ea tlhaho, boiphihlelo ba thobalano, le lilemo joalo ka batsamaisi ba kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho itšireletsa ka thobalano (tlhahiso ea boraro ea DSMM). Ha basali ba lilemong tsa bocha ba shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ba ile ba ameha haholo ka thepa eo ho feta bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha (Peter & Valkenburg, 2010a). Leha ho le joalo, kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete le ho nka thobalano, hammoho le tharollo ka ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano, e ne e ts'oana le ho bashanyana le banana ba lilemong tsa bocha (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a). Mabapi le boiphihlelo ba botona le botšehali (phapang e tsoelang pele), Peter le Valkenburg (2009b) e bonts'itse hore bacha ba se nang boiphihlelo kapa bo bobebe ba botona le botšehali, hammoho le ba neng ba bona hore metsoalle ea bona e se na boiphihlelo ba thobalano, ba ne ba sa khotsofalle bophelo ba bona ba thobalano ha ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse ngata tsa inthanete. Ha e le lilemo tsa bacha, likamano tsohle pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le boithuto ba botona le botšehali li ne li tšoana ho lihlopha tsa lilemo tse fapaneng.
Liphuputso tse tharo tsa bolelele ba nako li ile tsa batlisisa likamano tsa khoebo lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng le boithuto ba thobalano (tlhahiso ea DSMM ea bone) empa ha ba ka ba fumana bopaki bo lumellanang ba likamano tse joalo. Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete e boletse esale pele ho ba le thobalano e kholo, ho se ts'oanehe ho hoholo ka thobalano, le ho se khotsofale ho hoholo ka thobalano, empa ho ts'oenyeha ka thobalano kapa ho se ts'oanehe ka thobalano kapa ho se khotsofale ka thobalano ha ho bolele esale pele ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a, 2009b, 2010a).
Boitšoaro ba Thobalano
Patlisiso mabapi le tšebelisano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea bongoana ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boitšoaro ba bona ba thobalano li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse 'ne: (a) ho ba teng ha thobalano le boiphihlelo ka boits'oaro bo fapaneng ba thobalano; (b) boits'oaro ba ho itlosa bolutu ka thobalano (ka mantsoe, bo amanang le thobalano le boitšoaro ba thobalano ntle le boitlamo ba kamano); (c) Boitšoaro bo kotsi ba ho ba le thobalano (e leng, boitšoaro ba thobalano bo ka eketsang monyetla oa litlamorao tse seng ntle); le (d) ho pepeseha ha pefo le ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano.
Lithuto tse 'ne tsa bolelele ba nako (Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Cheng et al., 2014; Doornwaard, Bickham, et al., 2015; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2013b) le lithuto tse hlano tsa likarolo tsa motheo (Atwood et al., 2012; Bogale & Seme, 2014; Luder et al., 2011; Manaf et al., 2014; Mattebo et al., 2014) ba sebetsane le kamano e lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho hlaha ha thobalano le boiphihlelo ka boits'oaro bo fapaneng ba thobalano. Ka bobeli ba nako le nako e telele, ho hlahile bopaki ba hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa e amana le monyetla o phahameng oa ho ba le likamano tsa botona le botšehali (Atwood et al., 2012; Bogale & Seme, 2014; Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Manaf et al., 2014). Ka ho khetheha, ha bacha ba ne ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa, ba ne ba bonahala ba le menyetla ea ho qala ho etsa thobalano (Cheng et al., 2014; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2013b). Mokhatlo ona, leha ho le joalo, o ne o le matla ho banana ho feta bashanyana (Cheng et al., 2014) mme a hlaha feela har'a bacha lilemong tsa pele tsa ho pepa (Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2013b). Luder et al. (2011) ha a ka a fumana kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le qalo ea pele ea thobalano. Qetellong, bafuputsi ha baa ka ba fumana likamano tse lumellanang lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boiphihlelo bo boholo le litloaelo tse fapaneng tsa thobalano (Doornwaard, Bickham, et al., 2015; Mattebo et al., 2014). Lithutong tse mabapi le ho hlaha hoa likamano tsa botona le botšehali, boholo ba bacha, ba pakeng tsa 12 ho isa 24, ha ba na thobalano. Meetso e boholo e ka balwa bakeng sa lithuto tse peli feela, ka Cohen's d = .35 ho Atwood et al.'s (2012) ho ithuta le ho Cohen's d = 0.45 ho Bogale le Seme (2014), e hlahisang boholo ba phello ea d = 0.40.
Mabapi le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho itlosa bolutu ka ho kopanela liphate, phuputso e 'ngoe ea batho ba Taiwan e telele (Cheng et al., 2014) le lithuto tse tharo tse mabapi le likarolo tsa bocha li bonts'a hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bongoana e ne e amana le boiphihlelo bo fetang bo amanang le boits'oaro ba ho itlosa bolutu ka thobalano, bobeli ba Taiwan (Lo et al. 1999; Lo & Wei, 2005) le Sweden (Mattebo et al., 2014). Bacha ba bangata ba ne ba se na boiphihlelo ba ho itlosa bolutu ka ho kopanela likobo. Meetso e boholo e ka balwa bakeng sa lithuto tse peli feela tse bohareng tsa Taiwan, tse hlahisang boholo ba phello ea Cohen's d = 0.55.
Bopaki ba kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha lilemong le boitšoaro bo botle ba thobalano bo kopantsoe. Lithuto tse peli tse arohaneng li fumane likamano tse ntle lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le boitšoaro bo botle ba thobalano. Mohlala, Luder et al. (2011) o fumane hore banna ba lilemong tsa bocha ba neng ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa ba ne ba na le monyetla oa hore ba se ke ba sebelisa likhohlopo nakong ea thobalano ea bona ea ho qetela, empa ho ne ho se joalo ho basali ba lilemong tsa bocha. Van Ouytsel, Ponnet, le Walrave (2014) ho tlaleha kamano e lipakeng tsa tšebeliso e litšila ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa le ho romella melaetsa ea litšoantšo tse litšila ka marang-rang (ka mantsoe a mang, ho romelloa ha litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano kapa livideo tsa eona. Leha ho le joalo, lithutong tsa bona tse telele tsa boithuto Peter le Valkenburg (2011c) ha a fumana setsoalle pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea thobalano ea bacha le thobalano e sa sireletsehang. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho Luder et al.'s (2011) thuto e nang le likarolo tse ngata, tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e sa amane le palo e phahameng ea balekane ba thobalano le likamano tsa thobalano tsa pele pele ho lilemo tsa 15. Ka nako eohle lithutong, boholo ba bacha ha bo a ka ba kopanela liketsong tse ka behang batho kotsing ea ho ba le thobalano, leha litekanyetso tsa ho hlaha li ne li fapana haholo lithutong.
Mabapi le ts'ebetso ea pefo ea thobalano, tšebeliso ea limakasine tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le metlae li fumanoe li amahanngoa le ho hlekefetsa ka thobalano le lithaka kapa ho qobella motho ho etsa thobalano thutong ea boqhetseke har'a bacha ba Italy, ha a ntse a shebella lifilimi le livideo tsa bootsoa e ne e se (Bonino et al., 2006). Likamano tsa botona le botšehali le lilemo li ne li laoloa bakeng sa. Thutong ea bolelele ba Amerika (Brown & L'Engle, 2009), ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano ka lifilimi, limakasine le likhomphutha li ne li hokahanngoa le bashanyana, le litšila tsa tlhekefetso ka thobalano (mohlala, ho ama kapa ho ikotla sefuba khahlanong le ngoana eo a kenang sekolo le eena ka tsela ea thobalano, Boitšoaro ba mantlha, lilemo, morabe, boemo ba boiketlo ba sechaba, thuto ea botsoali, phetoho ea bongaka ba maikutlo le takatso ea maikutlo li ne li laoloa bakeng sa.
Phuputsong e 'ngoe e nkileng nako e telele ea Amerika (Ybarra et al., 2011), ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e amana le ts'ebetso ea tlhaselo ea thobalano, ka motho le theknoloji, athe tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka kakaretso e ne e se eona e laolang palo ea batho, tlhaselo e akaretsang, ts'ebeliso ea theknoloji, matšoao a kelello, tlhaselo, 'nete, ho ba mong ha a ntse a araba. Ts'ebeliso ea bacha ba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e ile ea sebelisoa e le ho bona filimi e lekantsoeng le X, makasineng kapa Webosaeteng "motho ea utloisoang bohloko ke motho e mong ha ba ntse ba etsa ho hong ka thobalano" (Ybarra et al., 2011, leq. 5). Ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano ho motho ka mong ho ile ha etsoa ts'ebetso ea ho aka, ho ama, kapa ho etsa "thobalano le motho e mong ha motho eo a sa batle ho etsa joalo" (Ybarra et al., 2011, leq. 5). Ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano ho thehiloeng theknoloji ho ile ha sebetsoa ka lintho tse kang ho kopa "mang kapa mang ho etsa ho hong ka thobalano marang-rang ha motho e mong a sa batle ho etsa joalo" le ho romella "molaetsa oa foto o neng o etsa thobalano ka tsela eo motho eo a neng a sa batle ho e amohele ”(Ybarra et al., 2011, leq. 5). Ketsahalo ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano e neng e le teng pakeng tsa 60% leqhubu la bobeli ho Brown le L'Engle's (2009) ho ithuta le 4% lithutong ke Bonino et al. (2006) le Ybarra et al. (2011). Thutong e entsoeng ke Ybarra et al. (2011), ka karolelano ea boholo ba 3% ea bacha ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Motheong oa litokomane lithutong, boholo ba sephetho bo se nang palo bo ne bo ke ke ba baloa.
Lithuto tse tharo tse mabapi le maemo a marang-rang le tsona li fumane hore (tlhekefetso ea thobalano) e ne e amana le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Phuputso e entsoeng Ethiopia (Bekele et al., 2011) o bonts'itse kamano e matla lipalo pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea baithuti ba basali ba lifilimi tsa bootsoa le tlhaselo ea bona ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano (r = 0.61, ea Cohen d = 1.54). Mokhatlo ona o ne o boetse o le bohlokoa bakeng sa liphallelo tse fapaneng tsa lenane la tlhekefetso ea thobalano (ke hore, ho ba phofu ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano, tlhekefetso ea thobalano, khatello ea thobalano le tlhekefetso ea thobalano). Moelelong oa boholo ba phello e matla, hoa hlokomeleha hore "Lifilimi tse shebelloang tsa bootsoa tse hatelloang ke motsoalle e motona oa sekolo" e ne e le ntho e neng e le sekala sa tlolo ea molao ea thobalano, joalo ka "Ke bile le likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka lebaka la ho shebella filimi ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa" ho tekanyo ea khatello ea thobalano (Bekele et al., 2011, maq. 614-615). Tumellanong le thuto e tsoang Ethiopia, thuto e sa tsoa boleloa e tsoang Italy le eona e bontšitse hore bacha ba basali ba shebileng limakasine tsa bootsoa le livideo hangata ba ka ba makhopho a tlhekefetso ea thobalano (Bonino et al., 2006). Leha ho le joalo, e ntse e sa hlaka hore na lits'oants'o tse amehang ke eng (bona Lethathamo la 4 ho Bonino et al., 2006, leq. 282) li ne li le li-multivariate li bile li laoloa bakeng sa lilemo (joalo ka ha ho fanoa ka sengoloa ho p. 281). Ho bala limakasine tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le metlae ho ne ho sa amane le ho ba mohlaseluoa oa pefo ea thobalano (Bonino et al., 2006). Kamora nako, thutong e entsoeng China, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e hokahane le polyvictimization e kholo (ke hore, mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea tlhekefetso le ho se tsotelle, ho kenyelletsa le ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano) har'a bacha le banna le basali (Dong et al., 2013).
