Phatlalatso ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa tsa Bana le Bacha (2020)

Tlaleho ea Tlhokomelo ea Bophelo ba Bakuli

LIPOTSO: Tlhahlobo e hlalosang (pampiri e felletseng Mona). Matlapa a mabeli a sehlooho a akaretsa kakaretso ena:

March – Mmesa, 2020 Buka ea 34, Khatiso ea 2, Maqephe 191-199

Mosebetsi Gail Hornor, DNP, CPNP, SANE-P,Tlhahisoleseling mabapi le sengoli DNP, CPNP, SANE-P Gail Hornor Imeile mongoli DNP, CPNP, SANE-P Gail Hornor

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2019.10.001

Selelekela

Bana le bacha ba ntse ba hola lefatšeng la dijithale. Keketseho e potlakileng ea nts'etsopele, phihlello, le ts'ebeliso ea mehala ea cellular le inthanete e fetola boteng ba motho. Bacha ba kenella ts'ebelisong ea mahlale; leha ho le joalo, boitšoaro bona bo ntse bo fetoha le tšobotsi ea bana ba banyenyane hape (Livingstone & Smith, 2014). Nahana hore ka 1970, ngoana ea tloaelehileng oa Amerika o ile a qala ho shebella thelevishene khafetsa ha a le lilemo li 4, empa le kajeno, bana ba qala ho sebelisana le media oa dijithale ha a le likhoeli li 4 (Reid Chassiakos et al., 2016). Le ha mahlale a morao-rao a ka ntlafatsa puisano, boikhathollo le thuto, ts'ebeliso ea ona e ka hlahisa likotsi ho bana le lilemong tsa bocha. Kotsi e 'ngoe e joalo ke ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho thata ho hanyetsa taba ea hore Marang-rang a ntlafalitse indasteri ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hape a atolositse phihlello ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bana le lilemong tsa bocha. Marang-rang a lumella ho kena hang-hang mefuteng e fapaneng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka shebelloang kae kapa kae, esita le ho tloha boinotšing ba kamore ea ngoana, batsoali ba sa tsebe letho (Wright le Donnerstein, 2014). Sengoloa sena se ntseng se tsoela pele sa thuto se tla lekola ho pepesetsoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana le bacha ka inthanete ho latela litlhaloso, lefu la seoa, bolebelli, litlamorao le litlamorao tsa ho ikoetlisa.

Tlhaloso

Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li ka hlalosoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng e le litšoantšo tse hlahisoang kapa tse hlahisoang ke bareki kapa livideo tse reretsoeng ho tsosa moreki (Peter & Valkenburg, 2016). Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa setso li itšetleha ka libaka tsa setso tsa media tse kang thelevishene, libaesekopo le limakasine. Ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang ke ho shebella kapa ho jarolla linepe le livideo moo ho senoloang liphatsa tsa lefutso, mme / kapa batho ba etsa thobalano ka sepheo sa ho tsosa maikutlo a thobalano ho sebali (Peter & Valkenburg, 2016). Lintho tse fapa-fapaneng tsa thobalano li bontšoa ka mefuta eohle ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho kenyeletsoa empa e sa lekanyetsoa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, ho nyanyana litho tsa botona le tsa botšehali le botšehali.

Marang-rang a fetotse tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo bobe tse fumanehang marang-rang li fapana ka tsela e fapaneng le ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Marang-rang a fetotse kamano ea mantlha lipakeng tsa motho le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​a lumella ho fihlella phepelo e sa feleng ea lisebelisoa tse sa tšoaneng le tse fapaneng (Wood, 2011). Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng li fumaneha kae kapa kae ka khokahano ea inthanete mme li fumaneha lihora tse 24 ka letsatsi, matsatsi a 7 ka beke. Marang-rang a lumella ho phatlalatsoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa lefats'eng ka enjene ea Triple-A: ho fihlella, ho ba bonolo, le ho se tsejoe (Cooper, 1998). Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li hloka ho fumana makasine kapa filimi lebenkeleng kapa ho motsoalle kapa ho shebella lenaneo la thelevishene, tseo kaofela li nang le pono ea kotsi e kholo ea ho khetholloa ke batsoali. Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang marang-rang ho thata haholo ho batsoali ho beha leihlo ho feta ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa setso (Collins et al., 2017). Ngoana kapa mocha hangata o bona ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng e le tsa sephiri le tse sa tsejoeng, e leng se etsang hore ba batle lintho tseo ba neng ba ke ke ba li batla ka mecha ea litaba ea setso.

