February 2010, Volume 25, Khatiso ea 2, pp 141-148
inahaneloang
Tlhatlhobo ea tsela e sebelisitsoe ho lekola tlatsetso ea mefuta e mene ea tsoelo-pele ea tlhabollo ea botona kapa botšehali (tlhekefetso ea thobalano, tlhekefetso ea 'mele, ho pepesetsoa pefo, ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa - e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e etsahala pele ho lilemo tsa 13) le botho ba bane ("psychopathic and antagonistic mafungiro" " , "" Pedophilia, "" masculinity o hlaselang ") phatlalatsong ea bokhopo bo senang thobalano le palo ea bahlaseluoa ba bana ba batona mohlaleng oa ba batona ba lilemong tsa bocha ba 256 ba nang le nalane ea" matsoho "a khopisang. "Psicosocial deficits" e fumanoe ho thusa ka kotloloho ho litlamorao tsa mefuta ea lintho tse sa bonahaleng litlamorao tsa tsona. Ho pepesehela pefo ka kotloloho le ka kotloloho ka "mehopolo ea kelello le maikutlo a ho hlekefetsa," ho kentse letsoho phatlalatsong ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho hloka thobalano. Tlhekefetso ea thobalano ke monna ka kotloloho le ka kotloloho ka “masculism” le "pedophila", li kentse letsoho ho phatlalatseng palo ea bahlaseluoa ba bana ba banna. Litlamorao tsa bophelo bo fumanoeng li fumanoe.
Ho tloha - Tšusumetso ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng ho Bacha: Tlhahlobo ea Lipatlisiso (2012)
- Hunter et al. (2010) e ile ea hlahloba kamano lipakeng tsa ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa pele ho lilemo tsa 13 le liemahale tse 'ne tse mpe tsa botho. Phuputso ena e fuputse banna ba bacha ba 256 ba nang le nalane ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano; bangoli ba fumane kamano lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho ts'oana, mohlomong litholoana tsa maikutlo a sothehileng mabapi le thobalano le ho tlotlisoa ka boitšoaro bo litšila (Hunter et al., 2010).
- U sebelisa tlhahlobo ea tseleng litsong tse bokelletsoeng ho tsoa ho ba batona ba lilemong tsa bocha ba nang le nalane ea litlolo tsa thobalano ea 'mele (N = 256), Hunter et al. (2010) o fumane ho pepesehela bongoana linthong tse amanang le thobalano ho ka kenya letsoho "menahanong le menahanong ea kelello, mohlomong pontšo ea maikutlo a sothehileng a thobalano ea motho le ho rorisoa ka boitšoaro bo hlephileng" (leq. 146). Ho feta moo, bangoli bana ba pheha khang ea hore hobane bacha ha se kamehla ba nang le monyetla oa ho bapisa “liphihlelo tsa se etsahetseng bophelong ba sebele le balekane ba thobalano. . .. li kotsing ea ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tsa botona le botšehali tse amanang le thobalano ea batho 'me li ka etsa se nepahetseng ”(leq. 147).
Keywords - Litsela Khohlano ea sechaba Boqhekanyetsi ba thobalano Bacha
Boithuto ba hona joale bo thehiloe holim'a lipatlisiso tsa pele ho mofuputsi mabapi le litakatso tsa tlhaho le lintho tse amanang le botho tse thusang ho hlalosetsa ho kheloha ha sechaba le thobalano ho batona ba lilemong tsa bocha. Patlisisong ea pejana (Hunter et al. 2004), bafuputsi ba hlahlobile boteng ba lintlha tse tharo ho banna ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ileng ba etsa thobalano le e seng tsa thobalano: "bosodoma bo hlekefetsang," "boferefere ba ho khesa," le "bofokoli ba kelello le kelello." Mohlala oa "confluence" oa Malamuth oa pefo ea thobalano ebile o supa sepheo se matla se amanang le maikutlo a mabe a basali le liphihlelo tsa ho khesa ba bang (Malamuth 1996; Malamuth et al. 1993). Mohlaleng oa khokahano, bosodoma bo mabifi bo sebelisana le "thobalano e se nang boitšoaro bo hlephileng" (ke hore, khetho ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali ntle le ho ba haufi le maikutlo kapa boitlamo) ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro bo hlekefetsang ba thobalano ho basali (Malamuth et al. 1995). Moetso oa khokahano o fumane tšehetso e matla ho merabe e fapaneng United States (mohlala, Abbey et al. 2006; Hall et al. 2005; Jacques-Tiura et al. 2007), hape le linaheng tse ling tse fapaneng (mohlala, Lim le Howard 1998; Martin et al. 2005).
Bokhoni ba botona le botšehali bo emelang botona le botšehali bo bontša mokhoa o tloahelehileng oa ho ba karolo ea botona le botšehali le tšekamelo ea ho batla ho hlekefetsoa litlholisanong tsa thobalano le banna ba bang. Letšoao le ka sehloohong la moaho ona le fumanoe ho bolela bosholu ba bongoana (Rowe et al. 1997). Tlokotsi ea kelello le maikutlo li bonts'a khatello ea maikutlo (ho re, khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho) mme o lemohile hore o thata le likamano tsa sechaba. Patlisisong ea bona ea pele, bangoli ba fumane hore bosodoma bo hlekefetsang bo susumetsoa ke ho hlonama le ho hlonama, le hore lintlha tse peli tsa morao li ne li amana hantle le mabifi le bohlola (Hunter et al. 2004). "Mefokolo ea kelello" e fumanoe e bolela ho khopisa ngoana ea emeng pele ho thobalano, ho fapana le ngoana ea lilemong tsa bocha kapa e moholo.
Phuputso e teng hona joale e fupere tsela ea ho kheloha sechabeng le ho tsa thobalano ho bacha ba bacha ba neng ba etsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho hlekefetsa ka thobalano, 'me e ekelitse palo ea boithuto ba kelello le botho ba motho. Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha e sa le ngoana ho ile ha eketsoa ka lebaka la tlhaiso ea bongaka ea ho ata ha eona litlalehong tsa nts'etsopele tsa bacha ba hlekefelitsoeng ka thobalano, le hobane lipatlisiso tse hlahang li fana ka maikutlo a hore e ka ba susumetsa ho ea maemong a maholo a bompoli (Alexe et al. 2009). Moetso o ithutoang oa "boikhohomoso-antagonistic masculinity" o ile oa atolosoa ho akaretsa litšobotsi tse amanang haufi le kelello tsa kelello. Psychopathy e fumanoe e le selelekela se matla sa tlhekefetso ea thobalano le e seng thobalano ho banna ba baholo (Kingston et al. 2008; Beggs le Mohau 2008), mme ka tliliniki e hlokometsoe hore e ba teng ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng ho basomi ba batona ba batona ba lilemong tsa bocha. Ho ile ha kenyelletsoa taba ea thobalano (e leng, pedophilia) e le ho ikarabella bakeng sa motho e mong ea ileng a etsa phoso ea ho etsa bohlola hape ho batho ba baholo ba entseng thobalano le batho ba baholo (Hanson le Morton-Bourgon). 2005), hape tumellanong le kenyelletso ea eona lithulusi tse tsebahalang tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano mabapi le balekane (mohlala, J-SOAP-II).