Tekanyetso ea tlhaselo e fapana pakeng tsa lithuto: 8% ea bacha ba basali thutong ke Bonino et al. (2006) e tlaleha hore e kile ea hlekefetsoa ka thobalano ke lithaka, 'me 10% ea banana bao ba tlaleha hore ba qobelletsoe ho etsa thobalano. Thutong e entsoeng ke Dong et al. (2013), 17% e bile le tsebo ea polyvictimization, ha 68% ea bacha ba basali thutong e entsoeng ke Bekele et al. (2011) ba bile le maemo a bonyane a tlhekefetso ea thobalano bophelo bohle ba bona.
Ha ho le e 'ngoe ea lithuto tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sebelisoang ke bacha le boits'oaro ba bona ba thobalano tse ithutileng babuelli (tlhahiso ea DSMM ea bobeli). Ha e le baokameli (tlhahiso ea boraro ea DSMM), bopaki bo fumanehang bo bontša hore kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tlhekefetso ea thobalano e ka ba matla har'a bashanyana ho feta banana (Brown & L'Engle, 2009). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, kamano e lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano le tlhekefetso ea thobalano e bontšitsoe haholo hara banana (Bekele et al., 2011; Bonino et al., 2006). Kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho qala thobalano e ne e le matla ho banana ho feta bashanyana (Cheng et al., 2014). Mokhatlo ona o ne o boetse o lekantsoe ke kholo ea bokhachane: Har'a ba neng ba le qalong ea ho hola ha bokhachane, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e amana le monyetla o moholo oa ho qala thobalano. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, har'a ba neng ba le sethaleng hamorao, ho ne ho amana le monyetla o tlase oa ho etsa joalo (Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2013b). Bonyane thutong e le 'ngoe kamano e teng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate bo hlahile feela ho bacha ba basali (Cheng et al., 2014). Likamano tsa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho hlaha ha boitsoaro bo bong ba thobalano (tlhahiso ea tse 'ne tsa DSMM) li ile tsa hlahlojoa feela ke Vandenbosch le Eggermont (2013b) le Doornwaard, Bickham, et al. (2015), ea sa kang a fumana bopaki ba hore boitšoaro ba thobalano bo ka ama tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Qeto: Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li amana le maikutlo a thobalano le boitsoaro bo bong ba thobalano, empa ho hloka toka ha ho phoso
Ka kakaretso, lipatlisiso tse seng li ntse li le teng li hlahisitse bopaki bo sa fetoheng ba hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha e amana le maikutlo a bona a thobalano. Ho hlahile bopaki bo matla mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo bobe le mekhoa e matla ea ho kopanela liphate e neng e le teng, ho ea ka Cohen's (1988) litekanyetso, bohareng ba lithuto tsa sefapano. Leha ho le joalo, palo ea bacha lilemong tsa bocha e nang le maikutlo a boitšoaro bo lumelloang e ne e le tlase ka kakaretso. Ka lebaka leo, ho bonahala ho loketse haholo ho bua ka setsoalle pakeng tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa le litekanyetso tse bobebe (ho fapana le ho lumella) likamano tsa botona le botšehali.
Mabapi le kamano e teng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litumelo tse matla tsa bong ba botona kapa botšehali, bopaki bo bonahala bo bontša hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha e amana le litumelo tsa thobalano tse sa tsoeleng pele (tse bonts'ang mantsoe a nepahetseng ho feta a fanoeng ke lipehelo tsa tsona tse fapaneng). Leha ho le joalo, boholo ba kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa le litumelo tse eketsehileng tsa botona le botšehali li ne li nyane. Ka lebaka la liphetho tse sa lumellaneng ka ho felletseng tsa lipatlisiso le boholo bo bonyenyane ba likamano, kamano e teng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le litumelo tse matla tsa botona kapa botšehali tsa botona le botšehali ka lebaka lena li lokeloa ke tlhokomelo e eketsehileng lithutong tse tlang.
Boithuto bo bong bo fana ka maikutlo a hore kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le maikutlo a lumelloang ka thobalano le litumelo tse amanang le bong ke tsona bo pakeng tsa maikutlo le maikutlo a karabelo. Le ha ho le joalo, bopaki bo eketsehang bo ntse bo haella hobane baemeli ba fapaneng ba fapana ka maikutlo. Ho fihla joale, lipatlisiso ha li e-so fumane bopaki bo lumellanang ba li-moderators (mohlala, thobalano ea tlhaho) ea kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le litumelo tse lumellehang tsa thobalano. Le ha lintho tse etsahalang nts'etsopele (mohlala, lilemo) li sa bonahale li lekana kamano, bopaki bo bong ba pele (bo sa kopaneng) bo hlahile hore lintho tse fapaneng tsa kahisano, joalo ka puisano ea motsoali mabapi le thobalano, li ka bapala karolo. Ho ne ho se na bopaki bo bongata ba litla-morao tse pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha lilemong le maikutlo a lumelloang ke thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane litlamorao lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litumelo tsa bong.
Liphuputso tse seng li le teng li supa setsoalle lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha le mehopolo e fapaneng e amanang le boits'ebetso ba thobalano ba bacha, empa bopaki bo bokellaneng ha bo so thehoe: Boholo ba liphuputso li ipapisitse le litlhahlobo tsa sampole e tšoanang (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008b, 2009b, 2010a), mme likhopolo tse ithutoang li ntse li fapane. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, liqeto mabapi le karabelo e bolelang hantle feela kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boits'oaro ba thobalano ha li khonehe: Halofo ea sephetho e ne e ipapisitse le sampole e tšoanang (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a, 2010a), mme bopaki ba karabelo ea kelello bo re e le babuelli bo ntse bo haella. Ha ho na bopaki bo ts'oanang bo hlahang mabapi le hore na kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le ho ikatisa ka tsa thobalano e ne e le matla ho bacha ba batona kapa ba batšehali. Ntle le moo, le ha patlisiso e 'ngoe e fumane hore boiphihlelo ba bacha ba thobalano bo fokolitse matla a kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka thobalano, lilemo ha lia ka tsa fumaneha hore li lekane. Ha ho na bopaki ba litlamorao tsa liphetoho.
Boholo, lithuto tseo re li hlahlobileng li ne li supa hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bongoana e ne e amana le ho ba teng thobalanong, boiphihlelo bo fetang bo amanang le ho itlosa bolutu ka ho kopanela liphate, le monyetla o moholo oa ho etsa bohlola le ho ba le bo bona, haholoholo hara bacha lilemong. Ha ho na bopaki ba hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa e amahanngoa le boiphihlelo bo boholo le litloaelo tse fapaneng tsa thobalano. Ntle le moo, bopaki bo sa fetoheng, bo matla le bo eketsehang ba kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano bo nyopa.
Patlisiso ha e a ka ea fana ka leseli ho bafani ba kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha le boitšoaro ba bona ba thobalano, ebile ha ho na bopaki ba litlamorao tsa liphetoho. Kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea botona le botšehali e matla ho bashanyana, athe lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano le tlhekefetso ea thobalano e bonts'itsoe haholo ho banana. Kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho qala thobalano e ne e le matla ho banana le bacha lilemong tsa bocha tsa phatlalatso. Banana ba boetse ba bonts'A kamano e matla lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate thutong e le ngoe. Leha ho le joalo, ka kakaretso tsebo ea rona ka baokameli ba kopano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boitšoaro ba thobalano e ntse e fapana ebile e haelloa ke moelelo oa boits'oaro.
Liphetho mabapi le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha lilemong tsa bocha le boitšoaro ba bona ba thobalano li lokela ho bonoa molemong oa likhebo tse latelang: Taba ea pele, boholo ba litlamorao tsa kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho ba teng ha likamano tsa botona le botšehali le boiphihlelo ba ho itlosa bolutu ka tsa thobalano e ne e le nyane ebile e le bohareng. . Leha ho le joalo, ho baloa ha boholo ba litlamorao ho ne ho thehiloe ho lithuto tse fokolang feela tse fanang ka lipalo tse hlokahalang. Boholo ba litlamorao bo hlahisa feela tekanyo ea pele e boima, e sa phethehang. Ea bobeli, ka karolelano bacha ba ne ba sa kopanele hangata likamano tsa botona le botšehali kapa tsa ho itlosa bolutu ka tsa thobalano. Sena se bolela hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bongoana e ne e amana le sekhahla se tlase sa boitšoaro bona ho fapana le ketsahalo ea bona e kholo. Taba ea boraro, lipalo tsa ho hlohlelletsoa ha mabifi le ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano li fapane haholo lithutong. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e hloka ho sebetsa ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho litlhaloso tse hlakileng tsa ts'ebetso le tlhekefetso ka tsa thobalano. Taba ea bone, le ha mekhatlo eohle e fumanehang lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bongoana le boits'oaro ba thobalano e ka una molemo tseleng e rarahaneng haholoanyane ea mohopolo le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, sena se hlokahala haholo kamanong lipakeng tsa bootsoa le pefo ea thobalano. Mehato e sebelisitsoeng ho ithuta mokhatlo ona e ne e fapane hole, 'me re hloka ho tseba haholoanyane hore na ke litšoaneleho life tsa bootsoa tse amanang le ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano, e leng tse sa lokelang ho hlalosa mokhatlo ona ka botlalo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, re hloka ho tseba haholoanyane ka lits'ebetso tse tlisitseng kamano pakeng tsa thobalano le tlhekefetso ea thobalano ho utloisisa hantle hore na hobaneng kamano ena e fumanoe ka har'a lingoliloeng.
Ho bapisoa le lintho tse fumanoeng ho tsoa ho lipatlisiso tsa Qualitative
Tse 'maloa tsa lipatlisiso tse mabapi le tšebeliso ea bongoana ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tsona li rarollotsoe lipatlisisong tse mabapi le tšoaneleho mabapi le taba ena. Mohlala, joalo ka lipatlisiso tsa bongata, lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ka boleng li bontšitse hore bacha ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka boomo le ka boomo (Cameron et al., 2005; Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho na le bopaki bo sa fetoheng lipatlisisong tse nang le bokhoni ba hore bacha ba banna ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa ho feta kamoo bacha ba basali ba etsang (Cameron et al., 2005; Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010). Patlisiso ea boleng bo holimo e boetse e hlahisitse mabaka a phapang ena ea thobalano ts'ebelisong ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ha ho bapisoa le banana, bashanyana ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa ka lebaka la bohelehele, bakeng sa ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano (Abiala & Hernwall, 2013; Arrington-Sanders et al., 2015; Cameron et al., 2005; Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010), le bakeng sa boithabiso (Rothman et al., 2015). Bashemane le bona ba bonahala ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa bakeng sa seo Lofgren-Mårtenson le Månsson (2010) ba bitsitse "likamano tsa botona le botšehali," ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hammoho le bashanyana ba bang. Le ha bashanyana hangata ba nyatsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, banana ba tenoa haholo ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: Hangata ba e fumana e le bohlanya ebile e tebile (Cameron et al., 2005) 'me u e atamele ho tloha ntlheng e mpe (Abiala & Hernwall, 2013; Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010).