Litaba tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa setso li laoloa ka mokhoa o itseng, athe litaba tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng ha li ngolisoe haholo (Wright le Donnerstein, 2014). Boithuto bo bontša hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete hangata li bonts'a mefuta e feteletseng ea thobalano le litaba tse nang le thobalano ka thobalano ho feta litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa setso.Collins et al., 2017; Strasburger, Jordan, & Donnerstein, 2012). Boithuto bo boetse bo supa hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete li hlahisa lingoloa tsa thobalano tse tšehetsang boitšoaro bo mabifi le ba bong (stereotypic) (Marokho, Wosnitzer, Scharrer, Sun & Liberman, 2010). Banna ke bahlaseluoa 'me basali ke liphofu tse tloaelehileng. Boitšoaro bo fapaneng ba bohanyetsi bo tsamaeang le thobalano hangata bo bontšoa, ho kenyelletsa ho chechisa, ho hlapaola, ho raha, ho sebelisa libetsa, ho shapa, ho shapa le ho loma (Wright le Donnerstein, 2014). Ho emisa lebitso ka boiketsetso hangata ho ba teng. Matšoao a peto a ka fumaneha ka patlo ea inthanete ho tsosa menyaka kapa ho matlafatsa mangolo a tšehetsang tlhekefetso (Gossett le Byrne, 2002). Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang marang-rang li fana ka lintlha tse susumetsang, tse thibelang le monyetla oa ho li etsa hore li fapane le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa setso mabapi le litlamorao tse ka bang teng ho bana le lilemong tsa bocha.Malamuth, Linz, & Yao, 2005). E ka tšoareha ebile ea sebetsa, ea fana ka monyetla oa ho eketsa nako ea ho shebella le ho ithuta. Likamore tsa ho qoqa le ba bang Inthaneteng li fana ka tšehetso le matlafatso ea litšoantšo le melaetsa ena e litšila.

Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka bana le ba lilemong tsa bocha e ka ba ka boomo kapa e se ka boomo. Mehlala ea ho pepesetsoa ka boomo ho kenyelletsa ho buloa ha melaetsa eo u sa e tsebeng kapa ho amohela mangolo-tsoibila a spam (Chen, Leung, Chen, & Yang, 2013), liaterese tse fosahetseng tsa sebaka sa marang-rang, li batla mantsoe a nang le moelelo o fapaneng le moelelo oa thobalano (Moroallo, 2007), kapa ka tšohanyetso re sheba litšoantšo tsa pop-up le lipapatso (evčíková, Šerek, Barbovschi, le Daneback, 201). Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka boomo ke ka boomo ebile ho na le sepheo, hangata ho kenyelletsa ho batla litaba tse fumanehang inthaneteng. Ha ho hlake hore na ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka inthanete ho etsa hore ho shebelle litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka inthanete ho kae.

LEHLOHONOLO MAHALA

Ha ho khonehe ho tseba palo ea bana le bacha ka boomo le ka boomo ba senang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Sekhahla sa ho ata ha batho se fapana ka thuto. Sekhahla sa ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tsa bongoana se tsoa ho 19% (Mitchell & Wells, 2007) ho 32% (Hardy, Steelman, Coyne, & Ridge, 2013). Phuputso e emeloang ke naha ea bacha ba Amerika ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 10 le 17 e bontšitse hore karolo ea 34 lekholong ea baahi ba ithutoang e shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka boomo (Wolak, Mitchell, & Finkelhor, 2007). Leha ho le joalo, bana ba banyenyane thutong eo, ba lilemo li 10 ho isa ho 11 ba ne ba sa rate ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ke feela 2% ho isa ho 5% ea bashanyana le 1% ea banana ba tlalehang pono ea bootsoa ka boomo (Wolak et al., 2007). Ybarra, Mitchell, Hamburger, Diener-West, le Leaf (2011)) e fumane 15% ea bacha ba lilemo tse 12 ho isa ho tse 17 ba tlalehileng ho pepesoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka boomo selemong se fetileng. Phuputso e entsoeng United States ea bacha ba ka bang sekete e boletse hore karolo ea 1,000 lekholong ea ba batona le 66% ea basali ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang (Nakoana, Botšo, Smith, Wetterneck, & Wells, 2012). Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 10 ha ho na thuso.Rothman, Paruk, Espensen, Temple, & Adams, 2017).

Leha ho le joalo, pontso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka boomo le ka boomo ke bana le bacha e eketseha ka lilemo le ho fapana ka bong (Mitchell & Wells, 2007; Tsaliki, 2011). Phuputso e 'ngoe ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng United States e senotse hore karolo ea 42% ea bana ba lilemo tse 10 ho isa ho 17 ba bone litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng, ba 27% ba hlalosang tšebeliso eo e le ka boomo (Wright le Donnerstein, 2014). Liphuputso tse ngata li tlaleha bashanyana hore ba khona ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka boomo ho feta banana (Bleakley, Hennessy, & Fishbein, 2011; Luder et al., 2011). Phuputso e 'ngoe United States e tlalehile hore karolo ea 54% ea bashanyana le 17% ea banana ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 15 ho isa ho tse 17 ba tlalehile ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka boomo inthaneteng. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bongoana ho European Union e fumane phapang ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse amanang le bong e fapaneng le tsoelo-pele ea naha ea naha (evčíková et al., 201). Phapang pakeng tsa bong bo amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse ts'oanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e fapane hole le linaheng tse lokolohileng haholoanyane sechabeng ha li bapisoa le tse bolokang botsoalle sechabeng.

Ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa tšubuhlellano ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa lilemong tsa bocha. Doornwaard, van den Eijnden, Baams, Vanwesenbeeck, & ter Bogt (2016)) hlalosa lits'oants'o tse tharo tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bakeng sa bashanyana: tšebeliso e sa sebelisoeng kapa e sa sebetseng kamehla, tšebeliso e matlafalitsoeng, tšebeliso ea nako le nako le tšebeliso e tlase. Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bakeng sa banana e ile ea latela lits'oants'o tse tharo: tšebeliso e sa sebelisoeng kapa e sa sebetseng hantle, ts'ebeliso e matlafatsang, le tšebeliso e tsitsitseng ea nako le nako. Leha litekanyetso tsa batho ba bangata li fapana liphuputsong, lipatlisiso tsa naha le tsa machabeng li senola hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng e atile har'a bashanyana eseng ntho e sa tloaelehang ho banana (Collins et al., 2017).