Joalo ka thutong e fetileng, mohlala oa mofuputsi o hlophisitsoe ka maqhubu a mangata a latellanang a tšusumetso ea hypothesized causal, e neng e boletsoe ka mokhoa o hlakileng. Leqhubu la pele le entsoe ka mefuta-futa ea tikoloho, joalo ka ha ngoana a pepesetsoa pefo le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Leqhubu la bobeli le na le bofokoli ba kelello le kelello. Leqhubu la boraro ke la maemo a rarahaneng a phapang a motho a le mang, joalo ka "maikutlo a kelello le a bohanyetsi" (mohopolo o atolositsoeng oa boikhakanyo) le "bohloka bo mabifi." Leqhubu la bone le la ho qetela le na le mefuta e fapaneng e emelang likamano tsa thobalano le tse seng tsa thobalano. Sepheo sa tlolo ea thobalano e ne e le palo ea bahlaseluoa ba banna. Sephetho sena se khethiloe hobane lithahasello tse tsitsitseng tsa thobalano ho banna ba banyenyane (ke hore, pedophilia ea bong bo le bong) e amahanngoa le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa tefetso ea thobalano ho basenyi ba baholo ba bong ba monna (Hanson le Morton-Bourgon 2005), le bafosi ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali ba nang le liphofu tsa banna ba fumanoe ba e-na le maemo a phahameng a litekanyetso tsa botona le botšehali tsa tlolo ea botona le botšehali (Hunter et al. 1994). Kahoo, ho ba le bahlaseluoa ba banna ho talingoa e le tšenyehelo ea ho tsoelapele ho etsa phoso ea thobalano e be motho e moholo.
mekhoa
barupeluoa ba
Bacha ba ile ba nkuoa ho tsoa mekhatlong e ikemetseng ea makhotla le litokisetso tsa kalafo ea malapeng bakeng sa basenyi ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali literekeng tse hlano: Virginia, Ohio, North Carolina, Missouri, le Colorado. Bacha bohle ba batona ba pakeng tsa 13 le 18 ba nang le nalane ea "liphoso tsa thobalano" ea thobalano ba ile ba memeloa ho nka karolo lithutong. Ho nka karolo ho hloka tumello e tsebisitsoeng ke bacha le batsoali. Hoo e batlang e le karolo ea boraro ea bacha ba atamelaneng le batsoali mme ba lumela ho nka karolo. Bacha ba ile ba lefuoa $ 25.00 bakeng sa ho nka karolo moo leano la setheo le neng le sa thibele tefo e joalo. Bacha ba ile ba hlahlojoa bakeng sa bonyane ba maemo a bohlano a ho bala a sebelisang Teko ea Literacy ea Ohio. Bacha ba ne ba le maemong a fapaneng ts'ebetsong ea kalafo ka nako ea ho nka karolo.
Lintlha tsa tlhahlobo li ile tsa bokelloa ho bacha ba 285, kamora ho felisoa hoa bacha ba ka bang 7% ba nang le tjantjello ea ho se fihlelle litekanyetso tse boletsoeng tsa ho bala. Ts'ebeliso ea lilemo tse boletsoeng le tlolo ea molao ea puisano e hlahisitse sampole ea ho qetela ea bacha ba 256. Bacha ba nkang karolo ba bile le lilemo tse 13 ho isa ho 18, ka kakaretso ea lilemo tse 16.2. Hoo e ka bang, 70% ea sampole ka kakaretso e ne e le Caucasian, 21% African-American, 7% Hispanic, le 2% "Other".
Litsela
Bafuputsi ba koetlisitsoeng ba fuputsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano le tlhaiso ea nalane ea botlokotsebe ho tsoa litlalehong tsa setheo. Lintlha tsa patlisiso li ile tsa bokelloa tlasa taolo ea mothusi ea phahameng oa lipatlisiso-ngaka ea mafu a kelello le mofani oa kalafo ea netefalitsoeng oa bongaka. Bacha ba ile ba botsoa lipotso ka bonngoe le Self Report Delinquency wadogo (SRD) (Elliott le Huizinga 1983) ho fumana boemo ba bona ba ho nka karolo boitshwarong bo mabifi le bohloeki nakong ea likhoeli tse 12 tse fetileng (molemong oa bacha ba behiloeng malapeng, likhoeli tse 12 pele ho ho beoa). Bacha le bona ba ile ba fuoa betere ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo tse etselitsoeng ho lekanya sebopeho sa thahasello.
Ho thusa ho netefatsa bonnete ba tlhaiso-leseling ea ho itlaleha, le ho fihlella ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang tlaleho ea litabatabelo tsa sechaba, bacha ba ile ba tiisoa ka ts'ebetso ea tumello e nang le tsebo ea hore batho bohle ba bokelletseng botho, litšoaneleho tsa thobalano, le tlhaiso-leseling ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng e ne e le lekunutu ebile e ke ke ea ho arolelanoa le lingaka, balaoli ba mananeo, kapa batsoali. Ho ts'ehetsa ho boloka makunutu a tlhaiso-leseling, ha ho mabitso kapa tlhaiso-leseling e khethollang e behiloeng liforomong tsa lipatlisiso. Sebakeng seo morupeluoa e mong le e mong o ile a fuoa nomoro e behiloeng foromong ea lipatlisiso. Lethathamo la litsebi tse tsamaeang le lebitso la bacha le nomoro ea lipatlisiso li ne li bolokiloe ka senotlolo le senotlolo setsing sa lipatlisiso, se fumanehang ho Mothusi e Moholo oa Lipatlisiso.
Mehato
Mehato e latelang e fanoe mabapi le ntlha ka 'ngoe e ithutoang.
Lintho tse fapaneng tsa Exo native
A Potso ea Nalane ea Sechaba e ne e sebelisetsoa ho hlalosa mefuta e mene ea li-exo native: 1) tekanyo ea ho pepesetsoa tlhekefetso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa pele ho lilemo tsa 13, 2) ho pepesetsoa tlhekefetso e etselitsoeng banna ntle le lilemo tsa 13, 3) ea tlhekefetso ea 'mele ke ntate kapa ntate oa pele ho lilemo tsa 13 , le 4) tekanyo ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano ke moetselletsi oa monna pele a kena lilemong tsa 13.
Mahlanya a Bonolo
Khahlano le Basali Ke sesebelisoa sa 21 se bonts'ang maikutlo a fosahetseng a basali e le ho hana ebile ho sa ts'epahale (mohlala, "Ho bolokehile ho se tšepe banana") (Lekola 1985).
Litumelo tsa Boloi ke sekhahla sa ntho ea 9 se lekola hore na likamano tsa monna le mosali li nkoa e le tsa mohanyetsi joang (mohlala, "Kamanong ea ho ratana le mosali o ikemiselitse ho sebelisa monyetla oa monna") (Burt 1980).
