LINTLHA TSE KOPITSOANG: Ho pepesa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa vie ne e amana haholo le ho bona basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano. Ntho e 'ngoe e bontšang hore litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso e potlakileng haholo li fapane le litšoantšo tsa bo fetileng.
Mesebetsi ea thobalano - Sengoloa sa Patlisiso© Springer Science + Business Media,
E hatisoa Inthaneteng: La 28 Hlakola 2007
Jochen Peter1, 2 'me Patti M. Valkenburg1
(1) Univesithi ea Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
(2) Sekolo sa Amsterdam sa Patlisiso ea Khokahano, Univesithi ea Amsterdam, Kloveniersburgwal 48, 1012 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
Jochen Peter (Mongoli ea ngotseng)
Email: [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
inahaneloang
Phuputso ena e etselitsoe ho etsa lipatlisiso hore na bacha ba ka ba le maikutlo a matla ao basali ba etsang thobalano ka 'ona. Mka ho khetheha, re ithutile hore na mokhatlo o pakeng tsa maikutlo a basali le thobalano ea litaba tse amanang le thobalano ho fapana ka mokhoa o sa tšoaneng (e leng, ho bua ka thobalano e sa hlakileng, e hlakileng kapa e hlakileng) le ka litsela tse fapaneng ) e ka hlalosoa hamolemo e le ho bokella kapa ho ba le maemo a phahameng.
Ho feta moo, re ile ra batlisisa hore na mokhatlo ona o ne o itšetlehile ka tekano. E itšetlehile ka boitsebiso bo hlahang tlhahlobo ea inthanete ea 745 Bacha ba Madache ba nang le 13 ho 18, re fumane hore kamano pakeng tsa ho ipapisa le litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tse amanang le thobalano li ile tsa latela mokhoa oa ho latela likamano tsa botona le botšehali: Ho qala ha bacha ba pepesehela litaba tsa ho kopanela liphate, se boleloang ke likalo-palo tsa kamano le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano ho tloha ho tse hlakileng ho hlalosang thobalano e hlakileng le ho tloha mahlo ho ea ho li-audio-formats formats. Ho ipapisa le lintho tse hlalosang thobalano lifiliming tsa inthanete e ne e le eona feela tekanyo ea ho pepesa lintho tse amanang haholo le litumelo tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano., moo ho hlahelloang mefuta e meng ea thobalano ho laoloa. Kamano pakeng tsa ho pepesehela litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano ha lia ka tsa fapana le banana le bashemane.
Ho tloha - Tšusumetso ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng ho Bacha: Tlhahlobo ea Lipatlisiso (2012)
- Peter le Valkenburg (2007) ba ile ba hatisa phuputso ea bacha ba Madache (N = 745) e ileng ea batlisisa kamano pakeng tsa ho pepesa lintho tse hlalosang thobalano le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano. Phuputso ea bona e fumane hore ho pepeseha ho eketsehileng ka lintho tse hlalosang thobalano ho ekelitse menyetla ea hore bacha, ho sa tsotellehe hore na ke ba bong bofe, ba tla talima basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano.
Keywords-Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa a thelevishene romella limakasine Internet Bacha
Lilemong tse mashome a mararo tse fetileng, bopaki bo 'nile ba bokella hore bacha ba hlahelle litabeng tsa litaba tsa thobalano ba amana le mekhoa e fapa-fapaneng ea tekano le litumelo tsa thobalano (bakeng sa litlhahlobo, bona Escobar-Chaves et al., 2005;; Ward, 2003). Bafuputsi pejana ba ne ba ithuta ho kopanela liphate ka mofuta o le mong (mohlala, lipapali tsa sesepa, lipapali, litšoantšiso kapa livideo tsa 'mino) kapa sebapali se le seng (mohlala, thelevishene kapa limakasine; bakeng sa litlhahlobo, sheba Escobar-Chaves et al., 2005;; Ward, 2003). Ho hapa boiphihlelo ba bophatlalatsi ba bacha ka ho lekaneng, bafuputsi ba sa tsoa kenyelletsa mefuta e mengata (Aubrey, Harrison, Kramer, & Yellin, 2003;; Ward, 2002; Ward le Friedman, 2006) le mehala e mengata (mohlala, Brown le al., 2006; L'Engle, Brown, & Kenneavy, 2006; Pardun, L'Engle, & Brown, 2005).
Ho sa tsotellehe tsoelo-pele ena e atlehang tšimong, likheo tse peli lipatlisisong tse teng li ntse li hlolla. Ntlha ea pele, bafuputsi ha ba tsepamisitse maikutlo ho bacha hore ba shebane le litaba tsa ho kopanela liphate ka inthanete e le tlatsetso e eketsehileng ea litumelo tsa thobalano tsa bacha. Inthaneteng, litšoantšo tse hlakileng tsa liketso tsa thobalano (mohlala, molomo, botšehali, botona kapa botšehali) le litakatso tsa thobalano (mohlala, ho kopanela liphate, ho tsuba) ha li fumanehe habonolo feela ho bacha (Cooper, 1998), ba boetse baa e sebelisa (Lo & Wei, 2005; Peter & Valkenburg, 2006). Ntlha ea bobeli, e ntse e le potso e bulehileng hore na ho na le maikutlo afe a lilemong tsa bocha ba basali ba kang lintho tsa ho kopanela likobo tse itšetlehileng ka ho kopanela liphate ka mokhoa oa ho kopanela liphate le sebopeho se bonahalang kapa se bonts'oang sa litaba. Ha ho tsejoe hakaalo ka hore na ho sebelisoa ha bacha, ka mohlala, ho bua ka thobalano ho amana haholo le litumelo tsa bona tsa thobalano ho fapana le ho pepeseha ha bona ka thobalano e sa hlakileng. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ha re tsebe hore na botsoalle bo teng pakeng tsa thobalano le litumelo tsa thobalano li fapana pakeng tsa libopeho tse bonahalang (mohlala, litšoantšo tse limakasine kapa inthaneteng) le libopeho tsa motlakase (mohlala, lifilimi thelevisheneng kapa ho internet).
Ka lebaka la likarolo tsena tse peli, Brown le al. (2006) ba bontšitse hore "lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao ka liphello tsa mecha ea phatlalatso ea ho kopanela liphate lilemong tsa bocha li lokela ho kenyeletsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete" (leq. 1026). Brown et al. ba boetse ba kōpile hore "litlhahlobo tse senyang li lokela ho shebahala haufi-ufi ho bona hore na tšusumetso e amanang le e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea likarolo tsa litaba [tsa thobalano ea liphatlalatso tsa botona le botšehali] e etsa joang" boitšoarong bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate "(leq. 1026). Thutong ena, re ile ra leka ho rarolla likōpo tsena tse peli. E itšetlehile ka lijo tsa mecha ea litaba tsa thobalano ka Brown le al. le likhopolo tsa bafuputsi ba bang (Brown, 2000;; Brown et al., 2006;; Greenfield, 2004;; L'Engle et al., 2006;; Pardun et al., 2005; Strasburger le Donnerstein, 1999), re fana ka maikutlo a mohopolo oa litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano ho kopanya lethathamo lena la lipatlisiso. Ho arabela Brown le al.'S (2006), re ile ra batlisisa hore na bacha ba ka ba le maikutlo afe ka ho kopanela liphate, haholo-holo marang-rang, ba kopantsoe le litumelo tsa bona tsa thobalano ho phaella tabeng ea ho pepeseha ha bona litabeng tsa thobalano tsa likamano tse fapaneng tsa ho kopanela liphate mecheng e meng ea litaba. Ho feta moo, re ile ra ithuta kamoo ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano ho amahanngoa le litumelo tsa thobalano ho itšetlehile ka ho kopanela liphate ka litaba tsa thobalano, lintho tse bonahalang le tse bonts'ang litabeng tsa tekano, le tekano ea bacha.
Boithuto ba hajoale bo shebile litumelo tsa bacha tsa hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano joalo ka tumelo ea thobalano e ka bang mabapi le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano mecheng ea litaba. Khanyetso ea thobalano ea basali ke moaho oa thuto le oa kahisano: E tsoela pele ho holisa mohopolo oa 'mele e le kaho ea sechaba mme e supa mofuta o bohareng oa khethollo ea bong (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). Ho feta moo, lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li thehile khokahanyo pakeng tsa ho pepesa litaba tsa mecha ea litaba tse hanyetsang basali le litumelo tsa bacha hore lintho tseo basali ba li etsang ke thobalano (Ward, 2002; Ward le Friedman, 2006). Ho latela lipatlisiso tse boletsoeng ka holimo ho ka re thusa ho utloisisa kamano pakeng tsa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano le litloaelo tsa khethollo ea tekano.
Litabeng tsa mecha ea litaba tsa thobalano
Ho na le tumellano e ntseng e eketseha eo bacha ba phelang ho eona lefats'e le tletseng litaba tse ngata (Qrius, 2005; Roberts, Foehr, le Tsela, 2005) mme ba kanna ba pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano mecheng e fapaneng ea litaba (Kunkel, Eyal, Finnerty, Biely, & Donnerstein, 2005;; Pardun et al., 2005). Ka lebaka leo, bafuputsi ba furalle ho lekanyetsa bacha hore ba ipapise le sekhahla se le seng feela. Khatelo-pele ena e ntle ka ho fetisisa e etsoang ke mefuta ea lijo tsa litaba tsa thobalano le Brown le al., E kopantsang ho pepeseha ha bacha le mecha ea litaba tsa thobalano e fumanoang mecheng ea litaba (Brown et al., 2006;; L'Engle et al., 2006;; Pardun et al., 2005). Boitekong ba pele ba ho holisa mohato ona ho ea mefuteng ea tikoloho ea thobalano ea bocha, e talimang maikutlo le boits'oaro ba bacha ka lebaka la tšebelisano ea bona le tikoloho ea bona (Lerner & Castellino, 2002), re hlahisa maikutlo a bacha ba ho kopanela liphate ka litaba tsa thobalano. Taba ea ho shebella litaba tsa thobalano e itšetlehile ka litlhahiso tse tharo. Taba ea pele, ho na le lintho tse ngata ho kopanela liphate tse sa tšoaneng ho hang. Ea bobeli, taba ena ea thobalano e atile ebile ha e felle feela ho moeli o le mong. Ntlha ea boraro, mecha ea phatlalatso e fana ka monyetla o bonolo oa ho kopanela liphate ka ho hlaka. Sena se sebetsa haholo-holo ho internet.
Mabapi le maikutlo a pele, bopaki bo 'nile ba bokella hore litaba tsa thobalano mecheng ea litaba li eketsehile lilemong tse mashome tse sa tsoa feta (bakeng sa tlhahlobo, sheba Ward, 2003). Sena ke 'nete ka ho khetheha bakeng sa thelevishene (mohlala, Kunkel et al., 2005), empa hape e sebetsa ho thahasello e tloaelehileng le limakasine tsa banana ('Mè oa mapolanka, 1998;; Scott, 1986). Phuputso ea morao-rao ea United States e bontšitse hore palo ea litšoantšo tsa thobalano ho thelevishene ea US e batla e imenne habeli pakeng tsa 1998 le 2005 (Kunkel et al., 2005). Ba bang ba tlalehile hore palo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng e eketsehile ka 1,800% pakeng tsa 1998 le 2004 (Pauluse, 2005).
Na litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano li atile ka kutloisiso ea hore bongata ba litaba tsa thobalano bo fumaneha mecheng ea litaba tse fapa-fapaneng (tlhahiso ea bobeli)? Litlhaloso tsa lingoliloeng li bontša hore, ho sa tsotellehe hore na bacha ba hatisa melaetsa kapa ba phatlalatsoang ke li-audiovisual, ba na le menyetla ea ho kopanela liphate (Escobar-Chaves et al., 2005;; Ward, 2003). Ka mohlala, pakeng tsa October 2004 le April 2005, 70% ea thelevishene ea 20 e bontša hore bacha ba United States ba shebella hangata ho kenyeletsa litaba tsa thobalano, 'me 45% e bontšitse boitšoaro ba ho kopanela liphate. Karolo ea mashome a robong a metso e 'meli ea lifilimi, 87% ea lihlopha tsa lipapali le litšoantšiso, le 85% ea lisebelisoa tsa sesepa li ithutile ka litaba tsa thobalano (Kunkel et al., 2005). Babali ba bangata ba sebetsana le litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso kapa tse se nang mofuthu, ba buisana ka bolokolohi mekhoa ea ho kopanela liphate, 'me ba eletsa babali hore na ba ka ntlafatsa bophelo ba bona ba thobalano joang (ho hlahloba, bona Ward, 2003). 'Me ho batlisisa habonolo Google ka mantsoe "ho kopanela liphate ntle ho tefo" ho ile ha kenyelletsoa, ka November 2006, hits 2,460,000 e ka fetisang mochine ka ho penya konopo e le' ngoe ka libaka tsa thobalano.
Mehlala e boletsoeng ka holimo ea ho eketseha le ho ata ha lintho tse hlalosang thobalano ka inthaneteng e se e ntse e tšehetsa maikutlo a boraro a hore bacha ba ka fumana lihlahisoa tse hlalosang thobalano ka ntle ho boitsebiso ba thobalano bo se nang boitsebiso. Ka ho atolosoa ha inthanete, litaba tsa thobalano tse fumanehang ho bacha li fetohile tse hlakileng. Habohlokoa le ho feta, inthaneteng bacha ba ka fumana boholo ba lintho tse hlalosang thobalano ka mokhoa o sa tsejoeng le ka ntle ho tefo (Cooper, 1998). Qetellong, inthanete e nolofalletsa bacha hore ba thehe likarolo tsa litaba tsa bona tsa thobalano ka bobona ka ho arolelana litaba tsa thobalano le lithaka tsa bona (Greenfield, 2004).
Tumellanong le maikutlo a maikutlo a mobu oa litaba oa thobalano, joale, lintlha tse fumanehang li bontša hore bacha ba ka 'na ba tobana le litaba tse ngata tsa mecha ea litaba tsa thobalano, tse pharaletseng le tse sa felletseng mofuteng o le mong. Inthanete, ka ho khetheha, e kopantsoe le thobalano ea bocha ea litaba tsa bacha ka ho fetisetsa ho hlaka ha lintho tsa thobalano tse fumanehang (Cooper, 1998; Lo & Wei, 2005;; Pauluse, 2005).
