Volume 25, Ka June 2017, maqephe 209-220
Sengoli se hokela likarolo tse bulehilengAhna BallonoffSuleimanaAdrianaGalvánbK. PaigeHardencRonald E.Dahla
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2016.09.004Fumana litokelo le litaba
Lintlha-khōlō Tsa
• Leha ho sa le tsoelo-pele kholisong ea bongoaneng ea bongoaneng, ho sa natsoe maikutlo mabapi le kholo ea thobalano le maikutlo a lerato.
• Meralo ea ntlafatso ea bokhachane e hloka ho nahana ka ho holisa mmele ka tsela eo ho hlokahalang bakeng sa katleho ea lerato le ho beleha.
• neuroscience e tsoetseng pele e na le monyetla oa ho ntlafatsa sephetho sa bophelo bo botle ba bongoana, thobalano le bophelo ba ho ba le bana.
inahaneloang
Qaleho ea bocha ke nako ea liphetoho tse kholo mohopolong, tlhokomelong, boits'oarong, le likamanong tsa sechaba. Mefuta e teng ea li-neurodevelopmental e kentse kutloisiso ea rona ea hona joale ea bongoaneng kholo ea bokong; leha ho le joalo, ho na le mohopolo o fokolang o shebileng bohlokoa ba bocha e le nako e potlakileng bakeng sa kholo ea lerato le thobalano. Ha bacha ba kena lilemong tsa bocha, e 'ngoe ea mesebetsi ea bona ea mantlha ke ho fumana tsebo le boiphihlelo bo tla ba lumella ho etsa mesebetsi ea batho ba baholo, ho kenyelletsa ho kopanela likamanong tsa lerato le tsa thobalano. Ka ho hlahloba lingoliloeng tse amanang le methapo ea motho le liphoofolo, pampiri ena e totobatsa kamoo re lokelang ho fetela monahanong oa ho kena bohlankaneng e le feela liphetoho tse itseng tse bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ikatisa hoa mmele. Ho fapana le hoo, ho kena bohlankaneng ho boetse ho kenyelletsa liphetoho tsa methapo ea kutlo tse bohlokoa haholo ho ho holisa mmele, maikutlo le kelello tse hlokahalang bakeng sa katleho ea ho beleha. Morero oa mantlha oa pampiri ena ke ho pharalatsa motheo oa lipatlisiso le puisano ka lerato la bongoana le thobalano, ka tšepo ea ho nts'etsapele kutloisiso ea thobalano le maikutlo a lerato joalo ka likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa nts'etsopele ea bophelo bo botle le boiketlo bongoaneng.
Keywords
Nts'etsopele ea maikutlo a lerato
Nts'etsopele ea thobalano
Bocha
Neuroscience e ntlafatsang
Botsofali
“Bongoaneng batho ba itšetleha ka bophelo ba bona ho ba lelapa la tlhaho; botsofaling, ba na le boikarabello bakeng sa boiketlo ba balekane le bana le bakeng sa ho phehella lithahasello le maemo a lelapa la lenyalo. Bakeng sa bokhutšoanyane ba lilemo tsa bocha, ha ba itšetlehe haholo ka tsela eo ba neng ba le eona ebile ba sa ikarabelle ka tsela eo ba tla ba le eona. Ke nakong eo likamano tsa lithaka li ka bang le botebo bo boholo ba kamano eo ba tla ba le eona maemong a mang mo potong ea bophelo… ”- (Schlegel le Barry, 1991 Schlegel & Barry III, 1991, leq. 68)
1. Selelekela
Mehlala ea Neurodevelopmental e bonts'a ho qaleha ha bohlankana, bo tšoailoeng ke phetoho ea tlhaho ea tlhaho ea ho kena bohlankaneng, e le nako ea liphetoho tse kholo, khothatsong, boits'oaro, le likamanong tsa sechaba. Mefuta ena e thusitse ho tseba nako ea ho sesa e le nako ea ho ithuta, haholo-holo thuto ea sechaba le maikutlo e hlokahalang ho fetolela maemo a macha a bophelo le ho sebetsana le maikutlo a itlhomphang (Telzer 2016; Crone le Dahl, 2012). Leha ho le joalo, leha ho na le mefuta e mengata e metle e totobatsang bohlokoa ba ho kena bohlankaneng bakeng sa ntshetsopele ea neural le ho ithuta ka tsela e ncha, (jj.Blakemore 2012; Braams et al., 2015; Crone le Dahl, 2012; Giedd et al., 2006; James et al., 2012; Peper le Dahl, 2013), mehlala ena e fana ka maikutlo a lekanyelitsoeng ho bohlokoa ba bocha e le nako e tebileng bakeng sa kholo ea lerato le thobalano. Maemong a mmaloa ha maikutlo a lerato le tsa thobalano li nkuoa mefuteng ena ea nts'etsopele, a tloaetse ho totobatsa nts'etsopele ea thobalano e le boits'oaro bo bobe ba kotsi (ke hore, sebopeho sa kotsi ea boitšoaro ba thobalano) (Ewing et al., 2014; Goldenberg et al. 2013; James et al., 2012; Victor le Hariri, 2015). Leha re amohela bohlokoa ba ho nahana ka lits'oaetso tse mpe tse ntlafatsang tse amanang le kotsi kapa ho se tsotelle boitšoaro ba thobalano, ho bohlokoa hape ho ela hloko likarolo tse tloaelehileng tsa bophelo bo botle ba thobalano le maikutlo a lerato, le tšebetso ea methapo ea maikutlo ea ho ithuta ka tsa lerato le tsa thobalano.
Boithuto bo sebelisang moralo oa likotsi tsa thobalano bo thusitse ho tseba tse ling tsa mela ea mantlha e amanang le thobalano e kotsi ea bophelo bo botle ho etsa liqeto, empa, ka bomalimabe, lithuto tsena ha li sa etsa letho ho holisa kutlwisiso ea rona ea li-trajectories tsa kholo ea thobalano tse tloaelehileng. Mohlala, hara bacha ba baholo ba sebetsang ka thobalano (15-17 ea lilemo li), ba ipolelang ba kotsing ea ho etsa thobalano ba inkela hampe ka ho kenya ts'ebetsong prefrontal cortex (PFC) nakong ea mosebetsi oa thibelo ea karabo ea laboratori (Goldenberg et al., 2013). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang liphuputsong tsa basali ba banyenyane ba 14-15, ho etsa qeto ea bophelo bo botle ba likotsi tsa thobalano ho ne ho amana le ts'ebetso kahare ho anterior ho etsa joalo (Hensel et al., 2015). Lithuto tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ka bomong ba eketsehile taolo ea kelello nakong ea thibelo ea karabelo le ts'ebetso e nyane ho cingate ea ka ntle e ka etsa liqeto tse nang le boikarabello ba thobalano, empa ha ho etse letho le lekaalo ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea li-trajectories tsa nts'etsopele tse tloaelehileng. Ho fetela ka n a'ane ho moralo oa kotsi lipatlisisong tsa methapo ea kutlo ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho khetholla lits'ebetso tsa neural tse amanang le kholo ea maikutlo a lerato le thobalano.
Ntle le liphuputso tse fokolang tse amanang le kotsi ea thobalano, ho bile le boikitlaetso bo fokolang ba ho hlahloba sepheo sa nts'etsopele sa tsoelopele sa thahasello e eketsehileng le ho kenya letsoho liketsong tsa lerato le tsa thobalano. Ha bacha ba kena lilemong tsa bocha, o mong oa mesebetsi ea bona ea mantlha ke ho fumana tsebo le boiphihlelo tse tla ba lumella ho nka karolo ea sechaba sa batho ba baholo, ho kenyelletsa ho kopanela likamanong tsa lerato le tsa thobalano (Crone le Dahl, 2012). Likamano tsa batho ba bacha tsa lerato, ho tloha likobong tsa sekolo sa mathomo moo batho ba babeli ba ka sebelisanang hanyane haholo, likamanong tse kenyelletsang ho tsetela hoa maikutlo, nako le matla, hangata ha li nkuoe e le tsa bohlokoa. Ha e le hantle, likamano tsena li sebeletsa merero ea bohlokoa ea ntlafatso, 'me ke moelelo oa mantlha oa hore bacha ba hlahlobe boits'oaro ba bona ka thobalano le phaello boiphihlelo ba thobalano (Furman le Shaffer, 2003; Furman et al., 2007). Ka tšepo ea ho fumana maemo sechabeng le ho hapa setsoalle le balekane ba lakatsehang, bacha ba khothalelitsoe haholo ho ithuta ho etsa lipuisano tse rarahaneng tse amanang le ho theha le ho boloka likamano tsa lerato. Bokhoni ba motho ba ho etsa boits'oaro bo nolofalletsang likamano tse haufi-ufi le bo hlahisang menyetla ea thobalano le ho ba le bana ke phetoho e tloaelehileng ea kholo ea ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng.
Ho kena bohlankaneng, e leng ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko e qalang bokong, ho kenyelletsa ho fetoha ha liphetoho tsa lihormone le liphetoho tse tebileng tsa 'mele le tsa' mele tse qetellang li hlahisitse bokhoni ba ho ikatisa (Sisk 2016; Sisk le Foster, 2004). Nts'etsopele ea likarolo tse ling tsa thobalano ea batho ba baholo, ho kenyelletsa le liphetoho tsa 'mele oa motho, ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa ea botšehali, le kutloisiso li utloisisoa hantle. Le ha ho kena bohlankaneng ho etsa hore motho a be lilemong tsa bocha le tsa botona kapa botšehali, ho bile le lipatlisiso tse fokolang haholo tse hlahisang ho hlaha ha boitšoaro ba thobalano ho batho ba lilemong tsa bocha. Ho fapana le hoo, lipatlisiso tsa "pubertal research" mabapi le mefuta e meng li kenyelletsa tlhahlobo e tebileng ea ts'ebetso ea thobalano le ho hleka-hlekoa ho amanang le ho ba moroetsana, ho amohela hore ho hlaha ha boits'oaro bona bo hloka ho hokahana ho matla lipuisanong tsa nts'etsopele bokong. tsamaiso ea endocrine, le tsamaiso ea methapo. Ha ho le joalo, bafuputsi ba liphoofolo ha ba bone liphihlelo tsa pele tsa thobalano eseng feela sepheo sa boitšoaro, empa le lintlha tse khothatsang tsa mmele tse hlahisang tšebetso ea nts'etsopele le li-hormone (mohlala, Nutsch et al., 2014, 2016; E tla et al., 2015). Ho hlokahala ha tsebo mabapi le ho ithuta le ho pheta-pheta litoro tse amanang le ho qaleha ha batho ba bang le liphihlelo tsa botona le botšehali ho totobatsa litebello tsa bohlokoa mehlaleng e teng ea kholo ea motho ea lilemong tsa bocha. Ka nako e ts'oanang, le ha mefuta ea liphoofolo e fana ka leseli la bohlokoa ho utloisisa likarolo tsa ntlafatso ea thobalano, ha e holise kutloisiso ea rona ea likamano tsa lerato le boiphihlelo, ebile ha ba fetole liphetoho tsa bohlokoa lipapatsong tsena tsa bohlokoa sechabeng. Ntle le moo, sebopeho sa ho hanana sa mefuta ea liphoofolo se fana feela ka semelo se fapaneng bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea thobalano, 'me ka hona se fokotsa kutloisiso ea rona ea phapang le ho pharalla ho hohelang, boits'oaro, le boitsebahatso bo leng teng thobalanong ea batho ea thobalano.