Sekala sa ho Lahla Boitšoaro sesebelisoa sa 32-e fanang ka lintlha tsa 7-point tsa ho amoheloa ha pefo le khatello ea thobalano e lebisitsoeng ho basali. Malamuth o e sebelisitse ha a etsa lipatlisiso tsa bohloeki ka tsa thobalano (mohlala, "Ho loketse hore monna a iqobelle ho basali ba bang hobane ba bang ha ba tsotelle."). Tekanyo ena e ne e ipapisitse le mosebetsi oa Albert Bandura le balekane ba hae ba neng ba shebane le ho se sebetse ka boitšoaro ka kakaretso (mohlala, Bandura et al. 1996). Malamuth o e tsamaisitse hore e shebane haholo le qobello ea thobalano.
Index ea Mesebetsi ea Thobalano. e na le lintho tsa 8 tse lekanyang sepheo sa matla (Nelson 1979).
Sekala se Reriloeng sa ho Tsosa (Bofebe ba ho Kopanela Liphate) e na le lintho tse mashome a mabeli tse lekolang thahasello ea thobalano ho peto le ho qobelloa ka thobalano. Lintho tsena li kenelletse letotong la lintho tse lekanyang thahasello liketsong tse fapaneng tsa thobalano (Malamuth 1989).
Psychopathic le Antagonistic Boikutlo
Boemo ba ho lekana ke sekhahla sa ntho ea 10 se lekang tlholisano e kenelletseng har'a ba batona ho lelekisa basali, le khetho ea balekane ba bangata ba thobalano (Rowe et al. 1997).
Bosoasoi bo bobe / Bokgabane / Bokgabane- ho sebelisitsoe lintho tse robong tse lekanyang bonna (mohlala: "Ke motho ea busang") (Spence et al. 1979).
Foromo ea Boithuto ba Botho e E ("Impulsivity Scale") e entsoe ka lintho tsa 15 tse sebelisitsoeng ke Malamuth et al. (1995) ho lekola ho kenella (mohlala, "Ke lula ke bua ntho e tlang pele hloohong.") (Jackson 1987).
Levenson Self Report Psychopathy Scale ke sesebelisoa sa 26-ntho e lekanyang litšobotsi tsa botho ba psychopathic (Levenson et al. 1995).
Tlaleho ea Bacha ka Boitšoaro (Molao oa ho Ipheta) e na le lintho tsa 15 tse lekolang botebo ba ho kenella liketsong tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng le bo sa tsotelleng (mohlala, "Ke bua leshano kapa kea qhekella.").
Khaello ea Psychosocial
Tlaleho ea Bacha (Ho tšoenyeha / Ho sithabela maikutlo, Mathata a Sechaba, le ho Ts'oa / Ho sithabela) - likala tsena ka nepo li lekanya ho se itšepe le ho jeoa ke bolutu, ho hloka botsitso le ho khesoa ke lithaka, le ho itšehla thajana (Achenbach le Dumenci 2001).
Pedophilia
Sekala se Hlohlelitsoeng (Lithahasello tsa Pedophilic) li na le lintho tse 'ne tse lekolang thahasello ea thobalano ho bana (Malamuth 1989).
Liphello Liphetoho
Palo ea bahlaseluoa ba banna e ne e ngotsoe ho tsoa ho sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo sa faele ea linyeoe se sebelisitsoeng ke bafuputsi patlisisong e fetileng ea bacha ba kopaneng le thobalano (Hunter et al. 2004).
Boitšoaro ba ho hloka thobalano e ne e ipapisitse le likarabo tsa motho ea nkang karolo ho Self Report Delinquency Scale (SRD) (Patlisiso ea Bacha ea Naha) (Elliott le Huizinga 1983).
Lipatlisiso tsa Statistical
Litlhatlhobo tsohle tse senang maikutlo le tsa multivariate li entsoe ka SAS 9.1. Hobane ho ne ho se na monyetla oa ho sekaseka lintho tsohle tse kahare ho sebopeho se le seng sa multivariate ka nako e le ngoe ka lebaka la meeli ea sampole ea rona, ho ile ha sebelisoa leano la tlhahlobo ea maemo a holimo. Taba ea mantlha, lintho li ne li fuoa likheo tsa nalane ea maemo a tlase. Ka nako eo, lintlha tse tloaelehileng tsa li-unit (Gorsuch 1983) li ne li kenyellelitsoe lintlha tsohle tse tlase-tlase bakeng sa lintlha le lintlha tse 'maloa tsa tatellano e holimo ho SAS PROC STANDARD le DATA, ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho fumana lintlha tse emeng bakeng sa lintho tsohle tse sa hlokeng subscale ka ngoe (Figueredo et al. 2000). Le ha ts'ebetso ena e ne e sebetsana le boholo ba datha tsa rona tse lahlehileng, ke maemo a 256 feela a neng a sebelisoa bakeng sa SEM ka lebaka la data e setseng e lahlehileng.
Ho ne ho boetse ho kopitsoa e le liphokojoe tsa Cronbach le materase a covariance ea likala tsa taelo ea maemo a tlase ho SAS PROC CORR. Kameho ea kahare ea e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea likala tsena tsa maemo a tlase e hlahisoa ka har'a Tafole 1. Tse ling tsa likala tsa theko e tlase li ne li e-na le li-alphase tse tlase ka lebaka la palo e fokolang ea lintho, empa li ne li e-na le likhakanyo tsa boleng bo amohelehang ba thepa. Meroalo (boholo ba lintho tse amanang le eona) linthong tse nang le boima bakeng sa lintlha tse boletsoeng lethathamong la lintho tse tlase e hlahisoa ho Lethathamo 2.
Tafole 1
Sekala se ka hare
Tekanyo | Cronbach's Alpha |
|---|---|
Litumelo tsa Boloi | .81 |
Khahlano le Basali | .86 |
Sekala sa ho Lahla Boitšoaro | .92 |
Qalo ea Mesebetsi ea thobalano (Dominance) | .79 |
Sekala se Reriloeng sa ho Tsosa (Bofebe ba ho Kopanela Liphate) | .90 |
Sekhechana sa Ts'usumetso e Ntlafatsoang (Morero oa Pedophilic) | .83 |
Boemo ba ho lekana | .82 |
Scale ea Impulsivity | .69 |
Tlaleho ea Bacha | .93 |
Levenson Self Report Psychopathy Scale | .84 |
Masculinity-Malepa | .82 |
Tafole 2
Likolo tse nang le boima ba yuniti
Ntlha | Lambda |
|---|---|
Mahlanya a Bonolo | .73 |
Litumelo tsa Boloi | .71 |
Khahlano le Basali | .62 |
Sekala sa ho Lahla Boitšoaro | .65 |
Puso ea SFI | .58 |
Thahasello ho Kopano ea Thobalano | .65 |
Maikutlo a ho Ferekanya le a Psychopathic | .73 |
Boemo ba ho lekana | .66 |
Masculinity e Mpe | .83 |
Ho se tsitsisehe | .75 |
Levenson Self Report Psychopathy Scale | .87 |
Rule Break (Boitšoaro ba Boitšoaro ba Bacha) | .88 |
Khaello ea Psychosocial | .81 |
Matšoenyeho / Ho Tepella maikutlo (Tlaleho ea Bacha) | NA |
Litla-morao (Bacha ba Boitšoaro) | .73 |
Ho tlohela / Ho tepella maikutlo (Tlaleho ea Bacha) | .71 |
Pedophilia | .62 |
Sekhahla se Nchafatsang sa ho Khahla (Lithahasello tsa Pedophilic) | .65 |
Sekala tsohle tse nang le boima ba yuniti li ile tsa kenngoa e le lintho tse bonahatsang bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea tlhaho ea li-multivariate ka har'a mofuta o le mong oa sebopeho. Meetso ea tekanyo ea sebopeho e entsoe ke SAS PROC CALIS. Lithuso tse lekantsoeng tse hlophisitsoeng li ile tsa abeloa mesebetsi e meng e phahameng ea tšebeliso le ho hlahlojoa hore na li sebetsa hantle. Moralo oa tekanyo lipakeng tsa liemahale tsena li ile tsa fana ka tlhaiso ea likamano tsa boikemelo pakeng tsa tsona.