Ho etsa hore bacha ba ikutloe ka litaba tsa thobalano ka litaba tse fapaneng tse hlalosang litaba tse fapaneng mecheng ea liphatlalatso tse fapaneng, re sebelitse thutong ea hona joale le tšebeliso ea bona ea thobalano e sa hlakileng, e hlalosang thobalano, le litlhaloso tsa thobalano ka limakasine, thelevisheneng le ka marang-rang . Thelevishene le limakasine li fumane tlhokomelo e ngata ea lipatlisiso e le tšusumetso e ka bakoang ke tsoelo-pele ea thobalano (bacha, 2003), empa inthanete e ntse e tšohloa e le tšusumetso e ka bang teng (Greenfield, 2004; Lo & Wei, 2005; Thornburgh le Lin, 2002). Tlhaloso ea rona ea mefuta e meraro ea thobalano e hlalosang thobalano haholo e latela litlhaloso tse 'nileng tsa pakoa li le molemo litabatsong tsa litaba (mohlala, Kunkel et al., 2005). Ho kopanela liphate bao e sengLintlha tse hlakileng li hlalosa litaba tsa thobalano ka litsela tse sa tobang. E ka 'na ea e-ba le bolutu, empa hase mohopolo oa setšoantšo; batho ba se nang mofuthu kapa litho tsa 'mele ha li hlahe. Ho kopanela liphate ho ka hlalosoa kapa ho bontšoa, empa setšoantšo se lula se le masene. Litabeng tse sa hlakileng tsa thobalano hangata li ka fumanoa lifiliming tse tloaelehileng kapa sesepa. Haeba pontšo ea ho kopanela liphate e amana le bohloa, ha se boemong bo botle 'me ha e bontše ho ama maikutlo a haufi. Ka thobalano halofoLintho tse hlakileng, bolutu ke bohareng ba tlhokomelo. Tšoantšiso ea ho kopanela liphate e amana le ho ama maikutlo a tebileng mme e ka fana ka maikutlo a mefuta e fapaneng ea phunyeletso, empa ha e bontšoe. Taba ea thobalano e hlalosang thobalano e hlaha, ka mohlala, litabeng tsa thelevishene tse kang Sex Court or Sexcetera. Lintho tse hlalosang thobalano li bontša litho tsa botona kapa tsa thobalano ka litsela tse sa tsejoeng. Ho kenngoa ka molomo, ka botšehali, le ka hare ho ponahalo ho bonahala ka ho hlaka, ka tloaelo ho bontšoa ho haufi-ufi. Lintho tse hlalosang thobalano li atisa ho hlahisoa ka "batho ba baholo," "hardcore" kapa "XXX".
Litabeng tsa mecha ea mecha ea litaba tsa thobalano le maikutlo a Basali ka litaba tsa thobalano
Ho sa tsotellehe hore na litaba tsa thobalano ke lintho tse hlakileng, tse hlakileng kapa tse hlakileng, lihlahisoa tsa litaba li 'nile tsa bontša hore lintho tse joalo li hanyetsa basali hangata ho feta banna (bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Ward, 2003). Ho ea ka Fredrickson le Roberts (1997), Khanyetso ea thobalano ea basali e ka hlalosoa e le phokotso ea basali ho hoheleng ea bona ea thobalano ho latela chebahalo ea bona ea kantle le ho tsepamisa maikutlo 'meleng ea bona (likarolo). E boetse e kenyelletsa ngongoreho e matla ka mesebetsi ea basali ea thobalano e le eona mochini o ka sehloohong oa khahleho ea bona le ho bonts'a basali e le lipapali tsa thobalano tse emetseng ho khahlisa litakatso tsa banna tsa thobalano. Litabeng tse sa hlakang ka tsa thobalano joalo ka ha li hlahisoa lenaneong la thelevishene le livideo tsa 'mino tsa nako ea pele, ho tsepamisa maikutlo' meleng oa basali ho atile haholo ho feta ho tsepamisa maikutlo 'meleng ea banna (mohlala, Grauerholz & King, 1997;; Seidman, 1992). Mohlala, tlhahlobo ea litaba ea lenaneo la nako ea mantlha e bontšitse hore, ho 84% ea mananeo a hlahlobiloeng, bonyane ketsahalo e le 'ngoe ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano e etsahetse. Liperesente tse mashome a mararo a metso e 'meli tsa liketsahalo tsohle tsa tlhekefetso ea motabo e ne e le litlhaloso tsa thobalano tse buang haholo ka' mele ea basali kapa likarolo tsa 'mele (Grauerholz & King, 1997). Liphuputso tsa livideo tsa 'mino tsa 182 li bontšitse hore 37% ea basali, ho fapana le 4% ea banna, ba apara liaparo tse senolang (Seidman, 1992).
Limakasineng tsa banna tse hlakileng tsa thobalano, litsebi li boetse li fumane tloaelo e matla ea ho hlalosa basali haholo-holo ka chebahalo le 'mele ea bona, hammoho le setšoantšo sa basali ba fumanehang ka thobalano (Krassas, Blauwkamp, & Wesselink, 2001). Litšoantšong tse bontšang ho kopanela liphate tse hlalosang thobalano, mehlala ea boea ba basali ho feta tekano ea banna ka karolelano ea 4: 1 (Greenberg et al., 1993). Kamora nako, lintho tse totobatsang thobalano livideong, li-DVD, limakasine le inthaneteng li nka basali joalo ka lipapali tsa thobalano le ba ka tlase ho bona, bao 'mele ea bona le litho tsa bona tsa botona le botšehali e leng setsi sa tlhokomelo (mohlala, Brosius, Weaver, & Staab, 1993; Cowan, Lee, Lekhetho, & Snyder, 1988;; Ertel, 1990). Cowan et al. (1988), ka mohlala, o tlalehile hore 69% ea ho shebella likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka botona le botšehali e ne e le letšoao la basali, 'me 31% e ne e le banna ba thunang.
Ho sa tsotellehe liphuputso tse tsitsitseng tsa lipatlisiso tsena, liphuputso tse 'maloa feela li amehile ka khokahanyo e teng pakeng tsa ho phatlalatsoa ha mecha ea litaba e hanyetsang basali le maikutlo a basali ka lintho tsa thobalano. Ward (2002) o ile a fana ka bopaki bo amanang ba hore bacha ba baholo ba neng ba atisa ho shebella thelevishene ba ne ba e-na le monyetla o moholo ho feta bacha ba neng ba shebeletse thelevishene hangata ho lumela hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano. Nakong ea teko, Ward le Friedman (2006) ba ile ba khona ho bonts'a hore ho pepesehela sehlahisoa sa thelevishene se neng se hanyetsa basali ho eketsa maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano. Ward o fumane ts'ebetso e tšoanang, leha ho le joalo feela bakeng sa barupeluoa sehlopheng sa liteko, ho fapana le lihlooho tsa basali sehlopheng sa taolo, empa eseng bakeng sa lihlooho tsa banna sehlopheng sa liteko. Lipatlisiso ha li na mokhatlo pakeng tsa mecha ea litaba, e kang khatiso ea litaba kapa inthanete, le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tsa litaba tse hlalosang tlhekefetso ea thobalano ea basali litabeng tse hlalosang thobalano le tse hlalosang thobalano li fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha ba hlahelletseng molemong oa litaba tsa thobalano ba ka eketsa maikutlo a bona a basali ka lintho tsa thobalano.
Boemo ba kamano pakeng tsa ho ipapisa le thobalano le maikutlo a Basali joaloka litaba tsa thobalano
Le hoja ho ba le setsoalle se setle pakeng tsa ho shebana le litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano le litumelo tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano li bonahala eka lia utloahala, mofuta oa kamano ena e sa ntsane e hlakile. Ka ho khetheha, ha ho tsejoe hore na maikutlo a basali a fapaneng ka ho kopanela liphate a fapana hokae ka ho kopanela liphate ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa litaba le mokhoa oa oona (e leng, tse bonts'ang, tse kang litšoantšo limakasineng, kapa li-audio-visual, tse kang litšoantšo tsa thelevishene kapa lifilimi. Inthanete). Na ho shebana le litaba tsa ho kopanela liphate ho fapana ka mokhoa o fapaneng le ho fapana ka mefuta e sa tšoaneng ho kenyelletsanoa le mokhatlo oa (ho bokellana) le litumelo tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano? Kapa na kamano ea likamano tse peli tsa bobeli e etsa hore ho be bonolo haholoanyane, moo ho hlahella li-audio-visual le tse hlalosang ka thobalano ho amana haholo le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano ho e-na le ho pepesa lintho tse bonahalang le tsa thobalano?
Hape ha re tsebe letho ka ho se tšoane ha botona le botšehali ha ho pepesehetse litaba tsa thobalano tsa litumelo tse fapaneng le tsa litumelo tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore kamano pakeng tsa ho kopanela liphate le litumelo tsa thobalano e ka' na ea lumellana le tekano ea bacha (bakeng sa tlhahlobo, sheba Ward, 2003). Leha ho le joalo, ho thata ho bolela hore na botsoalle bo khethehileng pakeng tsa ho shebana le litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano le litumelo tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano li ka ba matla ho bashanyana kapa banana.
Ho iketsetsa lipatlisiso le mahlakore a mangata
Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo, tlhahiso e mpe le ho eketseha ka tsela e tsitsitseng ea litaba tsa thobalano, hammoho le ho le bonolo ho fihlella, li bua pelong ea khopolo ea bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba litaba tsa thobalano. Khopolo ena e fana ka bonyane mekhoa e 'meli ea kamoo bacha ba shebaneng le litaba tsa thobalano ka thobalano e ka amanang le litumelo tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano. Re bitsa mohlala oa pele kakaretso. Ka ho bokellana, re bolela hore bacha ba pepesehang litabeng tsa thobalano ka litsela tse fapa-fapaneng tsa ho kopanela liphate le ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho kopana le litumelo tsa hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano. Tlhaloso e hlakileng ea ho kopanela liphate le mokhoa oa eona oa ho sheba kapa oa ho shebella li-audiovisual ha o bohlokoa hakaalo ho feta hore bacha ba pepesehetse litaba tsa thobalano khafetsa. Ka lebaka leo, ho sa tsotellehe hore na ho na le lintho tse hlalosang maikutlo le mofuta oa likahare, ho pepeseha haholoanyane ka litaba tsa thobalano ho tla amana le litumelo tse matla tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano. Thupong ea hona joale, re ile ra tsepamisa maikutlo tabeng ea hore na ho pepeseha ho kopanela liphate ka litaba tse fapaneng tsa ho kopanela liphate le ka litsela tse fapaneng ho amana haholo le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano. Matla ao ho bonahalang ka 'ngoe ho amanang le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa ho kopanela liphate a ka hlalosa sebopeho sa mokhoa oa ho bokellana, empa bonyane thutong ea hona joale, eseng ea thahasello e ka sehloohong.
Mokhoa oa ho bokella litšebelisano pakeng tsa ho kopanela liphate tsa litaba tsa thobalano le litumelo tsa thobalano qalong li na le mabaka a hlalosang mecha ea litaba ka kakaretso e le moemeli oa thobalano (mohlala, L'Engle et al., 2006; Strasburger le Donnerstein, 1999). Ka mokhoa oa mokhoa oa mokhoa oa mokhoa oa ho bokella, mokhoa oa ho bokella o nahanngoa ka ho feletseng, ka mohlala, ka tekanyo ea ho ja lijo tsa mecha ea thobalano, ka ho kopana ha eona ho hlahisa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa thobalano ka tekanyo e le 'ngoe (mohlala, Brown et al., 2006). Boemong bo sebetsang haholoanyane, mokhoa oa ho bokella likamanong pakeng tsa ho pepeseha le litumelo tsa thobalano o fana ka maikutlo, mohlala, o hloka tlhokomelo e eketsehileng ho boralitaba e le lisosa tsa kotsi tsa kelello le bophelo ba bocha (mohlala, Rich & Bar-On, 2001).
Liphuputso tsa boemeli tse itšetlehileng ka lijo tsa liphatlalatso tsa thobalano li fana ka ts'ehetso ea pele bakeng sa mokhoa oa ho bokella (Brown et al., 2006;; L'Engle et al., 2006). Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso ha lia kenyelletsa ho pepesehela lintho tse hlalosang thobalano, 'me bafuputsi ha baa ka ba batlisisa tšusumetso e amanang le likarolo tsa lijo tsa thobalano tse kang Brown le al. (2006) ba ile ba supa. Ka lebaka leo, tlhahiso ea tlhahlobo ea Brown le al. E hloka hore bacha ba ipapise le mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea ho kopanela liphate le mekhoa e sa tšoaneng ho hlahlojoa ka tsela e fapaneng le ho ba le litumelo tsa hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano. Ha ho hlahlojoa ho fapana ho hongata, mokhoa oa ho bokella o ne o tla bontšoa ka likamano tse bohlokoa pakeng tsa maikutlo a basali le lintho tse amanang le thobalano le ho pepeseha ka thobalano e sa hlakileng, e hlakileng le e hlakileng ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka litšoantšo tse peli tse bonts'ang le tsa li-audiovisual.
Re bitsa mohlala oa bobeli oa kamoo bacha ba ipapisitseng le boemo ba litaba ba thobalano ba ka amanang le litumelo tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano. boemong bo hlahelletseng mohlala. Mokhoa oa maemo a phahameng o nahanoa ka botlalo mohopolong o nahanang hore litaba tse mabapi le thobalano inthaneteng ke moemeli ea matla ho feta oa thobalano ho feta mefuta e meng ea litaba tsa thobalano mecheng ea litaba tsa setso (Donnerstein & Smith, 2001;; Pauluse, 2005; Thornburgh le Lin, 2002). Ka mokhoa o sebetsang haholoanyane, mokhoa oa ho latela likarolo tse amanang le likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka likamano tsa thobalano ho ea ka likōpo tse kang ho bitsa thuto e khethehileng ea ho kopanela liphate Inthaneteng malapeng le sekolong (Greenfield, 2004) kapa ho eletsa batsoali hore ba ka sireletsa bana ba bona joang marang-rang (Freeman-Longo, 2000). Ho fapana le mokhoa oa ho bokellana, joale mokhoa oa ho latela liketso tsa bocha ha o bolele hore litšoantšo tsa lilemong tsa bocha tsa likamano tsa thobalano tse fapaneng le mefuta e fapaneng ea mokhoa o hlalosang maikutlo le lihlahisoa li phaella ka ho kopana le litumelo tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano. Ho e-na le hoo, ho kopanela liphate ho amana le maikutlo a basali ka lintho tsa ho kopanela liphate, ho itšetlehile ka mokhoa oa ho kopanela liphate ka tsela ea ho kopanela liphate le mokhoa oa oona oa ho shebella litšoantšo.