Le ha lipatlisiso tsa boleng li ne li sa fane ka tlhaiso-leseling e batsi mabapi le baatlelete ba bang (mohlala, nts'etsopele kapa boiketlo ba batho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa), e ile ea fana ka leseli litabeng tse peli tseo lithuto tsa bongata bo sa li hlokeng ho fihlela joale. Pele, e ile ea supa ka botlalo mesebetsi ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bakeng sa bacha ba seng lenyalong. Mohlala, phuputso ea morao-rao ea Amerika e fumane hore bacha ba batšo ba batšo ba bong bo ts'oanang ba bong bo ts'oanang ba sebelisitse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho hlahloba boits'oaro ba bona ka thobalano le ho bona hore na ba ikemiselitse ho kopanela liphate joang (Arrington-Sanders et al., 2015). Taba ea bobeli, lipatlisiso tse nang le bokhoni li ithutile litaba tse ikhethang tsa bootsoa tseo bacha ba li khethang. Mohlala, bacha ba litoropo, ba fumanang chelete e tlase, Bacha le batho ba Spain ba ne ba lula ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse bonts'anang likamano tsa botona le botšehali, empa ba bile ba kopana le mefuta e fetelletseng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, tse kang ho tlotlolla sechaba, ho robala litlamong le botlamuoa le bukkake (Rothman et al ., 2015).
Boithuto ba boleng bo boetse bo buile ka kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litumelo tse amanang le thobalano. Ka mohlala, lithuto tse peli tsa Sweden li bontšitse hore bacha le basali ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ne ba nyatsa setšoantšo se sa lekanang sa banna le basali litšoantšong tsa bootsoa (Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010), le banna ba hlahisoa e le ba phahameng le basali e le ba ka tlaasana (Mattebo et al., 2012). Ha u qala ho bona, liphetho tsena li bonahala li sa lumellane le se fumanoeng lithutong tse ngata tseo litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li li sebelisang li amana le litumelo tse matla tsa thobalano tse amanang le bong (Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Peter & Valkenburg, 2007, 2009a; Ho isa al., 2012). Leha ho le joalo, lithutong tsohle tsa bongata, bacha ba ne ba tšoere, ka karolelano, litumelo tse tsoelang pele mabapi le likarolo tsa bong. Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa e kanna ea amana le litumelo tse amanang le bong ka kutloisiso ea hore li fokolisa litumelo tse tsoelang pele ka bong, bonyane ha bacha ba ithuta ho rata thepa eo (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009a). Ho ntse ho le joalo, potso ea bohlokoa bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang e tla ba hore na maikutlo a tebileng mabapi le likamano tsa botona le botšehali a ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa a ka fokotsa kamano e teng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le litabatabelo tsa bong.
Mabapi le nts'etsopele ea thobalano ea bacha, lithuto tsa boleng li supile ho se ts'oane ho itseng ka tsela eo bacha ba shebang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka eona (Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010; Mattebo et al., 2012). Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba tlaleha ho hlasimoloha ho hoholo ha botona le botšehali, 'me bacha ba batona ba hlalositse maikutlo a monate le a fosahetseng litšoantšong tsa bootsoa (Mattebo et al., 2012). Pherekano ena ka mokhoa o ts'oanang e tsamaellana le ho se ts'oanehe ka thobalano ho hokahantsoeng le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho sebelisoa lithuto tsa bongata (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008b, 2010a). Bokhoni boo bacha ba bo utloang ha ba tobane le litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso bo ka fetolela ho se tšepe seo ba se utloang le seo ba se batlang thobalanong. Ho ne ho se na phapang e fetang pakeng tsa lithuto tse fokotsang le tsa maemo a holimo lithutong tse ling tsa bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha. Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tse ling tsa boleng li fumane hore, ha basali ba lilemong tsa bocha ba basali, haholoholo, ba ne ba nyatsa litabatabelo tsa mmele tse sa fumaneheng tse hlahang litšoantšong tsa bootsoa (Mattebo et al., 2012), Ba boetse ba lumela ho susumetsoa ke likhopolo tsena (Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010), o li nkile e le mohloli oa tlhaiso-leseling ea thobalano (Kinsman et al., 2000), hape ka kakaretso o ile a ikutloa a hatelloa ke melaetsa ea thobalano ho litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Mattebo et al., 2012).
Mabapi le kamano e teng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boitšoaro ba thobalano, lithuto tsa morao-rao tse nang le boiphihlelo li bontšitse hore bacha ba ka ithuta mangolo a ts'ebetso ea thobalano kapa mekhoa ea thobalano ho tsoa litšoantšong tsa bootsoa (Lavoie et al., 2000; Ke Marston le Lewis, 2014), le bacha ba bang ba etsisa seo ba se bonang litšoantšong tsa bootsoa (Arrington-Sanders et al., 2015; Rothman et al., 2015). Liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a kamano e itseng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boits'oaro ba thobalano, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke lithuto tse ngata (mohlala, Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2013b), hape re supa sengoloa sa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le moralo oa litšupiso tsa thobalano (Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010). Ka ho khetheha, bacha ba bang ba shebahala ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse ts'oanang e le "buka ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali" (Arrington-Sanders et al., 2015), mohlala, ho ithuta ka litho tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali, maemo a thobalano, likarolo tsa thobalano, le ts'ebetso ea mekhoa e itseng ea thobalano, le kamoo o lokelang ho itshwara ka nako ya thobalano (Arrington-Sanders et al., 2015; Rothman et al., 2015). Phuputsong ea Canada, banana ba lilemong tsa bocha le bona ba bontšitse hore bashanyana ba ka ithuta ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano ho tsoa litšoantšong tsa bootsoa, tseo bashanyana ba bang ba neng ba bonahala ba lumellana le tsona (Lavoie et al., 2000). Ha bankakarolo lipatlisisong tsa Sweden ba ne ba hatella hore ba khona ho khetholla lipale tse iqapetsoeng tsa bootsoa le 'nete ea thobalano, ka linako tse ling ba ne ba nka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le mohloli o tšepahalang oa tlhaiso-leseling (Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010).
Liphuputso tsena li kopana le lipatlisiso tse ngata tse bonts'itseng bonnete (Peter & Valkenburg, 2006b), mme haholo-holo tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le mohloli oa tlhaiso-leseling ea thobalano (Peter & Valkenburg, 2010b), e ka hlalosa hore na hobaneng tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amana le maikutlo a lumelloang ke thobalano. Lithutong tsena tse ngata, ka kakaretso bacha ba ne ba sa bone litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le ntho ea sebele. Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa ho ile ha etsa hore ba bone hore boitsebiso bona “ha bo na kelello,” 'me bo ne bo amana le maikutlo a lumelloang ka ho kopanela liphate. Ho tebisa kutloisiso ea rona ea karolo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa joalo ka mohloli oa tlhaiso-leseling ea thobalano, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li tla tlameha ho sebetsana le maemo ao ka ona mefuta e ikhethang ea bacha e sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ithuta ka thobalano le thobalano.
Ka kakaretso, leha patlisiso e ngata le e nepahetseng litabeng tsa bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li fapana ka sepheo se ikhethang sa lipatlisiso, liphetho tsa bona hangata lia lumellana kapa lia tlatsana ho fapana le ho hanyetsana. Maemong a 'maloa, papiso ea lipatlisiso ho tsoa lipatlisisong tse ngata le tsa boleng le tsona li hlahisa lipotso tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang. Ntho ea bohlokoa haholo e tla ba ho supa maemo ao likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka thobalano le boits'oaro ba botona le botšehali, boithuto, le boits'oaro li le kholo kapa li nyane, hammoho le mefuta ea bacha bao likamano tsa bona li fapaneng ka ho fetesisa.
Teko ea Bohlokoa ea Liphetho
Tlhahlobo ea rona ea lilemo tse 20 tse fetileng tsa lipatlisiso mabapi le bacha le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e bontšitse hore bacha ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa leha bongata ba bongata bo fapana haholo. Basebelisi ba lilemong tsa bocha ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata ke banna, bacha ba batlang maikutlo ba le boemong bo phahameng haholo ba likamano tsa malapa tse fokolang kapa tse nang le mathata. Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amahanngoa le maikutlo a ho lumella thobalano le litumelo tse matla tsa ho kopanela liphate. Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa bacha e amana hape le ketsahalo ea thobalano, boiphihlelo bo boholo ba boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano, le tlhekefetso e fetang ea thobalano, ka bobeli ba tlhekefetso le tlhekefetso. Ho fapana le tlhahlobo ea pejana ea sehlooho (Owens et al., 2012), tlhahlobo ea rona ea maikutlo e fana ka maikutlo a hore, hajoale, ho na le bopaki bo eketsehileng bo ntseng bo eketseha bo mabapi le tšebeliso ea bongoana ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le kamano ea eona le maikutlo le boitšoaro ba thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, bopaki bona e ntse e le ba pele, kaha bo hloka ho hlalosoa maemong a bonyane liphoso tse 'ne le khethollo tse ling tse' ne tse fumanehang ka har'a lingoliloeng.
Mefokolo
Tlokotsi ea pele ho lingoliloeng tse mabapi le bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e bua ka ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Joalokaha ho bonahala ho tloha Lethathamo 1, bafuputsi ba sebelisitse litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka litsela tse fapaneng, e leng se etsang hore ho be thata ho bapisa se fumanoeng. Ts'ebetso e ea fapana, ka mohlala, ka mefuta ea ts'ebeliso (ke hore, ka boomo, ka boomo, ts'ebeliso efe kapa efe); nako eo tšebeliso ea eona e hlahlojoang (mohlala, matsatsi a 30 a fetileng, likhoeli tse tšeletseng tse fetileng, selemo se fetileng, le ka mohla o le mong); hore na ho shebiloe litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse thehiloeng inthaneteng kapa mefuta e meng; le hore na nagaBoholo ba letsoele bo kenyelelitsoe tekong ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa haufi le lintho tse hlakileng haholoanyane (mohlala, Lo et al., 1999; Van Ouytsel et al., 2014; Ybarra et al., 2011). Ka hona, re hloka mehato e hloahloa e netefalitsoeng ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka mokhoa o nepahetseng, mehato e joalo e lekantsoe, empa ha ho fanoa ka phapang ea litekanyetso tsa setso tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le thobalano, ho hongata ho fumanoa ha mehato e bapisoa litsong tse fapaneng. Maemong ana, ho tla ba bohlokoa hape ho ela hloko ts'ebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea bacha ea ho kena inthaneteng ka mehala.