Results
Moetso oa Tekaetso ea Liteko
Moetso oa rona oa sebopeho o lekantsoe ka mekhoa e mengata ea ho lekana. Moetso o tšoaneloa ke lipalo-palo ka bobeli (χ 2 (23) = 29.018, p = .1797) ebile e sebetsang (CFI = .984, NNFI = .969, NFI = .932, RMSEA = .033) li-indices tsa ho lekana. Setšoantšo 1 e bonts'a mohlala o felletseng oa boemo bo tšoanang le li-coefficients tse tšoanang. Litsela tsohle tse bakoang ke ho tsitsa li bonts'itsoe li bohlokoa ka lipalo (p <.05).
Setšoantšo sa 1
Sekao sa teka-tekano ea batho ba etsang tlhekefetso ea thobalano le bacha
Ho ne ho e-na le mefuta e mene ea maiketsetso, eo ho eona likhakanyo li neng li lekantsoe ka bolokolohi: Ho pepesetsoa pefo, ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano ke Banana, 'me Tlhekefetso ea 'Meleng. Litokellano tsena ha li bonts'oe setšoantšong sa tsela ho qoba bohlasoa ba pono, empa li hlahisoa ka Lethathamo 3.
Tafole 3
Likhokahano lipakeng tsa linonyana tsa khale
1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Ho pepesetsoa pefo | 1.000 * | |||
2. Ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano ke Banna | .336 * | 1.000 * | ||
3. Tlhekefetso ea 'Meleng | .200 * | .161 * | 1.000 * | |
4. Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso | .309 * | .280 * | .208 * | 1.000 * |
Litekanyetso tsa ho bolela esale pele li tla hlalosoa ka nako e ngoe le e 'ngoe ea phapang ea tlhaho:
1.Khaello ea Psychosocial e ile ea eketseha haholo ka Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso (β = .16)Tlhekefetso 'meleng (β = .13), 'me Ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano ke Banna (β = .17).
2.Psychopathic le Antagonistic Boikutlo e ile ea eketseha haholo ka Ho pepesetsoa pefo (β = .31)Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (β = .16), 'me Khaello ea Psychosocial (β = .26).
3.Kakaretso ea bosoasoi bo senang thobalano e ile ea eketseha haholo ka Ho pepesetsoa pefo (β = .28) le Psychopathic le Maikutlo a ho Ikatisa (β = .31); e ne e fokotsehile haholo ka Khaello ea Psychosocial (β = -.18).
4.Mahlanya a Bonolo e ile ea eketseha haholo ka Psychopathic le Antagonistic Boikutlo (β = .50), Khaello ea Psychosocial (β = .18), 'me Ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano ke Banna (β = .12).
5.Pedophilia e ile ea eketseha haholo ka Mahlanya a Bonolo (β = .19) le Ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano ke Banna (β = .22).
6. Palo ea Bahlaseluoa ba Basali e ile ea eketseha haholo ka Pedophilia (β = .13) le Ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano ke Banna (β = .20).
Kakaretso ea Liphello
Ho bonahala ho na le litsela tse peli tsa kholo tsa tsoelo-pele mohlaleng ona, ka bobeli li tsoa liphoofolong tse 'ne tsa bokantle ba tlhaho' me bonyane bo arotsoe ka tsela e itseng Khaello ea Psychosocial. E 'ngoe ea litsela tsena e feta Khaello ea Psychosocial le ka mokhoa oa Psychopathic le Antagonistic Boikutlo ho Kakaretso ea bosoasoi bo senang thobalano. Tsela e 'ngoe e kholo e feta Khaello ea Psychosocial le ka mokhoa oa Mahlanya a Bonolo ho Pedophilia le ho Palo ea Bahlaseluoa ba Basali. Lits'oants'o tse fapaneng habeli bakeng sa mefuta ena e 'meli ea qetello e bile R 2 = .22 bakeng sa Kakaretso ea bosoasoi bo senang thobalano 'me R 2 = .07 bakeng sa Palo ea Bahlaseluoa ba Basali. Mokhoa ona oa thekiso ka hona o ile oa hlakisa hore o sebelisitse mosebetsi o motle haholo oa ho bala litaba ka phapano ea Kakaretso ea bosoasoi bo senang thobalano ho fapana le phapang e teng Palo ea Bahlaseluoa ba Basali. Leha ho le joalo, mohlala o sebelisitse mosebetsi o betere ho feta oa ho bolela lintho tse peli tse ka sehloohong tse ka bakang kotsi, Psychopathic le Antagonistic Boikutlo (R 2 = .25), le Mahlanya a Bonolo (R 2 = .39), leha mofuta ona o sa ka oa sebetsa hantle ha o noha Pedophilia (R 2 = .11). Ntle le tšusumetso e tloaelehileng le e kenellang ea Khaello ea Psychosocial, ntlha e 'ngoe feela e kholo lipakeng tsa litsela tse peli tsa nts'etsopele e bile phello e kholo haholo (β = .50) ea Psychopathic le Antagonistic Boikutlo on Mahlanya a Bonolo. Leha re ne re kile ra bua ka taba eo qalong Khaello ea Psychosocial E tla ba mokena-lipakeng oa bohlokoa mohlaleng, feela ho fapana ho fokolang haholo (R 2 = .10) ka Khaello ea Psychosocial e ne e boletsoe esale pele ka mefuta ea lihlahisoa tsa kantle ho naha, 'me mefuta e mengata ea kantle ho tsoalo e nang le litlamorao tse kholo ho ea nokeng. Khaello ea Psychosocial ka boyona e bile le litlamorao tse leka-lekaneng maemong a kotsi a pakeng Maikutlo a Psychopathic le Antagonistic (β = .26) le Mahlanya a Bonolo (β = .18).