Lingoliloeng tsa liphoofolo li sebetsa e le khopotso e tebileng ea sepheo sa tlhaho sa botona kapa botšehali le litoro tsa ho khutlisa maikutlo tse amanang le liphihlelo tsa lerato le tsa thobalano, tse sa tsotelleng haholo mehlaleng ea kholo ea motho ea lilemong tsa bocha. Ntle le moo, mefuta ea liphoofolo le liphuputso tse fokolang tsa batho ha li a etsa hanyane ho hlahloba hore na ho kena bohlankaneng ho bopa menyetla ea ho ithuta ka eng e bolelang ya boitshwaro ba ho ratana le bohlolaFortenberry, 2013). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, matla a mantlha a boitšoaro ba ho ba le bana a ka fihlelleha ka tsebo e fokolang, tsebo kapa boiphihlelo; ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho tloha ka pono ea ho iphetola ha lintho, tlholisano ea sechaba bakeng sa ho hohela balekane le katleho ea ho kopanya e itšetleha haholo ka ho sebelisa setaele se rarahaneng sa mahlale le boits'oaro ba maikutlo le boits'oaro. Ho ithuta ho amanang le ho ba le tsebo le tsebo e hlokahalang ea ho tsamaisa likamano tse matla tsa bophelo ba thobalano le tsa thobalano tse hlahang nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng ke karolo ea bohlokoa moetlong oa bophelo ba batho, oa bongateng le kholisong. Ka hona, ho feto-fetoha ha maemo a tlhaho (le keketseho ea tlhaho ea maikutlo ho kenyelletsa takatso ea thobalano le maikutlo a lerato) e kanna ea emela monyetla o mong oa ho ithuta-eseng feela ka likarolo tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano, empa hape le ka lits'ebetso tse thata tsa maikutlo le tsa setjhaba. tseo e leng karolo ea sepheo sa ho batla maikutlong a qosoang le a matla haholo mabapi le ho hlaola boitseko ba ho ba thobalano.
Tokomaneng ena, re hlahloba kamoo nts'etsopele ea kelello le e amanang le boiketlo e bang teng bongoaneng e theha monyetla o ikhethang oa monyetla oa hore bacha ba kenelle menyetla ea ho ithuta e loketseng ho tsamaisa liphihlelo tsa lerato le tsa thobalano. Re fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho li ka ba teng neural circry e amanang le ts'ebetso ea sechaba le maikutlo e ka bula fensetere ea bobeli ea nts'etsopele (e latelang ea bongoaneng) bakeng sa ho ithuta ka likamano tsa lerato le kamano. Re boela re kholoa hore lits'ebetso tsena tsa ho ithuta li qala ka liphetoho tsa 'mele le tsa neurobiological tse susumetsang tšusumetso, leha ho le joalo li its'epahalla haholo likhethong le likamanong tsa batho nakong ena. Ka mor'a moo, ha re etsa lipatlisiso tsa liphoofolo le batho, re tla shebisana hore na phetoho ea li-horion, ea tlhaho le ea tlhaho ea ho kena bohlankaneng e sa le bacha e ka etsa joang maikutlong a lerato le a thobalano. Kamora nako, re totobatsa lipotso tse ling tsa bohlokoa, tse hlahelletseng mabapi le mekhoa ea bophelo bo botle ea boits'oaro le maikutlo a lerato le likamano tsa botona le botšehali, ho kenyelletsa kamoo nts'etsopele e anngoeng ke maikutlo a bophelo bo hanyane lilemong ba bocha, a ntseng a eketseha ka mokhoa o fetelletseng oa kholo ea thobalano ho tsoa litlhalosong tsa setso. Hohle pampiring, re boetse re supa menyetla ea bafuputsi ho hlahloba lipotso tse ngata tse sa arajoeng. Morero oa mantlha oa pampiri ena ke ho pharalatsa motheo oa lipatlisiso le puisano mabapi le nts'etsopele ea bongoana le thobalano, ka tšepo ea ho matlafatsa menyetla ea lipatlisiso tsa neuroscience ho sebelisoa ho ntlafatsa lits'oants'o tsena tsa bohlokoa.
2. Ho lebella ho ithuta ka lerato, tlamahano le kamano e haufi
Mefuta e mengata ea li-neurodevelopmental e totobatsa hore neuroplasticity etsahala ka nako ea ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng ho bula lifensetere tse hlokahallang bokong, tse tlang pele bakeng sa mefuta e ikhethang ea ho ithuta (Crone le Dahl, 2012). Tšebeliso ea eona e pharaletseng, polelo neuroplasticity e kenyelletsa mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea li-synaptic le tseo e seng tsa synaptic tse tšehetsang bokhoni ba boko ba ho ithuta ka mokhoa o potlakileng, mmoho le mohopolo oa "lifensetere tse otlang" bakeng sa thuto e ikhethang. Greenough et al's (1987) semelo sa bokhachane ba nakong ea bokhachane "se fana ka maikutlo a hore boko ba masea bo lebelletse mefuta e khethehileng ea ho ithuta, e ba khothalletsang ka tlhaho ho etsa boikoetliso bo pheta-phetoang le boiphihlelo ba boiphihlelo ba boithuto ba ho ithuta (mohlala, ho tsamaea). Liphihlelo tsena tsa ho ithuta le tsona li kenya letsoho ho le thata ntshetsopele ea neural (Greenough et al., 1987). Patlisiso ea morao tjena mabapi le mekhoa ea limolek'hule le mekhoa ea neuroplasticity e tsoetse pele ka potlako le ho totobatsa mocha eo kholo ea bokong, ho qala ka ho qala ha ho kena bohlankaneng, ho ka emela motsoako o ikhethang oa botsitso le polasetiki. Motsoako ona o hlahisa monyetla oa bohlokoa oa ho ithuta le boiphihlelo ba ho theha ho hola marangrang a neural ka mekhoa e mamellang (Hensch 2014; Takesian le Hensch, 2013; Werker le Hensch, 2015).
Ho qala ho kena bohlankaneng ho bonahala ho etsa hore batho ba shebane le ho teba haholo ka mekhoa ea bophelo le maikutlo, tse bohlokoa haholo ho khahliseng likamano tsa lerato le batho ba bang. boitšoaro ba thobalano (Dahl 2016; Nelson et al., 2016). Haholo-holo, ho kena bohlankaneng ho lebisa ho ntlafatsoeng ha buka boits'oaro ba sechaba le likarabo maemong a macha a tsoang sechabeng (Brown et al., 2015). Ka nako e ts'oanang eo bacha ba qalang ho qeta nako e ngata le lithaka tsa bona, ba ba le maikutlo a macha a ho khahloa a amanang le thobalano le susumetsang boits'oaro bo susumetsang likamano. Ka lebaka la hore sepheo sa tlhaho ea bokhachane ke ho fihlela kholo ea pelehi, hoa utloahala hore ho lekana lipakeng tsa polasetiki le botsitso sebakeng se ikhethileng sa pherekano. tsamaiso ea neural e tla bula monyetla oa ho ithuta le khothatso e amanang le boitšoaro ba lerato le ba thobalano. Nahana ka bokhoni boo mocha a lokelang ho ithuta bona sebakeng sena, ho kenyelletsa le ho sebetsana le maikutlo a amanang le ho fumana motho ea bohehang, ea ho aha bokhoni ba puisano e le hore a botse motho ka letsatsi, a ts'oha le motho eo a sa mo tsebeng, a hlahang litlamorao tsa ho ratana le motho e mong. kapa ea sa tsejoeng haholo, ho loana le ho khesoa kapa ho qhalana, le ho leka-lekanya takatso ea tlhaho ea ho ba le liphihlelo tsa thobalano le maikutlo a rarahaneng a amanang le ho boloka kamano ea lerato. Maemo a fapaneng a maikutlo a lerato le tsa thobalano tsa pele-pele a ka 'na a bopeha marang-rang a neural ho mamella mekhoa ea ho ts'ehetsa maikutlo a lerato le a thobalano.
E 'ngoe ea liphetoho tse bohlokoa tse etsahalang nakong ea bokhachane ke tšusumetso le takatso ea ho kopanela ho tsona maikutlo a lerato. Le ha masea a ithuta esale pele ka boleng ba ho ba le kamano e tsitsitseng le lerato la botsoali, ha e sa le kamora ho qaleha ha phetoho ea bongaka hore bacha ba be le thahasello ea lerato la lerato. Lerato la baratani le hlalositsoe e le mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa khokahano, 'me mekhoa ea lerato ea batho ba baholo khafetsa e sheba setaele seo ba bileng le sona le batsoali ba bona ha e sa le masea (Hazan le Shaver, 1987). Ntle le moo, lerato le lerato la botsoali le nolofalletsa ho theha maqhama, 'me le etsa hore ho thehwa le ho boloka litlamo tsena ho be le liphihlelo tse ntle le tse khotsofatsang (Bartels le Zeki, 2004). Leha ho na le phapang e kholo morerong, litšobotsi, neurohormone libaka tse tlamang, le li-amanang tsa neural pakeng tsa lerato la botsoali le lerato, ho boetse ho na le phapang ea bohlokoa (Bartels le Zeki, 2004). Ka bobeli lerato la botsoali le la lerato le nolofalletsa ho holisa, ho tsotella, ho tsotella, empa lerato la lerato le kenyelletsa likarolo tse fapaneng, joalo ka ho arolelana matla le takatso ea thobalano. Re etsa tlhahiso ea hore liphetoho tsa lihormone tse amanang le ho kena bohlankaneng li kenya letsoho phetohong ea neural e etsang hore kelello e ithute ka mofuta ona o mocha oa lerato, e le ho tsamaisa ho ruruha, ho ba le bana le tlhokomelo ea bana.
Le ha ho netefalitsoe hore litsamaiso tse ngata tsa neural tse kenyelletsoang leratong la botona le botšehali li ba le sebopeho se matla, khokahano, le phetoho e sebetsang nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng, ha ho tsejoe hore na sena se kenella joang mohopolong o tloaelehileng oa lerato le thobalano. Ho kenyelletsa se tsebahalang ka botebo ba tlhaho ea lerato le takatso ea botona kapa ea botšehali ho batho ba baholo ba nang le lingoliloeng tse hlahisang lipotso tse khahlang. Le ha ho le thata ho feta pampiri ena ho akaretsa 'mele ona oa lingoliloeng, mehlala ea bongoana ea bongoana e bontšitse ka ho hlaka phetoho e ikhethang e amanang le thobalano nakong ea bongoaneng (Dennison et al., 2013; Giedd le Denker, 2015). Leha ho na le phapang ea thobalano lits'oants'o tsena, methapo eohle ea bongoana e eletsoa ho putsa ho ithuta (Galván, 2013). Ka ho kenya tšebetsong dopamine, ts'ebetso ea moputso le lits'usumetso tse susumetsang, lerato le ratanang ka bobeli ba thobalano le sepheo se tsamaeang le likarabo tse matla tsa maikutlo (Aron et al., 2005; Fisher et al., 2010). Ho qala ka ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng, liphetoho tse ntlafalitsoeng marang-rang a bokong tse kenyelletsoeng moqoqong, moputsong, le tšebetsong ea maikutlo le sechaba li ka hlahisa monyetla o ikhethang oa lerato le mofuthu la thobalano hore o be le litholoana tse ntle.