Ha u rala le ho netefatsa mehato e joalo ho tla ba bohlokoa ho leka ho lekola hape hore na bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba pepesetsoa eng ha ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Owens et al. (2012) re se re bontšitse hore ha re tsebe letho ka seo bacha ba kopanang le sona ha ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lilemo tse 'maloa hamorao, re bona hore makasine ona o ntse o sa rarolloe. Hajoale, rea tseba ho tsoa ho phuputso e le 'ngoe feela e loketseng ea hore bacha ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka kakaretso le mefuta e fetelletseng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Rothman et al., 2015). Ybarra et al.'s (2011) Ho ithuta, leha ho le joalo, ho bontšitse phapang ena ho bohlokoa: Pefo ea thobalano e ne e amana feela le ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Ke feela ha ho etsoa lipatlisiso tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tseo bacha ba li sebelisang re ka utloisisang hore na ke hobaneng ha bacha ba hoheloa kapa ba hoheloa ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le hore na li amana joang le maikutlo a bona a thobalano, boithuto ba bona le boits'oaro ba bona.
Phoso ea bobeli e bua ka palo e phahameng ea meralo ea likarolo tse fapaneng lebaleng. Le ha ho le joalo, ka kakaretso, lipatlisiso tse ngata li bonahala li tiile ho latela mokhoa oa phuputso le tsamaiso hammoho le litekanyetso le litekanyetso tsa karabelo, taolo ea meralo ea likarolo tse fapaneng e thibela liqoso tse mabapi le likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo a thobalano, ho itšireletsa le boitšoaro. . Le ha palo e ntseng e eketseha ea meralo ea bolelele e eketsa mokhoa o thata ho lingoliloeng, meralo e joalo ha e rarolle bothata bona. Ha re na feela bopaki bo tšehetsang bo tsoang lithutong tsa liteko, empa hape re hloka ho ela hloko ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng ho laola mefuta-futa tlhahlobisong ea lipalo hobane ho meralo ea bolelele ba nako mekhatlo e bohata e kanna ea khoneha ka lebaka la kamano ea boithuto. Boholo ba lithuto tsa bolelele ba nako bo kenyelletsa litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo 'me lithuto tse ling li kenyelletsa tse ling tsa taolo ea taolo (bona, leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobisiso ea morao-rao ea litlamorao ho Hamaker, Kuiper, & Grasman, 2015). Hangata, ts'ebeliso ea mefuta-futa ea taolo e bonahala e tataisoa ke ho nahanisisa ka ho khetheha le ho fumaneha ha lintho tse fapaneng ho fapana le ho fetoloa ka maikutlo le maikutlo a matla. Ho feta moo, ke liphuputso tse 'maloa feela ho fihlela joale tse nkileng lintho tsa bohlokoa tse fapaneng tsa bohlokoa tse kang lithahasello tsa thobalano / ho khanna le phetiso ea mafu, joalo ka taolo e fapaneng. Mefuta ea likokoana-hloko, e kang maemo a testosterone kapa cortisol, le eona ha li ithutoe seoelo. Ka lebaka la likhechana tsena tsa bohlokoa, ho bonahala eka ha ho na nako ea ho fetolela likamano tse thehiloeng tlhahlobisong ena molemong oa hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e baka liphetoho mekhoeng ea thobalano, boithuto le boitšepo.
Phoso ea boraro ea bohlokoa lipatlisisong tsa hajoale tse sitisang kutloisiso e tebileng ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha le litlamorao tsa eona ke ho haelloa ke pono e tsoetseng pele ea thuto. Re hlophisitse lingoliloeng hammoho le litlhahiso tsa mofuta oa morao-rao o kopaneng ho tsoa lipatlisisong tsa litlamorao tsa media, DSMM (Valkenburg & Peter, 2013). Ka mofuta ona, re lekile ho hlophisa lintho tse boletsoeng esale pele ka tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, hammoho le mekhoa le lisosa tsa mekhatlo ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le likamano tsa batho ba bang. Tumellanong le tlhahiso ea pele ea DSMM, re bonts'itse mefuta e fapaneng ea phatlalatso ea ts'ebeliso ea litsoantso, nts'etsopele le boiketlo ba sechaba. Leha ho le joalo, bopaki ba lisosa tsa ts'ebetso (tlhahiso ea bobeli ea DSMM) le baokameli ba mekhatlo ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (tlhahiso ea boraro ea DSMM) mme haholo likamano tsa ts'ebelisano (tlhahiso ea bone ea DSMM) li ile tsa lula li haella mme, haeba li le teng, ha li lumellane. Patlisiso e fane ka leseli la pele ho karabo ea kelello, maikutlo le thabo e bolelang hore kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le maikutlo a lumellang, litumelo tsa botona le botšehali tsa botona le botšehali, le boithuto ba botona le botšehali. Leha ho le joalo, re haelloa ke tsebo e akaretsang mabapi le likarabo tsena tse tsoang lipatlisisong tse ngata kapa phetisetso, e entsoeng maemong a fapaneng a setso le ke bafuputsi ba fapaneng ho fumana kutloisiso ea bonnete le ts'epahalo ea liphetho tse teng. Lithuto tse mabapi le maemo a ntlafatsang a ntlafatsang, a ntlafatsang, le a sechaba mabapi le likamano tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hajoale li theha pokello ea baokameli ba khethiloeng hampe ka sepheo se sa lumellaneng le lenaneo la lipatlisiso. Kamora nako, lipatlisiso li se li hapile likamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka mekhoa e fapaneng. Boithuto bo fana ka lintlha tse ngata holima tšusumetso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso litšoantšong tsa botona le botšehali, ho iphelisa ka tsa thobalano, le boits'oaro, empa e le tlase haholo ho potso ea bohlokoa le e nang le mabaka a nepahetseng ea hore na menahano ea thobalano, kholiso ea thobalano le boitšoaro e ka amana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. sebedisa ka tsela e fetohang.
Ho haella ha pono e tsoetseng pele haholoanyane ea lipatlisiso lithutong tsa hajoale hammoho le khaello ea liphetho tse nepahetseng ho na le litlamorao tse ngata tse bohloko. Kamora lilemo tse 20 tsa lipatlisiso, re ntse re tseba hanyane ka hore na hobaneng ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amahanngoa le, mohlala, maikutlo le boits'oaro ba thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, ntle le ho tseba hore na hobaneng tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amahanngoa le mefuta e meng, ha re khone ho loantša litloaelano tse sa rateheng le ho tsosa tse lakatsehang. Ho feta moo, hape ha re tsebe hore na ke mefuta efe ea bacha eo mekhatlo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e e sebelisang e matla ka ho fetisisa-mme ke mefuta efe ea bacha eo ba fokolang kapa ba sa pheleng ka eona. Joalo ka ha papiso ea liphuputso tse ngata le tsa boleng li bonts'itse, tse ling tsa lipotso tsa bohlokoahali tse hlahang tsa lipatlisiso li shebana le taba ea hore na ke mang ea ka mamellang melaetsa ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ea ka hlaseloang habonolo. Kamora nako, ha re na bopaki ba hore na litlatsetso tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka nkuoa e le ts'ebetso e mengata, e potolohang (ke hore, transactional) ho fapana le hore e se e sa sebetseng. Likhang tse ngata tsa sechaba mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li tloaetse ho itšetleha ka maikutlo a bonolo a monkey-see-monkey-maikutlo a hore na bacha ba sebetsana joang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le hore na li ba ama joang. Ho tsebisa likhang tse joalo, tsebo e mabapi le likamano tsa khoebo ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ea hlokahala.
Phoso ea bone e lutse ka lebaka la ho ba sieo ha pono ea 'nete ea kholo. Ka nako ea kholo ea bokhachane, tlhahlobo ena e supile nts'etsopele ea nts'etsopele ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha. Lithuto tse peli li supile karolo ea boitekanelo ea kholo ea bokhachane (Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2013b) le boiphihlelo ba thobalano (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009b) lipuisanong tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa lilemong tsa bocha. Leha ho le joalo, ha re utloisise hore na ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho bolela eng ho bacha lilemong tsa phetoho e kholo ea kelello, maikutlo, le maemo sechabeng eo bacha ba bang le eona nakong ea bocha.
Moelelong ona, ho boetse ho bonahala ho le bohlokoa ho bapisa ts'ebeliso ea bacha le batho ba baholo ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le se li amehang lihlopheng tsena tse peli. Phuputso e haellang e fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba baholo le bacha ha ba fapana ts'ebelisong ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete (Peter & Valkenburg, 2011d). Leha ho le joalo, mekhatlo lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano hammoho le tumelo e ikhethileng ea bong (khanyetsano ea matšoao) e fumanoe har'a batho ba baholo empa eseng har'a bacha (Peter & Valkenburg, 2011b, 2011c). Ka nako e ts'oanang, liphetho mabapi le tšebelisano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha lilemong le maikutlo a lumelloang ke thobalano a a nyalanya le lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tse entsoeng mabapi le tšebeliso ea batho ba baholo tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, Wright, 2013, 2014a). Ha hona joale ha ho hlake hore na tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e na le litlamorao tse tšoanang kapa tse fapaneng ho bacha le batho ba baholo. Lipapiso tse hlophisehileng pakeng tsa bacha le batho ba baholo ka hona li ka ntlafatsa kutlwisiso e seng feela ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa lilemong tsa bocha empa le nako eohle ea bophelo.
Mekgwa
Ntle le liphoso tse tobileng ho feta tsa lingoliloeng tsa hona joale tsa bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ho na le khethollo tse 'ne likarolong tse kholo tsa lipatlisiso (bona le Peter, 2013). Taba ea pele, lipatlisiso li na le khethollo ea setso. Ho feta likarolo tse peli ho tse tharo tsa lingoloa tseo re li hlahlobileng li tsoa Europe, Amerika Leboea kapa Australia. Ho feta moo, 63% ea lingoloa e simolohile linaheng tse fokolang feela (ke hore, Netherlands, United States, Sweden, Hong Kong / China, le Belgium). Leha lingoliloeng tse hlano tseo re li hlahlobileng li mabapi le linaha tsa Afrika, ha re na tsebo e tšoanang ka Afrika joalo ka ha re na le Europe, Amerika Leboea le linaha tse ling tsa Asia, haholo Hong Kong / China le Taiwan. Ha re tsebe letho ka bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse Amerika Bohareng le Amerika Boroa, linaha tse 'maloa tsa Asia, Russia, le Middle East (ntle le Isiraele).
Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ena li kanna tsa khetholloa ke phapang e teng litloaelong tsa bosholu le tsa botona kapa botšehali linaheng tse busang lipatlisiso tse mabapi le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha. Ka mohlala, Netherlands le Sweden li tsebahala ka mekhoa e fanang ka bolokolohi ho tsa botona le botšehali tsa bongoana. Tlatsetso e matla haholo e tsoang linaheng tsena tse peli liphelong tse akaretsang tsa tlhahlobo ena ka hona e ka thibela ho akaretsa liphetho tsa rona ho linaha tse bolokehileng ka thobalano. Ka hona, re hloka tsebo e tsoang linaheng tse ngata tse fapaneng, 'me haholo-holo ho tsoa lipatlisisong tse bapisoang le naha ka bophara, ho utloisisa maemo a ts'ebeliso ea bongoana ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Taba ea bobeli, lipatlisiso tsa hona joale li na le khetho ea leeme. Ntle le mokhelo o le mong (Arrington-Sanders et al., 2015), lithuto tsohle li na le bonyane ho shebisisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bong bo fapaneng, mme ka lebaka leo, li fuputse litaba tseo hangata li hlahisang likamano tsa bong bo fapaneng. Leha liphuputso tse ling li fumane hore bacha ba batona le ba bong bo tšoanang ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa ho feta bacha ba batona ba batšehali (Luder et al., 2011; Peter & Valkenburg, 2011d), tsebo ea rona ka lits'ebetso, litlhaloso, le litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso har'a bacha ba basodoma, li thibetsoe. Ho ipapisitsoe le lintho tse fumanoeng ke Arrington-Sanders et al. (2015), leha ho le joalo, likhopolo tse ngata tse hlakileng tsa phetoho ea morao-rao li ka utulloa ka ho ithuta bacha ba se nang bong.
Taba ea boraro, lipatlisiso tseo re li hlahlobileng li batla li na le khethollo, li shebisisa haholo likotsi le likotsi tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha ho e-na le menyetla le litlamorao tse ntle tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, joalo ka boithabiso ba thobalano (mohlala, Tsaliki, 2011). Tsepamiso ea maikutlo mabapi le litlamorao tse mpe tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e ka utloahala ka ho nahanisisa ka lintlha tsa theory le liaterese tse amanang le setso. Leha ho le joalo, ho fumana mohopolo o akaretsang oa hore na litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha li sebelisa eng, ho bonahala ho hlokahala ho botsa hape hore na ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka amahanngoa, ka mohlala, le tsebo e kholo ea thobalano (ntle le eona, bona To et al., 2012), boits'oaro ba thobalano, kapa boitšepo ba thobalano. Lipotso tse joalo li kanna tsa thusa ho belaella mohopolo o hlakileng lipatlisisong tsa hajoale tsa hore bacha ka kakaretso ba tlokotsing ea melaetsa ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ha se feela hore mohopolo oa bacha ba tlokotsing o ba hanela ho ba boemeli le boiphihlelo ba bohlokoa (Buckingham & Bragg, 2004), hape ho bonahala ho sa lumellane le lithuto tsa morao-rao tse bapisitseng bacha le batho ba baholo mme ba fumana mekhatlo lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litumelo tse lumellanang le bong hammoho le boitšoaro ba likotsi tsa thobalano har'a batho ba baholo feela (Peter & Valkenburg, 2011b, 2011c).
Ntlha ea bone, lipatlisiso tsa hajoale mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li leeme mabapi le maemo a teng. Liphuputso tse ngata li hlokomoloha hore phetoho ea thobalano ea bocha ke karolo ea liphetoho tse kholo sechabeng le moetlong, mohlala, ho fana ka tumello ea likamano tsa botho le tsa thobalano le khetho ea khetho ea thobalano, bonyane linaheng tse ngata tsa Bophirimela. Thobalano ea bocha ha e sa laoloa ka botlalo ke balaoli ba setso empa, bonyane, karolo e 'ngoe, ke potso ea tatso ea motho le monyaka (Attwood & Smith, 2011). Ka maikutlo ana, likamano tse fumanoeng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo a lumelloang, ho hloka botsitso ka tsa thobalano, ho hlaha ha khafetsa ka boitšoaro ba thobalano, le boiphihlelo ba ho itlosa bolutu ka thobalano li ka utloisisoa e le karolo ea liphetoho tse kholo sechabeng.
Patlisiso e tlang
Ho tsoa mefokolong e fapaneng e ka har'a lingoliloeng, litlhoko tse 'maloa tsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li ka nkuoa. Taba ea pele, ho hlokahala lithuto tse ngata tse telele, li tsamaisana le kalafo e hlophisehileng, e thehiloeng phetohong le e matla. Moelelong ona, ho kanna ha ba molemo ho nahana ka lithuto tse nka nako e telele ho nka lilemo tse 'maloa ho lekola tsoelo-pele ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha le menahano e nepahetseng, boithuto, le boitšoaro. Ka mokhoa o nepahetseng, lithuto tsa nako e telele li lokela ho hokahanngoa le lipatlisiso tsa liteko ho batho ba baholo ho rarolla lipotso tse etsang hore motho a utloe. Ntle le moo, ho bonahala ho le bohlale ho qoba lithuto ho sebelisa mehlala e bonolo le ho amohela lipatlisiso tse thehiloeng ho disampole tse joalo ha feela ho ka bontšoa hore ha ba khetholle sephetho.
Taba ea bobeli, tšimo e hloka ho itlama ho aha khopolo le liteko. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li its'etleha holima monahano oa mohopolo le boits'oaro ho fapana le likhopolo-taba tse thehiloeng e le lebaka la lipatlisiso tsa bona. Bafuputsi ba nako e tlang, ka hona, ba hloka ho leka ho kopanya meralo ea thuto e tataisang lipatlisiso le ho fokotsa le ho hlophisa likhopolo tse ngata tse ntseng li ithutoa hajoale. Tlhahlobisong ena, re fane ka mofuta o le mong oa kopanyo, DSMM (Valkenburg & Peter, 2013), e sebelisitsoeng lithutong tsa morao-rao (Beyens et al., 2015; Vanden Abeele et al., 2014) mme o kanna oa tataisa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang. Leha ho le joalo, meralo e meng, joalo ka mofuta oa boikoetliso oa litaba (Steele & Brown, 1995), tatelano ea boitšoaro ba thobalano (Byrne, 1976; Fisher, 1986), kapa mofuta oa 3A (Wright, 2014b), le tsona li loketse.
Taba ea boraro, lipatlisiso li hloka ho ela hloko haholoanyane se fumanehang litšoantšong tsa bootsoa tseo bacha ba li sebelisang. Re hloka ho tseba ho ata le ponelopele ea tšebeliso ea litaba tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka tsela e ts'oanang le eo re e tsebang hona joale ka tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Maemong ana, ho ka ba bohlokoa hape hore o ithute ho isa bohōleng bofe le hore na likhetho tsa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li hlaha joang.
La bone, ha ho fanoa ka liphetoho tse kholo tsa bocha lilemong tsa bocha, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li hloka ho latela pono ea nts'etsopele mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bacha ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ha ho bapisoa le batho ba bang ba lilemo tse joalo ka batho ba baholo (ba banyenyane) ba ka holisa tsebo ea rona mabapi le hore na ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha e ka ba le tšusumetso ea sehlopha sena sa lilemo kapa ho sebetsa le lihlopheng tse ling.
Oa bohlano, re hloka ho theola lipatlisiso mabapi le bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka matla ho feta kamoo ho leng ka teng hona joale. Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe, tsebo ea rona ea hona joale e leeme ho linaha tse ruileng tsa Bophirima kapa tsa Bophirimela. Leha linaheng tse 'maloa lefatšeng lena litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha li molaong ebile ho le thata ho ithuta, haeba ho sa khonehe, re lumela ho sheba bacha ka mokhoa o fapaneng le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li tla phephetsa le ho ruisa seo re se tsebang ka sehlooho sena.
Ntlha ea botšelela, bafuputsi ba lokela ho lebisa tlhokomelo e kholo ts'ebelisong ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa har'a bacha ba bong bo fapaneng, ba bong bo fapaneng le ba bong bo fapaneng, joalo ka lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ho batho ba baholo (mohlala, Duggan & McCreary, 2004; Terene, Nilsen, & Stigum, 2006). Joalokaha Arrington-Sanders et al. (2015) ba khothalelitse, ho fumaneha ha tlhaiso-leseling ka tsa thobalano, tsebo mabapi le lingoloa tsa thobalano le ts'epo mabapi le boits'oaro ba thobalano e ka fapana bakeng sa bacha ba ts'oanang le ba bong bo tšoanang, tse ka amang tsela eo ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka eona.
Taba ea bosupa ke hore, tšimo e hloka ho buleheloa ke lipotso tse mabapi le litlamorao tse ntle tsa tšebeliso ea bacha ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, haholo litakatso tsa thobalano, le ho rarolla maikutlo a matla a ho hlaseleha habonolo le ho inehela ho bootsoa. Ke feela ka pono e akaretsang joalo ea ts'ebeliso ea bongoana ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa moo re ka fihlelang kutloisiso e hlakileng haholoanyane ea hore na litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li bolela'ng ho bacha.
Borobeli le qetellong, bonyane maemong a thuto, re hloka ho ithuta ho sebelisa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa lilemong tsa bocha molemong oa ntšetso-pele e kholo ea sechaba le setso. Liphehisano tse ngata mabapi le bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka u tsoela molemo ha u nka tšebeliso ea bongoana ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le karolo ea kholo e kholo ho e-na le ho iketsahalla feela.
Qetellong, lipatlisiso mabapi le bacha le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li hatetse pele haholo lilemong tse 20 tse fetileng, haholoholo boemong ba boipheliso. Ka pono ea rona, leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li hloka ho sebetsana le bonyane litlhoko tse boletsoeng tse boletsoeng pejana ho beha tsebo ea rona ka bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka mokhoa o matla, o tsoetseng pele, le o se nang leeme le o nang le kelello e bulehileng. Re lumela hore boiteko bona boa hlokahala eseng feela ho ntšetsa pele ngangisano ea thuto ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bacha empa hape le ho tseba ho tsebisa sechaba ka mokhoa o hlakileng.
Lintho tse tlatsetsang
Lintlha tse tlatselletsang bakeng sa sengoloa sena li ka fumanoa ka ho fihlella tsa phatlalatso Webosaete.
sehlomathiso
References
- Abiala, K., & Hernwall, P. (2013). Bacha ba buisanang ka boits'oaro Inthaneteng: Litšoantšiso tsa banana ba Sweden le bashanyana mabapi le liphihlelo tsa inthaneteng. Tlaleho ea Lithuto tsa Bacha, 16 (8), 951-969. doi:10.1080/13676261.2013.780124
,
- Anderson, CA, & Bushman, BJ (2002). Khahlano le batho. Tlhahlobo ea Selemo le Selemo ea Psychology, 53, 27-51. doi:10.1146 / annurev.psych.53.100901.135231
,
- Arrington-Sanders, R., Harper, GW, Morgan, A., Ogunbajo, A., Trent, M., & Fortenberry, JD (2015). Karolo ea lihlahisoa tse bonts'a thobalano kholisong ea thobalano ea batona le ba batšehali ba batšo. Litlaleho tsa Boits'oaro ba Botona le Botšehali, 44 (3), 597-608. doi:10.1007 / s10508-014-0416-x
,
- Attwood, F., & Smith, C. (2011). Ho etsa lipatlisiso ka litloaelo tsa bacha tsa thobalano: Selelekela. Sex Education, 11 (3), 235-242. doi:10.1080/14681811.2011.590040
,
- Atwood, KA, Zimmerman, R., Cupp, PK, Fongkaew, W., Miller, BA, Byrnes, HF, ... Chookhare, W. (2012). Lits'oants'o tsa boitšoaro bo botle ba pelehi, sepheo le ho qala thobalano har'a bacha ba Thai. Journal ea Bocha ba Pele, 32 (3), 364-386. doi:10.1177/0272431610393248
,
- Bandura, A. (2009). Khopolo ea kelello ea sechaba le sechaba kapa puisano ea bongata, a J. Bryant & MB Oliver (Eds.), Litlamorao tsa media: Tsoelo-pele mohopolong le lipatlisiso (maq. 94-124). New York, NY: Taylor le Francis.