BATSOALI BA BANA LE TSOALO EA PUSO YA LITLHAKISO TSA PUSO

Lintlha tse ling ke tsa bolepi ba tšebeliso e litšila ea bana le bacha lilemong tsa bocha.lebokose 1). Lintho tse amanang le ho pepesetsoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li kenyelletsa bong ba banna le boemo bo tlase ba moruo (Hardy et al., 2013). Banana ba lilemong tsa bocha kapa ba bong bo tšoanang ba tloaetse ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso Inthaneteng hangata ho feta banna ba otlolohileng (Luder et al., 2011). Lisosa tsa lelapa le tsona li ka eketsa kotsi ea ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Ho lula lapeng la motsoali a le mong, ho lekola tlhokomelo e tlaase-tlaase, le ho ba le maikutlo a fokolang le balekane ba tlhokomelong ea bana ho ka lebisa ho pepesetsong hoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005).

Box 1

Barekisi ba bana le bacha ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang

Litšobotsi tsa botho le tsona li bole esale pele. Bana le bacha ba batlang maikutlo a bona, ba etsang boitšoaro bo hlephileng le bo tlolang melao, mme ba nang le boitšoaro bo tlase ba na le monyetla oa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Wright le Donnerstein, 2014). Bacha ba batlang lintho tse ngata ntle le tšebeliso ea boithabiso ba tloaetse ho etsa lintho tse litšila tse phahameng.Beyens, Vandenbosch, le Eggermont, 2015; Peter & Valkenburg, 2016; evčíková et al., 201). Bacha ba bontšang ho se khotsofale bophelo ba bona le bona ba khona ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Peter & Valkenburg, 2016). Phapang ea sechaba e boetse e ama tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bacha ba tloaetseng ho hana litloaelo le melao e meng ho ba le monyetla oa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.Hasking, Scheier, & Abdallah, 2011).

Ho pepesehela ho sithabela maikutlong le maikutlong le ponelopele ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Bacha ba hlekefelitsoeng 'meleng kapa ka thobalano kapa ba bileng le boiphihlelo bo bobe nakong e fetileng, bo kang tlhalo ea batsoali, ba khona ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Bacha ba nang le tloaelo le / kapa ho tsuba ka mokhoa o tsosang takatso ka thobalano le bona ba na le monyetla oa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng (Shek & Ma, 2014). Monyetla oa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hape o bolela esale pele pono ea sebele. Bacha ba nang le phihlello ea inthanete ka mehala ea bona kapa k'homphieutha ka kamoreng ea bona ea ho robala ba khona ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ntle le moo, tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e atile haholo har'a bacha ba sa kopaneleng bolumeling 'me ba bonang monyetla o fokolang oa ho ahloloa ha ba sibolla pono ea bona ea bootsoa. Ka kakaretso Peter & Valkenburg (2016)) hlalosa motho ea tloaelo ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa lilemong tsa bocha e le monna, boemong bo phahameng ba ho kena bohlankaneng le motho ea batlang maikutlo a nang le likamano tse fokolang tsa lelapa kapa tse nang le mathata.

Lintho tse ling li bonahala e le tšireletso khahlanong le ts'ebeliso ea bana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Tumelo, tumelo ea kahare le ho nka karolo ha tsona, li sebetsa e le tšireletso khahlano le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana le bacha.Hardy et al., 2013). Tumelo e sireletsa khahlanong le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka mabaka a 'maloa. Bolumeli bo etsa hore ho be le mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa ho sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, boitšoaro bo eketsehileng le taolo ea sechaba khahlanong le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Lintlha tse ling tse sirelletsang tšebeliso e mpe ea ngoana le bacha lilemong tsa bootsoa li kenyelletsa thuto e phahameng ea motsoali, boemo bo phahameng sechabeng, kamano e haufi le sekolo le likamano tse ntle tsa lelapa (Brown le L'Engle, 2009; Mesch, 2009).