Ka bobeli lerato le takatso ea thobalano li susumetsoa ke maikutlo a dopamenergically-Medied hore a ka ama kutloisiso ea lefatše ka bophara (Diamond le Dickenson, 2012). Ho fanoa ka liphetoho tsa nts'etsopele tse etsahalang nakong ea bohlankana tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea maikutlo le taolo ea kelello, ho bile le tlhahiso ea hore nako ea bocha ke nako e loketseng ea ho hlahloba maikutlo le maikutlo a amanang le likamano tsa lerato (Collins, 2003). Lipheo tsena tse ncha tsa khothaletso li eketseha haholo ka boinotšing ka nako e ts'oanang moo bacha ba nts'etsapele matla a ho itaola ka boits'oaro bo bong ba takatso ea boits'oaro (Fortenberry, 2013). Ka hona, hoa utloahala hore kholo ea 'mele e tsamaisana le polasetiki e kholo ea tlhaho le tšusumetso e matla ea ho batla mefuta e mengata e tsosang, e nyarosang e nyane, e nang le moputso e mengata, le liphihlelo tsa maikutlo tse etsang hore bacha ba tsebe ho fumana tsena tse phahameng. liphihlelo tse matla, joalo ka ho ts'oaroa pele kapa ho aka ka lekhetlo la pele, hoa thabisa (Spielberg et al., 2014). Khokahano ea dopamine 'me oxytocin e amanang le ho pheta-pheta le molekane ea itseng e tlatsetsa thutong e tlisoang ke moputso mabapi le boits'oaro ba lerato. Hang ha motho e monyane a sithabetse 'me a qala ho theha kamano le motho e mong, ba ba le karabelo ea boemo ba molekane eo ho eona dopaminergic moputso o lebelletsoe mme o ba le boiphihlelo bo boholo ka ho fetisisa le molekane eo ea khethehileng oa tlamahano (Rata 2013; Ortigue et al., 2010). Joalo ka thuto eohle, ho khethoa ke molekane ho nka nako, hammoho le boiphihlelo bo phetoang. Hang ha karabo ena e ikhethileng ea molekane e se e thehiloe, e kenya letsoho ho tsosa maikutlo, liketsahalo tsa lipale li theha liphihlelo tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa khotsofalo ea likamano pakeng tsa banyalani (Aron et al., 2000). Ka lebaka la nts'etsopele ea neural e etsahalang nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng, karabelo e tobileng ho balekane likamanong tsa pele tsa lerato, ha likamano tsa maikutlo le tsa 'mele li le sieo, li ba thabisa haholo, li putsa ebile lia khotsofatsa. Bakeng sa ho kopanela likamanong tsa lerato le tsa thobalano ka katleho, bacha ba hloka ho batla, ho atamela, le ho ithuta mesebetsing e meholo ea ho kopa motho ka letsatsi la pele, ho ratana, ho ba le pelo e robehileng le ho leka hape.
Lerato la baratani le kenyelletsa ts'ebetso e eketsang ts'ebetsong libakeng tse nang le dopamine tse ngata tse amanang le ho sebetsana le maikutlo, meputso le khothatso; ka likarolo tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa cortical bokong bo amanang le tlhalohanyo ea sechaba le boits'oaro; le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ho amygdala (Ortigue et al., 2010). Leha takatso ea thobalano e tsosa / ho tsosa takatso le lerato li kenyelletsa libaka tse ngata tsa ts'ebetso, haholo literekeng tse tlase, ho na le libaka tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso. Mohlala, lerato le lerato, bobeli ha motho e mong a le mafolofolo leratong 'me Kamora hore ba fumane ho khesoa ho karohano, empa eseng ho tsosa takatso ea botona le botšehali, ho kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello (ka kakaretso e amanang le thabo, ho tsepamisa maikutlo, le tšusumetso ea ho phehella meputso), athe ho tsosa takatso ea botona le botšehali, empa eseng lerato, ho kenyelletsa boithati striatal ts'ebetso (e amanang le tšusumetso le boleng ba moputso bo boletsoeng pele) (Fisher et al., 2010; Diamond le Dickenson, 2012). Ka lebaka la mefokolo ea ho etsa mesebetsi e loketseng sehatsetsi, liphuputso tse entsoeng ka neano ha li khetholle katleho takatso ea thobalano - boemo bo susumetsang ba kelello ba ho phehella liketso tsa thobalano — ho tsoa ho motho ea tsosang takatso ea botona kapa ea botšehali — boemo ba mmele ba ho itokisetsa thobalano (Diamond le Dickenson, 2012). Boholo ba liphapang tsa laboratori bo sebelisa takatso ea thobalano ea batho bao u sa ba tsebeng ho e-na le baratuoa, mme ka hona e ka ba hantle ho hlahisa maikutlo a monate ho feta takatso, empa sena se ntse se sa hlaka. Patlisiso mabapi le karolo ea kholo ea lerato bokong ba motho e haelloa haholo. Ho kena bohlankaneng ho fana ka sebaka se ikhethang sa ntlafatso ea maikutlo ha lerato la lerato le hlaha. Ho sibolla li-trajectories tsa neural tsa nts'etsopele tse kenyelletsang ho hlaha ha lerato la maikutlo le maikutlo a lerato li ka thusa ho holisa kutloisiso ea rona ea linaha tsena tse susumetsang. Ntle le moo, lipatlisiso tse re thusang ho hlakola hore na liphetoho tse etsahalang bongoaneng li kenella joang bocheng ba ho kopana le liphihlelo tsa pele tsa takatso, maikutlo a lerato, le thobalano li tla eketsa kutloisiso ea rona ea hore na ntlha ea inflection ea ho kena bohlankaneng e etsa hore ho be le mokhoa o ikhethang oa ntlafatso ea ho ithuta ka mesebetsi ena e rarahaneng ea sechaba. .
Joalo ka boiphihlelo bofe kapa bofe ba bohlokoa ba ho ithuta, bacha ba rua molemo ka ho ba le tšehetso le ho sokolla ho tsamaisa li-trajector tse ntle. Re hloka kutlwisiso e betere mabapi le maemo le maemo a kenyang molemong oa liphihlelo tse ntle tsa ho ithuta tse amanang le nts'etsopele ea thobalano, hammoho le tse fokotsang likotsi tsa likotsi tse mpe. Joalo ka ha re utloisisa bohlokoa ba ho fana ka tikoloho e bolokehileng bakeng sa bana ba banyenyane ba ntseng ba ithuta ho tsamaea (le ho oela khafetsa), re ka hlahisa lipotso ka tikoloho e thusang ba bacha ho ithuta le ho leka litakatso le maikutlo a bona a matla, ha ba ntse ba ntšetsa pele litsebo. bakeng sa ho sebetsana le maikutlo ana le ho a kopanya le boits'oaro ba bona. Saense ea tsoelo-pele e ka fana ka leseli la bohlokoa mabapi le mefuta ea scaffolding e ka ts'ehetsang mefuta e phetseng hantle ea liphihlelo tsena tse matla tsa ho ithuta bakeng sa bacha bohle, ho kenyelletsa le ba nang le maikutlo a bona a pele a takatso, ho hohela, kapa ho tsosa, le ba seng ba le teng. ho ratana le / kapa ho etsa thobalano.
3. Lihormone tsa "pubertal", "neurodevelopment" le boitšoaro
Keketseho ea Hormonal ke motheo oa phetoho ea "pubertal". Lihormone tse tšoanang tse kenyang kholisong ea litšobotsi tsa bong ba botona le botšehali le tsona li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlophiseng bocha neural circry (Schulz le Sisk, 2016; Sisk 2016; Sisk le Zehr, 2005). Ka lebaka leo, bacha ba ba le tšusumetso e kholo ea ho batla meputso, boiphihlelo bo ntlafalitsoeng ba meputso, le tšusumetso e eketsehileng ea ho kopanela likamanong tsa sechaba — ho kenyeletsoa ho ratana le ho boitšoaro ba thobalano (Crone le Dahl, 2012). Ho kenyelletsa moo, lihormone tsa "pubertal" li ka kenya letsoho ho eketseha ha takatso ea maikutlo tse etsang hore maikutlo a lipale tse phahameng a ipiletse haholoanyane. Ntle le moo li-hormone tsa gonadal, lihormone tse ling tse ngata le li-neurotransmitters di a etsoa kapa tsa ntlafatsoa nakong ea bokhachane, 'me li ameha ka moo batho ba nang le boiphihlelo ka teng maikutlo a lerato, ho kenyelletswa le oxytocin, vasopressin, dopamine, Serotonin, 'me cortisol (De Boer et al., 2012). Mohlala, ha keketseho ea lihormone tsa "pubertal" e matlafatsa boits'oaro bo susumetsoang sechabeng le maikutlo a ho lakatsa, ho eketseha ha maikutlo a dopamine le oxytocin augment maikutlo a lerato le khokahano (Lerata, 2013). Ka kopanelo, liphetoho tsena lihormon le li-neurotransmitters li theha tikoloho e ntle ea 'mele bakeng sa ho etsa hore bacha ba rate ho ithuta ka lerato le ho hohela. Ka tlase, rea hlahloba, haholo-holo, sephetho sa hore na lihormone tse peli tsa bohlokoa hakae - Testosterone 'me estradiol - kenya letsoho kholisong ea botona le botšehali lilemong tsa bocha.
3.1. Testosterone
Testosterone e amahanngoa le liphetoho mesebetsing ea tlhahisoleseling ea sechaba, maikutlo a moputso, le maikutlo a batlang nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng. Khafetsa e nahanoang mabapi le bokhopo, testosterone e boetse e hlalositsoe e le hormone ea sechaba, e khothalletsang ho batla maemo le boits'oaro ba ho boloka maemo ka mekhoa e mengata e fapaneng, ho kenyelletsoa le liphetoho ts'ebetsong ea tšabo, karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo, tšokelo le falimehe, le moputso ho tsoa boemong bo eketsehang ba sechaba (Eisenegger le Naef, 2011). Keketseho ea lipapiso tsa testosterone e amahanngoa le liphetoho ts'ebetsong ea neural ho sokela likhofu ka amygdala (E amanang le ho qoba ho ts'abo) le nucleus accumbens (e amanang le ts'ebetso ea moputso) (Spielberg et al., 2014). Ntle le moo, testosterone e ntseng e eketseha e amahanngoa le ho eketsa likotsi tsa ho etsa mesebetsi ea laboratori har'a bashanyana le banana (Op de Macks et al., 2011; Peper le Dahl, 2013). Li-bokellase tsa li-nucleus le amygdala, tseo e leng li-network tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa sechaba tse hlophiselitsoeng haholo nakong ea bokhachane, li na le palo e kholo ea li-testosterone receptors (Nelson et al., 2005). Ts'ebetso tsena tse amanang le testosterone kaofela li ka susumetsa liphetoho mekhoeng ea lerato le ea thobalano nakong ea bohlankana. Ho lumellana le mohopolo oa hore nako ea bocha ke nako e mahlonoko bakeng sa litlamorao tsa boits'oaro ea li-hormone tsa gonadal, mehlala ea liphoofolo e fana ka maikutlo a hore karabelo ea boitšoaro ho li-hormone tsa gonadal e fapana pakeng tsa liphoofolo tse tlang pele ho nako le tse ling. Ho fapana le boko ba pele ho lefu la boloi, boko ba post-pubertal bo khothalletsoa lihormone tsa steroid ho kenya tšebetsong boits'oaro ba ho tsoalaSisk le Zehr, 2005).