Ha ho buuoa ka ho hlaka ha lintho tsa thobalano, mokhoa o motle oa liketso tsa ho kopanela liphate o bolela hore litaba tsa thobalano feela ke qetello e amanang le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano. Litlhahlobo tsa litaba tsa thobalano li hlahisitse ho hanyetsa basali ka mokhoa oa ho kopanela liphate, ka mohlala, lithunya tsa li-genitalia tse tletseng nako eohle (Cowan et al., 1988), ho ruruha ha motho 'meleng, sefahlehong, kapa molomong oa mosali (Brosius et al., 1993), le setšoantšo sa basali ba se nang boikarabelo (Ertel, 1990). Bonyane khafetsa le matla, khanyetso ea thobalano ea basali litabeng tse hlakileng tsa thobalano e kanna ea ba e fapaneng ho feta ho hanana le basali ka litaba tsa thobalano tse sa hlakang kapa tse hlakileng. Ho feta moo, tloaelo e ka bang teng ea thabo le, mme mohlomong le ho hloka boithati ho tsa thobalano e sa hlakang (Zillmann & Bryant, 1986) e ka 'na ea etsa hore ho be le mokhoa o motle oa ho ba le likamano tsa botona le botšehali, moo ho pepesehang feela ka litaba tsa thobalano ho amana le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano.
Ha ho buuoa ka mokhoa o bonahalang kapa o bonts'oang oa thobalano, mokhoa oa ho etsa liketso tsa thobalano o bolela hore qetellong feela li-audio-visual content li kopantsoe le maikutlo a hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano. Liphuputso tsa litaba li bontšitse hore, ka litlhaloso tse hlalosang litšoantšo tsa thobalano, banna ka linako tse ling ba bua le basali ka tsela e nyelisang, e nyefolang (mohlala, Cowan et al., 1988, Ertel, 1990). Lenaneong la pele-pele, litlhaloso tsa thobalano tse shebaneng le 'mele ea basali le likarolo tsa' mele li etsahala khafetsa (Grauerholz & King, 1997). Ka lebaka leo, mochine o eketsehileng oa boitsebiso o hlahang litabeng tsa li-audiovisual, 'me ka oona monyetla oa ho hlalosa ka ho kopanela liphate melaetsa ea mantsoe kapa ea mahlaseli (mohlala, mololi), o ka lebisa mokhatlong o matla ho pakeng tsa thobalano le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano ho feta pakeng tsa feela litaba tsa ho kopanela liphate le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano.
Tlhahlobo e lekaneng ea mekhoa ea boipheliso ho latela botsoalle pakeng tsa likamano tsa litaba tsa thobalano le litumelo tsa hore basali ba na le lintho tse amanang le thobalano li hloka hore ho pepesehela mefuta eohle e meraro ea ho kopanela liphate ho hlahlojoa ka bobeli ho hlahlojoa ka bobeli bakeng sa libopeho tsa pono le li-audiovisual. Tabeng ea mekhoa ea boipheliso ba mekhoa ea boipheliso, ho hlahlojoa ha mefuta e mengata ea boipiletso ho tla etsa hore ho be le litšebelisano tsa bohlokoa pakeng tsa ho kopanela liphate tse sa hlalosoang ka thobalano le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano. Ka mor'a moo, ho ne ho tla ba le mekhatlo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano tse hlakileng, empa ha se sa sebelisoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, hang ha ho pepeseha hore ho na le lintho tse hlalosang thobalano, ke mofuta ona feela oa ho pepeseha ho ka ba le kamano e kholo le litumelo tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano; mokhatlo oa bohlokoa o neng o le teng pakeng tsa ho pepesehela litaba tsa ho kopanela liphate tse hlalosang thobalano le litumelo tsena li ne li tla nyamela.
Bakeng sa mofuta o mong le o mong oa ho itlosa bolutu ka ho kopanela liphate, tšusumetso e ka sehloohong ea lihlooho tsa pono e tla nyamela hang ha ho na le li-audiovisual content tse nahanoang. Mohlala, ha ho pepeseha ho bonts'oa ka thobalano e sa hlakileng (mohlala, litšoantšo tse makasineng) e ka 'na ea e-ba le kamano e kholo le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tse amanang le thobalano, mokhatlo ona o ka nyamela ha o pepesehetse litšoantšo tse sa hlakileng tsa thobalano (mohlala. , thelevishene) ho nkoa. Ka mokhoa o phethahetseng oa mahlale, qetellong feela ho pepeseha li-audio-visual content tse hlalosang thobalano (mohlala, li-livideo kapa lifiliming tsa inthanete) li tla amahanngoa le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano.
Le hoja litšoaneleho tsa bobeli le tse latelang li ka hlalosoa ka ho hlaka, bopaki ba morao-rao bo fuputso ha bo lumelle ho bolela hore na ke efe eo ka bobeli e ka hlahelang mabapi le botsoalle pakeng tsa bacha le boemo ba litaba ba ho kopanela liphate le maikutlo a bona a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano. Ka hona, re ile ra etsa potso e latelang ea lipatlisiso.
RQ 1: Na kamano pakeng tsa bacha le ho ba le sechabeng sa litaba tsa thobalano le maikutlo a bona a basali ka lintho tsa thobalano a ka hlalosoa hamolemo e le boitsebiso bo bongata kapa bo bongata?
Tekano ea botona kapa botšehali
Ho itšetlehile ka ho hlahloba ho se tšoane ha bong bo fapaneng tabeng ea ho kopanela liphate, Aubrey et al. (2003) li bontšitse bohlokoa ba ho nahana hore banna le basali ba ka 'na ba itšoara ka tsela e sa tšoaneng ho litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano. Bangoli ba fihletse qeto ea lipatlisiso tse teng tse bontšang hore, ka kakaretso le ho bapisoa le basali, banna ba lebeletse ho kopanela liphate ho feta ho balekane ba bona; hangata ba kopanela liphate bakeng sa boikhathollo, 'me ka tekanyo e tlaase bakeng sa botsoalle, mabaka; le ho tšoara boikutlo ba ho kopanela liphate ho lumella. Ho feta moo, ho ntse ho e-na le mokhoa o joalo oa ho kopanela liphate ka bobeli, ho latela hore na ke mefuta efe e tšoanang ea boitšoaro ba thobalano e nkoang e le ea bohlokoa ho banna ho feta basali. Tumelo ea hore basali ba na le lintho tsa ho kopanela liphate li bonahala li amana le litekanyo tse 'maloa tsa thobalano tseo banna le basali ba fapaneng ka tsona. Ho latela maikutlo a sa lumellaneng, ka ho feletseng phapang pakeng tsa botona le botšehali ka ho kopanela liphate ho ka fetoleloa ho fapana ka tekano ho bong bo amanang le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tse amanang le thobalano le ho pepesa litaba tsa thobalano.
Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse matla mabapi le phapang pakeng tsa tekano le tšusumetso ea litaba tsa thobalano lichabeng tsa basali joaloka lintho tsa ho kopanela liphate ha lia lumellane. Phuputsong e mabapi le liphello tsa litšoantšo tse sa hlakileng tsa thelevishene, Ward (2002) ba fumane hore baithuti ba basali ba koleche ba neng ba shebelletse sekhechana sa thelevishene se sa lumellaneng le thobalano ba lumellane ka matla ho feta baithuti ba koleche ba basali ba neng ba shebelletse litaba tse sa amaneng le thobalano hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano. Phapang ena, ka lehlakoreng le leng, e ne e sa etsahale bakeng sa baithuti ba banna ba koleche ba neng ba fumane mefuta e tšoanang ea litaba. Tlalehong ea thuto ena le baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng, ha ho khethollo ea bong e hlahileng. Ho sa tsotelehe bong ba bona, baithuti ba neng ba shebelletse litaba tse amanang le thobalano ba ts'ehetsa mohopolo oa basali joalo ka lintho tsa thobalano ka matla ho feta baithuti ba maemong a taolo (Ward & Friedman, 2006).
Ho se lekane ha lipatlisiso mabapi le liphapang tsa bong karabelong ea litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano ho boetse ho akaretsa lithuto tsa maikutlo a ts'oanang le tumelo ea hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano. Mohlala, kamano lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano thelevisheneng, joalo ka lisepa le livideo tsa 'mino, e fumanoe e amana haholo le maikutlo a thobalano ho bacha ba basali ho feta ba lilemong tsa bocha (mohlala, Strouse & Buerkel-Rothfuss, 1995; Strouse, Goodwin le Roscoe, 1994). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho pepesetsoa lipapatso tsa limakasine moo basali ba neng ba hlahisoa e le lintho tsa thobalano ho lebisitse kamohelong e matla ea likhopolo tsa peto le likhopolo-taba tsa thobalano har'a baithuti ba banna ba koleche ho feta har'a lithaka tsa bona tsa basali (Lanis & Covell, 1995; MacKay le Covell, 1997). Qetellong, bonyane lithuto tse peli li bontša hore e ka itšetleha ka mofuta le mofuta oa tumelo ea thobalano ebang banna kapa basali ba amehile haholo ka litaba tsa thobalano (Aubrey et al., 2003; Ward le Rivadeneyra, 1999). Ka lebaka la mefuta e fapaneng ea liphuputso tsa lipatlisiso, re ka etsa qeto ea hore bofebe ba bacha bo ka leka-lekanya kamano pakeng tsa ho pepeseha ha bona mecheng ea litaba tsa thobalano le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, re ne re sa khone ho totobatsa hore na tšusumetso ena e ts'oanelang e ka shebahala joang ka hona e entse lipotso tsa lipatlisiso:
RQ 2: Tekano ea tekano ea bacha ke ea tekanyo e kae pakeng tsa ho pepeseha ha bona le maemo a litaba tsa thobalano le maikutlo a bona a basali ka lintho tsa thobalano?
Litlhaloso tse ling
Lipatlisiso tse fetileng mabapi le phapang ka bomong litumelo tsa basali ka lintho tsa ho kopanela liphate li fana ka maikutlo a hore maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano a na le likamano tse tsoetseng pele, tsa sechaba le tsa setso. Thupong ea hona joale, ha e lebisa tlhokomelo mecheng ea mecha ea phatlalatso, likamano tsena li ka sebetsa e le lintlha tse ling tsa hore na ke hobane'ng ha bacha ba fapana ka maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa ho kopanela liphate mme kahoo ba lokela ho laoloa bakeng sa. Ka mohlala, ho latela mekhoa ea ntlafatso, Ward (2002) o fumane hore bacha ba bangata ba nang le likamano tsa botona le botšehali ba na le likhopolo tse matla tsa basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano ho feta bacha ba nang le phihlelo ea ho kopanela liphate (Ward, 2002). Mabapi le mefuta-futa ea mekhoa ea sechaba, lipatlisiso li bontšitse hore banna le bashanyana ba na le monyetla o moholo ho feta basali le banana ho tšehetsa litumelo tse joalo (Ward, 2002; Ward le Friedman, 2006). Mabapi le mekhoa ea meetlo, Ward o ile a boela a tlaleha tšusumetso ea morabe ka maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano. Netherlands, bacha ba Turkey le ba Moroetsana ba fokolang ha ba fapane feela le boitšoaro ba bona ba ho kopanela liphate ho ba bangata ba bacha ba Madache, empa ka ho hlakileng ba boetse ba na le maikutlo a tloaelehileng a litloaelo tsa botona le botšehali (Rutgers Nisso Group, 2005). Ka lebaka lena, bacha ba se nang Madache ba ka 'na ba e-na le monyetla o moholo ho feta bacha ba Maholand ba lumelang hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano.
Taba ea hore litaba tse tsoelang pele, tsa sechaba le tsa setso li amana le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano li bua ka liphello tsa lipatlisiso ka maikutlo a amanang le thobalano. Lipatlisiso ka maikutlo a thobalano li bontša hore ho ka ba molemo ntle le ho hlahloba mefuta-futa e latelang ea tsoelo-pele, ea setso le ea setso ho lekola ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng kamano e ka ba teng pakeng tsa litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano le litumelo ka basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano. Mabapi le mefuta e meng ea ntlafatso, boemo ba bacha ba bocha le boemo ba bona ba kamano bo ka fokotsa maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano. Ntle ho lilemo, boemo ba pubertal bo bonahala e le pontšo e rutang ea bocha ba bocha. Tšehetso e fokolang ea litumelo tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano tseo Ward (2002) e fumanoang har'a baithuti ba koleche, ha e bapisoa le ea sekolo se phahameng (Ward & Friedman, 2006), E fana ka bopaki ba pele bakeng sa kamano e ka bang mpe lipakeng tsa boemo ba ho pepa le tumelo ena. Ho theoa ha kamano ea lerato ho hlahisa mohato oa bohlokoa oa kholo ho bacha (Miller, Christopherson, & King, 1993) 'me e ka fana ka lilemong tsa bocha hore li be le kutloisiso e eketsehileng mabapi le hore na ho ba monna kapa mosali ke eng. Ka lebaka leo, bacha ba ka ba le kamano e fokolang ho feta bacha ba sa nyaloang ho bona basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano. Qetellong, litabeng tsa ho kopanela liphate lilemong tsa bocha li lokela ho nkoa e le phapang e ka 'nang ea ferekanya. Ts'ebetso ea ho kopanela liphate e fana ka mosebetsi oa bohlokoa nakong ea bocha, 'me bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha le ba batona ba ka' na ba fapana le bacha ba bong bo fapaneng ka maikutlo a bona ka basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano.