Puisano
Leha ho tlameha ho amoheloa hore hona ke thuto e nang le tšibollo ea 'mele,' me tatellano e boletsoeng har'a lintho tse fapaneng e thehiloe khopolong 'me ha e thehiloe ho tatellano ea nakoana ea ts'ebetso, re thathamisitse mekhoa e mebe e ka ntlafatsang e lebisang boits'oarong bo bobe ba bosholu ba thobalano. Tsela ea pele e kholo ea nts'etsopele e kanna ea khetholloa e le Khohlano ea Sechaba tsela, e kopantsoeng ka tsela e sa lekanyetsoang ke bofokoli ba kelello le kelello, bo lebisang mekhoeng ea kelello le ea bohanyetsi 'me qetellong ke bokhobeng ba ho hloka thobalano. Tsela ea bobeli e kholo ea nts'etsopele e ka khetholloa e le a Phokotso ea thobalano tsela, eo hape e arolelanoang ka tsela e sa lekanyetsoang ke bofokoli ba kelello le kelello, bo lebisang ho beng botona le lithahasellong tsa botona le botšehali, 'me qetellong e be ho khopise ngoana ka thobalano. Ehlile, litsela tsena tse peli ha lia ikemela ka ho felletseng, hobane bacha ba bangata ba etsa lintho ka bobeli. Empa, Phokotso ea thobalano e na le litšusumetso tse ikhethang tse sa bapalang karolo e ikhethang ea Khohlano ea Sechaba tsela, e qetellang e lebisa ho tse ling tse nang le litholoana tse fapaneng sebakeng sa tlhekefetso ea thobalano. Lintlha tsena li lumellana hantle le tsa Malamuth's (2003) Tlhaloso ea morao-rao ea "hierarchical-Mediational confluence model", moo litlamorao tsa "kakaretso" tse sa tloaelehang le litšobotsi tse mpe (ke hore, litekanyetso tsa psychopathic le bofokoli ba kelello) liphethong tse kang tlhekefetso ea thobalano e kopantsoe le litšobotsi tse "ikhethang" , Hantic Masculinity) ho fihlela sephetho se itseng.
Mohlaleng oa rona oa sebopeho, lisosa tsa mathata ana ohle a kelello le a boits'oaro ke mefuta e fapaneng ea tikoloho ea ntšetsopele, ho kenyelletsa ho hlekefetsoa ka kotloloho ho mmele le thobalano ho ngoana ea ntseng a hola, le ho pepesetsoa pejana le tšusumetso e mpe ea thobalano. Tsena li kanna tsa hlahisa litholoana tsa tsona ka mekhoa e fapaneng empa e seng e fapaneng. E 'ngoe ke ts'enyo e tobileng ea ts'ebetsong ea ngoana ea kelello, maikutlo, le boiketlo ba sechaba, joalo ka ha re kenyellelitsoe mohahong oo re neng re re re na le bofokoli ba kelello le kelello. Bopaki bo sithabetsang ba bacha bo a fokola sechabeng le pherekanong ea maikutlo, ka mofuta oa matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo. Matšoenyeho ana a ka sitisa phihlello ea bona ea mesebetsi ea ntšetsopele, ho kenyelletsa le ho theha likamano tse ntle tsa lithaka.
Mokhoa o mong oo litšusumetso tsena tsa nts'etsopele li ka hlahisang phello ea ona ke ka ho bontša ka ho hlaka boits'oaro bo bobe ba batho, joalo ka ho pepesehela boitšoaro bo litšila ba bootsoa le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro ho latela mohlala oa batho ba se nang boikaketsi, ba ka nkang karolo ntlafatsong ea batho ba seng kotsi, ba hanyetsang, le maano a bohanyetsi a bohanyetsi, le ho kena-kenana le nts'etsopele ea maano a tloaelehileng, a phetseng hantle, a kopantsoeng le a kopanetsoeng. Mokhoa ona oa ho hokahanya o lumellana le maikutlo a mohopolo oa thuto ea kahisano (Bandura 1973).
Mokhoa o mong oa ho buella o lumellana le maikutlo a khopolo ea ho iphetola ha lintho ea kelello (Malamuth 1996, 1998). Figueredo le Jacobs (2009) ba khothalelitse hore litsebi tsa nalane ea bophelo bo liehang (ba tsetelang lisebelisoa tse ngata ho pholoheng ho feta tlhahiso) ba tloaetse ho sebelisa leano la sechaba le hore litsebi tsa nalane ea bophelo bo potlakileng (ba tsetelang lisebelisoa tse ngata ho ikatisetseng ho feta ho pholoheng) ba tloaetse ho nka bohanyetsi maano a sechaba. Ka hona, tsela e 'ngoe eo litšobotsi tsena tse mpe tsa tikoloho ea bongoana e ka khothalletsang nts'etsopele ea likamano tsa sechaba le tsa thobalano ke ho rata mekhoa e holisang merero ea nalane ea bophelo bo potlakileng (bona Brumbach et al. 2009; Ellis et al. 2009). Ka bobeli boits'oaro le nts'etsopele ea maano a bophelo bo potlakileng a khothalletsoa ke tikoloho e sa tsitsang, e sa reroang, e sa laoleheng. Ho pepesehela batho ba hlekefetsoang 'meleng le ka thobalano, ho kenyelletsa le pefo le boitšoaro bo sa lokelang ka thobalano, e ka ba mokhoa o kopaneng oa ho beha tikolohong e khopo, e kotsi le e hlekefetsang basali ka tsa thobalano. Libaka tse joalo li na le likotsi tsa ho fetela kapa ho hloka taolo le boitšoaro bo sa laoleheng, ho fana ka lintlha tse sa tsebeng letho ho ngoana ea ntseng a hola hore leano le potlakileng la bophelo, ho kenyeletsoa likarolo tsa boiketlo ba sechaba le thobalano e kanna ea ba leano le fetoloang ho pholoheng ha nakoana le ho beleha kapele. Ho joalo, kantle ho ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebetso ea bongoana eo nts'etsopele ena e etsahetseng ho eona, maano a joalo a kanna a se ke a fetoha ka letho mme a ka etsa hore bana ba qabane ka bongata le litloaelo tse pharalletseng tsa sechaba se tsoetseng pele (bona Bronfenbrenner 1979).
Lebaka le leng le ka fokotsang thuto ea hona joale ke hore molemong oa "tikoloho" ea mantlha e na le katleho e kholo, e tlameha ho ba "extrinsic" kapa "exo native" ho ngoana ea ntseng a hola ka tekanyo e nang le moelelo. Ngoana ea ntseng a hola o ka beoa tikolohong tsena tse mpe ebe o arabela joalo. Leha ho le joalo, ho ka etsahala hore lintho tse fapaneng tsa tikoloho li ne li sa tsoe ka botlalo. Ka mantsoe a mang, boits'oaro ba ngoana ea ntseng a hola bo kenyeletsa le litšobotsi tse bapetsoeng ke liphatsa tsa lefutso, e kanna ea ba le tšusumetso ho isa maemong a mabe (mohlala, mocha e mong a ka ba le tšekamelo ea ho batla lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa).