Ho bile le lipatlisiso tse pharaletseng mabapi le mekhoa ea methapo e amanang le thobalano le bohlola ho liphoofolo tse anyesang tse tona. Mohlala, ho li-hamsters tsa banna tsa Syria, e thehiloe hantle hore na lihormone tsa "pubertal" li susumetsa sebopeho le tšebetso ea lipotoloho tsa neural tse kopanyang tlhahisoleseling ea steroidal le maikutlo, le hore na li-circuits tsena tse fetohang li fetoha joang tsela eo banna ba arabelang mohopolong oa sechaba le ho kenya letsoho boits'oarong. (Romeo et al., 2002). Ntle le moo, lipatlisiso lipuong tsa khale tse sa bonoang ke batho li bontsitse hore, phapang e teng ho mefuta e mengata ea liphoofolo tse anyesang, li-hormone tsa gonadal tse fumanehang haholo li susumetsa thobalano tšusumetso, hona le bokhoni ba ho qopitsa (Wallen, 2001). Hobane litlamorao tsa li-hormone tsa gonadal li batla li susumetsa takatso ea thobalano, tlhahlobo ena ea lipatlisiso e fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho mokhoeng oa bophelo le maemo a tšusumetso e matla ho susumetsa ho ithuta ka boitšoaro ba thobalano (Wallen, 2001). Patlisiso eo e seng ea botho e boetse e bontšitse bohlokoa ba karolo ea ho ithuta e amanang le ho kena bohlankaneng le boiphihlelo ba thobalano. Le ha e le tlasa endocrine ho kena bohlankaneng le ho eketseha ha testosterone ho hlahisa boitšoaro bo eketsehileng ba thobalano, boiphihlelo ba katleho ea ho nyalanya — ho ts'oaroa nakong ea thobalano le mosali — ke mohlala o motle ka ho feta oa boitšoaro bo tlang ba thobalano bo ikemetseng ba testosterone e phahameng.Wallen, 2001). Le banna ba sa kang ba ba le lilemo tsa ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng ba eketsa boits'oaro ba bona ka thobalano. Ka kopanelo, lipatlisiso tsa liphoofolo li totobatsa bohlokoa ba liphihlelo tsa ho ithuta tse etsahallang le phetoho ea li-hormone, mme e fana ka maikutlo a lipotso tse ncha tsa ho etsa lipatlisiso ho batho mabapi le hore na lihormone, neurodevelopmental, ho ithuta, le liphetoho tsa maemo a bongoaneng li hlahisa kholo ea boitšoaro ba thobalano le likamano tsa thobalano. nakong ea bohlankana.
Ho batho, ebang ho eketseha kapa ho sa eketsehe ha testosterone nakong ea bokhachane ho ama ka ho toba phapang e fapaneng le e 'ngoe ea maikutlo a motho le boitšoaro ba hae. Testosterone e phahameng e hokahana ka boikokobetso le litakatso tse eketsehileng tsa thobalano ho bashemane ba boroetsana, empa phello e nyamela ho mehlala e kenyang ho qaleha hoa kemolo ea tlhaho ea bosiu le lilemo (Campbell et al., 2005). Ho eketsa testosterone ho bashanyana ba pelehi ho bonahala eka ho amana le boits'oaro bo eketsehileng ba thobalano, ho kenyelletsa ho ama ba bang le ho emisoa hoa bosiu (Finkelstein et al., 1998). Lithutong tse bohareng, tse ikemetseng tsa sethala le lilemo, banana le bashanyana ba nang le maemo a phahameng a testosterone ba na le monyetla oa ho etsa thobalano (Halpern et al., 1997, 1998). Ho fapana le hoo, ka lithuto tsa longitudinal, liphetoho tse ikhethileng tsa testosterone li amahanngoa le qalo ea thobalano (thobalano ea pele) bakeng sa banana, empa eseng bakeng sa bashanyana (Halpern et al., 1997). Bakeng sa bashanyana, sethala sa pubertal se amahanngoa ka matla le qalo ea thobalano ho feta testosterone (Halpern et al., 1993). Liphumano tsena li hlakisa bothata ba ho hlakola litlamorao tsa tlhaho ea li-hormone tsa gonadal ho tsoa liphellong tse tlisoang ke liphetoho tsa 'mele. Bakeng sa bashanyana, bokhoni ba 'mele ba ho hlahisa libapali le ho ikatisa bo etsahala kapele nakong ea phetolo, leha bashanyana ba fokolang ba etsa thobalano ka nako eo. Ha nako ea ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng e eketseha, litekanyetso tsa testosterone lia eketseha, bashanyana ba ba ba ba telele le ho feta 'meleng, mantsoe a bona aa teba le moriri oa bona oa sefahleho oa totoloha. Litšobotsi tsena tsa thobalano tsa bobeli, tse hlahelletseng mme li ka bonoa li khahla kapa li lakatseha ke batho bao ho ka etsahalang thobalano le bona, li ka kenya letsoho haholo menyetla ea moshanyana ea ho ba le likamano tsa botona le botšehali ho feta bokhoni ba ho ba le bana kapa liphetoho tsa maikutlo tse amanang le testosterone. ka bobeli (Halpern et al., 1993). Kahoo, leha ho na le 'nete ea hore keketseho ea testosterone e amahanngoa le keketseho ea boits'oaro bo susumetsoang sechabeng, bo ikemiselitseng sepheo, ha ba ipuelle ka boits'oaro bo eketsehileng liketsong tsa thobalano.
Liphetho tse tsoang ho lithuto tse lekileng ho hlakola kamano lipakeng tsa testosterone le boitšoaro ba thobalano ho batho ba baholo li mpefatsa setšoantšo. Mohlala, liphuputso le banna ba baholo ba hlokometse hore ho ba le kamano ea lerato le kopantsoeng ho amahanngoa le likamano tsa thobalano khafetsa le ka nako e le 'ngoe. ho fokotseha ka testosterone (Burnham et al., 2003; Grey le Campbell, 2009). Har'a basali ba baholo, endo native testosterone e etsa eseng bonts'a khokahano ea bohlokoa le boitšoaro ba thobalano (Roney le Simmons, 2013), empa exo native kalafo ea testosterone ho basali e fumanoe e eketsa takatso ea thobalano, liketso tsa thobalano, le setšoantšo sa bohlola.Buster et al., 2005; Davis et al., 2006; Shifren et al., 2006). Lintlha tsena ka bobeli li fana ka maikutlo a hore setsoalle pakeng tsa testosterone le boitšoaro ba thobalano li ka ts'epa haholo sethaleng sa nts'etsopele, le molemong oa kamano.
Seo re se tsebang ka testosterone le boits'oaro ba thobalano ka kakaretso se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ka ba le phello e itseng ea testosterone e lebisang ho monyetla oa ho etsa thobalano, empa ha ho na kamano e pakeng tsa testosterone le boiphihlelo bo latelang ba thobalano. Ha ho fanoa ka liphetoho tsa kholo libakeng tsa methapo ea kutlo tse nang le li-testosterone receptors tse ngata le keketseho ea testosterone nakong ea bohlankana, re ntse re na le ho hongata hoo re ka ithutang ka kamano lipakeng tsa testosterone le boits'oaro ba thobalano bathong. Ho lekola botebo ba kamano lipakeng tsa testosterone, ho batla maikutlo, ho hola nakong ea bokhachane le lintlha tse amanang le ho ithuta ka boits'oaro ba thobalano, ho ka thusa ho hlakisa menehelo ea likarolo tsa tlhaho le tsa sechaba tse tlatsetsang qalehong ea thobalano le liketsong tse latelang tsa thobalano. Haholo-holo, lithuto tsa bolelele ba nako tse ka hlalosang liphetoho litabeng tsa thobalano tsa bobeli ho tloha liphetohong tsa lihormone tsa gonadal li ka thusa ho khetholla mekhoa e itseng ea lihormone (Harden, Kretsch, Moore, & Mendle, 2014).
3.2. Estradiol
Ntle le testosterone, e eketseha ka estradiol le progesterone kenya letsoho ho nchafatseng le ho kenya letsoho potolohong ea neural bakeng sa ba batona le ba batšehali nakong ea bongoaneng. Ka bobeli estradiol le progesterone li fumanoe li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa boits'oaro ba thobalano, botsoalle le ho ipeha kotsing (Romeo 2003; Tackett et al., 2015; Vermeersch et al., 2009). Ha ho bapisoa le lihormone tse ling, har'a banana, estradiol e na le phepelo e matla ho feta kholong ea matsoele, ke lets'oao la pelehi la ho kena bohlankaneng (Drife, 1986). Ho fapana le bashanyana (le li-primates tse ling kaofela) tse qalang ho hlahisa li-gametes pele li shebahala li le thobalano, banana ba batho ba hlaolela mekhoa ea thobalano pele ba fihlela bokhoni bo felletseng ba ho ba le bana. Sena se fella ka hore banana ba baroetsana ba nkoe sechabeng e le ba khahlehang ho tsa thobalano ebile ba lakatseha pele ba h ly ola tsebong kapa ba e-na le liphetoho tsa methapo ea kutlo e amanang le testosterone. Morero oa phetoho ea phapang ena ha o utloisisoe hantle, empa supa bohlokoa ba ho utloisisa karolo ea estradiol le progesterone ka boitšoaro ba basali ba thobalano.
Patlisiso e lekanyelitsoeng e lekotse kamano lipakeng tsa lihormone tsa basali ho pubertal kholo ea bokong, boitšoaro ba thobalano, le ho ipeha kotsing. Har'a banana ba pubertal, maemo a eketsehileng a estradiol a amahanngoa le ho eketseha taba e tšoeu kholo le ho fokotseha ha "pubertal" bohlooho ho faolaHerting et al., 2014). Patlisiso e sebetsang ea neuroimaging e amanang estrogen ka ho ipeha kotsing ea ho etsa banana.Vermeersch et al., 2008). Bongata ba lithuto tsa li-neurodevelopmental bathong li bontšitse testosterone, ho fapana le estradiol, e le eona hormone e amanang haholo le striatal Ketsahalo e amanang le ho nka maemo a kotsi le ts'usumetso ea maemo ho basali.Op de Macks et al., 2011; Peper le Dahl, 2013; Peters et al., 2015). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lithuto tsa morao-rao li fana ka maikutlo a hore estrogen le progesterone, ho fapana le testosterone, li amahanngoa le liphetoho lits'ebetsong tsa botona le botšehali, le hore kamano lipakeng tsa li-hormone le boits'oaro li its'etleha maemong a sechaba (Wallen, 2001). Liteko tsa mofuta ona ho batho, li boetse li fana ka maikutlo a hore estradiol e amana le ho eketseha ha takatso ea thobalano mme progesterone e amahanngoa le ho fokotseha (Wallen, 2001). Ntle le moo, ho pepesetsa banana ba pele ho selemo ho hlahisa litholoana tsa estrogen tse eketsehileng ho boitšoaro bo botle ba ho aka le ho kopitsa (Finkelstein et al., 1998). Leha bongata bo bongata ba banana bo khetha ho se kopanele liketsong tsa thobalano nakong ea bongoaneng, ho utloisisa boko, li-hormone, liphetoho tse etsahalang nakong ea fensetere ena e hlokolosi ho ka eketsa kutloisiso ea rona ea lintlha tse lebisang liphellong tse fapaneng tsa boits'oaro.