Mabapi le mefuta e meng ea boiketlo ba sechaba, semelo sa bocha ba moruo le thuto le thuto ea bona e ka ama litumelo tsa bona ka basali joalo ka lintho tsa thobalano. Thuto e phahameng le maemo a tlase a moruo le moruo a amahanngoa le ts'ehetso e eketsehileng bakeng sa tokollo ea basali (Glick, Lameiras, & Castro, 2002;; Townsend, 1993). Sena se ka sebetsa mohopolong o ts'oanang oa basali oa hore ke lintho tsa thobalano. Kamora nako, joalo ka moetlo o fapaneng, tumelo ea bacha e ka fokotsa maikutlo a basali joalo ka lintho tsa thobalano. Bolumeli ka kakaretso bo fokotsa maikutlo a lefatše a ho kopanela liphate (Le Gall, Mullet, & Shafighi, 2002).
Phuputso ea hona joale e hatelitse hore bacha ba pepesehang ka litaba tsa ho kopanela liphate, haholo-holo marang-rang, ba ka amahanngoa le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano. Thutong ea hona joale, ho pepesa ho bolela ho sebelisoa ha morero ho joalo. Leha ho le joalo, Greenfield (2004) le Mitchell, Finkelhor, le Wolak (2003) ba hatelitse hore, ho internet, bacha ba ka 'na ba pepeseha lisebelisoa tsa ho kopanela liphate, ka mohlala ka lifensetere tsa pop-up kapa email ea spam. Tlhaloso ena e sa buelloang ea lintho tse hlalosang thobalano e ka ama maikutlo a bacha ho ba thobalano. E le ho etsa hore teko ea rona e be matla ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang, re ka laoloa hore re se ke ra tseba hore na ho na le boitsebiso bo bong bo hlakileng ba ho kopanela liphate boitsebiso bo bong bo bontšang thobalano.
Ka bokhutšoanyane, re kenyelelitsoe mehlala ea rona, e le mefuta e fapaneng ea taolo ea tsoelo-pele, boiphihlelo ba thobalano, maemo a phatlalatsang, lilemo, boemo ba kamano le thobalano; e le mekhoa e fapaneng ea taolo ea sechaba, tekano, thuto le maemo a moruo; e le mekhoa ea ho laola mekhoa, morabe le bolumeli; mme ha tlhahiso e eketsehileng e ka fetoha ka tsela e sa tloaelehang e hlalosang lipapatso tse hlalosang thobalano.
Tlaleho ea Dutch
Thuto ea hona joale e ne e etsoa Netherlands, naha e atisang ho qotsoa bakeng sa mokhoa oa eona o tsoelangpele litabeng tsa bocha ba botona le botšehali (mohlala, Unicef, 2001) le leano la eona la tokoloho mabapi le litaba tse fetohang ho potoloha litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano (Drenth & Slob, 1997). Ho phaella moo, Netherlands e na le lichaba tse leshome tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa ho latela litekanyetso tsa ntlafatso tse amanang le bokooa le Machaba a Kopaneng, 2001). Kamora nako, tikoloho ea boralitaba ea bacha ba maDutch ha e bonahale e fapana haholo le tikoloho ea litaba ea bacha ba linaheng tse ling tse ruileng tsa Bophirimela. Ka ho khetheha mananeo a thelevishene a bonahala a tšoana le mananeo a thelevishene a US, 'me mananeo le lifilimi tse ngata li kenoa ho tsoa Amerika (Valkenburg & Janssen, 1999). Mme, leha bongata ba bacha ba nang le phihlello ea marang-rang malapeng bo phahame Netherlands ho feta linaheng tse ling tse ngata, ts'ebeliso ea 'nete ea bacha ba maDutch ha e bonahale e fapane le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ea bacha ba linaheng tse ling (mohlala, Valkenburg & Peter , mochine oa khatiso).
Litšobotsi tsena tsa Netherlands li li fa naha e loketseng hantle bakeng sa merero ea hona joale. Re ile ra khona ho etsa lipatlisiso, har'a bacha ba rutehileng ka ho kopanela liphate, ho pepesehela ts'ebetsong ea litaba tsa thobalano ho tsoa mecheng ea litaba tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsa le inthanete, ntle le ho beha kotsi ea ho hlahisa liphello tse sa lumellaneng le liphuputso tse tsoang linaheng tse ling tse ruileng tsa Bophirimela. Ho phaella moo, karolo e nang le matla a basali ba Madache a ka fana ka matla a matla khahlanong le litšoantšo tsa basali tse kang lintho tsa thobalano. Haeba re ne re ka fumana kamano pakeng tsa bacha le ho ba boemong ba litaba tsa thobalano le maikutlo a bona a basali joaloka lintho tsa ho kopanela liphate, re ke ke ra ba le bopaki ba pele ba mohlolo o ka fumanoang kapele linaheng tse ling, empa re tla ba le e leng se bontšang karolo ea bohlokoa ea mecha ea litaba ha ho hlalosoa mekhoa ea bochaba.
Method
Barupeluoa le tsamaiso
Ka Hlakubele le Mmesa 2005, phuputso e entsoeng inthaneteng e ile ea etsoa hara bacha ba 745 ba maDutch (bashanyana ba 48%, banana ba 52%) ba lipakeng tsa lilemo tse 13 le 18 (M = 15.5, SD = 1.69). Linoko tse mashome a robong a metso e 'meli tsa ba arabelitsoeng e ne e le maDutch, tse 8% tse setseng e ne e le tsa merabe e meng. Bakeng sa ho ithuta litaba tse hlokolosi, lipatlisiso tsa inthaneteng kapa, ka kakaretso, lipatlisiso tse sebelisitsoeng ke komporo ka kakaretso li ipakile li phahametse mekhoa e meng ea lipotso (mohlala, Mustanski, 2001). Baahloli ba ile ba ngolisoa ho tloha ho lenane la marang-rang le neng le le teng le laoloang ke Intomart GfK, sebopeho sa bamameli le setjhaba sa lipatlisiso Netherlands. Sampling le mosebetsi oa tšimo li entsoe ke Intomart GfK. Setsi sena se ne se sampile ba arabelang likarolong tsohle tsa Netherlands, karolo e 'ngoe ka lipuisano tsa mohala ka thelefono, ka likarolo tse ling tsa batho ba buisanang le melaetsa ea sechaba,' me ba kōpa tumello ea tsebo ho motho e mong le e mong ea nang le boitsebiso 'me, bakeng sa bana, tumello ea batsoali pele bacha ba kenella lipatlisisong. Palo ea karabelo e ne e le 60%. Liphuputso li bontšitse hore tekano, lilemo, le thuto ea molao ea ba arabelitsoeng ha lia ka tsa fapana le lipalo-palo tsa molao. Pele ho kenngoa ts'ebetsong ea lipatlisiso, tumello ea lits'ebeletso e ile ea fumanoa univesithing ea rona.
Bacha ba ile ba tsebisoa hore thuto e tla be e le ka ho kopanela liphate le inthaneteng 'me haeba ba lakatsa eka ba ka khaotsa ho kenya letsoho nako efe kapa efe. Re nkile mehato e 'maloa ho ntlafatsa sephiri, ho se tsejoe, le boinotši ba mokhoa oa ho arabela (Mustanski, 2001). Ho skrineng sa kenyelletso sa lipotso tsa inthanete, re hatelletse hore likarabo li tla hlahlojoa ke rona feela, bafuputsi ba ka sehloohong. Ho feta moo, ba arabelitsoeng ba ile ba botsoa hore ba netefatse hore ba tlatsa lenane la lipotso ka lekunutu. Qetellong, re ile ra tiisetsa ba arabelitsoeng hore likarabo tsa bona li tla lula li sa tsejoe. Ka mantsoe a mang, re hlalositse ka mokhoa o hlakileng hore ho ne ho se na monyetla oa hore bafuputsi ba ka sehloohong ba tsebe hore na ke mang ea tlatsitseng lenane la lipotso le hore ka lehlakoreng le leng, Intomart GfK e ne e sa bone seo ba arabelitsoeng ba se arabang. Intomart GfK ha ea ka ea hokahanya likarabo tsa ba arabelloang lenaneng la lipotso le mabitso le tlhaiso-leseling eo ba ka ikopanyang le eona, mme e re file feela mefuta e ka morao le likarabo tsa lipotso tsa rona tsa lipotso. Tsamaiso ena e ipakile e atlehile lipatlisisong tse ling tse fapaneng ka litaba tse thata mme e netefatsa ts'ireletso ea batho ba arabetseng ba sa tsejoeng. Ho tlatsa lenane la lipotso ho nkile metsotso e ka bang 15.
Bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse hlalositsoeng sehloohong sena, re na le data e feletseng ho 674 ea ba arabelang 745 ba neng ba qalile lengolo la lipotso. Liphuputso tse ling li bontšitse hore, ho ea ka lilemo, tekano, morabe le thuto e hlophisitsoeng, bahlahlobi ba 674 bao re neng re e-na le boitsebiso bo feletseng ha boa ka ba kheloha ka tsela e utloahalang ho ba arabang bao re neng re se na boitsebiso bo feletseng.
Mehato
Ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano tseo e seng tse hlakileng makasineng
Re sebelisitse khopolo ena le bacha ba lipapali tse tharo tseo ka tloaelo li kenyeletsang litaba tsa thobalano (mohlala, Actueel). Limakasine tsena li na le mokhoa oa boithabiso. Ba tlaleha ka lipapali, tlōlo ea molao le ho senya, hangata e le tsela e fokolang maikutlo. Bacha ba botsoa hore na ke limakasine tse kae tseo ba atisang ho li bala; likarabo tsa karabo tse tsoang ho 1 (ea mong) ho 7 (lintlha tsohle). Sebopeho se entsoeng ke bonngoe (se hlalositse variance 80%), mme se hlahisitse Alpha ea Cronbach ea .87 (M = 1.27, SD = .82).
Ho ipapisa le litaba tsa thobalano tse sa hlakileng ho thelevisheneng
Re ile ra sebetsana le tekanyo ena ka ho hula potso e ileng ea botsa bacha hore na ba thahasella mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea mananeo a thelevishene. E itšetlehile ka liphello ho tsoa litlhahlobo tsa litaba (mohlala, Kunkel et al., 2005;; Pardun et al., 2005;; bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Ward, 2003), re kenyelelitse mefuta ea thelevishene e bonang bonyane lintho tse sa hlakileng tsa thobalano: li-sesepa tsa sesepa (mohlala, Linako Tse Molemo, Linako Tse Mpe), 'mino o bontša (mohlala, ho MTV), comedy series (mohlala, Friends, Ho Kopanela Liphate Motseng), lifilimi tsa lerato (mohlala, Ha Harry Met Sally), litšoantšo tsa lerato (mohlala, Sohle seo u se hlokang ke lerato), le lihlopha tsa liketso (mohlala, 24, JAG). Likarabo tsa likarabo li fapane le 1 (ha e thahaselle ho hang) ho 4 (haholo thahasello). Sebopeho sa sebopeho sa tekanyo e ne e le sehlahisoa (se hlalosa variance 42%), alpha ea Cronbach e ne e le .72 (M = 2.82, SD = .69).
Ho pepesa lihlooho tse hlakileng tsa thobalano libukeng
Tekanyo ena e ne e sebelisoa ka lintho tse peli-ho pepeseha ha bacha naga 'me Penthouse. Bacha ba ile ba botsoa ho bonts'a hore na ke lintlha life tse ngata naga 'me Penthouse hangata ba bala, mme likarabo tsa likarabo li tsoa ho 1 (ea mong) ho 7 (lintlha tsohle). Lintho tse peli li amana le .80, alpha ea Cronbach e ne e le .89 (M = 1.16, SD = .71).
Ho hlahisa maikutlo a ho bua ka thobalano ka litaba tsa thobalano
Tekanyo ena e ne e sebelisoa ka makhetlo a lilemong tsa bocha ba ho pepeseha mananeong a mararo a thelevishene a hlakileng a thobalano (Sexcetera, Sex Court, Latin Lover). Ba arabiloeng ba botsoa hore na hangata, selemong se fetileng, ba ne ba shebile mananeo a mararo a thelevishene ka karolelano. Likarabo tsa likarabo li fapane le 1 (ha ho mohla) ho 5 (makhetlo a 'maloa ka beke). Ha lintho tse tharo li kenngoa ka lintlheng tse ling, li ile tsa theha tekanyo e sa ts'oaneng ea meriana (e hlalosa mofuthu oa 78%). Alpha ea Cronbach e ne e le .85 (M = 1.28, SD = .59).
E le ho hlahloba hore na ho shebana le thobalano e hlakileng lihlahisoa tsa thelevisheneng e ne e boetse e khetholloa ka mokhoa o fapaneng le ho hlahisa litaba tse sa hlakileng tsa thobalano ho thelevisheneng, re fetola lisebelisoa tse sebelisetsoang litekanyo tse peli 'me ra li beha tlhatlhobo ea tlhahlobo ea varimax. Lintho tse peli tse hlahisoang ke tsona li tšoana hantle le ho sebelisoa ha litekanyo tse peli, e leng se bontšang hore mehaho e 'meli e ikemetseng e ikemetse.
Ho pepesa lintho tse hlalosang thobalano ka limakasine
Bacha ba ile ba botsoa hore ba bontše hore na ka karolelano ba ne ba bala limakasine tse nyenyane joang selemong se fetileng. Likarabo tsa likarabo li fapane le 1 (ha ho mohla) ho 5 (makhetlo a 'maloa ka beke) (M = 1.35, SD = .76). Ka Sedache, lentsoe leo limakasine tse tsosang takatso hangata e sebelisoa e le boikhohomoso bakeng sa limakasine tse buang ka thobalano tse hlalosang thobalano, tse hlahisang thobalano, molomo le thobalano ka litsela tse sa tsejoeng, tse sa tsejoeng. Ho hlahloba hore na ho pepesehetse limakasine tse hlalosang thobalano (ke hore, limakasine tse tsosang takatso) li fapane le seo re se hlalositseng e le ho pepesehela limakasine tse hlakileng tsa thobalano (ke hore, naga 'me Penthouse), re ile ra kopanya lintho tse tharo. Ho ipapisa le limakasine tse tsosang takatso e ne e le ho itekanetseng feela le ho ipeha kotsing naga, r = .24, p <.001, le Penthouse, r = .15, p <.001. Likamano tse batlang li le tlase li tšehetsa phapang e lebelletsoeng lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela lintho tse hlakileng tsa thobalano (joalo ka ha li bonts'itsoe liphetolelong tsa Sedache tsa naga 'me Penthouse) le boitsebiso bo hlakileng bo fumanehang limakasineng tse nyalanang tsa Madache.