- Beebe, TJ, Harrison, PA, McRae, JA, Anderson, RELEBOHILE, & Fulkerson, JA (1998). Teko ea tlhahlobo ea lipotso tseo motho a ithutileng tsona ka har'a komporo maemong a sekolo. Maikutlo a Sechaba Nako le nako, 62 (4), 623-632. doi:10.1086/297863
,
- Bekele, AB, Van Aken, MANE, & Dubas, JS (2011). Tlhekefetso ea thobalano har'a baithuti ba sekolo sa mahareng ba basali ba bochabela Ethiopia. Pefo le Bahlaseluoa, 26 (5), 608-630. doi:10.1891 / 0886-6708.26.5.608
,
- Beyens, I., Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2015). Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthaneteng: Likamano mabapi le nako ea nako ea ho ngola, ho batla maikutlo le ho etsa mosebetsi oa borutehi. Journal ea Bocha ba Pele, 35 (8), 1045-1068. doi:10.1177/0272431614548069
,
- Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., & Fishbein, M. (2011). Mohlala oa bacha ba batlana le litaba tsa thobalano likhethong tsa bona tsa phatlalatso. Journal of Research Research, 48 (4), 309-315. doi:10.1080/00224499.2010.497985
,
- Palesa, ZD, & Hagedorn, WB (2015). Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse nakong e tlang: Litlamorao ho baeletsi ba malapa le ba malapa. Sengoloa sa Lelapa, 23 (1), 82-89. doi:10.1177/1066480714555672
,
- Bogale, A., & Seme, A. (2014). Litloaelo tsa thobalano pele ho lenyalo le batho ba bonts'ang pele ho bacha ba kenang sekolo sa Shendi seterekeng sa West Gojjam, leboea bophirima ho Ethiopia. Bophelo bo Botle, 11, 49. doi:10.1186/1742-4755-11-49
,
- Bonino, S., Ciairano, S., Rabaglietti, E., & Cattelino, E. (2006). Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le boitlamo bo ikhethang ba ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano ho bacha. Koranta ea Europe ea Psychology ea Nts'etsopele, 3 (3), 265-288. doi:10.1080/17405620600562359
,
- Bradburn, NM, Sudman, S., & Wansink, B. (2004). Ho botsa lipotso: Tataiso e hlakileng ea moralo oa lipotso: Bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa mmaraka, likhetho tsa lipolotiki le lipotso tsa bophelo le tsa bophelo bo botle. (Rev. ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Brown, JD (2011). Mecha ea litaba e bohlokoa: Tlhaloso mabapi le Steinberg le Monahan (2011). Psychology e Tsoelang pele, 47 (2), 580-581. doi:10.1037 / A0022553
,
- Brown, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). E lekantsoe: Maikutlo le boits'oaro ba thobalano bo amanang le ho pepesetsoa ha bacha ba US ba lilemong tsa bocha mecheng ea litaba tsa thobalano. Patlisiso ea Puisano, 36 (1), 129-151. doi:10.1177/0093650208326465
,
- Buckingham, D., & Bragg, S. (2004). Bacha, thobalano le mecha ea phatlalatso: Lintlha tsa bophelo ke life? Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
,
- Buzwell, S., & Rosenthal, D. (1996). Ho iketsetsa boithati ba ho etsa thobalano: Boithati ba bacha ba ho kopanela liphate le ho ipeha kotsing ea ho etsa thobalano. Tlaleho ea Patlo ea Bacha, 6(4), 489-513.
,
- Byrne, D. (1976). Psychology ea sechaba le thuto ea boitšoaro ba thobalano. Bulletin ea Botho le Boiketlo ba Sechaba, 3(1), 3-30. doi:10.1177/014616727600300102
,
- Cameron, KA, Salazar, LF, Bernhardt, JM, Burgess-Whitman, N., Wingood, GM, & DiClemente, RJ (2005). Boiphihlelo ba bacha mabapi le thobalano ho web: Liphetho tse tsoang lihlopheng tse shebaneng le marang-rang. Journal ea Bocha, 28 (4), 535-540. doi:10.1016 / j.adolescence.2004.10.00
,
- Casadevall, A., & Fang, FC (2010). Saense e hlahisoang hape. Ho tšoaetsoa le ho itšireletsa mafung, 78 (12), 4972-4975. doi:10.1128 / IAI.00908-10
,
- Chen, A.S., Leung, M., Chen, C.-H., & Yang, SC (2013). Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng har'a bacha ba Taiwan. Boitšoaro ba Sechaba le Botho, 41 (1), 157-164. doi:10.2224 / sbp.2013.41.1.157
,
- Cheng, S., Ma, J., & Missari, S. (2014). Liphello tsa ho sebelisa Inthanete litabeng tsa pele tsa lerato tsa bacha le tsa thobalano Taiwan. International Sociology, 29 (4), 324-347. doi:10.1177/0268580914538084
,
- Cohen, J. (1988). Tlhahlobo ea matla a Statistical bakeng sa mahlale a boitšoaro (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Cowan, G., & Campbell, RR (1995). Mekhoa ea ho betoa ea peto har'a bacha. Journal of Research Research, 32 (2), 145-153. doi:10.1080/00224499509551784
,
- Davis, V. (2012). O kopantsoe empa o sirelelitsoe? Mekhoa ea batsoali le khothalletso bakeng sa tlhahisoleseling e mabapi le litaba tsa polokeho ea dijithale. Cyberpsychology, boitšoaro, le marang-rang a sechaba, 15 (12), 669-674. doi:10.1089 / cyber.2012.0179
,
- Dombrowski, SC, Gischlar, KL, & Durst, T. (2007). Ho sirelletsa bacha lits'oants'o tsa botona le botšehali tsa cyber le bosholu ba thobalano ka thobalano: Bothata bo ka sehloohong ba inthanete. Tlhahlobo ea Bokhopo ba Bana, 16 (3), 153-170. doi:10.1002 / koloi.939
,
- Dong, F., Cao, F., Cheng, P., Cui, N., & Li, Y. (2013). Bokapele le lintho tse amanang le eona tsa ho hlekefetsoa hoa poly ho bacha ba Machaena. Koranta ea Scandinavia ea Psychology, 54 (5), 415-422. doi:10.1111 / sjop.12059
,
- Doornwaard, SM, Bickham, DS, E ruile, M., ter Bogt, TFM, & van den Eijnden, RJJM (2015). Ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse bontšang thobalano le maikutlo le boits'oaro ba bona ba thobalano: Kholiso e tšoanang le litlamorao. Psychology e Tsoelang pele, 51 (10), 1476-1488. doi:10.1037 / dev0000040
,
- Doornwaard, SM, van den Eijnden, RJJM, Ho fetela, G., & ter Bogt, TFM (2015). Likhopolo tse fapaneng tsa ntlafatso ea bacha ba sebelisang marang-rang a litso tsa botona le botšehali ka thobalano. Journal of Research Research, 52 (3), 269-281. doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.866195
,
- Duggan, SJ, & McCreary, DR (2004). Setšoantšo sa 'mele, mathata a ho ja, le ho tsamaisoa ke mesifa ho banna ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng: Tšusumetso ea litšoantšo tsa media. Journal ea Bo-bong bo Tšoanang, 47 (3-4), 45-58. doi:10.1300/J082v47n03_03
,
- Fisher, WA (1986). Mokhoa oa kelello mabapi le thobalano ea motho: Tloaelo ea boitšoaro ba thobalano, a D. Byrne & K. Kelley (Eds.), Mekhoa e meng ea ho ithuta ka boitšoaro ba thobalano (maq. 131-171). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Moroallo, M. (2007). Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa har'a bacha ba Australia. Tlaleho ea Sociology, 43 (1), 45-60. doi:10.1177/1440783307073934
,
- Häggström-Nordin, E., Borneskog, C., Eriksson, M., & Tydén, T. (2011). Boitšoaro ba thobalano le tšebeliso ea thibelo ea bokhachane har'a baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng sa Sweden metseng e 'meli: Lipapiso pakeng tsa banna le basali, mananeo a ho ithuta le ho feta ha nako. Koranta ea Europe ea Thibelo ea Thibelo ea ho Thibela Pelehi le Tietso: Tlaleho ea semmuso ea Mokhatlo oa Europe oa Thibelo, 16 (1), 36-46. doi:10.3109/13625187.2010.536922
,
- Hamaker, EL, Kuiper, RM, & Grasman, RPPP (2015). Tlhahlobo ea mohlala oa sefapano se sefapanong. Mekhoa ea Kelello, 20 (1), 102-116. doi:10.1037 / a0038889
,
- Hardy, SA, Tshepe, MA, Coyne, SM, & Ridge, RD (2013). Bolumeli ba bocha ba le tšireletso khahlanong le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Tlaleho ea Psychology e Sebelisoang, 34 (3), 131-139. doi:10.1016 / j.appdev.2012.12.002
,
- Hasking, PA, Scheier, LM, & Ben Abdallah, A. (2011). Lihlopheng tse tharo tsa bosholu ba bocha le maemo a kotsi a ho ba setho sehlopheng ka seng. Boitšoaro bo Matla, 37 (1), 19-35. doi:10.1002 / ab.20365
,
- Hayes, AF (2005). Mekhoa ea lipalopalo ea mahlale a puisano. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Holt, TJ, Mookameli, AM, & Mots'eanong, DC (2012). Boitšoaro bo fokolang, litloaelano tse khelohileng tsa lithaka le cyberdeviance ea bacha. Koranta ea Amerika ea Toka ea Tlolo ea Molao, 37 (3), 378-395. doi:10.1007/s12103-011-9117-3
,
- Jones, LM, Mitchell, KJ, & Finkelhor, D. (2012). Mekhoa ea tlhekefetso ea marang-rang ea bacha: Lintho tse fumanoeng ho tsoa ho lipatlisiso tsa ts'ireletso ea inthanete tsa bacha tsa 2000-2010. Journal ea Bophelo ba Bacha, 50 (2), 179-186. doi:10.1016 / j.jadohealth.2011.09.015
,
- Kadri, N., Benjelloun, R., Kendili, I., Khoubila, A., & Moussaoui, D. (2013). Marang-rang le likamano tsa botona le botšehali ho la Morocco, ho tloha tloaelo ea cyber ho isa ho psychopathology. Sexologies, 22 (2), e49-e53. doi:10.1016 / j.sexol.2012.08.006
,
- Motsoako, RV, & Cavanaugh, JC (2010). Nts'etsopele ea batho: Pono ea bophelo (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Ho Ithuta Cengage.
- Kim, Y.H. (2001). Boitšoaro ba bophelo ba bacha ba Korea bo kotsing le likamano tsa bona le liithuti tsa kelello tse khethiloeng. Journal ea Bophelo ba Bacha, 29 (4), 298-306. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00218-X
,
- Kim, Y.H. (2011). Boitšoaro ba bocha ba bongoana le litloaelano tsa bona tse fapaneng maikutlong. Koranta ea Europe Bohareng ea Bophelo ba Sechaba, 19 (4), 205-209.