Litlhahiso tsa meriana
Liphetho li fana ka tataiso e akaretsang phokotsong ea kotsi ea ho theola kamano ea sechaba le thobalano le aterese ea bacha ea nang le mathata a seng a ntse a bonahala. Ho na le tšehetso ea khanyetsano ea hore ho pepesetsoa pefo ea pefo ea mantlha le liphihlelo tse bohloko tsa bophelo ba motho e le kotsi le ho rerela bongoana hore bo fetohe menahanong le boits'oarong bo bobe. Ho pepesehela pefo ho bonahala ho ts'ehetsa nts'etsopele ea menahano e khahlisang batho mme mohlomong ka ho beha mohlala ka ho toba e tlatsetsa menyetla ea ho kenya letsoho boits'oaro bo joalo. Ho pepesetsoa bongoana ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho boetse ho bonahala ho kenya letsoho menahanong le maikutlong a kelello, mohlomong ka ho hlahisoa ha maikutlo a sothehileng a thobalano ea motho le ho tlotlisa boitšoaro bo litšila. Ka bobeli tlhekefetso ea bana le ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano e bonahala e senya maikutlo a mocha a ntseng a hola a ho itšepa le ho phela hantle maikutlong, 'me e eketsa kotsi ea hae ea "ho theoha" mekhoeng ea sechaba le ea thobalano. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe liphuputsong tse fetileng, tlhekefetso ea thobalano le ngoana ke monna ka kotloloho le ka kotloloho e bolela esale pele hore motho o tla tlosetsoa thobalano le bana ba monna. Tšusumetso e tobileng e kanna ea emela mohlala. Tšusumetso e sa tobang e ka bonts'a erotization ho susumetso e amanang.
Ka hona, ho ka utloahala e le bohlale ho theha mananeo a kenelle pele bakeng sa bacha ba kotsing e kholo ea ho kheloha sechabeng le thobalanong ka lebaka la liphihlelo tsena tsa tsoelo-pele. Ho tsetela ha chelete ea sechaba ho nts'etsopele ea mananeo a joalo ho ka thusa ho hlakola litšenyehelo tse kholo tsa hamorao tsa ho phekola le ho kenya bacha joalo. Patlisiso e entsoeng e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho kenella ho joalo ho ka etsoa ka bomong le ho ngoloa, ho ipapisitse le lintlha tse khethehileng tseo a behiloeng ho tsona. Mohlala, mocha ea nang le litšoantšo tse litšila tse ts'oanang tsa bongoana a ka rua molemo ka ho ikoetlisa ka tsela e nepahetseng. Koetliso e joalo e ka kenyelletsa ho lokisa litšoantšo tse sokameng tsa botona le botšehali le basali, le thuto ea mohlala oa boitšoaro bo botle ba ho kopanela liphate bo hlalositsoeng ka teka-tekano ea bong, phetoho, le boikemisetso bo botle ba nts'etsopele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bana ba hlekefetsoang ka tsa thobalano le 'mele ba ne ba tla bonahala ba rua molemo mohahong oa boitšepo le boiphihlelo sechabeng. Tse latelang li ka kenyelletsa tokiso ea litšobotsi tsa molato le boikarabello, le thuto ea bokhoni ba taolo ea sechaba le bohale.
Joalo ka ha patlisiso ena le tse ling li bonts'a hore bacha ba hlekefelitsoeng ba kotsing e kholo ea mafu a amanang le mathata (Brown et al. 2008), tlhokomelo e hlokolosi e ka boela ea hloka ho fanoa ka maikutlo le aterese ea likelello tse fosahetseng tse ka bakang khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho. Ka tlhokomeliso e eketsehileng, bacha ba bangata ba hlekefelitsoeng le bona ba bontša PTSD. E bile polelo ea pele ea mongoli ea hore matšoao a "ho boha hape" ho mocha ea hlekefelitsoeng ka thobalano ka linako tse ling a kenyelletsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse amanang le thobalano. Ho ka nahanoa hore ho tlohela litaba tsena ho sa phekoloe ho ka kenya letsoho molemong oa ho etsa thobalano ho bacha ba bangata (ke hore, ho felisoa le ho felisoa ha khatello ea thobalano ka thobalano). Ka hona, sepheo sa ts'ebetso ea thibelo le ho kenella pele e lokela ho ba tlhahlobo e hlokolosi ea bacha ba hlekefelitsoeng bakeng sa PTSD. Phekolo ea pele ha e na ho thusa feela ho kokobetsa khatello ea maikutlo le ho hloka botsitso ha maikutlo empa e boetse e ka thusa ho fokotsa kotsi ea mathata a ho tsoa hamorao.
Patlisiso e entsoeng e boetse e na le melemo bakeng sa kalafo ea bacha ba seng ba ntse ba etsa boitšoaro bo litšila ba ho phela le batho ba bong bo fapaneng. Ha ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bongoaneng ho atile haholo ho basodoma ba lilemong tsa morao tjena, mananeo a kalafo a tlameha ho leka ho lokisa melaetsa e mebe linthong tse joalo. Ho fapana le boholo ba batho ba baholo, bacha ba bangata ha baa ka ba ba le monyetla oa ho hanyetsana le liphihlelo tsa bophelo ba sebele le balekane ba thobalano. Ka lebaka leo, ba kotsing e kholo ea ho kenya litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tsa botona le botšehali tsa batho ka tsa thobalano 'me ba ka etsa se nepahetseng. Sengoli sa pele se bone sena ka mokhoa oa bongaka ho bacha ba 'maloa ba pepesitseng setho sa bona sa botšehali ho basali ba lilemo tse ts'oanang kapa ba baholo. Tebello ea bona, karolong e 'ngoe e thehiloeng lifiliming tsa bootsoa, e ne e le hore basali ba tla tsosoa' me ba be le takatso ea ho robala le bona. Maemong a mang ha mosali a sa arabele hantle, mocha o ne a nka sena e le bopaki ba hore hangata basali ke bona ba bolotsana 'me qetellong ba hana ba batona. Joalo ka boemo ba mocha ea hlalositsoeng kalafong, maikutlo a joalo a ka baka karabelo e bohale ka mokhoa oa peto.
Patlisiso e teng hona joale e fana ka maikutlo a hore tlhekefetso ea thobalano e na le litlamorao tse tobileng le tse sa tobang tsa ho etsa boitšoaro bo khopisang ba thobalano. Joalokaha ho tšohliloe, ho bonahala eka ho kenya letsoho ho tsitsitseng ha botsitso mme ho ka baka tsitsipano ea maikutlo le thobalano. Kahoo, mananeo a ho kena lipakeng a bacha ba hlekefetsang ka thobalano a tlameha ho hlahlobisisa PTSD 'me a fane ka mekhoa e meng ea kalafo e bontšitsoeng ka mokhoa o matla ho tlisa phallo ea matšoao (mohlala, "Keketso e telele"). E bile boiphihlelo ba pele ba bongaka ba bongaka ba hore kalafo e sebetsang ea PTSD e sa le teng ho bacha bana e hlahisa phaello e kholo ea ts'usumetso ea kalafo le maikutlo / boitšoaro bo tsitsitseng. Leha ho le joalo, e kanna ea ba le molemo oa bobeli oa ho fokotsa takatso ea thobalano le litakatso tsa thobalano tse khelohileng. Ntlheng ena, bacha ba shebahalang ba ntse ba tsoela pele ka lithahasello tsa botona le botšehali ba seng ba sa tl'o ba ka tsela e joalo kamora kalafo e atlehileng ea PTSD ea bona e sa foleng.