4. Boemo ba sechaba
Tšusumetso ea lihormone tsa pubertal ha e hlahe ka ntle ho tšenyo ea nako. Boholo ba liphapang tsa ha mocha a kenella likamanong tsa lerato a tsamaisana le nako ea nako ea bophelo, leha ho le joalo lintlha tsa bophelo le setso li boetse li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho theheng bocha ba botona le botšehali (Collins, 2003). Mohlala, thutong e ngoe, setsoalle pakeng tsa Testosterone mme ho ba le likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa pele ho ile ha kopanngoa le ho ba teng khafetsa lits'ebeletso tsa bolumeli. Boithuto bona bo supa matla a ka bang teng a tlhaiso-leseling la ntlafatso ea tikoloho le bohlokoa ba mekhatlo ea sechaba ha bacha ba ntse ba e bona neurohormonal Liphetoho (Halpern et al., 1997). Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho ea lits'ebeletso tsa bolumeli ho tsejoa ho amahanngoa le takatso ea maikutlo litšobotsi tsa botho (Gaither le Sellbom, 2010), tse amanang le mosebetsi o mong le phapang ea testosterone le estrogen maemo (Campbell, 2010; Roberti, 2004) (leha khokahano ena e sa lumellane ho lithuto tsohle mohlala Rosenblitt et al., 2001). Ka hona, boholo ba moo litlamorao tsa testosterone li tsamaisoa kannete ke liphetoho liphihlelong tsa sechaba, ha li bapisoa le liphetoho tse susumetsoang, lia kholoa. Sena se hlakisa ntlha ea rona ea pejana: Ho khetholla mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea lihormone, li susumetsang le phetoho sechabeng nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng ho thata haholo ka mokhoa oa tlhaho. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng li ile tsa shebisisa ho khetholla lintlha tsa tikoloho tse ka sebelisang hantle le ho leka-lekanya tatellano ea boits'oaro ea ntlafatso ea methapo ea mmele. Fuoa liphetoho tse etsahalang ka palo ea tsamaiso ea neural e amanang le ts'ebetso ea sechaba le tšusumetso nakong ea bokhachane, le taba ea hore likamano tsa lerato le thobalano ke liketsahalo tsa kahisano, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa hore lintlha tsa maemo a bophelo le maemo li susumetsa sebopeho sa boko joang, tšebetso ea boko le hore na liphetoho tsena tsa tlhaho li sebetsa joang lipuisanong tsa ho ithuta le boitšoaro .
4.1. Batsoali
Batsoali ba bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho faneng ka tšehetso le tlhahisoleseling mabapi le maikutlo a lerato le boitšoaro ba thobalano. Boleng ba likamano tsa motsoali le ngoana bo ama boitšoaro ba thobalano le ntshetsopele ea neural le ts'ebetso, ka ho khetheha ho amygdala, e amanang le ts'ebetso ea moputso (Ernst et al., 2005), ts'ebetso ea maikutlo (Whalen et al., 2013), le karabelo ea ho tšaba (LeDoux, 2003). Boleng ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali lilemong tsa bocha bo boetse bo amahanngoa le liphetoho mokhoeng oa khatello ea kelello. Ka ho khetheha, likamano tse ntle haholoanyane pakeng tsa bo-'mè le bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha li amana le kholo e fokotsehileng ea kholo ea amygdala (Whittle et al., 2014). Liphetho tsena li bontša hore likamano tsa botona le botšehali li ka ba le tšusumetso kholo ea bokong lits'oants'o tse amanang le melaoana ea boitšoaro.
Karolo e sebetsang eo boteng ba botsoali e nang le eona ho ts'ebetsong ea boko le eona e ea fetoha lilemong tsa bocha. Ka bobeli bana le ba lilemong tsa bocha ba na le maikutlo a phahameng a sefahleho sa bo-mme ba bona, empa maikutlo a ho boela ho sefahleho sa batho bao a sa ba tsebeng a fokotseha ho tloha bongoaneng ho fihlela lilemong tsa bocha. Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore, le ha karabelo e ntle ea bo-mme e lula e lula e le teng, tšabo le matšoenyeho ho batho bao ba sa ba tsebeng li fokotseha ho ntlafatseng, ho nolofalletsa phuputso e eketsehileng ea sechaba (Tottenham et al., 2012). Patlisiso e boetse e totobalitse hore boteng ba 'm'a bo ka mpefatsa cortisol karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo baneng, empa ha e na phello e ts'oenyehang ho bacha (Hostinar et al., 2014). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore bo-'mè ba sebeletsa ho imeloa kelellong ho bana ba banyenyane, 'me ha bana ba latela mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho hola hore e be lilemong tsa bocha, ba tsamaisana le ho fokotseha hoa letsoalo le ho tšoenyeha ka batho ba maemo le maemo le ho eketseha ha phello, phello ea' mele ea ho fetoha ha botsoali ea batsoali.
Ho tlatsa lipatlisiso tsa li-neuroscience mabapi le likamano tsa motsoali le ngoana, lipatlisiso tsa boits'oaro li fumane hore likamano tse ntle tsa motsoali le mocha li amana le sepheo se fokotsehileng sa ho etsa thobalano le botsofe ba pele ho thobalano ea pele (Van de Bongardt et al., 2014), le bacha ba bonang hore batsoali ba bona baa tsotella ba liehile ho etsa thobalano pele (Longmore et al., 2009). Bacha ba tlalehang ba na le likamano tse ntle le puisano e bulehileng le batsoali ba bona le bona ba na le tse fokolang boiphihlelo ba thobalano, tšebeliso ea khohlopo e eketsehileng (Parkes et al., 2011), hamorao ho qaloa ka thobalano (Theko le Hyde, 2008), moimana oa bacha ba sa lebelloang ba batjha (Miller et al., 2001) le balekane ba fokolang ba thobalano (Kan et al., 2010; Kerpelman et al., 2016).
Leha taba ea hore phetoho ea ho kena bohlankaneng hangata e tsamaisana le boikemelo bo fetang ba batsoali le tlhahlobo e nyane ea batsoali, thuto ena ea kelello le boits'oaro e totobatsa tlhokeho ea batsoali ea hore ba se ke ba tlohela ho ba motsoali nakong ea bocha, empa ho fapana le hoo ba tlohela ho fana ka tšehetso ea maikutlo ea mantlha ho fana ka tse matlafatsang haholoanyane. tšeetso le scaffolding ho tsamaisa mohato o latelang oa nts'etsopele. Ka bomalimabe, lisebelisoa tse fokolang li teng ho ts'ehetsa batsoali ho hlokomela bacha le lisebelisoa tse fokolang tse ba lokisetsang phetoho ena hore e be motho e moholo.
4.2. Lithaka
Lithaka li boetse li bontšitsoe hore li susumetsa liqeto tsa bacha mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano (Choukas-Bradley et al., 2014; Hampton et al., 2005; Suleiman le Deardorff, 2015). Patlisiso e 'ngoe e bontšitse hore boteng ba lithaka, kapa esita le ho ba teng ha lithaka, ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea meputso ea mocha ea bongoaneng haholo, haholoholo ventral striatum (VS), le boits'oaro bo nkang kotsi ka tsela e sa hlaheng bakeng sa bana kapa batho ba baholo (Chein et al., 2011; Telzer et al., 2014). Tlhaloso e 'ngoe ea sena e ka fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha ba kotsing e ikhethang ea ho ipeha kotsing ka pel'a lithaka, leha ho le joalo, ho utloisisa kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea VS e atileng le boitšoaro ba ho ipeha kotsing e se hole haholo. Boithuto bo bong bo fumane hore ts'ebetso ea VS e eketsehang e amanang le ho eketsoa ha menyetla ea ho beha mesebetsi ea laboratori ka pel'a lithaka (Chein et al., 2011), ha lithuto tse ling li sa phetse sephetho sena (Peake et al., 2013). Sebakeng sena lithuto tsena li fumane tšebetso ho sesole sa nakoana sa parietal, sebaka sa boko se kenyelletsang ho inthaneteng ho bokeng likamano lipakeng tsa ho beha bacha kotsing le bokhoni ba bona ba ho hanela tšusumetso ea lithaka, haholoholo kamora ho khetholloa sechabeng (Peake et al., 2013). Ho thatafatsa lintho le ho feta, lithuto tse ling li fumane hore ts'ebetso ea VS e eketsehileng nakong ea ts'ebetso ea lifahleho tsa maikutlo, haholo-holo mantsoe a thabo le a bohloko, e amanang le e eketsehile ho itlaleha ho hanyetsa tšusumetso ea lithaka (Pfeifer et al., 2011). Ka kopanelo, patlisiso ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore maemo a amanang le boteng ba lithaka a ka baka phapang ea ts'ebetso ea neural le phapang ea boitšoaro. Phetoho tse etsahalang mekhatlong ea tšebetso ea setsoalle le e amanang le mekhoa e metle e khothaletsa bacha hore ba natefeloe ke ho natefeloa ke nalane ea liphihlelo tsa setsoalle tse amanang le likamano tsa lerato le tsa thobalano. Ka bobeli lithaka tsa lerato le tsa lerato li susumetsa boitšoaro ba bongoana le liqeto tsa bacha tsa ho kopanela likamanong tsa lerato le tsa thobalano.Ali le Dwyer, 2011; Baumgartner et al., 2011; Crockett et al., 2006; Kennett et al., 2012; Potard et al., 2008). Ntle le moo, ketso ea thobalano e matla pakeng tsa lithaka; ho ba le thobalano ea litho tsa botona kapa botšehali e amahanngoa le likamano tsa thobalano tsa pele, thobalano khafetsa le balekane ba bangata ba thobalano (Ali le Dwyer, 2011; Furman et al., 2007; Santor et al., 2000).
4.3. Media
Ntle le likamano tsa sechaba "bophelong ba 'nete," mecha ea litaba ea setso le mecha ea litaba ea sechaba le eona e ka beha boitšoaro ba thobalano. Melaetsa ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali le likamano tsa lerato e ntse e phehella ho mecha ea litaba. Ho feta 70% ea mananeo a thelevishene a na le mofuta oa litaba tsa thobalano kapa puisano (Kunkel et al., 2005). Ho latela maemo le palo ea batho, lipakeng tsa 23 le 95% ea bana ba lilemo li 10-19 ba tlaleha hore ba kile ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang, mme pakeng tsa 28 le 84% ba tlaleha hore tlhahiso eo e ne e sa batlehe kapa e se ka boomo (Peter le Valkenburg, 2016; Wolak et al., 2007). Mecha ea litaba e tsebahala e le "motho ea ratehang ka ho fetisisa ka thobalano" e nang le tšusumetso e kholo sechabeng, haholo bakeng sa banana ba nang le boiphihlelo pejana ho feta lithaka tsa bona (Brown et al., 2005).