,
- Kinsman, J., Nyanzi, S., & Letamo, R. (2000). Tšusumetso ea setsoalle le boleng ba thobalano: Boiphihlelo ba banana ba sekolo sa lilemong tsa bocha metsaneng ea Masaka, Uganda. Moetlo, Bophelo bo botle le Thobalano, 2 (2), 151-166. doi:10.1080/136910500300778
,
- Lavoie, F., Robitaille, L., & Herbert, M. (2000). Bacha ba ratanang le ho ba mabifi: Phuputso e hlahlobang. Pefo khahlanong le Basali, 6 (1), 6-36. doi:10.1177/10778010022181688
,
- Bona, V., Neilan, E., Letsatsi, M., & Chiang, S. (1999). Ho pepesetsoa ha bacha ba Taiwan mecha ea phatlalatso ea bootsoa le tšusumetso ea eona menahanong ea thobalano le boitšoaro. Puisano ea Asia Journal, 9 (1), 50-71. doi:10.1080/01292989909359614
,
- Bona, V., & Wei, R. (2005). Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete le maikutlo a boitšoaro ba bocha ba bacha ba Taiwan. Sengoliloeng sa phatlalatso le phatlalatso ea motlakase, 49 (2), 221-237. doi:10.1207 / s15506878jobem4902_5
,
- Lofgren-Mårtenson, L., & Månsson, S.A. (2010). Takatso, lerato, le bophelo: Phuputso e loketseng boleng ba maikutlo a bacha ba Sweden le boiphihlelo ba hae ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Journal of Research Research, 47 (6), 568-579. doi:10.1080/00224490903151374
,
- Lopez, JR, Mukaire, PE, & Mataya, RH (2015). Litšobotsi tsa bophelo bo botle ba botona le botšehali tsa botona le botšehali le boits'oaro bo kotsi liprofinseng tse peli tsa mahaeng tsa Cambodia. Bophelo bo Botle, 12, 83. Doi:10.1186/s12978-015-0052-5
,
- Luder, M.T., Pittet, I., Berchtold, A., Akre, C., Michaud, P.A., & Suris, J.-C. (2011). Litloaelano lipakeng tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete le boitšoaro ba thobalano har'a bacha: Na ke 'nete kapa ke' nete? Litlaleho tsa Boits'oaro ba Botona le Botšehali, 40 (5), 1027-1035. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9714-0
,
- Ma, CMS, & Shek, DTL (2013). Tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa lilemong tsa bocha ba Hong Kong. Tlaleho ea bongaka ba bana le ba lilemong tsa bocha, 26 (Suppl. 3), S18-25. doi:10.1016 / j.jpag.2013.03.011
,
- Malamuth, NM, Addison, T., & Koss, M. (2000). Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boloi: Ho na le litlamorao tse tšepahalang mme re ka li utloisisa? Tlhahlobo ea selemo le selemo ea Patlisiso ea Thobalano, 11, 26-91. doi:10.1080/10532528.2000.10559784
,
- Malamuth, NM, & Huppin, M. (2005). Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bacha: Bohlokoa ba ho se tšoane ha batho ka bomong. Litliliniki tsa Bongaka ba Bacha, 16(2), 315-326. doi:10.1016 / j.admecli.2005.02.004
,
- Manaf, MRA, Tahir, MM, Sidi, H., Midin, M., Nik Jaafar, NR, Das, S., & Malek, AMA (2014). Thobalano ea pele ho lenyalo le lintlha tsa eona tsa ho tsebahala har'a bacha ba Malaysia. Pheliso e kholo ea Psychiatry, 55 (Suppl. 1), S82-88. doi:10.1016 / j.comppsych.2013.03.008
,
- Marston, C., & Lewis, R. (2014). Anal heterosex har'a bacha le sepheo sa ho ts'ehetsa bophelo bo botle: Thuto e ntle ho UK. BMJ Open, 4 (8), e004996. doi:10.1136 / bmjopen-2014-004996
,
- Mattebo, M., Larsson, M., Tydén, T., & Häggström-Nordin, E. (2013). Maikutlo a litsebi mabapi le phello ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bacha ba Sweden. Nursing ea Bophelo ba Sechaba, 31 (3), 196-205. doi:10.1111 / phn.12058
,
- Mattebo, M., Larsson, M., Tydén, T., Olsson, T., & Häggström-Nordin, E. (2012). Hercules le Barbie? E nahanisisa ka tšusumetso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho hasana ha eona mecheng ea litaba le sechabeng ka lihlopha tsa bacha naheng ea Sweden. Koranta ea Europe ea Thibelo ea Thibelo ea ho Thibela Lefu la ho Pepa le ho Pepa, 17 (1), 40-49. doi:10.3109/13625187.2011.617853
,
- Mattebo, M., Tydén, T., Häggström-Nordin, E., Nilsson, KW, & Larsson, M. (2013). Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, liphihlelo tsa thobalano, mekhoa ea bophelo, le bophelo bo itekanetseng har'a bana ba lilemong tsa bocha Sweden. Tlaleho ea Pediatrics ea Ntshetsopele le ea Boitšoaro, 34 (7), 460-468. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e31829c44a2
,
- Mattebo, M., Tydén, T., Häggström-Nordin, E., Nilsson, KW, & Larsson, M. (2014). Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le liphihlelo tsa thobalano har'a baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng Sweden. Tlaleho ea Pediatrics ea Nts'etsopele le Boitšoaro, 35 (3), 179-188. doi:10.1097 / DBP.0000000000000034
,
- Mesch, GS (2009). Litlamo tsa setsoalle le ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho Internet lilemong tsa bocha. Journal ea Bocha, 32 (3), 601-618. doi:10.1016 / j.adolescence.2008.06.004
,
- Mesch, GS, & Mamama, TL (2009). Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka inthanete har'a bacha: Na Inthanete ke eona e molato? Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin, 30 (3), 352-367. doi:10.1037 / t01038-000
,
- Mitchell, KJ, Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2003). Ho pepesetsoa ha bacha linthong tse sa batleheng tsa thobalano marang-rang: Tlhahlobo ea naha mabapi le kotsi, tšusumetso le thibelo. Bacha le Mokhatlo, 34(3), 330-358. doi:10.1177 / 0044118X02250123
,
- Mitchell, KJ, Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Mekhoa ea litlaleho tsa bacha ea ho qholotsa thobalano, ho hlekefetsoa le ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso inthaneteng. Journal ea Bophelo ba Bacha, 40 (2), 116-126. doi:10.1016 / j.jadohealth.2006.05.021
,
- Mustanski, BS (2001). Ho nka wiring: Ho sebelisa marang-rang bakeng sa ho bokella data e sebetsang ka thobalano. Journal of Research Research, 38 (4), 292-301. doi:10.1080/00224490109552100
,
- Odeyemi, K., Onajole, A., & Ogunowo, B. (2009). Boitšoaro ba botona le botšehali le mabaka a susumetsang har'a bacha ba sekolo ba tsoang 'marakeng oa Mushin, Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Medicine le Bophelo ba Bacha, 21 (1), 101-110. doi:10.1515 / IJAMH.2009.21.1.101
,
- Owens, EW, Behun, RJ, Manning, JC, & Reid, RC (2012). Kameho ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ho bacha: Tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso. Ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate le ho qobelloa, 19 (1-2), 99-122. doi:10.1080/10720162.2012.660431
,
- Peter, J. (2013). Kholiso ea media le thobalano. Ho D. Lemish (Ed.), Routledge International Handbook ea Bana, Bacha le Media, (maq. 217-223). London, UK: Tsela.
- Peter, J., & Valkenburg, PM (2006a). Ho pepesetsoa ha bacha lilemong tsa bocha ke lintho tse amanang le thobalano marang-rang. Patlisiso ea Puisano, 33 (2), 178-204. doi:10.1177/0093650205285369
,
- Peter, J., & Valkenburg, PM (2006b). Ho pepesehela bacha lilemong tsa bootsoa linthong tse amanang le thobalano le maikutlo a boithabiso mabapi le thobalano. Tlaleho ea Puisano, 56 (4), 639-660. doi:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2006.00313.x
,
- Peter, J., & Valkenburg, PM (2007). Ho pepesetsoa bacha lilemong tse mabapi le thobalano le maikutlo a basali e le lintho tsa thobalano. Mesebetsi ea thobalano, 56(5), 381-395. doi:10.1007 / s11199-006-9176-y
,
- Peter, J., & Valkenburg, PM (2008a). Ho pepesehela bacha lilemong tsa marang-rang tse amanang le thobalano le litakatso tsa botona le botšehali: Thutiso ea likarolo tse tharo. Psychology ea Media, 11 (2), 207-234. doi:10.1080/15213260801994238
,
- Peter, J., & Valkenburg, PM (2008b). Ho pepesetsoa maikutlo a bacha lilemong tsa marang-rang tse bontšang litšoantšo tsa botona le botšehali tse sa tsitsang, ho hloka botsitso ka thobalano le maikutlo a mabapi le tlhahlobo e sa laoloang ea thobalano: Na ho na le sehokela? Patlisiso ea Puisano, 35 (5), 579-601. doi:10.1177/0093650208321754
,
- Peter, J., & Valkenburg, PM (2009a). Ho pepesehela bacha lilemong tsa marang-rang tse amanang le thobalano le likhopolo tsa basali e le lintho tsa thobalano: Ho lekola ho hlaka le ts'ebetso ea motheo.. Tlaleho ea Puisano, 59(3), 407-433. doi:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2009.01422.x
,
- Peter, J., & Valkenburg, PM (2009b). Ho pepesetsoa ha bacha lilemong tsa marang-rang tse nang le thobalano le litšoantšo tsa thobalano: Thutong e telele. Patlisiso ea puisano ea batho, 35 (2), 171-194. doi:10.1111 / j.1468-2958.2009.01343.x
,
- Peter, J., & Valkenburg, PM (2010a). Ts'ebeliso ea bacha lilemong tsa marang-rang tse bontšang litšoantšo tsa botona le botšehali tse sa tsitsang tsa botona le botšehali: Karolo ea ho nka karolo le bong. Li-Monographs tsa puisano, 77 (3), 357-375. doi:10.1080/03637751.2010.498791
,
- Peter, J., & Valkenburg, PM (2010b). Mekhoa ea ho ba le litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea lisebelisoa tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali tse amanang le thobalano: Karolo ea pono e lemohileng. Patlisiso ea Puisano, 37 (3), 375-399. doi:10.1177/0093650210362464
,
- Peter, J., & Valkenburg, PM (2011a). Kameho ea kenyelletso ea "ho tšoarela" tlalehong ea boitšoaro bo tebileng lipatlisisong: Karolo ea mokhoa oa karabelo ea ho khotsofatsa sechabeng le boemo ba ntlafatso. Maikutlo a Sechaba Nako le nako, 75 (4), 779-787. doi:10.1093 / Poq / Nfr041
,
- Peter, J., & Valkenburg, PM (2011b). Tšusumetso ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano marang-rang le lithaka tsa litumelo tse fosahetseng mabapi le likarolo tsa basali tsa thobalano: Ho tšoana le ho fapana lipakeng tsa bacha le batho ba baholo.. Cyberpsychology, boitšoaro, le marang-rang a sechaba, 14 (9), 511-517. doi:10.1089 / cyber.2010.0189
,
- Peter, J., & Valkenburg, PM (2011c). Tšusumetso ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano marang-rang mabapi le boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano: Papiso ea bacha le batho ba baholo. Sengoloa sa Puisano ea Bophelo, 16(7), 750-765. doi:10.1080/10810730.2011.551996