Ho pepesa lintho tse hlalosang thobalano ka video / DVD
Ba arabang ba botsoa hore na hangata, selemong se fetileng, ba ne ba shebile filimi ea bootsoa ka karolelano. Likarabo tsa likarabo li ile tsa boela tsa tloha 1 (ha ho mohla) ho 5 (makhetlo a 'maloa ka beke) (M = 1.43, SD = .90).
Ho pepesa litšoantšo tse hlalosang thobalano ho internet
Bacha ba ile ba botsoa hore na likhoeling tse 6 tse fetileng, ka karolelano ba ne ba shebile linepe tsa inthaneteng moo batho ba etsang thobalano. Likarolo tsa likarabo e ne e le 1 (ha ho mohla), 2 (ka tlaase ho hang ka khoeli), 3 (Linako tsa 1-3 ka khoeli), 4 (hang ka beke), 5 (makhetlo a 'maloa ka beke), le 6 (letsatsi le letsatsi), (M = 1.87, SD = 1.29).
Ho pepesa lifilimi tse hlalosang thobalano ho Internet
Re ile ra botsa bacha hore na likhoeling tse 6 tse fetileng, ka karolelano ba ne ba shebelletse lifilimi kapa linepe tsa lifilimi moo batho ba etsang thobalano. Likarolo tsa likarabo li ne li tšoana le tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse hlalosang thobalano inthaneteng (M = 1.82, SD = 1.28).
Liteko tse entsoeng pele ho liteko li senoletse hore bacha ha ba hloke tlhaloso e hlakileng mabapi le lintho tse peli tseo re neng re tloaetse ho li lekanya ho shebella litšoantšo le lifilimi tse hlalosang thobalano. Ba arabelitsoeng ba ne ba tseba hore lintho tsena tse peli li ne li bua ka litaba tsa thobalano le tsebo ea bona ea morero.
Basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano
Ka kakaretso re ile ra latela ts'ebetso ea Ward (2002), empa ae fetola hanyane bakeng sa tšebeliso ea bacha ba Madache. Ho phaella moo, re ile ra nka lintho tse peli tsa tekanyo ea pele ea Ward (e leng, ho letsa basali mofuthu, basali ba khahlehang ba fana ka botumo ba banna) ka lintho tse peli tse buang haholo ka thobalano (ke hore, "Ho sa tsotellehe, banana ba batla ho susumelletseha ho kopanela liphate" "Banana ba kopanela liphate ke balekane ba khahlehang"). Likarabo tsa likarabo li fapane le 1 (ha a lumellane ka ho feletseng) ho 5 (lumellana ka botlalo). Ketsing e latelang ea ho fetoha ha varimax, lintho tse tharo tsa tekanyo ea Ward tse sebetsanang le tlhokomelo ea sefahleho le 'mele le bohlokoa ba ponahalo ea basali ho hulela banna ba jereng boemong bo fapaneng. Ka lebaka leo, qetellong re ile ra lekanya maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa ho kopanela liphate le lintho tse tharo tse setseng ho tloha moeling oa Ward (ke hore, "Mosali ea khahlehang o lokela ho lebella ho tsosoa ke thobalano;" "Hoa ntšoenya ha monna a thahasella basali feela haeba e ntle; "" Ha ho na phoso le banna ba ratang haholo 'mele oa mosali ") hammoho le lintho tse peli tseo re li kentseng. Lintho tsena tse hlano li thehiloe uni-dimensional scale (e hlalositse variance 50%), ka alpha ea Cronbach ea .75 (M = 2.81, SD = .74).
Lilemo le bong
Tekanyo ea lilemo le tekano e ne e totobetse. Bashanyana ba ne ba ngotsoe ka 0, banana ba nang le 1.
morabe
Re na le morabe oa litsebi / morabe oa ba arabelang ka tsela eo ho thoeng ke dichotomy moo 0 e bolelang E seng Seholona, le 1 e bolela Dutch.
Boiphihlelo ba thobalano
Re sebetsane le boiphihlelo ba thobalano ka lintho tse tharo: ho ipholla litho tsa botona le botšehali, thobalano ea molomo, le ho kopanela liphate ka thobalano. Liteko pele ho liteko li senotse hore bacha ha ba na mathata ho utloisisa mantsoe. Baahloli ba ile ba botsoa hore na ba entse se seng kapa tse ling tsa mekhoa e meraro. Ho qoba mathata ka ho fetola ha log-log ea sekhahla se hlahisoang, phihlelo ea boitšoaro bo itseng ba thobalano e ne e ngotsoe e le 2; ho hloka phihlelo ka boitšoaro bo itseng ho ne ho ngotsoe e le 1. Lintho tse tharo tse jereng ka ntlha e le 'ngoe (e hlalositse variance 81%). Re qalile ho akaretsa lintho tsena ebe re li arola ka palo ea lisebelisoa ho etsa tekanyo. Alpha e hlahisoang e ne e le .88 (M = 1.30, SD = .41).
Education
Thuto e ne e lekantsoe ka tekanyo ea 5-ntlha e neng e emela litekanyo tse fapaneng tsa thuto tseo bacha ba Madache ba ka li etsang (M = 2.75, SD = 1.22). Likarolo tsa likarabo e ne e le 1 (Thuto ea motheo, thuto e tlaase ea mosebetsi oa matsoho), 2 (Thuto ea sekolo se ka tlaase), 3 (Thuto ea thuto ea matsoho), 4 (Sekolo se phahameng se phahameng se phahameng, thuto ea pele ho univesithi) le 5 (Thuto e phahameng ea thuto ea matsoho, univesithi). Re lokela ho hlokomela hore, Netherlands, bacha ba lilemo tse tšoanang ba ka ba le maemo a fapaneng a thuto a fapaneng. Hona ho boetse ho bonts'a tumellano e nyenyane ea r = .23 pakeng tsa thuto ya semmuso le dilemo.
Boemo ba moruo le moruo
Matšeliso a lichaba tsa bocha le moruo a lilemong tsa bocha a ne a sebelisoa e le motsoako oa mehato e 'meli: mosebetsi le boemo ba thuto ea mohlokomeli oa lelapa (e leng, motho ea fumanang boholo ba chelete ka lapeng). Ka mohlala, haeba mohlokomeli oa lelapa a e-na le thuto e tlaase le ea sa sebetseng, boemo bo tlaase ba boemo ba moruo le moruo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, motho ea nang le lengolo la univesithi le setulong se ka sehloohong sa setsebi o ne a tla abeloa boemo bo phahameng ba maemo a bophelo le moruo. Mehato e 'meli e ne e kopantsoe e le hore sekhahla sa 5 se hlahise. Li-ankora tsa tekanyo e hlahisoang ke 1 (maemo a tlase a maemo a moruo) le 5 (maemo a phahameng a maemo a bophelo le moruo) (M = 2.97, SD = 1.28).
Bolumeli
Ho sa tsotellehe hore na bacha ke ba bolumeli ba lekantsoe le se reng "Ke oa bolumeli." Likarolo tsa likarabo li ne li tsoa 1 (ha e sebetse ho hang) ho 5 (e sebetsa ka ho feletseng) (M = 2.23, SD = 1.33).
Sebaka sa boemo ba boipheliso
Sebaka sa bo-Pubertal se ne se sebetsoa ka Phatlalatso ea Boemo ba Phatlalatso e entsoeng ke Petersen, Crockett, Richards le Boxer (1988). Tekanyo e na le lintlha tse hlano bakeng sa bashanyana-moriri oa 'mele, phetoho ea lentsoe, ho fetola letlalo, ho hōla ha lesela le boea ba sefahleho-'me tse hlano bakeng sa banana-moriri oa' mele, phetoho ea matsoele, phetoho ea letlalo, ho hōla ha letlalo le ho ea khoeling. Re tlositse ntho ea phetoho ea letlalo hobane Petersen et al. o ile a hlokomela hore e ne e le ntho e ka tšeptjoang ka ho fetisisa e sa tšepahaleng ea lintho tse sa tšoaneng. Bacha ba ka bonts'a ka sekhahla sa 4 se lekanang le 1 (ha e e-s'o qale) ho 4 (e se e qetile) ebang phetoho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 'mele e se e qalile kapa e se e qetile. Bakeng sa mabaka a tiisetso, ha rea fana ka banana ka karolo ea karabo e se e qetile bakeng sa ntho ea ho ea khoeling. Tsela e ka hare ea tekanyo e ne e le .89 bakeng sa bashanyana (M = 2.91, SD = .83) le .82 bakeng sa banana (M = 3.19, SD = .56).
Boemo ba kamano
Boemo ba kamano ea bana ba lilemong tsa bocha bo ne bo lekantsoe ka potso e reng "Na joale u ratana?" Bacha ba neng ba sa nyaloa ba ne ba ngotsoe 0 (67.9%); bacha ba neng ba e-na le kamano ba ne ba ngotsoe 1 (32.1%).
Boikutlo ba thobalano
Bacha ba botsoa hore na ke ba bong bo fapaneng kapa ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng kapa ba bong bo fapaneng. Thupong ea joale, re kenyelelitse maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate feela hore re ikarabelle ka ho ba le phapang pakeng tsa bacha ba ratanang le batho ba bong bo fapaneng le ba sa rataneng le basali ba bang ka maikutlo a bona a basali. Ka lebaka leo, re ne re fetola batho ba sa tšoaneng le ba bong bo fapaneng (e leng coded 0, 6.8%) le bacha ba nyalanang le balekane ba bong bo fapaneng (coded 1, 93.2%).
Ho se tsejoe ka tsela e sa tloaelehang ho boitsebiso ba thobalano ho internet
Re ile ra botsa bacha hore na, ka karolelano, ba bile le monyetla oa ho kopana le litaba tse hlakileng tsa thobalano inthaneteng likhoeling tse fetileng tsa 6. Litaba tsa thobalano tseo re neng re bua ka tsona e ne e le (a) litšoantšo tse nang le litho tsa botona kapa botšehali tse hlakileng; (b) lifilimi tse nang le litho tsa botona kapa botšehali tse pepesitsoeng ka ho hlaka; (c) litšoantšo moo batho ba etsang thobalano; (d) lifilimi tseo ho tsona batho ba etsang thobalano; (e) libaka tsa puisano tse tsosang takatso. Libakeng tsa puisano tse tsosang takatso, batho ba ka ikopanya le batho ba bang ka sepheo sa ho etsa thobalano, mohlala, ka ho romella litlaleho tse bonts'ang thobalano, le tse ka hlahang molemong oa papatso kapa lihokela tsa thobalano. Likarolo tsa likarabo e ne e le 1 (ha ho mohla), 2 (ka tlaase ho hang ka khoeli), 3 (Linako tsa 1-3 ka khoeli), 4 (hang ka beke), 5 (makhetlo a 'maloa ka beke), le 6 (letsatsi le letsatsi). Lintho tse laetsoeng ka ntlha e le 'ngoe (e hlalositse variance 67%),' me e hlahisitse alpha ea Cronbach ea .87 (M = 2.10, SD = 1.11).
Tlhahlobo ea lintlha
Re entse liphuputso tse ngata tsa tatellano ea tatellano ea tatellano ho lekola lipotso tsa rona tsa lipatlisiso. Liphuputso tse ngata tsa khatello ea maikutlo li nka hore mefuta e fapaneng e na le liphallelo tse tloaelehileng, empa mehato ea thobalano hangata e ea ts'oaroa. Pele ho tlhahlobo e mengata ea khatello ea maikutlo, re ne re etsa liteko tsa Shapiro-Wilk bakeng sa tloaelo ho fumana hore na mefuta e fapaneng ea metric e ne e abuoa ka tloaelo. Ka lebaka la teko, re ile ra tlameha ho kena-kenana le ho fetola methati ea tumelo, boemo ba bohlankana, boiphihlelo ba thobalano, le mehato eohle ea ho pepeseha. Hobane tse ling tsa mehato ea rona li kanna tsa hokahana ka matla, re hlahlobile hore na ho na le bopaki ba multicollinearity lipakeng tsa mefuta. Ho ne ho se joalo; mabaka ohle a infleishene a ne a le ka tlase ho boleng ba bohlokoa ba 4.0. Teko ea Cook-Weisberg e netefalitse hore mohlala oa rona o fihletse mohopolo oa boits'oaro. Bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa lipehelo tsa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa bong ba bacha le ho pepesehela ha bona litaba tse fapaneng tsa thobalano, re shebile mefuta e fapaneng ea ho pepeseha ho potoloha le mekhoa ea bona ea ho qoba mathata a multicollinearity (Aiken & West, 1991).
Results
Lethathamo 1 e fana ka likamano tse fapaneng pakeng tsa mefuta e meholo ea thuto, mekhoa e fapa-fapaneng ea ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano le tumelo ea hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano. Ntle ho ho pepeseha ka litaba tsa thobalano tse sa hlakileng libukeng le thelevisheneng, mefuta eohle ea lihlahisoa e hlahisitsoeng ke litumelo tse ngata tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano. Mekhoa e 'meli ka mekhatlo pakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea ho pepeseha e bonahala e le ea bohlokoa. Ntlha ea pele, ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano tse sa hlakileng ho shebella thelevisheneng ha hoa ka ha ama kapa ho amahanngoa le ho kopanela liphate tse hlalosang thobalano kapa tse hlalosang thobalano. Ea bobeli, ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano tse hlakileng ho shebella thelevisheneng le ho pepesa maikutlo a thobalano makasineng, lifilimi / DVD, le ho internet li ne li amana haholo. Ka kakaretso, Letlapa 1e fana ka maikutlo a mokhoa oa ho ipapisa le motho ka thobalano. Ka kakaretso, bacha ba bonahala ba khetha litaba tse sa hlakileng tsa thobalano kapa litaba tse hlalosang thobalano; ho pepesehela likamano tse ts'oanang le tsa thobalano, haholo-holo thelevisheneng, li amana haholo le ho pepesa maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate ho feta ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano tse sa hlakileng.