Patlisiso e hlahisitsoeng e bontša ka ho hlaka hore basodoma ba basodoma ba nang le monyetla o moholo oa ho etsa litlolo tsa molao tseo eseng tsa thobalano tseo ba nang le thobalano kamora ho tsoa litsing tsa kalafo (Waite et al. 2005). Boithuto ba hona joale bo bontša hore tsela e kholo ea boitšoaro bo joalo ke ka ho hlaha ha maikutlo a ho hanyetsa le a kelello. Ho pepesetsoa pefo ho bonahala ho kenya letsoho kholisong ea maikutlo a joalo mme ho kenya letsoho ka kotlolloho boitekong bo seng ba thobalano. Khaello ea kelello le ts'ebeliso ea kelello le eona e ka baka kotsi ea ho amohela mekhoa e joalo. Ho khothaletsoa hore mananeo a kalafo bakeng sa basenyi ba bacha ba thobalano e be ntho e akaretsang mme ha a na le bona e le morero oa bona oa ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho etsa bohlola. Sebakeng seo, ts'oaetso ea ts'oaetso le ts'usumetso ea kalafo bocha e lokela ho ba le mohopolo o habeli — ho fokotsa kheloho sechabeng le thobalanong. Matlafatso ea boiphihlelo ba sechaba e tlameha ho kenyelletsa ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho theho ea maikutlo le boiketlo ba sechaba le ho theha likamano tse ntle tsa lithaka. Boiteko ba ho phekola le ho koetlisa bo lokela ho lebisoa ho ruteng tharollo ea likhohlano le ho fihlela lipheo le meputso ka boits'oaro bo seng bo mabifi. Ho sebetsa hantle haholo, matsapa a kalafo a boetse a tlameha ho sebetsana le lintlha tse ts'ehetsang boiketlo ba sechaba le tsa thobalano, ho kenyeletsoa litaba tsa malapa le maemo a kotsi ea tikoloho (mohlala, haufi le libaka tse phahameng tsa botlokotsebe, pefo ea sehlopha sa litlokotsebe, jj.).
Kakaretso le Tataiso ea Patlisiso ea Kamoso
Boithuto ba hona joale bo phahamisa lipatlisiso tsa lingoli mabapi le liqeto tsa botsitso le boikaketsi tsa bofokoli ba kahisano ba botona le botšehali ho bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha. Patlisiso ena e matlafalitse mohopolo oa boiketsetso ba ho kenyelletsa ho kenyeletsa maikutlo a psychopathic, o ekelitse lebaka la ho kheloha ho tsa thobalano mohlaleng o boletsoeng esale pele, mme o ekelitse thuto ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le sesosa sa kotsi ea distal / etiological. Moetso o atolositsoeng o hlahisitse mokhoa o lekaneng o sebelisang mekhoa ea lipalo-lipalo mme o bonts'a khokahano ea likamano lipakeng tsa maemo a tlhabollo a kotsi, sebopeho sa botho, le sephetho sa boits'oaro. Karolo e atolositsoeng ea botho ba mofuta oa tlhaho e theha motheo oa tlhahlobo e sa tsoa etsoa ea sehlopha e tla tlaleha sengoloeng se tlang. Sengoloa sena se tla kenyelletsa litlhaloso tsa bohlankana bo bohlano ba bohlankana ba botona le botšehali bo khelohileng ba bong bo fapaneng le litšobotsi tsa bona tse ikhethang tsa botho, botho le liphoso.
References
Abbey, A., Parkhill, MR, BeShears, R., Zawacki, T., & Clinton-Sherrod, AM (2006). Lits'oants'o tse fapaneng tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano ka mohlala oa sechaba oa banna ba masoha ba Amerika le ba Caucasus. Sebaka sa Boitšoaro bo Matla, 32(1), 54-67.CrossRef
Achenbach, TM, & Dumenci, L. (2001). Tsoelo-pele litlhahlobong tse ipapisang le matla: Li-syndromes tse ntlafalitsoeng tse fanang ka tsebo le likala tse ncha tse ikemiselitseng DSM bakeng sa CBCL, YSR, le TRF: Maikutlo ka Lengua, Sadowski, Friedrich, le Fisher (2001). Tlaleho ea Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 69(4), 699-702.CrossRef
Alexy, EM, Burgess, AW, & Prentky, RA (2009). Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li tšoaea likotsi bakeng sa boitšoaro bo mabifi har'a bana ba lilemong tsa bocha le bacha. Sengoloa sa American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 14(6), 442-453.CrossRef
Bandura, A. (1973). Khalefo: Tlhahlobo ea ho ithuta sechabeng. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, GV, & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mekhoa ea ho qhala boits'oaro ts'ebelisong ea lefapha la boits'oaro. Journal of Botho le Psychology Social, 71, 364-374.CrossRef
Likopo, SM, & Grace, RC (2008). Maikutlo a kelello, bohlale le boits'oaro ho ba hlekefetsang bana: Bopaki ba tšebelisano. Toka le Boitšoaro ba Tlolo ea Molao, 35(6), 683-695.CrossRef
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). Ikonomi ea kholo ea batho: liteko tsa tlhaho le boqapi. Cambridge: Univesithi ea Harvard.
Brown, GW, Craig, TK, & Harris, HO (2008). Tlhekefetso ea batsoali le lisosa tse kotsi tsa ts'ebeliso ea boiphihlelo ba bongoana ba tlhokomelo le tlhekefetso (CECA): Phuputso ea bophelo ba khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng-5. Tlaleho ea Mathata a Amehang, 110(3), 222-233.CrossRefE fetotsoe
Brumbach, BH, Figueredo, AJ, & Ellis, BJ (2009). Liphello tsa maemo a thata le a sa lebelloang bocheng ba nts'etsopele ea maano a nalane ea bophelo: Teko ea bolelele ba mohlala oa kholo ea bophelo. Botho ba Motho, 20, 25-51.CrossRef
Burt, MR (1980). Litumelo tsa setso le lithuso tsa peto. Journal ea Botho le Psychology ea Sechaba, 38(2), 217-230.CrossRef
Lekola, JV (1985). Tlhatlhobo ho Basali. Dissertation Abstracts International, 45 (12-B, Pt 1), 3993.
Elliott, DS, & Huizinga, D. (1983). Boemo ba sechaba le boitšoaro bo hlephileng sehlopheng sa naha sa bacha. Tlolo ea molao: Tlaleho ea Litaba tse sa Tšoaneng, 21(2), 149-177.