LITLHAHISO

Matšoenyeho mabapi le tšebeliso ea bana le bacha lilemong tsa setsi sa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse potolohileng lihlooho tse 3 tsa mantlha: ho fihlella habonolo hoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​litaba tsa bootsoa, ​​le bokhoni ba ngoana kapa ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ho arola mashano a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho tsa thobalano le lintlha tsa kamano ea thobalano.Wright le Štulhofer, 2019). Ha u nahana ka litlamorao tse ka hlahisoang ke ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka litumelo tsa bootsoa le boits'oaro ba bana le bacha, ho bohlokoa ho nahana ka lintlha tsa boiphihlelo. Bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 7 kapa 8 ba na le bothata ba ho khetholla pakeng tsa se etsahalang skrineng le se etsahalang bophelong ba 'nete (Collins et al., 2017). Ho utloisisa haholoanyane hore na bana ba ithuta eng ka thobalano ho tsoa litšoantšong tsa bootsoa, ​​ho bohlokoa haholo ho nahana ka bokhoni ba ts'ebetso ea kelello. Puso ea 'mele, ea boiketlo ba sechaba le ea kelello e ka amang bohlokoa le ts'ebetso ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Brown, Halpern, le L'Engle, 2005). Kholo ea ngoana ea lilemong tsa bocha le ea bongoaneng e sa felletseng e ka kenya letsoho ho kenelletseng boits'oarong bo kotsi, bo ka amang boemo ba ho batla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa 'me hamorao ba nka bohato ka (Collins et al., 2017). Mehopolo ea bana le ea lilemong tsa bocha ha e sa le ngoana. Ho tšoenyeha ho teng ka lebaka la bokhoni ba bona ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho utloisisa mekhoa e mengata eo likamano tsa botona le botšehali li kopanang, kapa li lokelang ho fapana, ho tloha thobalanong ea sebele le likamano (Baams et al., 2015). Wright (2011)) e khothalelitse mohopolo oa ho hlalosa phello ea botsoalle ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: mohopolo oa bong ba thobalano. Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka fana ka basebelisi mangolo a thobalano ao ba neng ba sa a tsebe ka ona (ho fumana), ba tiisa mangolo a thobalano ao ba neng ba ntse ba a tseba ka ona (ts'ebetso), le ka ho supa boits'oaro ba thobalano e le tloaelo, e loketseng ebile e le moputso, ba khothaletsa ts'ebeliso ea kelello le boits'oaro ba thobalano. mangolo (ts'ebeliso).

Sheba lebokose 2 bakeng sa litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana le bacha. Kameho ea mantlha e amanang le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bana ba banyenyane ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 12 ke nts'etsopele ea mathata a boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano (PSB). PSB e kenyelletsa tsebo ea thobalano ho feta se neng se ka lebelloa bakeng sa lilemo tsa ngoana le maemo a kholo, joalo ka bana ba kenang liketsong tse tsoetseng pele tsa thobalano joalo ka thobalano kapa thobalano ea molomo.Mesman, Harper, Edge, Brandt, & Pemberton, 2019). Chaffin et al. (2008)) e re li-PSB tsena baneng ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 12 ke litholoana tsa tse 'maloa, ho kenyelletsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. PSB ho bana ba banyenyane e boetse e hokahane le khatello ea maikutlo le pefo, ho ba le taolo e sa lekanang, le mathata a taolo (National Network Traumatic Stress Network, ea selemo sa 2009). Dillard, Maguire-Jack, Showalter, Wolf, & Letson (2019)) ba fumaneng bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 12 ba pepesitseng ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ba ne ba le lehloeo le phahameng haholo la ho etsa tšebetso ea PSB ha ba bapisoa le lithaka tsa bona tse senang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Khopolo ea thuto ea kahisano e fana ka moralo oa ho utloisisa ketsahalo ena. Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro lilemong tse nyane ha ho tsebise bana feela ka boitšoaro ba thobalano empa hape ho matlafatsa boits'oaro. Matlafatso e etsahala ka lebaka la ho bona litšoantšo tsa meputso (monyaka) ha o etsa boitšoaro ba thobalano (Dillard et al., 2019). Khokahano efe kapa efe pakeng tsa PSB le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho hlekefetsa bacha ha e ea tsebahala, 'me kotsi e nkuoa e le tlase ha ngoana a fumana kalafo e nepahetseng ea kelello (Chaffin et al., 2008). Leha ho le joalo, bana ba kenang ho PSB le bacha ba kenang boits'oaro bo bobe ba thobalano ba arolelana mabaka a tloaelehileng a kotsi, ho kenyelletsa le nalane ea tlhekefetso ea bana (Yoder, Dilliard, & Leibowitz, 2018) le ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro kapele (Dillard et al., 2019).

Lebokose le sa ngolisoang

Box 2

Liphetho tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka bana le bacha

Ho fumaneha habonolo ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete hammoho le thahasello e ntseng e eketseha ea thobalano ho bana le ho bacha ho lebisa ho tšoenyehong ea hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho ka fetella kapa hona ho ba lekhoba la tsona (Tsitsika et al., 2009; Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005). Har'a tse ling tse ka bakang litlamorao tse mpe, ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho etsa hore motho a be mabifi, a be kotsing ea ho etsa thobalano le batho ba bang.Peter & Valkenburg, 2016). Litšoantšiso tsa thobalano le likamano tsa batho ba ts'oanang ka litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li mabapi le ho phahamisa mohopolo oa likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse seng molaong (Peter & Valkenburg, 2016; Wright le Donnerstein, 2014).

Matković, Cohen, & Štulhofer (2018)) e hlahlobe tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa nakong ea bongoana le kamano ea eona le liketso tsa thobalano tsa bacha. Bacha ba fetang 1,000 3 ba Macroatia ba ile ba nka karolo lipatlisisong tse 3 mme ba ile ba hlahlojoa mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le liketso tsa bona tsa thobalano makhetlo a 1 nako le nako. Barupeluoa ba ne ba le lilemo li 16 ka tlase. Karolo ea batho ba kopanelang thobalanong e nyolohile ho tloha ho 23% qalong ho ea ho 38.1% ho wave 3 bathong ba batona le ho tloha tlaase ho 19.7% ho isa ho 38.1% ka wave 3 ho basali ba lilemong tsa bocha. Banna ba lilemong tsa bocha ba tlalehileng litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa thobalano le bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba tlalehileng ts'ebeliso e litšila ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bonts'a sekhahla se phahameng sa ho qala thobalano. Ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho ne ho boetse ho amahanngoa le ho qala thobalano ho banna ba lilemong tsa bocha.

Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete li tšehetsa boits'oaro le maemo a botona kapa a botšehali (Wright le Donnerstein, 2014). Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata li supa basali e le ba tlaasana ho banna likamanong tsa batho ba sebetsang (moetapele oa banna, mongoli oa basali). Basali ba ikokobelletsa litlhoko tsa banna tsa thobalano mme ba bonahala ba labalabela ho ba khahlisa ka thobalano. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li tlola molao oa setso oa thobalano oa hore thobalano e lokela ho etsahala feela lipakeng tsa batho ba baholo ba lumelang lenyalong kapa kamanong e ikemiselitseng ho nyaloa (Wright le Donnerstein, 2014). Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete li bontša thobalano e tsamaisoa feela ke ho batla menate ebile e sa amanngoe le lerato, lerato, kapa kamano e ikemiselitseng. Boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano bo bonahatsoa litšoantšong tse litšila tsa inthanete ka tšebeliso e sa lekanyetsoang ea likhohlopo, thobalano le balekane ba bangata, thobalano e feteletseng le ho nyopa, 'me hangata li etsa thobalano le bonyane baratuoa ka nako e le ngoe. Lithuto (Johansson le Hammarén, 2007; Lo, Neilan, Sun, & Chiang, 1999; Rothman et al., 2012) li bontšitse hore ho pepesehela bocha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho amana le maikutlo le mekhoa e meng ea thobalano e kang ho ba le likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa thobalano, thobalano ea thobalano, thobalano ea molomo, thobalano ea sehlopha, le thobalano e kotsing e kholo (balekane ba bangata le ts'ebeliso ea likhohlopo).

Ybarra et al. (2011)) ho hlahloba kamano e teng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate ho bacha. Bana ba fetang 3,000 ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 10 le 15 ba ile ba hlahlojoa mabapi le tšebeliso ea bona ea thobalano ka boomo, tšenyo e mabifi ea thobalano (ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano le motho ea hlekefetsoang ka thobalano) le tlhekefetso ea thobalano. Hoo e ka bang karolo e le 'ngoe ea bone (23%) ea bacha e tlalehile ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso nakong e fetileng, mme 5% e tlalehiloe e hlekefetsang ka thobalano. Batho ba ka tlase ho 5% ba boletse hore ba pepesitsoe litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea ho kopanela liphate. Bacha ba tlalehileng ba pepesetsang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka boomo ba ne ba le menyetla e 6.5 ea ho tlaleha bofetoheli ba boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano ha bo bapisoa le bacha ba sa tlaleheng tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka boomo. Phatlalatso ea bacha ea ho sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano e ne e le menyetla e 24 ho feta ea ho etsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano ha bo bapisoa le lithaka tsa bona tse sa boneng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Monyetla ona o eketsehileng oa ho etsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano o ne o sa bue ka bong; bashemane le banana ba shebang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, haholoholo tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate, ba ne ba na le monyetla o moholo oa ho etsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano.

Boithuto ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang ke batho ba baholo bo netefalitse tsebo ea hore batho ba bang ba tlaleha tahlehelo ea taolo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​e tsamaeang le tšebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litlamorao tse mpe libakeng tse ngata tsa bophelo tse kang thuto, ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi, le likamano tsa motho ka mong (Duffy, Dawson, & dasNair, 2016). Ho ata ha pherekano ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete ho batho ba baholo ho ka se khonehe ho hakanya hobane ha ho na tumellano ka mekhoa ea tlhahlobo-leseling (Laier & Brand, 2017). Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore IPD e fetoha bothata bakeng sa palo e nyane empa e le bohlokoa ea batho ka bomong (Sniewski, Farvid, & Carter, 2018). Ho na le ngangisano ea hona joale har'a litsebi, mabapi le mokhoa oa ho khetholla ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka inthanete e le mofuta oa bokhoba ba ho etsa thobalano.Kafka, 2014) kapa mofuta o itseng oa ho lemalla joala Inthaneteng (E monyenyane, 2008). Ho sa tsotelehe sehlopha, batho ba itseng ba bonahala ba le kotsing e kholo ea ho ba le bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Batho ba nang le li-comorbidities tse ka tlase tse kang khatello ea maikutlo kapa mathata a ho tšoenyeha (Laier & Brand, 2017; Wood, 2011), impulivity (Grant & Chamberlain, 2015), mamello (Wetterneck et al., 2012), liphoso tsa boitlhotlhollo (Sirianni & Vishwanath, 2016), le maemo a phahameng a narcissism (Kasper, Short, & Milam, 2015) ba kotsing e kholo ea ho ba le mathata ka ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore boholo ba batho ba batlang kalafo bakeng sa IPD ke Caucasian (Kraus, Meshberg-Cohen, Martino, Quinones, & Potenza, 2015), lumela hore ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke tlolo ea boitšoaro (Grubbs, Volk, Exline, & Pargament, 2015), hape o tlalehe ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bongoaneng le ho nka karolo molemong oa boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate lilemong tsa bocha.Doornwaard et al., 2016). Alexandraki, Stavropoulos, Burleigh, King, & Griffiths (2018)) Phuputsong e telele ea bacha ba 648 ba lilemo li 16, 'me ba le lilemo li 18 ba ile ba fumana ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka inthanete e le sesosa se ka sehloohong sa nts'etsopele ea temallo ea Inthanete — ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang ka tsela e tsoelang pele hape e qobellang , e hlahisang litlamorao tse mpe bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Bopaki bo fana ka maikutlo a hore tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka ho feteletseng e na le litlamorao ho bokong bo tšoanang le bo bonoang ke lits'ebeliso tsa lithethefatsi, ho kenyelletsa le ho theoha ha ts'ebetso ea mohopolo oa ho sebetsa (Laier, Schulte, & Brand, 2013), liphetoho tsa neuroplasticity tse matlafatsang ts'ebeliso (Lerato, Laier, Brand, Hatch, & Hajela, 2015), le phokotso ea molumo oa taba e putsoa (Kühn le Gallinat, 2014). Lits'oaetso tsa bo-maleshoane ho batho ba baholo li bontšitse ts'ebetso ea boko ba batho ba lemaletseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bapisoa le ba ts'ehetsang litheko tsa lithethefatsi (Gola et al., 2017).