Tafole 1
Tšebelisano ea maqheka pakeng tsa lits'ebetso tsa maikutlo le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano.
|
|
Basali ka thobalano ba hana ntho
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
(6)
|
(7)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(1) Limakasine tse sa hlakileng (ln)
|
-.04
|
|||||||
|
(2) Thelevishene e sa hlakileng (ln)
|
-.09a
|
.09a
|
||||||
|
(3) Limakasine tse hlakileng (ln)
|
.13c
|
.36c
|
.03
|
|||||
|
(4) Thelevishene e hlakileng (ln)
|
.27c
|
.10b
|
-.04
|
.22c
|
||||
|
(5) Limakasine tse hlalosang (ln)
|
.23c
|
.23c
|
-.09a
|
.28c
|
.49c
|
|||
|
(6) Litšoantšo tse hlakileng ho internet (ln)
|
.30c
|
.06
|
-.11b
|
.22c
|
.45c
|
.46c
|
||
|
(7) Video e hlakileng / DVD (ln)
|
.30c
|
.04
|
-.12b
|
.23c
|
.62c
|
.53c
|
.55c
|
|
|
(8) Lifilimi tse hlalosang lifilimi (ln)
|
.31c
|
.05
|
-.07
|
.22c
|
.49c
|
.44c
|
.72c
|
.61c
|
Tekano ea bocha ea bocha e ne e bolela esale pele hore e tla ba teng ka mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea litaba tsa thobalano le litumelo tsa bona tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano. Ho hlahisa limakasine tse sa hlakileng tsa thobalano ho ne ho sa fapane le banana le bashemane (M Girls = 1.24, SD Girls = .78, M Boys = 1.29, SD Boys = .86), t (742) = .86, ns. Empa banana ba ne ba shebelletse litaba tsa thobalano tse sa hlakolang hangata thelevisheneng hangata ho feta bashanyana (M Girls = 3.12, SD Girls = .58, M Boys = 2.50, SD Boys = .65), t (724) = -13.69, p <.001. Ha ho bapisoa le banana, bashanyana ba ne ba ja khafetsa litaba tse hlakileng tsa thobalano limakasineng (M Girls = 1.05, SD Girls = .37), M Boys = 1.29, SD Boys = .94, t (742) = 4.68, p <.001, litaba tse hlakileng tsa thobalano thelevisheneng (M Girls = 1.13, SD Girls = .38, M Boys = 1.43, SD Boys = .72), t (732) = 7.21, p <.001, litaba tsa thobalano tse hlahang limakasineng (M Girls = 1.17, SD Girls = .54, M Boys = 1.53, SD Boys = .91), t (732) = 6.64, p <.001, litaba tse hlalosang thobalano filiming / DVD (M Girls = 1.13, SD Girls = .52, M Boys = 1.74, SD Boys = 1.09), t (732) = 9.80, p <.001, litšoantšo tsa thobalano inthaneteng (M Girls = 1.40, SD Girls = .86, M Boys = 2.38, SD Boys = 1.47), t (727) = 11.12, p <.001, le lifilimi tse hlalosang thobalano inthaneteng (M Girls = 1.37, SD Girls = .83, M Boys = 2.30, SD Boys = 1.49), t (727) = 10.49, p <.001. Ho fapana le banana, bashanyana ba ne ba e-na le maikutlo a hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano (M Girls = 2.58, SD Girls = .67, M Boys = 3.01, SD Boys = .73), t (727) = 12.11, p <.001.
Boemo ba kamano
Lipotso tsa rona tsa lipatlisiso tse peli li ile tsa batlisisa likarolo tse peli tsa setsoalle lipakeng tsa ho kopanela liphate tsa litaba tse fapaneng tsa ho kopanela liphate le lihlahisoa tse bonts'ang le tse bonts'ang maikutlo: pele, ebang mokhatlo ke oa ho bokella kapa oa mahlahahlaha, 'me oa bobeli, kamano e itšetlehile ka tekano ea bocha .
Ho iketsetsa lipatlisiso le mahlakore a mangata
E le ho leka tlhahiso ea boipheliso kapa ea mahlahahlaha ea mokhatlo, re ne re tsamaisa mekhoa e mengata ea mahlakore a maholo (sheba Letlapa 2). Re ile ra qala ho hlahlojoa ka molao ho latela melao ea motheo e neng e akarelletsa litlhaloso tse ling tsa litumelo tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano. Ka mor'a moo, re ile ra kenella ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea ho itšireletsa, ho qala ka ho pepesehela likamano tsa thobalano tse sa hlalosoang ka thobalano (Mekhoa ea 1 le 2), ho tsoelapele ka ho pepesa lintho tsa thobalano tse hlalosang thobalano (Mekhoa ea 3 le 4) le ho qetella ka ho pepesa lintho tse hlalosang thobalano (Mehlala ea 5 le 6). Ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea litekanyetso tsena tse tharo tsa ho kopanela liphate, re kentse ho hlahisa likamano tsa thobalano ka mokhoa o bonahalang (e leng, litšoantšo tse limakasine kapa inthaneteng) pele ho pepesehela litaba tsa ho kopanela liphate ka mokhoa o hlahisoang ke li-audiovisual (e leng, thelevishene, video kapa lifilimi. Inthanete). Ka lihlopha 5 le 6, re arohane le ho pepesa lintho tse hlalosang thobalano ho internet ho shebana le lintho tse hlalosang thobalano ka limakasineng (Model 5) le video / DVD (Model 6) ho netefatsa hore na ho kenya letsoho linthong tse joalo ho etsa phapang .
Tafole 2
Ho pepesehela mofuthu oa litaba tsa thobalano le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano.
|
(N = 674)
|
dikai
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Base
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
|
|
Mefuta ea ho laola
|
|||||||
|
Girls
|
-.30c
|
-.30c
|
-.32c
|
-.30c
|
-.26c
|
-.23c
|
-.20c
|
|
Age
|
-.11a
|
-.11
|
-.10
|
-.10
|
-.07
|
-.07
|
-.07
|
|
Education
|
.02
|
.02
|
.02
|
.01
|
.00
|
.01
|
.00
|
|
Boemo ba moruo le moruo
|
-.01
|
-.00
|
-.00
|
-.01
|
-.02
|
-.02
|
-.01
|
|
Dutch tribe
|
.00
|
.00
|
.00
|
-.00
|
-.01
|
-.00
|
-.00
|
|
Bolumeli (ln)
|
.03
|
.03
|
.02
|
.02
|
.02
|
.02
|
.02
|
|
Kamanong
|
-.00
|
-.00
|
.00
|
.01
|
.02
|
.02
|
.01
|
|
Sebaka sa bongoli (ln)
|
-.02
|
-.02
|
-.03
|
-.02
|
-.04
|
-.04
|
-.05
|
|
Boiphihlelo ba thobalano (ln)
|
.07
|
.07
|
.07
|
.06
|
.02
|
.02
|
.01
|
|
Boikutlo ba ho kopanela liphate
|
.01
|
.01
|
.01
|
.01
|
.04
|
.03
|
.03
|
|
Inthaneteng e hlalosang marang-rang a hlakileng (ln)
|
.11b
|
.11b
|
.11b
|
.10a
|
.06
|
-.02
|
-.04
|
|
Likamano tsa ho kopanela liphate li fetoha
|
|||||||
|
Limakasine tse sa hlakileng (ln)
|
-.04
|
-.04
|
-.07
|
-.07
|
-.08
|
-.06
|
|
|
ΔR2
|
.001
|
||||||
|
Thelevishene e sa hlakileng (ln)
|
.04
|
.04
|
.02
|
.03
|
.03
|
||
|
ΔR2
|
.002
|
||||||
|
Limakasine tse hlakileng (ln)
|
.08a
|
.06
|
.05
|
.04
|
|||
|
ΔR2
|
.006a
|
||||||
|
Thelevishene e hlakileng (ln)
|
.18c
|
.13b
|
.08
|
||||
|
ΔR2
|
.024c
|
||||||
|
Limakasine tse hlakileng (ln)
|
.06
|
.04
|
|||||
|
Litšoantšo tse hlakileng internet (ln)
|
.14b
|
.06
|
|||||
|
ΔR2
|
.014b
|
||||||
|
Video e hlakileng / DVD (ln)
|
.10
|
||||||
|
Liphetolelo tsa lifilimi tse hlakileng (ln)
|
.11a
|
||||||
|
ΔR2
|
.011b
|
||||||
|
Kakaretso R2
|
.124c
|
.125c
|
.127c
|
.133c
|
.157c
|
.171c
|
.182c
|
|
Kakaretso ea Adj. R2
|
.110
|
.110
|
.110
|
.114
|
.138
|
.149
|
.158
|
Setšoantšo se ka sehloohong karolong ea bobeli ea Letlapa 2 e bontša hore bacha le ba banyenyane ba ne ba lumela ho feta basali le ba lilemong tsa bocha hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano. Ho feta moo, ho atisa ho bua ka litaba tsa ho kopanela liphate ka tsela e sa tloaelehang ho internet ho ne ho amana le maikutlo a matla a hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano. Ha ho le tse ling tsa mefuta e meng ea taolo e amanang le maikutlo a lilemong tsa bocha hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano. Mohlala 1, ho kenyelelitsoe ha bacha ho hlahella ka litaba tsa thobalano tse sa hlakolang limakasineng ha hoa ka ha etsa hore ho be le setsoalle se seholo le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa ho kopanela liphate kapa ka ntlafatso e kholo ea khethollo e hlalositsoeng, ΔR 2 = .001, ns Liphello tse tšoanang le tsa Model Model 1 li hlahile ka Model 2 ha re kenyelletsa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano tse sa hlakileng ka thelevisheneng, ΔR 2 = .002, ns.
Leha ho le joalo, ho pepeseha ka litaba tsa thobalano tse hlakileng tsa limakasine, ho kenngoa ho Model 3, ho ne ho amana haholo le litumelo tsa hore basali ke lintho tse kopanetsoeng liphate le ho eketseha ho hlalositsoeng ho hlalosang mofuthu oa mohlala, ΔR 2 = .006, ΔF(1, 659) = 4.38, p <.05. Ntlafatso e kholo le ho feta ea phapang e hlalositsoeng ea mohlala e felletse ha re eketsa ho pepesehela litaba tse hlakileng tsa thobalano thelevisheneng, joalo ka ha mohlala oa 4 o bontša, ΔR 2 = .024, ΔF(1, 658) = 18.83, p <.001. Ho hlahisa litaba tse hlakileng tsa thobalano thelevisheneng ho ne ho e-na le kamano e matla le maikutlo a basali e le lintho tsa thobalano, β = .18, p <.001. Tumellanong le mokhoa oa tatellano ea liketsahalo kamanong e pakeng tsa ho pepesehela tikoloho ea litaba tsa thobalano le maikutlo a basali e le lintho tsa thobalano, mokhatlo oa bohlokoa o neng o le teng lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela litaba tse hlakileng tsa thobalano limakasineng o theohile ka tlase ho maemo a tloaelehileng a bohlokoa, β = .06, ns, ha ho pepesehela ho kopanela liphate ho hlalosang thobalano ho shebeletse thelevishene ho kenyelelitsoe ka mohlala.
Setšoantšo sa 5 se bontša hore litšoantšo tsa lilemong tsa bocha tsa lilemong tsa bocha li ne li amahanngoa le tumelo ea hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano, β = .14, p <.01. Sena e ne e se taba ea ho pepesetsoa limakasine tse hlalosang thobalano, β = .06, ns. Ho kenngoa ha mefuta ena e 'meli ka mohlala ho ile ha eketseha haholo ho hlalosoa, ΔR 2 = .014, ΔF(2, 656) = 5.38, p <.01. Likamano lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela litaba tse hlakileng tsa thobalano thelevisheneng le phapano e itšetlehileng ka tsona li ile tsa fokola, empa e ntse e le bohlokoa. Kamora nako, ho Model 6, re kenyelelitse ts'oaetso ea bacha ka bobeli litabeng tsa thobalano ho video / DVD le lifiliming tse hlalosang thobalano inthaneteng. Ho hlahisa lifilimi tse hlalosang thobalano inthaneteng ho ne ho amana haholo le mohopolo oa hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano, β = .11, p <.05, athe ho pepesehela lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano ho video / DVD ho ne ho se joalo, β = .10, ns Ho hlalositsoe ho fapana ha mohlala ona ho ile ha eketseha haholo ha mefuta e 'meli e ne e kenyelelitsoe ka mohlala, ΔR 2 = .011, ΔF(2, 654) = 4.54, p <.01. Kamano ea pele e neng e le bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse hlakileng tsa thobalano inthaneteng le phapang e itšetlehileng ka eona e ile ea nyamela, β = .06, ns Kamano pakeng tsa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano le litlhaloso tse hlakileng tsa thelevisheneng le mekhoa e itšetlehileng ka eona e ne e boetse e se ea bohlokoa, β = .08, ns
E le ho akaretsa, re fumane, tumellanong le tebello ea rona, hore ho pepeseha ha bacha lihlahisoa tsa litaba tsa thobalano ho amana le litumelo tse matla tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano. Ka ho khetheha le ho arabela potso ea rona ea pele ea lipatlisiso, liphello li bontšitse hore mofuta oa mokhatlo ona o ka hlalosoa ka ho fetisisa e le oa mahlahahlaha.
Tekano ea botona le botšehali
Haeba kamano pakeng tsa ho ipapisa le litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa ho kopanela liphate li lekantsoe ke tekano ea bacha, re ka lebella liphello tse kholo tsa likamano pakeng tsa tekano le e le 'ngoe kapa tse ling tsa litekanyetso tsa ho pepesa. Sena ha se joalo. Ha rea ka ra fumana liphello tsa bohlokoa tsa ho sebelisana pakeng tsa litekanyetso tse robeli tsa ho pepesa le ho kopana ha bona le litumelo tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho eketsa lintlha tse robeli tsa ho sebelisana le mehlala ha lia ka tsa eketsa ka ho tebileng ho fapana ho hlalositsoeng ha mohlala, ΔR 2 = .011, ΔF(8, 646) = 1.12, ns. Ka lebaka la potso ea bobeli ea ho etsa lipatlisiso, litlhahlobo tsa rona li bontšitse hore mokhoa oa mahlahahlaha oa bokamoso o kopaneng le bocha ba litaba tsa thobalano le maikutlo a bona a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano tse sebelisitsoeng ho bashanyana le banana.