Leha ho na le tlhahiso ena ea bohlokoa ea litaba tsa thobalano le melaetsa ho pholletsa le lilemo tsa bocha, ha ho tsejoe letho ka phello ea litaba tsa thobalano holima kholo ea boko. Ka kakaretso, litaba tsa media li fumanoe li ama ts'ebetso ea neural. Mohlala, ho pepesoa ha mecha ea phatlalatso e mabifi hara bacha ho fumanoe e ama likarolo tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo le subcortical limbic meralo, le khokahano e lipakeng tsa tsona, 'me li ka ba le phello e itseng boits'ebetsong bo mabifi (Hummer 2015; Kalnin et al., 2011). Leha re sa tsebe lipatlisiso leha e le life tsa monahano tse entsoeng ka ho khetheha mecheng ea litaba tsa thobalano, ho ka etsahala hore litšoantšo tsa thobalano le tsa lerato, tse fumanehang nthong e 'ngoe ho tloha ho mecha ea phatlalatso ho isa ho litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, li kanna tsa ama nts'etsopele ea neural le boits'oaro. Ka nako e ts'oanang, liphapang tsa neurodevelopment li ka baka tšenyo ea mecha ea litaba tsa thobalano. Mohlala, bahlankana ba seng ba hatetse pele haholo ba batlang litšoantšo tse litšila ba batla ho batla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ka boomo, 'me ho na le kamano e matla lipakeng tsa ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le maikutlo a fokolang a thobalano (Peter le Valkenburg, 2016).
Saense ea ntšetso-pele e fana ka maano a ho holisa kutloisiso ea rona mabapi le tšusumetso ea mecha ea litaba mabapi le nts'etsopele ea neural le boitšoaro ba thobalano. Liphetoho tsa ntlafatso ea lipatlisiso tsa mahlale a puisano a puisano a tsoetseng pele (mohlala Falk et al., 2015, 2012) hammoho le lipatlisiso tsa boits'oaro li ka re thusa ho utloisisa hamolemo ts'ebetso ea neural e amanang le bacha ba shebang mefuta e fapaneng ea mecha ea litaba ea maikutlo a lerato le tsa thobalano le ho utloisisa mefuta ea boiphihlelo ba ho ithuta bo hlahisoang ke maemo ana a phatlalatso. Ho sebelisa moralo oa nts'etsopele ho li-neuroscience tsa puisano ho ka thusa ho tsebisa nts'etsopele ea melaetsa e metle ea maikutlo a lerato le thobalano le ho eketsa kutloisiso ea rona mabapi le e ka ba mpe lits'oants'o tse amanang le ho sheba melaetsa e kotsi ho feta. Nakong ea keketseho ea phihlello ea mefuta e mengata ea litaba tsa lerato le tsa thobalano le ho hlaha ka potlako hoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa nnete, tlhokahalo ea lintlha tsena e potlakile. Ka lebaka la hore nako ea bohlankana ke nako e mahlonoko ea ntlafatso ea boits'oaro ba thobalano le thobalano, re hloka kutlwisiso e ntle ea kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea methapo, ho pepesehela mecha ea litaba ea lerato le tsa thobalano, le boits'oaro bo latelang ba boitšoaro.
5. Ho holisa menyetla ea phetolelo bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea neuroscience
Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe kaholimo, ho na le menyetla e mengata bakeng sa litsebi tsa methapo ea kutlo ho atolosa kutloisiso ea rona ea mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa kholo ea lerato la bongoana le thobalano. Ntle le ho atolosa kutloisiso ea rona ea metheo ea ntšetso-pele e tsoelang pele, ho na le mekhoa e hlakileng eo ka eona kutloisiso ea motheo ea methapo ea kutlo e ka fanang ka melaoana le litloaelo tse ikemiselitseng ho ntlafatsa sephetho sa bophelo bo botle ba thobalano le ho ba le bana. Nako e hlalosoang e le lilemo tsa bocha e ntse e phahama ho pholletsa le lefatše, le ho utloisisa phello ea ho khahlisoa hona ntshetsopele ea neural e ka kenya letsoho haholo kutloisisong ea rona ea litšenyehelo le melemo e amanang le ketsahalo ena. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho holisa kutloisiso ea rona ea karohano lipakeng tsa ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng kholo ea bokong, 'me boitšoaro ba thobalano e ka tsebisa ntlafatso, maano le litloaelo tse ikemiselitseng ho ts'ehetsa le ho ntlafatsa lits'oants'o tsena. Mehlala e meraro ea menyetla ena e hlahlojoa ka tlase.
5.1. Mohlala 1: Nako ea bocha e atolositsoe
Har'a batho, lilemo tsa bocha ke nako eo batho ba qalang ho ba le eona e qalang ka liphetoho tse bang teng nakong ea ha motho a kena lilemong tsa bocha. Qetellong ea bohlankana ha e hlalosoe hantle. Litšobotsi tse ngata tsa bocha li entsoe ka mokhoa oa sechaba, empa, ho mefuta eohle, e bonoa e le "nako ea ho itukisetsa bophelo ba batho ba baholo ba ho tsoala," e nka nako lipakeng tsa ho ikemisetsa ho kopanela liketsong tsa thobalano le tumello ea sechaba ea ho ikatisa (Schlegel 1995, leq. 16). Mefuta ea mefuta eohle, bacha ba kena lilemong tsa bocha le boits'oaro ba botona le botšehali empa ka seoelo ba tsoala bana (Schlegel, 1995). Ho batho, bolelele le liphihlelo tse amanang le bocha li ka fapana haholo; leha ho le joalo, nako, e khetholloang ke boipuso bo eketsehang, empa e se na boikarabello bo felletseng ba batho ba baholo, e fumaneha ka mokhoa oa setso (Schlegel, 1995).
Bacha ba kajeno ba tobana le nako e tsoetseng pele haholo pakeng tsa ha ba le matla 'meleng a ho ikatisa le ha ho ikatisa ho le botsoalle sechabeng le ka botsona. Linaheng ho pholletsa le lefatše, lilemo tsa boroetsana li ntse li tsoela pele ho fokotseha (Motsoali et al., 2003; Sørensen et al., 2012). Bakeng sa banana, sena se lekantsoe haholo ke ho fokotseha ha lilemo tsa ho ilela khoeli. Ha ho qala ho qala ho ea matsatsing a morao ho nako ea papali ea bohlasoa, metriki ena e ka nyenyefatsa boemo ba nalane e fokolisang ea nako e tloaelehileng nakong ea bokhachane. Karolelano ea lilemo lets'oao la bongaka ba ho ba bohlankana kapa boroetsana le tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa nakong ea bokhachane, le theohile ka potlako ho feta botsofaling nakong ea ho ea khoeling, ka lebaka leo, banana ba qeta nako e telele phetolelong ea "pubertal"Mendle, 2014). Ho khahlisang, ho fokotseha ha lilemo tsa ho qala ha nts'etsopele ea matsoele ha ho amane ka ho hlakileng le keketseho ea pele ea li-hormone tsa thobalano e amanang le ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng, ho kenyelletsa li-gonadotropins 'me estrogen (Sørensen et al., 2012). Ho fapana le hoo, ho fokotseha hoa lets'oao la ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng bakeng sa bashanyana - haholo-holo kholo ea "testicular" ho ka bapisoa le liphetoho tsa lefats'e tsa lihormone tse amanang le ho kena bohlankaneng (Sørensen et al., 2012). Phapang ea mekhoa ea ntlafatso pakeng tsa bashanyana le banana ha e utloisisoe hantle, empa e totobatsa bohlokoa ba ho utloisisa litlamorao tsa mekhoa ena e fapaneng holima nts'etsopele ea li-pubical neural, kahare le lipakeng tsa bong. Bakeng sa bong ka bobeli, ho na le mokhoa o hlakileng oa ho fokotseha mehleng ea ha batho ba le tlhaho ba khona ho tsoala. Ka lebaka la hore li-trajectories tse ling tsa nts'etsopele ea boko li hokahane haholo le liphetoho ho lihormone tsa "pubertal", ho ka etsahala (leha ho le joalo ke potso e ikhethang) ea hore liphetoho tsa neural tse amanang le ho kena bohlankaneng le tsona li se li qalile ho hlaha pejana.
Ka nako e ts'oanang eo lilemo tsa bokhoni ba ho ba le bana li fokotsehileng, lilemo tseo ho lakatsehang sechabeng hore batho ba bacha ba tsoale bana li ntse li eketseha. Lilemo tseo basali ba bacha lilemong tse nang le lisebelisoa tse ngata ba qalang ho ba le bana li eketsehile haholo lilemong tse fetileng tsa 40, 'me mokhoa ona o se o qalile le linaheng tse futsanehileng le tse bohareng ba lihlahisoa tse bohareng.Bearinger et al., 2007; Bongaarts le Blanc, 2015; Mathews le Hamilton, 2009; Sedgh et al., 2015; Westoff 2003). Kajeno, ho pholletsa le lefatše, lilemo tse bolelang basali nakong ea tsoalo ea bona ea pele li tloha ho 20.9 ea lilemo tse ka tlase ho Sahara ea Afrika, ho isa ho 25 ea lilemo li US (Bongaarts le Blanc, 2015; Mathews le Hamilton, 2009).
Ho fihlela haufinyane tjena, kamohelo ea sechaba ea ho ba le bana e 'nile ea amana haholo le lenyalo,' me ngoana oa pele o ne a atisa ho hlaha lilemong tse 'maloa tsa pele tsa lenyalo. Mokhoa ona o bile le pherekano lilemong tsa morao tjena. Taba ea pele, e hlakileng haholo ho feta lilemo tsa tsoalo ea pele, lilemo tsa lenyalo — tse amanang haholo le maemo a bophelo le sechaba-li eketsehile ho banna le basali lefatšeng ka bophara (Westoff, 2003). Taba ea bobeli, haholo linaheng tse futsanehileng haholo, ho bile le mokhoa o lebisang manyalong a sa thabiseng le ho ba le bana, ka tsoalo e ngata e etsahalang kantle ho manyalo a molao, manyalo a fokolang ka lebaka la moimana pele ho lenyalo. 'me banyalani ba emetse nako e telele kamora lenyalo hore ba be le bana (Engelane et al., 2013; Hayford et al., 2014). Ho boetse ho na le palo e ntseng e eketseha ea batho ba fetang phetong ea tlhaho ea ho kena bohlankaneng empa ba sa kopanele lenyalong kapa ho ba motsoali, leha ho le joalo ba ntse ba e-na le bophelo bo monate ba ho ratana le ho ba motšehali. Hona joale lits'ebetso tsena li totobatsa bohlokoa ba ho fumana kutlwisiso e ntle mabapi le karohano ea maemo a bophelo, setso le bophelo bo botle tse amang tšusumetso e tloaelehileng ea kholo ea lerato le thobalano. Sena se supa lipotso tse ngata tse matla tse sa hlalosoang mabapi le tlhabollo ea 'mele le ea nama hore e sebelisane le lintlha tsa motheo ho theha le ho susumetsa boitšoaro ba lerato le thobalano.