Ellis, BJ, Figueredo, AJ, Brumbach, BH, & Schlomer, GL (2009). Methati ea mantlha ea kotsi ea tikoloho: Kameho ea maemo a thata le a sa lebelloang phethong le nts'etsopele ea maano a nalane ea bophelo. Botho ba Motho, 20, 204-268.CrossRef
Figueredo, AJ, & Jacobs, WJ (2009). Bohale, ho ipeha kotsing, le maano a mang a nalane ea bophelo: Boemo ba tikoloho ba ho kheloha sechabeng. Ho M. Frias-Armenta & V. Corral-Verdugo (Eds.), Maikutlo a Biopsychosocial mabapi le Aggression, ka khatiso.
Figueredo, AJ, McKnight, PE, McKnight, KM, & Sidani, S. (2000). Meetso ea multivariate ea data e haellang kahare le maqhubu a tlhahlobo. Tlatsetso, 95(Tlatsetso 3), S361-S380.E fetotsoe
Gorsuch, RL (1983). Tlhahlobo ea Lintlha. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hall, GN, et al. (2005). Morabe, setso, le mabifi a thobalano: kotsi le ts'ireletso. Journal of Consulting le Clinical Psychology, 73, 830-840.CrossRef
Hanson, RK, & Morton-Bourgon, KE (2005). Litšobotsi tsa batlōli ba molao ba thobalano: meta-analysis ea lithuto tsa boiphetetso. Journal of Consulting le Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1154-1163.CrossRefE fetotsoe
Hunter, JA, Goodwin, DW, & Becker, JV (1994). Kamano lipakeng tsa phallometrically e lekantseng litakatso tse tsoileng tseleng tsa thobalano le litšoaneleho tsa bongaka ho bacha ba etsang thobalano. Patlisiso ea Boitšoaro le Phekolo, 32(5), 533-538.CrossRefE fetotsoe
Hunter, JA, Figueredo, AJ, Malamuth, NM, & Becker, JV (2004). Litsela tsa nts'etsopele ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano le botlokotsebe ba bacha: lisosa tsa kotsi le babuelli Tlaleho ea Tlhekefetso ea Lelapa, 19(4), 233-242.CrossRef
Jackson, DN (1987). Foromo ea patlisiso ea botho e E. Port Huron: Litsebi tsa mafu a kelello.
Jacques-Tiura, A., Abbey, A., Pakhill, M., & Zawacki, T. (2007). Hobaneng ha banna ba bang ba khelosa boikemisetso ba basali ba thobalano khafetsa ho feta ba bang? Ts'ebeliso ea mofuta oa kopano. Bulletin ea Botho le Social Psychology, 33, 1467-1480.CrossRefE fetotsoe
Kingston, DA, Firestone, P., Wexler, A., & Bradford, JM (2008). Lintho tse amanang le boits'oaro har'a ba hlekefetsang bana ka tlhaho. Tlaleho ea Tlhatlhobo ea Thobalano ka Thobalano, 14(1), 3-18.CrossRef
Levenson, MR, Kiehl, KA, & Fitzpatrick, CM (1995). Ho lekola litšobotsi tsa psychopathic ho batho ba sa ngolisoeng ka molao. Journal ea Botho le Psychology ea Sechaba, 68(1), 151-158.CrossRef
Lim, S., & Howard, R. (1998). Litekanyetso tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano le e seng ea thobalano ho banna ba bacha ba Singapore. Botho le Phapang ea Motho ka mong, 25, 1163-1182.CrossRef
Malamuth, NM (1989). Khahleho ho sekhahla sa khatello ea thobalano: I. Journal ea Lipatlisiso tsa thobalano, 26(1), 26-49.CrossRef
Malamuth, NM (1996). Mohlala oa khokahano ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano: Tebello ea basali le phetoho. Ho DM Buss & NM Malamuth (Eds.), Thobalano, matla, khohlano: Mekhoa ea ho iphetola ha lintho le basali (maq. 269-295). New York: Univesithi ea Oxford.
Malamuth, NM (1998). Mofuta oa confluence e le moralo oa tlhophiso ea lipatlisiso ho banna ba hlekefetsang ka thobalano: Bomameli ba kotsi, ho nahana ka mabifi le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho RG Geen & E. Donnerstein (Eds.), Boholo ba batho: Likhopolo, lipatlisiso, le sephetho sa leano la sechaba (maq. 229-245). San Diego: Tsa thuto.
Malamuth, N. (2003). Batlōli ba thobalano ba botlokotsebe le bao e seng botlokotsebe: Ho kopanya kelello ea kelello mokhoeng oa kopano ea maemo a phahameng. Ho RA Prentky, E. Janus & M. Seto (Eds.), Ho Utloisisa le ho Laola Litaba tsa Thobalano ka Thobalano. Liphatlalatso tsa New York Academy of Science, Vol. 989 (maq. 33-58). New York: New York Academy of Science.
Malamuth, NM, Heavey, CL, & Linz, D. (1993). Ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba banna ba ho se tsotelle le basali: Mohlala oa tšebelisano ea mabifi. Ho HCN Hall, R. Hirschman et. al. (Eds.), Bohloeki: Litaba tsa etiology, tekolo le kalafo (Moq. Xix, maq. 238). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor le Francis.
Malamuth, NM, Linz, D., Heavey, CL, Barnes, G., et al. (1995). Ho sebelisa mokhoa oa confluence oa khatello e matla ea thobalano ho bolela esale pele likhohlano tsa banna le basali: Phuputso ea ho latela lilemo tsa 10. Journal ea Botho le Psychology ea Sechaba, 69(2), 353-369.CrossRef
Martin, SR, et al. (2005). Ho kenya letsoho liketsong tse qhekellang tsa thobalano tsa banna ba kolecheng ea Spain. Tlaleho ea Pefo ea Litlamorao, 20(7), 872-891.CrossRefE fetotsoe
Nelson, PA (1979). Botho, ts'ebetso ea thobalano, le boitšoaro ba thobalano: teko ho mokhoa oa mokhoa. Dissertation Abstracts International, 39(12B), 6134.
Rowe, DC, Vazsonyi, AT, & Figueredo, AJ (1997). Boiteko ba ho tlolelana lilemong tsa bocha: leano le nang le maemo kapa le fapaneng. Botho le Phapang ea Motho ka mong, 23(1), 105-115.CrossRef
Spence, JT, Helmreich, RL, & Holahan, CK (1979). Likarolo tse mpe le tse nepahetseng tsa botona le botshehali ba kelello le likamano tsa bona le litlaleho tsa bona tsa boits'oaro ba boits'oaro le boits'oaro. Journal ea Botho le Psychology ea Sechaba, 37(10), 1673-1682.CrossRef
Waite, D., Keller, A., McGarvey, E., Wieckowski, E., Pinkerton, R., & Brown, GL (2005). Litefiso tsa bacha tsa thobalano tsa bocha li ts'oaroa hape bakeng sa litlolo tsa molao tsa thobalano, tse mabifi tse sa amaneng le bong le tsa thepa: Tlaleho ea lilemo tse 10. Tlhekefetso ea Thobalano: Journal ea Patlo le Phekolo, 17(3), 313-331.CrossRef
;