Puisano
Ho tšoana le patlisiso e fetileng (Ward, 2002; Ward le Friedman, 2006), thuto ea rona e bonts'itse hore bacha ba ipapisitse le litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano li kopantsoe le maikutlo a matla a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano. Joalokaha ho kōpiloe ke Brown le al. (2006), re ithutile ka ho toba hore na ho pepeseha ho kopanela liphate ho hlalosang litaba tse fapa-fapaneng le mekhoa e sa tšoaneng ho amana le litumelo tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano. Re fumane hore kamano pakeng tsa ho ipapisa le litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa ho kopanela likobo li ka hlalosoa ka ho khetheha e le mahlakore a maholo: Ho qala ka ho ba le monyetla oa ho ba le likamano tse hlalosang thobalano, se boleloang ke setho sa botsoalle le maikutlo a basali ka thobalano lisebelisoa tse tlohang lihlahisoa tse hlakileng tse hlalosang thobalano. Tlhaloso ea likamano tsa thobalano ka litšoantšo tse bonahalang (ke hore, litšoantšo tse limakasine le Inthaneteng) ka kakaretso li lahleheloa ke kamano ea eona ea bohlokoa le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa ho kopanela liphate ha litaba tsa thobalano libokeng tsa li-audiovisual li ne li nkoa (ie, thelevishene le lifilimi Inthaneteng). Eho ba le lifilimi tse bontšang ho kopanela liphate ka inthanete e ne e le eona feela tekanyo ea tlhahiso ea maikutlo e amanang haholo le litumelo tseo basali ba li etsang ka thobalano, moo ho hlahelloang mefuta e meng ea thobalano e laoloang. Mokhoa ona o ne o sebetsa ho banana le bashanyanas.
Likamano tsa bana ba lilemong tsa bocha li hlahisa litaba tsa thobalano le litumelo tsa bona tsa thobalano
Tumellanong le lipatlisiso tsa khale, liphuputso tse ikhethang tse thehiloeng lijong tsa bocha ba litaba tsa thobalano (Brown et al., 2006;; L'Engle et al., 2006;; Pardun et al., 2005), phuputso ena e lebisitse tlhokomelo ho mokhatlo oa bacha ho shebana le litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano e le hore ba utloisise hantle litumelo tsa bona tsa thobalano. Ho fapana le lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng, ha rea ka ra fumana boitsebiso bo bongata, empa ke mokhoa oa ho ba le likamano tse ntle pakeng tsa maikutlo a bocha ba basali joaloka lintho tsa ho kopanela liphate le ho pepeseha ha bona litabeng tsa ho kopanela liphate ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng tsa ho hlahisa maikutlo ka litsela tse sa bonahaleng le tsa li-audiovisual. Sephetho sa rona se totobetseng ha se bolele hore mokhoa oa ho bokellana ha o na thuso. Pardun et al. (2005) ba hlahlobisisa ka tsela e arohaneng tšusumetsong ea bacha ho shebella thelevisheneng, libaesekopong, 'mino le limakasine ka merero ea ho kopanela liphate,' me ba fumana mokhoa oa ho kopanela liphate. Qalong sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho etsahala ha mokhoa o ikemetseng kapa oa mahlahahlaha ho ka 'na ha itšetleha ka mofuta oa ho feto-fetoha ha thobalano ho ithutoang. Boikutlo ba ho kopanela liphate bo ka 'na ba amana ka tsela e fapaneng le ho pepesehela boits'oaro ba litaba tsa thobalano ho feta litakatso tsa thobalano kapa boitšoaro ba thobalano.
Ho feta moo, ho hlahisa mokhoa o ikemetseng kapa oa mahlahahlaha ho ka 'na ha e-ba le mefuta e meng ea ho pepesa liphatlalatso tsa litaba tsa thobalano. Ka lebaka leo, lithuto tsa nakong e tlang li lokela ho kenyeletsa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano lipapaling tsa video le livideo tsa 'mino. Ho phaella moo, ho ka 'na ha e-ba monate ho bona hore na ho pepeseha ho thobalano e sa hlakileng le ho bua ka thobalano e hlakileng ho internet ho fetola mohlala oa liphetho tse fumanoang thutong ea rona. Qetellong, bafuputsi ba boetse ba lokela ho nahana ka litaba tsa thobalano tse hlalositsoeng ka litsela tse fapa-fapaneng tsa teko ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng ho sa tsotellehe hore na mekhoa ea mahlahahlaha eo re e fumaneng ka mekhoa ea litšoantšo le ea li-audiovisual e tšoara ho ba teng ha liforomo tse ngotsoeng. Ha re ntse re e-na le lintlha tse ngata tsa ho kopanela liphate tseo bacha ba li sebelisang hona joale, ho tla ba molemo hore re utloisise hore na bacha ba pepesehetse litaba tsa ho kopanela liphate ba amana le litumelo tsa bona tsa botona kapa botšehali ka tsela e ikemetseng.
Ho ipapisa le lifilimi tse hlalosang thobalano ka marang-rang e ne e le habohlokoa bakeng sa mokhoa oa ho latela likamano tsa botona le botšehali kamanong ea bacha le ho ba le lits'ebeletso tsa litaba tsa thobalano le maikutlo a bona a basali ka lintho tsa thobalano. Tlhaloso ena e netefatsa Brown & al.'S (2006mohopolo oa hore litaba tse hlalosang thobalano, haholo-holo marang-rang le ka sebopeho sa audio-visual, li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho thehoeng ha litumelo tsa bocha tsa thobalano. Le ha bacha ba sa tlameha ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano, ba etsa joalo (Lo & Wei, 2005; Peter & Valkenburg, 2006) - 'me ho sebelisoa ha bona ho sebelisoa habonolo hore na ba lumela hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano. Inthanete e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho faneng ka bacha hore ba khone ho fumana boitsebiso ba thobalano. Hape sena se bontšitse ha re fumana hore, ha ho ne ho loantšana, ho shebana le lifilimi tse hlalosang thobalano feela ka marang-rang ho ne ho amana haholo le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano, empa ho pepesehela lifilimi tse hlalosang thobalano ho video kapa DVD e ne e se joalo. Le hoja inthanete e le eona feela karolo ea litaba tsa mecha ea litaba tse amanang le likamano tsa botona le botšehali, ho bonahala eka e hlalosa boemo bona ka mokhoa oa ho kopanela liphate. Ho kopanela liphate ka tikoloho ea lilemong tsa bocha ha ho bolele feela hore bacha ba fumana litaba tse ling tse sa hlakileng tsa thobalano ka litaba tse fapaneng; ho boetse ho bolela hore ba fumana litlhaloso tse eketsehileng tsa ho kopanela liphate, 'me sena se etsahala ka ho fetisisa inthaneteng. Ka lebaka leo, ho bonahala ho le bohlokoa hore ho pepeseha lintlha tse hlalosang thobalano, haholo-holo marang-rang le mofuteng o bonahalang, li fumane tlhokomelo e eketsehileng ho patlisiso e tlang.
Ho fapana le liphuputsong tse ngata tsa pejana, ha rea ka ra fumana setsoalle pakeng tsa lilemong tsa bocha le litšoantšo tse sa hlalosoang ka thobalano thelevisheneng kapa limakasine le tumelo ea bona ea hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano. Tšebelisano ea likamano tsa likamano tsa botona kapa botšehali pakeng tsa ho kopanela liphate le maikutlo a basali ka ho kopanela liphate e ne e hlaha feela ha bacha ba pepesehela lihlooho tse hlalosang thobalano ka limakasine le thelevisheneng. Tsela e 'meli ea litsela le tlhaloso e le' ngoe ea tlhaloso ena e ka khoneha. Ntlha ea pele, re sebelisitsoe ho hlahisa litaba tse sa hlakileng tsa thobalano le thelevisheneng le phapang ea mocha ea thahasello ea bacha ho mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea thelevishene ka litaba tsa thobalano. Le hoja likamano le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa ho itšireletsa ha li bolele hore na ho na le mekhoa efe e ts'oanelang, mokhoa o sebetsang haholo oa ho pepeseha ho thobalano e sa hlakileng ea thelevishene e ka be e hlahisitse liphuputso tse fapaneng. Ea bobeli, ho ka etsahala hore ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano tse sa hlakileng ho thelevisheneng ho tlameha ho lekanyetsoa ka ho toba ho feta kamoo ho etsoang kateng thutong ea rona. Re khethile, tumellanong le lithuto tsa khale, likarolo tseo ka tloaelo li kenyeletsang litaba tsa thobalano (mohlala, sesepa, pontšo ea 'mino le lifilimi). Leha ho le joalo, ho ka 'na ha etsahala hore ho pepeseha lintho tse sa hlakileng tsa thobalano ho thelevishene ho hloka ho nkoa ka ho hlahisa sesepa e itseng kapa mefuta e itseng ea' mino oa 'mino e khethiloeng ka ho khetheha e le ho kopanela liphate (mohlala, gangsta rap music clips tseo banna ba tlotlisoang ka tsona "Li-pimps" 'me basali ba tšoaroa e le "li-bitches").
Tlhaloso ea boraro, e nahanang haholoanyane ea seo re se fumaneng e ka bolela mekhoa ea ho hloekisa lilemong tsa bocha. Ho fanoe ka tekanyo ea ho hlalosa ka thobalano litabeng tsa thobalano hona joale e fumanehang ho bacha, litaba tse tloaelehileng tsa setso, tsa thobalano e ka 'na ea e-ba tse tloaelehileng bakeng sa bacha hore ba se ke ba lemoha melaetsa ea thobalano ea litaba. Ke hafeela tekanyo e itseng ea ho kopanela liphate ho hlalositsoe ka thobalano e etsa hore litlhaloso tsa ho pepeseha ka litaba tsena li qala ho bontša, ka mohlala, ho hanyetsanoa ka thobalano ea basali. Zillmann le Bryant (1986, 1988) ba hlalositse liphello tse joalo tsa ho hlekefetsoa ha banna ho pepesehetse lintho tse hlalosang thobalano, empa hape ho na le monyetla oa hore bacha ba pepesetsoe litabeng tsa thobalano mecha ea phatlalatso. Sena se eketsa boikutlo ba moelelo-oa kutloisiso ho mohopolo oa litaba tsa thobalano (Peter, 2004). Litaba tse joalo tsa litaba tsa thobalano li ka 'na tsa se ke tsa amana le litumelo tsa thobalano; matla a mokhatlo a ka 'na a itšetleha ka tekanyo moo tikoloho ea litaba e kopanetsoeng ka thobalano. Ho itšetlehile ka tekanyo ea ho kopanela liphate ka tikoloho ea litaba, litabeng tsa litaba tsa thobalano tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea ho hlakisa maikutlo li ka amana le litumelo tsa thobalano. Kaha ho na le lipatlisiso tse ngata tse thehiloeng Bibeleng, 'me thuto ea rona e etsoe Netherlands, bafuputsi ba fapaneng ba naha ba ka e fumana e le mosebetsi o thahasellisang oa ho hlahloba moelelo oa boikutlo ba mokhatlo pakeng tsa ho pepesa litaba tsa thobalano le litumelo tsa thobalano.
Basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano
Phuputso ea hona joale e tlatsetsa lipatlisisong tse fokolang empa tse tsitsitseng tse bontšang hore litšoantšo tsa basali tse kang liphate tse amanang le thobalano li lumellana le maikutlo a lilemong tsa bocha ba basali joaloka lintho tsa thobalano (Ward, 2002; Ward le Friedman, 2006). Leha ho le joalo, thuto ea rona e fetisa lipatlisiso tsa pele ka hore e supa bohlokoa ba ho pepeseha ha lilemong tsa bocha lihlahisoa tsa ho kopanela liphate, haholo-holo marang-rang le mofuteng o bonahalang. Liphuputso tsa rona li lumellana le lipatlisiso tse peli tse sa tšoaneng tsa lipatlisiso. Ntlha ea pele, taba ea hore re fumane lifilimi tse hlalosang thobalano ho hlalosana le maikutlo a basali joaloka lintho tse amanang le thobalano li lumellana le litlhahlobo tse nang le litaba tse bontšitsoeng hore basali ba hanyetsa lintho tse hlalosang thobalano (mohlala, Brosius et al., 1993;; Cowan et al., 1988;; Ertel, 1990). Tlhaloso ena e ka 'na ea bakoa ke litlhaloso tsa banna tsa thobalano ka basali (Cowan et al., 1988;; Ertel, 1990). Taba ea bobeli, sephetho sa rona sa hore ho pepesehela litaba tse hlakileng tsa thobalano inthaneteng ho fapana le ho pepesetsoa litaba tse joalo ho video kapa DVD ho ne ho amahanngoa le litumelo tsa hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano ba ts'ehetsa bafuputsi ba reng, ka lebaka la ho fumaneha habonolo, litaba tsa thobalano ho Marang-rang a ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa boiketlong ba thobalano ba bacha (Donnerstein & Smith, 2001;; Greenfield, 2004; Thornburgh le Lin, 2002).