LITLHAKISO TSA BOTSOANG

Ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a bana, haholo lisebelisoa tsa selefouno tse kang li-smartphones le li-computer tsa li-tablet, e eketsehile haholo lilemong tsa morao tjena. Kabali et al. (2015)), phuputsong e amang bana ba lilemo tse 0 ho isa ho tse 4 ba koetliselitsoeng ho tsoa tleliniking e fumanang chelete e tlase, o boletse hore hoo e ka bang bana bohle (96.6%) ba bana ba sebelisitse sesebelisoa sa mehala, 75% e na le sesebelisoa sa bona, le bana ba lilemo li peli ho feta. sebedisa sesebelisoa sa mehala khafetsa. Ke nnete hore boholo ba basebetsi ba baoki ba bana (PNPs) ba fana ka tlhokomelo ho bana ba lilemo tsohle ba tloaelaneng le hangata ba tsebahalang haholo mabapi le theknoloji ea inthanete.

Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete li fumaneha habonolo ho bana ba Amerika le bacha. Boithuto bo senotse hore ho sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho ka lebisa liphellong tse mpe tse fapaneng ho bana le bacha. Ho bohlokoa hore li-PNPs li ikutloe li phutholohile li bile li na le tsebo ha li sebetsana le bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bahlokomeli le bana. Rothman et al. (2017)) ba ithutile karabelo ea batsoali ho bana ba bona ba banyenyane (ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 12) ba shebang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Batsoali ba bangata sampong ena ea ba 279 ba tlalehile ba ikutloa ba holofetse, ba sa tsebe hore na ba arabe ngoana oa bona joang, hape ba tšaba tšusumetso e ka bang teng ho ngoana oa bona. Boholo ba bana (76%) ba shebile litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng, 13% e hatisitsoe, mme 10% thelevisheneng. Hoo e ka bang karolo ea bone (24%) ea batsoali e tlalehile hore ba ikutloa eka ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana ba bona e ne e le ka boomo. Ha ho le ea mong oa batsoali ea tlalehileng hore o fumane ka ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa ngoana oa bona hobane ba ile ba botsa ngoana ka pono eo. Batsoali ba boetse ba re ba tla rata mofani oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo ba ngoana oa bona ka ho ba fa tataiso kapa lipampitšana kapa ho ba lebisa ho lisebelisoa tse ling tsa thuto ho ba thusa ho tseba ho bua le bana ba bona ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Rothman et al., 2017).

Li-PNP li tlameha ho ikemisetsa ho sebetsana le litlhoko tsa batsoali le bana ba bona tse amanang le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng. Mohato oa pele ts'ebetsong ena o kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea tšebeliso ea bana le bacha lilemong tsa theknoloji ea inthanete. American Academy of Pediatrics e khothaletsa hore ba fanang ka tlhokomelo ea bophelo ba bana ba botse ba lilemong tsa bocha le bana ba baholoanyane lipotso tse 2 tse amanang le mahlale a ho etela bana hantle (Lekhotla la Lipuisano le Media le la 2010): U qeta nako e kae u sebelisa marang-rang a marang-rang le marang-rang a letsatsi le letsatsi ?; na u khona ho kena inthaneteng ka kamoreng ea hau ea ho robala? American Academy of Pediatrics e khothaletsa bacha hore ba fokotse ts'ebeliso ea litaba ka tlase ho lihora tse peli ka letsatsi.Barkin et al., 2008).