Tloaelo ea lefatše ea ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng hamorao e fana ka menyetla e metle bakeng sa bacha hore ba be le nako e telele ea ho feto-fetoha le maemo, ho fihlela thuto le ho tsitsa pele ba nka karolo e felletseng ea mesebetsi le boikarabello ba batho ba baholo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, batho ba bangata hona joale ba qeta lilemo tse leshome kapa ho feta tsa bophelo ba bona ba ikutloa ka tlhaho, 'meleng, hape ba khothaletse ho kopanela likamanong tsa lerato le tsa thobalano ka ntle ho mohopolo. Kahoo, ho hlokahala hore re utloisise hantle sephetho sa boitšoaro le nts'etsopele ea nts'etsopele ea maiketsetso e amanang le pele. maikutlo a lerato 'me liphihlelo tsa thobalano, molemong oa ho fana ka tšehetso ea bacha le ho hlabolla lihlahisoa tse tsamaisang li-trajector tse ntle.
5.2. Mohlala 2: Tlhahiso ea peleho
Ho theosa le lilemo tsa bocha, bongata ba bacha bo ba le thobalano. Lefats'e ka bophara, lilemo tse akaretsang tsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali li tloha ho 16.5 ho isa lilemong tsa 24.5 bakeng sa banna le ho tloha 15.5 ho isa lilemong tsa 21.5 bakeng sa basali (Wellings et al., 2006). Ka lebaka la hore bacha ba bangata ba kopanela likamano tsa botona le botšehali pele ba batla ho ba motsoali, bacha ba bangata ba khetha ho ima. Leha likhohlopo, li-cap, li-diaphragms, le tse ling lisebelisoa tsa intrauterine (IUDs) e fana ka lithibela-pelehi tse seng tsa hormona, mekhoa ea mantlha ea thibelo ea bokhachane e sebelisoang ke bacha e kenyeletsa lihormone. Leano la morao-rao la lefats'e la lefats'e ho matlafatsa ts'ebeliso ea lithibela-pelehi tse sebetsang ka nako e telele (LARCs) har'a bacha li khothalelitse ts'ebeliso ea mekhoa e meng e sa sebetseng hantle ea li-hormone, e kang ea mahala ea li-hormone. Li-IUD, hape e khothalelitse ts'ebeliso e eketsehang ea li-IUD, lisebelisoa, le liente tse nang le progestin (Ott et al., 2014). Ha ho fanoa ka bopaki ba hore lihormone tsa "pubertal" li susumetsa ts'ebetso ea methapo, ho bohlokoa ho tseba haeba ho ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe tsa ho sitisa li-trajectories tse tloaelehileng tsa li-hormone, mme ka ho khetheha e le tšusumetso ho ntlafatso ea neural, nakong ea lifensetere tse kholo tsa nts'etsopele. Ho fihla joale, ha re tsebe ka data efe kapa efe e phatlalalitsoeng e fumaneng litlamorao tsena.
Leha ho na le mefuta e mengata ea likhetho le ho khothaletsoa ha li-LARC, hammoho le lithibela-pelehi tsa molomo (COCs), e nang le estrogen le progestin ka bobeli, e ntse e le e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa ea ho thibela pelehi nakong ea basali ba bacha (Ott et al., 2014). Li-COC, tse sebetsang hantle haholo bakeng sa ho thibela bokhachane ha li sebelisoa ka nepo, li fumanoe li hatella haholo mahala le ka botlalo Testosterone maemo ka 50% ho basali ba baholo (Zimmerman et al., 2013). Tlhatlhobo ena ea testosterone e 'nile ea nahanoa hore ke mohloli oa motheo oa litletlebo tse amanang le li-COC, ho kenyelletsa ho fokotseha ha boiketlo le boleng ba bophelo, ho fokotsa libido, ho ferekana ha kelello, le ho fokotsa masapo a masapo (Zimmerman et al., 2013). Le ha basali ho li-COC ba le kakaretso testosterone e tlase maemo, lipatlisiso tse ling li bontšitse hore fetola ho testosterone ha basali ba etsa mosebetsi oa tlholisano ba lula ba le teng khafetsa leha tšebeliso ea COC (Edwards le O'Neal, 2009). Hape, sena se fana ka maikutlo a lipotso tse khahlang tsa hore na ts'ebeliso ea COC e ka ama maemo a testosterone joang ho basali ba bacha ba mahareng a keketseho ea testosterone e amanang le ho kena bohlankaneng (Braams et al., 2015).
Ntle le litlamorao tse mpe tse tlalehiloeng ke basali ba baholo, ho na le litla-morao tse bohloko tsa phokotso ea testosterone nakong ea bocha. Ka lebaka la hore testosterone e bontšitsoe ho tsosa thahasello e eketsehang liphihlelong tse tsosang, ho thibela maemo a testosterone nakong ea peripubertal kapa nako ea bocha ho ka fokotsa tšusumetso ea ho etsa mefuta e fapaneng ea boits'oaro bo kotsi ba ts'ehetso e ts'ehetsang li-trajectories tse ntle tsa nts'etsopele. Hape ho ka etsahala ka mokhoa o ts'oanang hore thibelo ea testosterone e ke ke ea beha kotsing e ntle kapa e mpe ea ho ipeha kotsing, hobane leha litekanyetso tsa testosterone ka kakaretso li ka hatelloa ho basali ba bacha ba nkang li-COCs, testosterone ea bona likarabo ho susumetsa ho ka lula ho sa feleng. Ho utloisisa tšusumetso ea khatello ea testosterone lilemong tsa bocha ho ntlafatso ea neural ho ka ba bohlokoa ho thusa ho utloisisa hamolemohali mekhoa e ka kenyang ho o mong oa menyetla ena e ka bang teng. Ho feta moo, ho utloisisa ka litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo ea testosterone e sa fetoheng, tumellanong le tlhophiso ea lihormone tsa ho kena bohlankaneng, ho ka thusa ho matlafatsa boqapi ha likhamphani tsa meriana li hlahisa mekhoa e mecha ea ho thibela pelehi. Sebaka sena ke moo mehlala ea li-neurodevelopmental ea liphoofolo e ka fanang ka leseli la bohlokoa leo hamorao le ka lekang bathong. Re batla ho bolela ka ho hlaka hore sepheo sa rona ha se ho hlahisa lintho tse ncha tse thibelang basali ba bacha ba batlang lithibela-pelehi tse tšepahalang, ho e-na le hoo re khothaletse ho ba le tlhaiso-leseling e batsi ka tšebelisano lipakeng lithibela-pelehi tsa hormonal le li-trajectories tsa neurodevelopmental li tla thusa ho eketsa polokeho, ho sebetsa hantle le tšusumetso ea lithibela-pelehi bakeng sa basali ba banyane.
5.3. Mohlala 3: ho ba le bana le ho ba motsoali
Tloaelo ea lefatše ka bophara ea ho ba le bana hamorao e bile bothata bo botle, ka ha ho na le tumellano e hlakileng ea hore ho ba le bana pejana, pele ho lilemo tsa 15, ho na le litlamorao tse mpe bophelong bo botle, boiketlong ba sechaba, lithutong le lipolotiking tsa bo-mme le masea (Brooks-Gunn & Furstenberg, 1986; Gibb et al., 2014; Hofferth le Reid, 2001; Brooks-Gunn le Furstenberg, ka 1986). Leha re na le tsebo ena ka litholoana, ha re na temohisiso e fokolang mabapi le litlamorao tsa nts'etsopele ea tlhaho ea ho ba le bana pele. Bakeng sa lilemo tse fetang 100, re utloisisa hore ho ima, ho tsoala ngoana, ho anyesa le ho ba motsoali ho kenyelletsa tatellano e nepahetseng ea phetoho ea lihormone. Boimana bo kenyelletsa keketseho e makatsang ho gonadotropin ea chorionic ea motho (HCG), estrogen, le progesterone. Mosebetsi o latela keketseho e tsoelang pele ea tlhahiso ea estrogen le progesterone e kopantsoeng le keketseho ea oxytocin, endorphins, 'me prolactin. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho nyeka hoa lebele ho kenyelletsa ho theoha ka potlako le ka matla li-hormone tsa gonadal le keketseho ea prolactin (Russell et al., 2001). Mefuta e metle ea letsoho e bonts'a hore likarolo tsa boithaopo, tsa maiketsetso le tsa boithabiso boits'oaro ba bo-mme, ho kenyelletsa ho batla le ho fumana malinyane, a amana haholo le phello ea li-hormone tsa moimana tse hohelang nts'etsopele le ts'ebetso ea mesolimbic tsamaiso ea dopamine (Numan le Stolzenberg, 2009). Sena se hlakisa hore na leha e le hantle e amanang le meputso joang, dopamine Lisebelisoa tsa karabelo le tsona li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ithuta ka ho ba motsoali. Boitekong ba ho arohana ho tloha ho phoofolo ho ea mefuteng ea batho, Moses-Kolko le basebetsi mmoho ba ile ba leka, empa ba se fumane, hore bo-mme bo amme moea o kenang striatal karabelo o lebelletse moputso oa chelete (Mose-Kolko et al., 2016). Ho haelloa ke ho pheta-pheta ho supa bohlokoa ba ho theha paradigms tse sebetsang tsa tikoloho ho lekola tšibollo ea maikutlo mabapi le tšusumetso ea bokhachane lithutong tsa kholo ea boko, kaha moputso oa chelete o fapane haholo le moputso oa sechaba le maikutlo o amanang le ho holisa lesea. Basali ba lilemo tsohle ba hlalosa liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa 'mele le tsa kelello tse amanang le phetoho ea lihormone tse amanang le ho ba le bana, empa ha ho tsejoehale ka hore na ho ba le liketsahalo tsena tsa li-hormone joang nakong ea phetoho ea bongaka, kapa ho e latela ka kotloloho, ho ama li-traodeories tsa neurodevelopmental.