Ka moralo oa likarolo tse fapaneng, thuto ea hajoale e ne e sa khone ho supa tataiso e hlakileng ea sesosa lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela tikoloho ea litaba tsa thobalano le litumelo tsa hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano. Ho hlahisa litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano ho ka matlafatsa tumelo ea bacha ea hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano. Empa, ho ipapisitse le tlhaiso-leseling eo re nang le eona, ho ka etsahala hore bacha ba lumelang hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano ba khahloe haholo ke lits'oants'o tse hlakileng tsa thobalano mme ka hona ba fetohele ho litaba tsena khafetsa. Papali ena e ka rarolloa feela ka meralo ea bolelele ba nako, ho fanoe ka mathata a boits'oaro a lipatlisiso tsa liteko lithutong tse mabapi le thobalano le bana. Ho sa tsotelehe hore na ho pepesehela tikoloho ea litaba tsa thobalano ho ama litumelo tsa hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano kapa ho fapana, kamano pakeng tsa bobeli e se e ntse e le kamano e ntle le sechaba. Linaheng tse ngata tsa Bophirimela, lilemong tse 30 tse fetileng ho bile le liteko tsa ho fihlela likamano tsa thobalano tse khetholloang ka tekano ea bong le kutloisiso le hlomphano. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, litaba tse joalo ka maemo a habeli a thobalano, maikutlo a bong, le tlhekefetso ea thobalano le tlhekefetso ea basali li kene puong ea phatlalatsa. Haeba joale re bona seo - hara basali le basali ba lilemong tsa bocha - likhopolo tsa basali e le lintho tsa thobalano li hokahane le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano haholoholo, re kanna ra bona phetoho e amanang le media mecheng ea botona le botšehali. Mehopolo le liphetho tse hlahisitsoeng mona li ka hlahisa pitso ea pele ea ho batlisisa taba ena.
lumela hore baa fokola
Bangoli ba ka rata ho leboha bahlahlobi ba babeli ba sa tsejoeng ka boitsebiso ba bona ba temohisiso boqapi ba pele ba sehlooho sena. Thuto e ne e tšehetsoa ka lichelete tse tsoang mokhatlo oa Netherlands oa Scientific Research (NWO) ho bangoli ba pele le ba bobeli.
References
Aiken, LS, & West, SG (1991). Ts'ebetso e ngata: Ho leka le ho hlalosa likamano. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Aubrey, JS, Harrison, K., Kramer, L., & Yellin, J. (2003). Mefuta e fapaneng khahlanong le nako: Liphapang tsa bong litebellong tsa thobalano tsa baithuti ba koleche joalo ka ha ho boletsoe esale pele ka ho pepesetsoa thelevisheneng e sekametseng ho tsa thobalano. Patlisiso ea Puisano, 30, 432-460.CrossRef
Brosius, HB., Weaver, JB, & Staab, JF (1993). Ho hlahloba bonnete ba kahisano le thobalano ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa sejoale-joale. Journal ea Lipatlisiso tsa thobalano, 30, 161-170.
Brown, JD (2000). Litlhoko tsa mecha ea bacha ea ho kopanela liphate. Lenaneo la Bophelo ba Bacha, 27S, 35-40.CrossRef
Brown, JD, L'Engle, KL, Pardun, CJ, Guo, G., Kenneavy, K., & Jackson, C. (2006). Taba ea litaba tsa thobalano: Ho ipapisa le litaba tsa thobalano mmino, lifilimi, thelevishene le limakasine ho bolela esale pele boits'oaro ba bacha ba batsho le ba basoeu. Lingaka, 117, 1018-1027.E fetotsoeCrossRef
'Metli oa mapolanka, LM (1998). Ho tloha ho banana ho ea ho basali: Mangolo bakeng sa thobalano le lerato ho le metso e supileng makasine, 1974-1994. Journal ea Lipatlisiso tsa thobalano, 35, 158-168.
Cooper, A. (1998). Taba ea ho kopanela liphate le Inthaneteng: Ho fetela ho lilemo tse sekete. Cyberpsychology & Boitšoaro, 1, 181-187.CrossRef
Cowan, G., Lee, C., Levy, D., & Snyder, D. (1988). Puso le ho se lekane ho lik'hasete tsa video tsa X. Psychology ea Basali ka Kararo, 12, 299-311.CrossRef
Donnerstein, E., & Smith, S. (2001). Thobalano mecheng ea litaba Ho DG Singer & JL Singer (Eds.), Buka ea bana le mecha ea phatlalatso (maqephe a 289-307). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Drenth, JJ, & Slob, AK (1997). Netherlands le li-Antilles tse ikemetseng tsa Madache. Ho RT Francoeur (Moq.), Encyclopedia ea machaba ea ho kopanela liphate (Vol. 2, maq. 895-961). New York: Continuum.
Ertel, H. (1990). Erotika und Pornographie: Repräsentative Befragung und psychophysiologische Langzeitstudie zu Konsum und Wirkung [Erotica le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Phuputso ea boemeli le thuto ea maikutlo ea nako e telele ka ho sebelisoa le liphello tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa]. Munich, Jeremane: PVU.
Escobar-Chaves, SL, Tortolero, SR, Markham, CM, Low, BJ, Eitel, P., & Thickstun, P. (2005). Kameho ea boralitaba ka maikutlo le boits'oaro ba thobalano ba bacha. Lingaka, 116, 303-326.E fetotsoeCrossRef
Fredrickson, BL, & Roberts, TA. (1997). Khopolo ea sepheo: Ho ea kutloisisong liphihlelo tsa basali le likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Psychology ea Basali ka Kararo, 21, 173-206.CrossRef
Freeman-Longo, RE (2000). Bana, bacha, le ho kopanela liphate Inthaneteng. Ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate le ho qobelloa ke thobalano, 7, 75-90.
Glick, P., Lameiras, M., & Castro, YR (2002). Thuto le tumelo ea K'hatholike e le tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa thobalano e mabifi le e mosa ho basali le banna. Mesebetsi ea ho kopanela liphate, 47, 433-441.CrossRef
Grauerholz, E., & King, A. (1997). Tlhekefetso ea thobalano. Pefo khahlanong le Basali, 3, 129-148.E fetotsoe
Greenberg, BS, Siemicki, M., Heeter, C., Stanley, C., Soderman, A., & Linsangan, R. (1993). Litaba tsa thobalano lifiliming tse R-rated tse shebiloeng ke bacha. Ho BS Greenberg, JD Brown, & N. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Media, thobalano le mocha (maqephe a 45-58). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton.
Greenfield, PM (2004). Ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sa tloaelehang ka Inthaneteng: Tšusumetso ea marang-rang a ho arolelana lifilimi bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea bana le malapa. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 741-750.CrossRef
Krassas, NR, Blauwkamp, JM, & Wesselink, P. (2001). Boxing Helena le corseting Eunice: Lipuo tsa thobalano ho Cosmopolitan 'me naga limakasine. Mesebetsi ea ho kopanela liphate, 44, 751-771.CrossRef
Kunkel, D., Eyal, K., Finnerty, K., Biely, E., & Donnerstein, E. (2005). Ho kopanela liphate ka TV 4. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
Lanis, K., & Covell, K. (1995). Litšoantšo tsa basali lipapatsong: Liphello ho maikutlo a amanang le tlhekefetso ea thobalano. Mesebetsi ea ho kopanela liphate, 32, 639-649.CrossRef
Le Gall, A., Mullet, E., & Shafighi, SR (2002). Lilemo, litumelo tsa bolumeli le maikutlo a thobalano. Journal ea Lipatlisiso tsa thobalano, 39, 207-216.E fetotsoe
L'Engle, KL, Brown, JD, & Kenneavy, K. (2006). Mecha ea litaba ke boemo ba bohlokoa ba boits'oaro ba bacha ba thobalano. Journal ea Bophelo ba Bacha, 38, 186-192.E fetotsoeCrossRef
Lerner, RM, & Castellino, DR (2002). Khopolo ea mehleng ea kajeno ea ntlafatso le bocha: Sistimi ea nts'etsopele le mahlale a ntlafatso a sebelisitsoeng. Journal ea Bophelo ba Bacha, 31, 122-135.E fetotsoeCrossRef
Lo, Vh., & Wei, R. (2005). Ho ipapisa le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete le maikutlo le boits'oaro ba bacha ba Taiwan. Journal ea Phatlalatso le Media ea Elektroniki, 49, 221-237.CrossRef
MacKay, NJ, & Covell, K. (1997). Kameho ea basali lipapatsong ka maikutlo a bona ho basali. Mesebetsi ea ho kopanela liphate, 36, 573-583.CrossRef
Miller, BC, Christopherson, CR, & King, PK (1993). Boitšoaro ba thobalano lilemong tsa bocha. Ho TP Gullotta, GR Adams, & R. Montemayor (Eds.), Boits'oaro ba botona le botšehali (maqephe a 57-76). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Mitchell, KJ, Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2003). Ho pepesetsoa bocha ha thepa e sa batleheng ea thobalano inthaneteng. Phuputso ea naha ea kotsi, tšusumetso le thibelo. Bacha le Mokhatlo, 34, 330-358.CrossRef
Mustanki, BS (2001). Ho ts'oaroa: Ho sebelisa Inthaneteng bakeng sa pokello ea data e nepahetseng ea thobalano. Journal ea Lipatlisiso tsa thobalano, 38, 292-301.
Pardun, CJ, L'Engle, KL, & Brown, JD (2005). Ho hokahanya ho pepesehela liphetho: Ts'ebeliso ea bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ea litaba tsa thobalano mecheng ea litaba e tšeletseng. Puisano ea Bongata le Mokhatlo, 8, 75-91.CrossRef
Paul, P. (2005). Pornified: Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li fetola bophelo ba rona, likamano tsa rona le malapa a rona. New York: Linako.
Peter, J. (2004). Nako e telele ea rona 'ho khutlela mohelong oa melaetsa e matla ea boima': Phuputso e entsoeng ka sefapano sechabeng ka liphello tsa litlaleho tsa mecha ea phatlalatso. International Journal of Opinion Research, 16, 144-168.CrossRef
Peter, J., & Valkenburg, PM (2006). Ho pepesetsoa ha bacha ke lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano inthaneteng. Patlisiso ea Puisano, 33, 178-204.CrossRef
Petersen, AC, Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988). Tekanyetso ea ho itlaleha ea boemo ba bocha: Ho tšepahala, bonnete le litekanyetso tsa pele. Journal ea Bacha le Bocha, 17, 117-133.CrossRef
Qrius (2005). Jongeren 2005. Het speelveld verandert [Bocha ba 2005. Ho bapala fatše ho fetoha]. Amsterdam: Qrius.
Morui, M., & Bar-On, M. (2001). Bophelo ba bana nakong ea tlhaiso-leseling: Thuto ea boralitaba ea lingaka tsa bana. Lingaka, 107, 156-162.E fetotsoeCrossRef
Roberts, DF, Foehr, UG, & Rideout, V. (2005). Moloko oa M: Mecha ea litaba maphelong a bana ba lilemo li 8-18. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
Rutgers Nisso Group (2005). Seks onder je 25e [Ho kopanela liphate pele ho 25]. E khutlisitsoe ka August 29, 2005, ho tloha http://www.seksonderje25e.nl/resultaten.
Scott, JE (1986). Tlhahlobo e nchafalitsoeng ea nako e telele ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka limakasine tse tsamaisoang haholo. Journal ea Lipatlisiso tsa thobalano, 22, 385-392.
Seidman, SA (1992). Phuputso ea ho bapala lipapali tsa thobalano mecheng ea 'mino. Journal ea Phatlalatso le Media ea Elektroniki, 36, 209-216.
Strasburger, VC, & Donnerstein, E. (1999). Bana, bacha le boralitaba: Litaba le tharollo. Lingaka, 103, 129-139.E fetotsoeCrossRef
Strouse, JS, & Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. (1995). Bong le ba lelapa e le baokameli ba kamano lipakeng tsa tlhahiso ea livideo tsa mmino le tumello ea thobalano ea bocha. Bocha, 30, 505-521.E fetotsoe
Strouse, JS, Goodwin, MP, & Roscoe, B. (1994). Correlates ea maikutlo mabapi le tlhekefetso ea thobalano har'a bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha. Mesebetsi ea ho kopanela liphate, 31, 559-577.CrossRef
Thornburgh, D., & Lin, HS (2002). Bacha, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le Inthanete. Washington, DC: National Academy.
Townsend, JM (1993). Ho kopanela liphate le khetho ea molekane: Likamano tsa thobalano har'a liithuti tsa k'holejeng. Ethology le Sociobiology, 14, 305-329.CrossRef
Unicef (2001). Lekala la lipapali tsa bana ba lilemong tsa bocha lilemong tse ruileng (karete ea tlaleho ea Innocenti ha. 3, July 2001). E khutlisitsoe ka August 30, 2005, ho tloha http://www.unicef-icdc.org/publications/pdf/repcard3e.pdf.
Lenaneo la Machaba a Ntšetso-pele (2001). Tlaleho ea tlhahiso ea batho 2001. New York: Oxford University Press.
Valkenburg, PM, & Janssen, SC (1999). Bana ba ananela eng mananeong a boithabiso? Patlisiso ea setso le setso. Journal of Communication, 49, 3-21.CrossRef
Valkenburg, PM, & Peter, J. (2007). Puisano ea inthaneteng le bacha ba inthaneteng le kamano ea bona e haufi le metsoalle. Psychology e Tsoelang pele. (mochine oa khatiso)
Ward, LM (2002). Na ho shebella thelevisheneng ho ama maikutlo a batho ba baholo le maikutlo a bona ka likamano tsa thobalano? Bopaki bo kopanetsoeng le bo lekang. Journal ea Bacha le Bocha, 31, 1-15.CrossRef
Ward, LM (2003). Ho utloisisa karolo ea boithabiso ba litaba mecheng ea ho kopanela liphate le bacha ba Amerika: Tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso tsa boipheliso. Tlhahlobo ea Tsoelo-pele, 23, 347-388.CrossRef
Ward, LM, le Friedman, K. (2006). Ho sebelisa TV joalo ka tataiso: Mekhatlo lipakeng tsa ho shebella thelevishene le maikutlo le boits'oaro ba bacha ba thobalano. Journal ea Phuputso ka Bocha, 16, 133-156.CrossRef
Ward, LM, & Rivadeneyra, R. (1999). Menehelo ea thelevishene ea boithabiso ho maikutlo le litebello tsa thobalano tsa bacha: Karolo ea ho shebella palo khahlanong le ho nka karolo ha bashebelli. Journal ea Lipatlisiso tsa thobalano, 36, 237-249.CrossRef
Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1986). Likhetho tse fetohang tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Patlisiso ea Puisano, 13, 560-578.
Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1988). Liphello tsa tšebeliso e telele ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka boleng ba lelapa. Lenaneo la Mathata a Lelapa, 9, 518-544.
;