Li-PNP li tlameha ho hatisa bohlokoa ba hore batsoali ba bue le bana ba bona ka seo ba se bonang inthaneteng le bao ba buang le bona inthaneteng mme ba khothaletse bana ba bona hore ba phutholohe le ho tšepahala mesebetsing ea bona ea inthanete. Ho bohlokoa hape hore batsoali ba thehe leano la polokeho ea inthanete ho fokotsa monyetla oa ho pepesehela lisebelisoa tsa thobalano ka har'a komporo ea lapeng le lisebelisoa tsa mohala. Ho lokela ho kenyelletsoa software e thibelang pele ho kenyeletsa le filthara, thibela le ho shebella software (Ybarra, Finkelhor, Mitchell, & Wolak, 2009). Buisana le batsoali ka bohlokoa ba ho hlalosetsa ngoana oa bona hore bona, joaloka batsoali ba bona, ba batla ho ba sireletsa hore ba se ke ba shebella litaba tse etselitsoeng batho ba baholo feela. Haholo-holo ho bana ba banyenyane, lekanyetsang tšebeliso ea inthanete feela le e sa laoloang. Khothaletsa tšebeliso ea inthanete libakeng tsa sechaba feela. Tlhokomeliso batsoali hore ho ba le lithibelo tse ngata haholo ho bana ba tsofetseng le ho ba lilemong tsa bocha ho ka etsa hore ba se ke ba buleha le ho ts'epahala mabapi le boitšoaro ba inthaneteng. Batsoali le bona ba tlameha ho ela hloko seo bona ba se bonang marang-rang mme ba sireletse bana ba bona ho fihlella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kapa tse ling tsa batho ba baholo tseo ba ka li bonang.

Leha leano la polokeho ea inthanete le hlokahala, thibelo e felletseng ea phihlello ea lits'oants'o tsa marang-rang ha e khonehe. Ho fana ka tataiso e lebelletseng mabapi le ho pepesetsoa ha bana le bacha lilemong tsa bootsoa ho bohlokoa. Khothaletsa batsoali ho bua le bana ba bona le bacha ka tsela e loketseng lilemo tse mabapi le litaba tsa bootsoa mme ba khothaletse bana le bacha ho tla ho motsoali haeba ba kile ba bona eng kapa eng e fumanehang marang-rang e ba ferekanyang kapa e ba khathatsang. Sena se tla ba thusa ho ba sireletsa haeba ka tšohanyetso ba fumana litaba tse joalo. Hatisa tlhokeho ea batsoali ea ho ba le lipuisano tse loketseng lilemo le bana le bacha ka thobalano, thobalano le kamano e haufi. Ho aha kamano ena e bulehileng pakeng tsa motsoali le ngoana ho tla etsa hore ho be bonolo hore ngoana a tle ho motsoali ka lipotso tsa thobalano kapa litaba tse khahlisang. Bona lebokose 3 bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse fumanehang marang-rang tse fumanehang bakeng sa batsoali ho ba thusa ho buisana ka bana ba bona ka litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.

Lebokose le sa ngolisoang
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Box 3

Lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tsa batsoali

Ho hlahloba bana le bacha bakeng sa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e lokela ho ba karolo ea tloaelo ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo ba bana. Bakeng sa bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 12, tlhatlhobo ea tlatsetso, e lokelang ho ba karolo ea litlhahlobo tsohle tsa bana ba hantle, e fana ka monyetla o nepahetseng oa ho botsa lipotso tse fokolang tsa tlhahlobo. Litlhahlobo tse tlotsitsoeng li lokela ho kenyelletsa thuto mabapi le mohopolo oa likarolo tsa lekunutu le hore na ngoana o lokela ho etsa eng ha litho tsa poraefete li amehile, le ho botsa hore na ho na le ntho e joalo e kileng ea ba etsahalla (Hornor, 2013). Botsa hape hore na ba kile ba bona litšoantšo, lifilimi kapa livideo tsa batho ba sa apere liaparo tsa bona. Haeba karabo ke e, lekola. Botsa hore na ba bone litšoantšo tse kae, hore na batho ba neng ba sa apare liaparo tsa bona ba ne ba etsa eng, hore na ho na le motho ea ba bonts'a litšoantšo le hore na ba kile ba li shebella kapa ba li sheba ka makhetlo a le mong. Bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 12 ba batlang ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa ba hloka ho fetisetsoa ho mofani oa bophelo bo botle ba kelello bakeng sa tlhahlobo e eketsehileng ea boitšoaro. Bakeng sa bacha ba lilemo tse 12 le ho feta, puisano ea thobalano e lokela ho kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; haeba e tiisa taba ea ho shebella, leka ho tseba hore na o shebella hakae. Ho bohlokoa ho buisana ka likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse nepahetseng tsa bootsoa le ho shebella bacha ba shebelletseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho hatisa hore seo ba se bonang litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ha se bolele likamano tse tloaelehileng tsa bophelo ba sebele. Bacha ba senolang bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (ho fetella, ho senya sekolo, bophelo ba lelapa kapa bophelo ba lelapa) le bona ba tla hloka ho kena lipakeng le setsebi sa bophelo bo botle ba kelello se tsebang ho sebetsana le bothata bona. Ho tloaelana le lisebelisoa tsa bophelo ba kelello tsa lehae ho tla thusa PNP ho etsa phetisetso e nepahetseng ea bophelo ba kelello.

Bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 12 ba kenang ho PSB ba tla hloka ho hlahlojoa bakeng sa ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano. Ho fetisetsoa litšebeletso tsa ts'ireletso ea bana ho bontšoa ho netefatsa polokeho ea ngoana. Ngoana o tla hloka tlhahlobo ea lipotso tsa morao-rao ke motho ea koetlisitsoeng hantle le tlhahlobo ea bongaka ke motho ea nang le tsebo lithutong tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano. Tsebo ea lisebelisoa tsa lehae e bohlokoa. Ho ipapisitse le ho teba le ho teba ha PSB, bana bana ba kanna ba rua molemo litšebelisanong tse ikhethang tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello, tse kenyelletsang likarolo tsa tlhokomelo e tebileng ea kelello ha ba ntse ba fana ka thuto ea 'mele le polokeho.

Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang marang-rang li fumaneha habonolo ho bana ba Amerika le bacha. Ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho ka fella ka litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa bophelo bo botle. Li-PNP li lokela ho khothaletsa likolo ho fana ka mananeo a thuto ea thobalano ka botlalo a kenyeletsang melao-motheo ea likamano tse haufi tsa bophelo bo botle hammoho le melao-motheo ea ho bala ka inthanete (Lekhotla la Lipuisano le Media le la 2010). Li-PNP li boetse li lokela ho khothaletsa le ho nka karolo lipatlisisong ka phello ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali mecheng ea marang-rang ho bana le bacha. Ka ho nka karolo bobuelli ba mmuso, li-PNP li ka tiisa hore ho kenngoe melao e thata ea Marang-rang ho laola taolo e ntle ea bana le ea mocha lilemong tsa bootsoa inthaneteng. Kamora nako, li-PNP li ka etsa phapang e potlakileng maphelong a bana le bacha ka ho kenyelletsa mekhoa ea boikoetliso ho lekola boteng ba ponts'o ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho fana ka ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ha ho hlokahala. Ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ke bothata ba tlhokomelo ea bophelo ba bana, 'me li-PNPs li tlameha ho ikutloa li phutholohile li bile li itšepa ha li rarolla bothata.

Sehlomathiso B. Lisebelisoa tse tlatsetsang

Sheba File

LIPOTSO TSOETSE

  • 1.

    Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete li fapane joang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa setso ka tsela efe ho tse latelang?

    • a.

      Ho eketsa theko

    • b.

      E fihlella habonolo

    • c.

      Tse sa tsejoeng

    • d.

      Tsohle tse kaholimo

    • e.

      b le b

  • 2.

    Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso inthaneteng e tloaelehile ho bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha ebile e atile haholo har'a banana ba lilemong tsa bocha.

    • a.

      Ke 'nete hore

    • b.

      ba bohata

  • 3.

    Lintlha tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka bana le bacha li kenyeletsa efe ea tse latelang?

    • a.

      Bong ba motho

    • b.

      Monna e motona kapa ea botšehali

    • c.

      Botho bo khahlisang, bo batlang bo khahlisang

    • d.

      Tsohle tse ka holimo

  • 4.

    Ho ba le likotsi tsa kelello le tlhekefetso joalo ka ho hlekefetsoa 'meleng le thobalano e kanna ea ba ponelopele ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka bana le bacha.

    • a.

      Ke 'nete hore

    • b.

      ba bohata

  • 5.

    Lintlha tse sirelletsang khahlano le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa lilemong tsa bocha li kenyelletsa lintho ntle le tse latelang ho tse latelang.

    • a.

      Litumelo tse matla tsa bolumeli

    • b.

      Sekhahla se phahameng sa tsoelo-pele

    • c.

      Thuto e phahameng ea botsoali

    • d.

      Likamano tse matlafatsang tsa lelapa

  • 6.

    Matšoenyeho mabapi le setsi sa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka bana le bacha ke afe ho a latelang?

    • a.

      Likateng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa

    • b.

      Bokhoni ba ngoana / ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ho arola lipale tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le nnete

    • c.

      Ho fihlella habonolo ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa

    • d.

      Tsohle tse kaholimo

  • 7.

    Khopolo ea Wright ea thobalano e hlalosa phello ea boithabiso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka li-A tse tharo tse latelang?

    • a.

      phihlelleho

    • b.

      fumana

    • c.

      Ho tsosolosa

    • d.

      kopo

    • e.

      a, b, le d

    • f.

      b, c, le d

  • 8.

    Litlamorao tse ka hlahang tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng tsa bongoaneng li kenyeletsa efe ea tse latelang?

    • a.

      Boitšoaro bo botle ba ho ba le thobalano

    • b.

      Boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano

    • c.

      Bosodoma

    • d.

      Ho ts'oaroa hoa batho

    • e.

      b le b

    • f.

      Tsohle tse kaholimo

  • 9.

    Ke efe ea tse latelang e kenyelitsoeng tlhalosong ea boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano ho bana?

    • a.

      Bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 7 ha boitšoaro bo qala

    • b.

      Tsebo ea thobalano ho feta se neng se ka lebelloa bakeng sa lilemo tsa ngoana le kholo ea kholo

    • c.

      Bana ba kenang liketsong tsa thobalano tse tsoetseng pele

    • d.

      Bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 12 ha boitšoaro bo qala

    • e.

      a, b, le c

    • f.

      b, c, le d

  • 10.

    Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka tsela e feteletseng ho ka lebisa phetohong ea boko e ts'oanang le e fumanoang bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi.

    • a.

      Ke 'nete hore

    • b.

      ba bohata

Likarabo li fumaneha inthaneteng ho kha.napnap.org.

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Biography

Gail Hornor, Mooki oa Phekolo ea Bana, Setsi sa Polokeho ea Lelapa le Pholiso, Sepetlele sa Naha sa Bana, Columbus, OH.