Ho utloisisa tšusumetso ea ho lieha ho ba le bana ho bohlokoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le ho utloisisa tšusumetso ea ho ba le ngoana pejana. Ho fetoha ha maemo ka Neural, ho hlalosoa ho latela boholo ba eona taolo ea kelello le litsamaiso tsa boiketlo ba sechaba le tse amanang le tsona li tšoarehile ebile li sebetsa tlas'a maemo a fapaneng, ho fumanoe hore li tsoela pele lilemong tse leshome tsa bophelo (Crone le Dahl, 2012). Ho fihlela haufinyane tjena nalaneng ea batho, ke nakong ena moo batho ba bangata ba neng ba kopanela mosebetsing oa ho nyalisa, ho momahana le ho ba motsoali. Tloaelo ea morao-rao ea ho lieha ho ba motsoali, hangata ho fihla lilemong tse leshome tsa bophelo, e hlahisa lipotso tse tsotehang mabapi le tšebelisano lipakeng tsa bioloji le boiphihlelo ba ho susumetsa nts'etsopele ea neural. Ntle le moo, karohano e ntseng e eketseha pakeng tsa ho hola le ho ba le bana pele e baka menyetla ea hore bashanyana le banana ba be le nako e telele ha ba se ba holile. boipuso le boipuso ho phehella thuto le lipheo tse ling tsa bophelo. E fokotsa le tlhoko ea kamano ea pele ea batho ba babeli mme ho fapana le moo e fa monyetla oa hore bacha ba hlahlobe likamano tsa lerato le tsa thobalano le batho ba 'maloa ba fapaneng. Linaheng tse nang le lisebelisoa tse ngata tse kang US le Europe, bacha ba bangata ba na le likamano tsa lerato le thobalano pele ba itlama ho molekane a le mong.Setsi sa Guttmacher, 2014). Ho feta moo, linaheng tseo nako ea ho ba lilemong tsa bocha le ho ba le bana e sa tsoa qala ho hola, joalo ka Afrika e ka boroa ho Sahara le Amerika Boroa, hoo e ka bang 25-30% ea banana ba lilemong tsa bocha ba etsa thobalano pele ba nyalana (Setsi sa Guttmacher le Kholo ea Machaba ea Kholo ea Batsoali, 2010). Developmentos neuroscience e ka thusa ho tseba mefuta e fapaneng ea li-neurodevelopmental trajectories tse amanang le batho ba bacha ba nang le mahlahahlaha a mangata a matla, a matla a lerato le batho ba bangata, le bacha ba nang le likamano tse telele, tse tebileng haholoanyane le ba fokolang feela. E ka boela ea supa lits'oants'o tse fapaneng tsa neural hara batho ba etsang motsoali nakong ea lilemo tse mashome a mararo tsa pele tsa bophelo le ba liehang.
Ntle le basali, banna le bona ba na le phetoho ea lihormone e amanang le ho hola le ho ba motsoali. Naheng ea Amerika, banna ba baholo ba se nang balekane ba batlang balekane ba balekane ba balekane ba batlang likamano ntle le balekane ba bona ba mantlha ba na le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa testosterone ha li bapisoa le banna ba nang le likamano tse tiileng le ho feta, banna bao e leng bo-ntate, ho sa tsotelloe maemo a kamano, ba na le maemo a tlase haholo. maemo a testosterone (Grey le Campbell, 2009). Ho khahlisang, mokhoa ona oa likamano o tšoareletse linaheng tse ling, empa eseng ho ba bang, o botsa lipotso tsa bohlokoa tataiso ea causal le kamano ea ho khutlisetsa lipakeng tsa li-hormone le moelelo oa tsona (Grey le Campbell, 2009). Ho beha moralo oa nts'etsopele lipatlisisong tsena mabapi le ho ba le bana le ho ba motsoali ho bontša hore lebelo la ho fetoha ha tlhaho ea ho ba motho ea lilemong tsa bocha ho ea ho motho e moholo ha le khethoe ka botlalo mothts'oaetso kemiso ea linako empa ho e-na le hoo e thehiloe ke se hlokoang ke maemo a bophelo ba motho. Ha moloko oohle o thefula lenyalo le botsoali, maemong a mang ka botlalo, re tla tlameha ho utloisisa hantle hore na sena se na le phello efe ho "tloaelo" ea kholo ea nts'etsopele ea neural lilemong tse leshome tsa bophelo.
6. Qetello
Patlisiso, leano, le litloaelo tse shebaneng le likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa botona le botšehali hangata li khannoa ke litekanyetso tsa sechaba le boiketsiso ho feta saense. Kaha nako ea bobeli ea bophelo e nka nako eo ka eona bacha bohle ba fumanang ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng, 'me ba bangata ba thabela ho kopanela likamanong tsa thobalano le tsa maikutlo a lerato, hangata ba sebelisa ho thibela pelehi ea hormonal, mme mohlomong o be le boimana kapa ho ba le bana, etsa lipatlisiso likamanong tsa boiphetetso lipakeng tsa liphihlelo tsena, maemo a bophelo, le ntshetsopele ea neural re ka holisa kutloisiso ea rona ea kholo ea bongoana, 'me re tsebisa boiteko ba ho ntlafatsa lits'oants'o tsena. Saense e kopantsoeng ea ntlafatso, ho kenyelletsa tsoelo-pele ea li-neuroscience, e fana ka tsela ea ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea likamano tsa pele tsa lerato le tsa thobalano le ho matlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea mefuta ea boiphihlelo bo botle bo tšehetsang li-trajectories tse ntle.
Mohlala, ts'ebetso ea "neuroscience" e ntlafatsang e fana ka monyetla oa ho khetholla maemo a eketsang menyetla ea hore likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa thobalano e ntle, boitšoaro bo khothalletsang boits'oaro, ho fapana le boits'oaro bo behang kotsing. Patlisiso ea nts'etsopele ea "neuroscience" mabapi le likamano tsa lithaka e tla matlafatsoa ke ho ba le mehato e mengata ea ho khetholla likamano tsa lithaka tse re tsebisang kutloisiso ea rona ka mefuta e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso ea neural e etsahalang boteng ba lithaka tsa lerato. Patlisiso e entsoeng ke batho ba baholo e hlahisitse likaroloana tsa bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea neural e amanang le mefuta e fapaneng ea lerato, 'me ho ka ba molemo ho utloisisa hore na e tsamaellana joang le tsoelo-pele ea bongoana. Re na le lipatlisiso tse fokolang tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore boiphihlelo ba maikutlo a lerato le matla a lerato a fetoha ho tloha boseeng ho ba motho e moholo, le ho tseba ho eketsehileng ka mekhoa le motheo ea nts'etsopele ea phetoho ena ho ka thusa ho tseba nako le mefuta ea tšehetso le sekoli se hlokahalang. Phetoho ea "pubertal" e fana ka monyetla o monate oa ho sheba hore na maikutlo a lerato le a botona le botšehali a fetohang likamano tsa lithaka joang. Bacha ba fetoha phetoho ho tsoa likamanong tse se nang khahleho ea thobalano le maikutlo a lerato ho maemo ao e leng a mantlha a mantlha. Ha re ntse re tsoela pele ho ntlafatsa mefuta ea li-neurodevelopmental tse lekang tšusumetso ea lithaka, tsoelopele ea neuroscience e ikemiselitse ho fana ka leseli le ikhethang mabapi le phetoho ena ea sechaba.
Rea tseba hore ho fana ka maikutlo a ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa bacha ba pele ha ho na mathata a bona. Batsoali le liboto tsa tlhahlobo ea litaba tsa batho ba kanna ba ts'oenyeha ka ho botsa bacha ka maikutlo a bona a lerato, ho hohela le ho tsosa thobalano. Ho bohlokoa ho theha mehato e tsoetseng pele e shebileng pele, ho bokella tlhaiso-leseling e nepahetseng mabapi le semelo, moelelo le litšoaneleho tsa likamano tsa lerato le tsa thobalano. Ho etsa sena hantle ho tla hloka tlhokomelo e hlokolosi, kaha bacha ha ba na monyetla oa ho feta batho ba baholo ho latela mefuta e tiileng ea maikutlo a botona kapa botšehali.Savin-Williams et al., 2012; van Anders, 2015). Le ho fumana hore na kamano e "lerato" ho ka ba thata, haholo ha balekane ba lilemong tsa bocha ba sa lumellane ka karohano ea bona. Kahoo, lerato le tebileng leo mocha a ratang motsoalle oa hae ka lona e ka fetoha pakeng tsa ho ba botsoalle, ho ratana le ho ba le thobalano, 'me re hloka mehato e ka hlakileng semelo sa likamano tsa bona tsa lithaka. Re hlokomela hape hore ha ho fanoa ka kamano e rarahaneng lipakeng tsa tlhaho thobalano, lihormone, le nts'etsopele ea neural, ho na le mefuta e fapaneng e fapaneng ea li-neural tse pakeng tsa kahare le kahare ho tsa bong bo amanang le maikutlo a lerato le boitšoaro ba thobalano. Ho sebetsana le sena, ho tla hlokahala hore ho hlahisoe matla a lipatlisiso a lekaneng ho lekola liphapang tsena. Leha mathata ana a le teng, re lumela hore melemo ea mekhoa ena ea ho botsa e etsa hore e be ea bohlokoa.
Bacha ba na le bokhoni ba ho lemoha lintho tseo ba ka li etsang pele ba ratana mme liphihlelo tsa thobalano ba bolokehile, empa leha ho le joalo ba hloka tšehetso e nepahetseng ho etsa joalo ka katleho (Harden et al., 2014a, b). Morero oa mantlha bakeng sa bacha ke ho ithuta ho kopanela le ho kena likamanong tsa lerato le tsa thobalano. Ntle le moo, likamano tsena tsa khale tsa lerato li na le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea boitsebahatso, ho ithuta ka boitšoaro ba thobalano, le likotsi tsa kameho ea kamoso (Furman le Shaffer, 2003). Batsoali, lingaka, le matichere ba ka fana ka menyetla e loketseng ea ho ithuta sebakeng sena, empa ka nako e ts'oanang, boholo ba thuto e loketseng bo tsoa phihlelong ea hau (Fortenberry, 2014). Kutloisiso e betere ea likhahla tsa neurodevelopmental tsa tsoelopele tsa boitšoaro ba lerato le tsa thobalano li na le ts'episo e kholo ea ho tsebisa maano a ho kenella le boiteko ba ho ts'ehetsa li-trajectories tse ntle haholoanyane.
Neososenseence e tsoetseng pele, le saense e ntlafalitsoeng e ntlafalitsoeng, e boemong bo botle ba ho tsamaisa likamano tsa botona le botšehali ho tloha marang-rang a nang le moriti a boitsebahatso ba bohlankana ho ea pele ho nts'etsopele ea maemo. Neuroimaging e na le monyetla oa ho tsebisa kutloisiso ea rona haeba likamano tsa pele tsa marato li ts'oana le moputso kapa boits'oaro. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ha motho a kena bohlankaneng kapa bonngoe, o tšoaea ho qaleha ha maikutlo a lerato, Patlisiso e entsoeng ka neano nakong ena e ka re thusa ho ntlafatsa litšobotsi tse fapaneng tsa lerato le ho holisa mefuta ea rona ea lerato. Ho feta moo, neuroscience e holang e na le monyetla o makatsang oa ho hlahloba hore na maikutlo a lerato le boits'oaro ba thobalano ke ntho e 'ngoe ea kelello ea mocha e fihlang e lebeletse ho ithuta ka le / kapa joang boiphihlelo ba tsa boits'oaro ba lerato le tsa thobalano li fella ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea ntlafatso ea kholo. Qetellong, e ka re fa leseli la bohlokoa la ho tsebisa tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ea pelehi le ho eketsa kutloisiso ea rona ea nako ea ho ba le bana. Ha re ntse re utloisisa hamolemo sepheo le maikutlo a likamano tsena tse ikemetseng tsa bohlankana, re ka fetola lipuisano ka mefuta ea li-program le maano ao re a hlokang ho a hlohlelletsa. Sena se fana ka tsela ea ho ntlafatsa li-trajectories tse ntle bocheng ba pele. Ho sitoa ha rona ho utloisisa hamolemo likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa bacha lilemong tsa bocha ha ho ba thibele ho etsahala. Bacha ba khothalletsoa ho ithuta ka lerato le thobalano, mme ho ka re fa bohle ho utloisisa mohato ona oa ho ithuta haholoanyane.
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