,
- Peter, J., & Valkenburg, PM (2011d). Ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse bontšang thobalano le litheko tsa eona: Papiso ea nako e telele ea bacha le batho ba baholo. Litlaleho tsa Boits'oaro ba Botona le Botšehali, 40 (5), 1015-1025. doi:10.1007 / s10508-010-9644-x
,
- Seromoa, D. (1997). Likhomphutha tsa "Ho bua": Mokhoa o tšepahalang le o ikemetseng oa ho etsa lipuisano ka lihlooho tse thata le bana. Journal of Research Research, 34(1), 3-9. doi:10.1080/00224499709551859
,
- Rothman, EF, Kaczmarsky, C., Burke, N., Jansen, E., & Baughman, A. (2015). “Ntle le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro… Ke ne nke ke ka tseba halofo ea lintho tseo ke li tsebang hona joale”: Phuputso e tšoanelehang ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso har'a batho ba bacha ba lulang toropong ba nang le chelete e tlase, ba batsho le ba Spain. Journal of Research Research, 52 (7), 736-746. doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.960908
,
- Ševčíková, A., & Daneback, K. (2014). Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang marang-rang lilemong tsa bocha: Mefuta ea lilemo le bong. Koranta ea Europe ea Psychology ea Nts'etsopele, 11 (6), 674-686. doi:10.1080/17405629.2014.926808
,
- Ševčíková, A., Šerek, J., Barbovschi, M., & Daneback, K. (2014). Karolo ea likarolo tsa motho ka mong le bolokolohi ba ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano ka boomo le ka boomo har'a bacha ba Europe:. Patlisiso ea Thobalano le Pholisi ea Sechaba, 11 (2), 104-115. doi:10.1007/s13178-013-0141-6
,
- Shek, DTL, & Ma, CMS (2012a). Tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa har'a bacha ba Hong Kong ba lilemong tsa bocha: Li-profiles le li-psychosocial. Koranta ea Machabeng e mabapi le Bokooa le Kholo ea Batho, 11 (2), 143-150. doi:10.1515 / ijdhd-2012-0024
,
- Shek, DTL, & Ma, CMS (2012b). Tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa har'a bacha ba Hong Kong ba lilemong tsa bocha: Phetolelo. Sengoli sa Lefatše sa Bohlale, 2012, 1-8. doi:10.1100/2012/406063
,
- Shek, DTL, & Ma, CMS (2014). Ho sebelisa mohlala oa sebopeho ho lekola tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa ho bacha ba Machaena Hong Kong. Koranta ea Machabeng e mabapi le Bokooa le Kholo ea Batho, 13 (2), 239-245. doi:10.1515 / ijdhd-2014-0309
,
- Skoog, T., Stattin, H., & Kerr, M. (2009). Karolo ea nako ea kemiso ho seo bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha ba se etsang inthaneteng. Tlaleho ea Patlo ea Bacha, 19 (1), 1-7. doi:10.1111 / j.1532-7795.2009.00578.x
,
- Slater, MD (2007). Ho matlafatsa meroalo: Tšusumetso e tšoanang ea khetho ea litaba le litaba tsa litaba le phello ea tsona boits'oarong ba motho. Khopolo ea Puisano, 17 (3), 281-303. doi:10.1111 / j.1468-2885.2007.00296.x
,
- Selemo, J., & Omar, HA (2013). Tšusumetso ea inthanete ho bophelo bo botle ba thobalano ba bacha: Tlhahlobo e khuts'oane. Koranta ea Machaba ea Bophelo ba Bana le Bacha, 6 (4), 469-471.
- Steele, JR, & Brown, JD (1995). Tloaelo ea kamore ea lilemong tsa bocha: Ho ithuta mecha ea litaba ka maemo a bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Journal ea Bacha le Bocha ba Bocha, 24 (5), 551-576. doi:10.1007 / BF01537056
,
- Steinberg, L., & Monahan, KC (2011). Ho pepesehela bacha mecheng ea liphatlalatso tsa bootsoa ha ho potlakise ho qaleha ha thobalano. Psychology e Tsoelang pele, 47 (2), 562-576. doi:10.1037 / A0020613
,
- Ho, S., Iu Kan, S., & Ngai, SS (2015). Litlamorao lipakeng tsa ho pepesetsoa lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano marang-rang le batho ka bomong, lelapa, le mabaka a amanang le malapa holima litumelo tsa baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng sa Hong Kong mabapi le karolo ea tekano ea karolo ea bong le thobalano e thehiloeng 'meleng.. Bacha le Mokhatlo, 47 (6), 747-768. doi:10.1177 / 0044118X13490764
,
- Ho, S., Ngai, SS, & Iu Kan, S. (2012). Litlamorao tse tobileng le tse kopaneng tsa ho fumana lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse bontšang thobalano boikutlong ba bacha ba Hong Kong, tsebo le boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano. Tlhahlobo ea Litšebeletso tsa Bana le Bacha, 34 (11), 2156-2163. doi:10.1016 / j.childyouth.2012.07.019
,
- Tourangeau, R., & Smith, TW (1996). Ho botsa lipotso tse botsoang: Tšusumetso ea mokhoa oa ho bokella data, sebopeho sa lipotso, le maemo a lipotso. Maikutlo a Sechaba Nako le nako, 60(2), 275-304. doi:10.1086/297751
,
- Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007). Lipotso tse hlakileng lithutong. Psychological Bulletin, 133 (5), 859-883. doi:10.1037 / 0033-2909.133.5.859
,
- Traeen, B., Nilsen, TS, & Stigum, H. (2006). Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mecheng ea setso le marang-rang a Norway. Journal of Research Research, 43 (3), 245-254. doi:10.1080/00224490609552323
,
- Tsaliki, L. (2011). Ho bapala le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: Lipatlisiso tsa bana ba Greece ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Sex Education, 11 (3), 293-302. doi:10.1080/14681811.2011.590087
,
- Tsitsika, A., Critselis, E., Kormas, G., Konstantoulaki, E., Constantopoulos, A., & Kafetzis, D. (2009). Ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea bootsoa ea lilemong tsa bocha: Tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea lintlha tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa tšebeliso le litlamorao tsa kelello le maikutlo. CyberPsychology le Boitšoaro, 12 (5), 545-550. doi:10.1089 / cpb.2008.0346
,
- Valkenburg, PM, & Peter, J. (2013). Monyetla o ikhethang oa tlhaiso ea meetso ea media. Tlaleho ea Puisano, 63 (2), 221-243. doi:10.1111 / jcom.12024
,
- Van Ouytsel, J., Ponnet, K., & Walrave, M. (2014). Litloaelano lipakeng tsa bacha ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le livideo tsa 'mino le boitšoaro ba bona bo litšila ba ho romellana litšoantšo. Cyberpsychology, Boitšoaro le Inthaneteng, 17 (12), 772-778. doi:10.1089 / cyber.2014.0365
,
- Vanden Abeele, M., Campbell, SE, Eggermont, S., & Roe, K. (2014). Ho romella litšoantšo tse litšila ka selefouno, tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka selefouno, le matla a sehlopha sa lithaka: Ho tsebahala ha bashanyana le banana ho hloka ho tuma le ho tseba khatello ea lithaka.. Psychology ea Media, 17 (1), 6-33. doi:10.1080/15213269.2013.801725
,
- Vandenbosch, L. (2015). Litekanyetso tsa ho pepesetsoa ha bacha lilemong tsa bocha mefuta e fapaneng ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tse tsosang takatso ea botona le botšehali: Thutong e telele. Lik'homphieutha ka Boitšoaro ba Botho, 50, 439-448. doi:10.1016 / j.chb.2015.04.032
,
- Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013a). Thobalano ea bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha: Ho pepesetsoa litaba le maikutlo a bashemane ka sepheo sa ho shebahala, ho itaola le ho shebella 'mele. Banna le Masculinities, 16 (3), 283-306. doi:10.1177 / 1097184X13477866
,
- Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013b). Liwebosaete tse buang ka thobalano le ho qala thobalano: Likamano tsa boiphetetso le karolo e leka-lekaneng ea boemo ba phatlalatso. Tlaleho ea Patlo ea Bacha, 23 (4), 621-634. doi:10.1111 / jora.12008
,
- Weber, M., Ho oa, O., & Daschmann, G. (2012). Lithaka, batsoali le litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso: Ho hlahloba ho pepesetsoa ha bacha lilemong tsa bocha le lintho tse amanang le thobalano. Thobalano le Setso, 16 (4), 408-427. doi:10.1007/s12119-012-9132-7
,
- Wiederman, MW (1993). Litšoaneleho tsa batho ba bangata le tsa thobalano tsa batho ba sa ngolang lintlha tsa thobalano lithutong tsa naha. Journal of Research Research, 30 (1), 27-35. doi:10.1080/00224499309551675
,
- Wiederman, MW (1999). Baithaopi ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa thobalano ba sebelisa barupeluoa baithuti ba koleche. Journal of Research Research, 36 (1), 59-66. doi:10.1080/00224499909551968
,
- Wolak, J., Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Ha re batle ebile re batla ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng molemong oa naha oa bacha ba sebelisang marang-rang. Lingaka, 119 (2), 247-257. doi:10.1542 / peds.2006-1891
,
- Wright, PJ (2013). Ba batona le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Amerika, 1973-2010: Tšebeliso, baphetha-khang, lithibelo. Journal of Research Research, 50 (1), 60-71. doi:10.1080/00224499.2011.628132
,
- Wright, PJ (2014a). Maikutlo a MaAmerika mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea thobalano pele ho lenyalo le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: Tlhahlobo ea naha. Litlaleho tsa Boits'oaro ba Botona le Botšehali, 44 (1), 89-97. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0353-8
,
- Wright, PJ (2014b). Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le setsoalle sa bana ka thobalano: Tsebo ea hona joale le bokamoso ba theoretical. Journal ea Bana le Media, 8 (3), 305-312. doi:10.1080/17482798.2014.923606
,
- Ybarra, ML, & Mitchell, KJ (2005). Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng har'a bana le bacha: Tlhahlobo ea naha. CyberPsychology le Boitšoaro, 8 (5), 473-486. doi:10.1089 / cpb.2005.8.473
,
- Ybarra, ML, Mitchell, KJ, Hamburger, M., Diener-West, M., & Leaf, PJ (2011). Lintho tse lekantsoeng tsa X le ho pepeseha hoa boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano har'a bana le bacha: Na ho na le sehokela? Boitšoaro bo Matla, 37 (1), 1-18. doi:10.1002 / Ab.20367
,
;