Puo ea ho ipapisa le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Boitsebiso bo Inthaneteng pakeng tsa Bacha ba Maarabia le Batsoali: Thuto e Tšoanelehang ka Tšusumetso ea Eona Thutong ea Thobalano le Boitšoaro (2018)

J Med Internet Res. 2018 Oct 9; 20 (10): e11667. Doi: 10.2196 / 11667.

Gesser-Edelsburg A1, Abed Elhadi Arabia M2.

inahaneloang

LITLHAHISO:

Phetoho ea inthanete ea 21st century e entse hore litaba tsa thobalano li fumanehe hape li fumanehe ka tekanyo e neng e e-so ka e ba teng pele. Boithuto bo bongata bo bontšitse hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e ne e amana le maikutlo a lumelloang ho kopanela liphate ebile e amana le litumelo tse matla tsa bong ba botona kapa botšehali. Ho ne ho boetse ho bonahala e amana le boits'oaro bo bong bo kotsi le boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano. Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso linthong tse bolokang lintho tsa khale ho lebisa likhohlanong le litumelo tsa bolumeli le setso.

MORERO:

Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho supa litšitiso le mathata a thibelang puisano ea thobalano sechabeng sa Maarabia le ho thusa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho latela maikutlo a bacha le bo-mme.

LITLHAHISO:

Phuputso ena e kenyelletsa mekhoa ea ho etsa lipatlisiso e sebetsang le lipuisano tse tebileng le barupeluoa ba 40. Phuputso ena e kenyelelitse bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba 20 ba Maarabia, ba qapiloeng ke lihlopha tsa lilemo tsa 2 (lilemo tsa 14-16 le lilemo tsa 16-18), le bo-'mè ba 20 ba lilemong tsa bocha ba tsoang ho ba batona le ba batšehali.

LIKOTSO:

Liphuputso li bonts'a hore bo-mme ba "iphapanyetsa" ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le thobalano ke bashanyana; leha ho le joalo, li bonts'a thibelo e pharalletseng le ho hana boitšoaro bo joalo ke banana. Bashemane ba tlaleha ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa, athe banana ba hana ho etsa joalo, empa ba lumela hore metsoalle ea bona ea basali e shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Phuputso e boetse e fumane hore bashemane ba ile ba ba le molato nakong ea ha ba se ba shebile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lebaka la khohlano lipakeng tsa sejoale-joale le litekanyetso tsa setso. Bo-mme le bacha ba hatelletse tlhokeho ea puo e bulehileng ea thobalano ho fokotsa boits'oaro bo mabifi joalo ka tlhekefetso ea motabo e thehiloeng marang-rang, ho kenyelletsa ho romella livideo le litšoantšo tsa banana ba hlobotseng, hangata tse tsamaeang le litšokelo le bosholu.

CONCLUSIONS:

Hoa hlokahala ho fumana mokhoa oa ho khothaletsa puo ea bohlokoa ea thobalano ho thibela litlamorao tse mabifi tsa ho se be teng ha eona sechabeng sa Maarabia. Puo e laoloang, e pepeneng, le e nyonyehang ea thobalano e ka thusa bacha ho etsa liqeto tse nang le tsebo mabapi le ho batla litaba tsa thobalano, ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le boitšoaro ba thobalano.

LINKOTSO: Bafsa ba Isiraele ba Isiraele; puo; marang-rang; ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; maemo a mabeli a thobalano; thuto ea thobalano le boitšoaro; thobalano; taboo

PMID: 30305264

DOI: 10.2196/11667

Selelekela

Boitšoaro ba Thobalano Sechabeng sa Maarabia: Pakeng tsa Tloaelo le Boitšoaro

Sechabeng sa Maarabia, Boitlhotlhollo ba Thobalano bo Nkoa ka Taboo

Har'a batho ba bolumeli ba Mamoseleme, puo e hlakileng ea thobalano ha e khothaletsoe. Lebaka ke hore ho ea ka tumelo le melao ea Quran, ke batho ba nyalaneng feela ba lumelloang ho kopanela likamanong tsa thobalano, ka hona, puo ea thobalano le bacha e nkoa e khothaletsa thobalano pele ho lenyalo [1]. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka Roudi-Fahimi [2] e bontšitsoe tlhahlobisong ea bona e hlophisehileng, leha e le thohako ea bolumeli, kannete ho na le likamano tsa thobalano lipakeng tsa bacha. Ka hona, tlhokomeliso e holile ho tse ling tsa linaha tsa Maarabia hore baahi ba lokela ho fuoa monyetla oa ho fumana leseli mabapi le lithibela-pelehi le ka mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano a bakoang ke balekane ba bangata [2]. Leha ho le joalo, ho fapana le ho ananeloa ha ts'ebetso ea thobalano ea batjha ke ba boholong bophelo bo botle linaheng tsa Maarabia, ho ntse ho e-na le khohlano ea setjhaba le ho hanoa ke batsoali hore bacha ba Maarabo ba na le thobalano pele ho lenyalo, ka hona, puo ea thobalano setjhabeng le kahare ha e sebetse. [3].

Bophelong kajeno, bacha ba Maarabia ba ba le likamano tsa botona le botšehali, ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le ho kopanela liphate pele ho lenyalo [3-6]. Mabaka a mantlha ke hore lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, sechaba sa Maarabia se bile le liphetoho tse kholo, tse amanang haholo le ho kenella ha lintho tsa Bophirimela sechabeng, mokhoa oa theknoloji o fokotsitseng lekhalo lipakeng tsa sechaba sa Maarabia le sa Bophirima, le liphetoho tsa lefats'e la sechaba le moruo [7,8]. Ts'ebetso ea sejoale-joale moo thuto ea basali e eketsehang, kemolo e fokotseha, 'me nako ea lenyalo e chechisetsoang e hlaha haholo libakeng tsa Maarabia tse lulang linaheng tse tsoetseng pele tsa demokrasi. Ntle le moo, bacha ba Maarabo ba pepesoa haholo ho feta moloko oa khale ka litlamorao tsa mahlale a morao-rao a bileng le phetoho e ncha ea mecha ea litaba. Bacha ba Maarabia hajoale ba phela maemong a mabeli moo ka lehlakoreng le leng, ba hoheloang 'me ba labalabela setso sa tokoloho sa Bophirimela, athe ka nako e ts'oanang, ba batla ho boloka ts'epahalo ea bona moetlong oa bo-ntate oa bona oa boits'oaro bo ikhethileng [8-10].

Boithuto bo bontšitse hore mofuta oa puo ea thobalano, setso sa eona, le tsela eo e tsamaisoang ka eona e na le khokahano e boletsoeng esale pele ka boitšoaro bo nepahetseng ba bacha le batho ba baholo [11,12]. Ho ba sieo ha puo ea thobalano e feteletseng ho boetse ho lebisa ho se tsebeng [13], tšabo, le matšoenyeho ho bashanyana le banana ba Maarabo ba lilemong tsa bocha. Mohlala, banana ba bangata ba Maarabo ba ile ba tlaleha hore ponahalo ea matšoao a ho ilela khoeli e ile ea ba makatsa [13,14].

Tekanyetso ea Thobalano ka Thobalano le Boemo ba Basali Mokhatlong oa Maarabia

Tekanyetso ea thobalano ke tumelo e atileng ea hore boitšoaro ba thobalano bo ahloloa ka tsela e fapaneng ho latela bong ba motho ea etsang thobalano.15]. Tekanyetso ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali e ts'oaroa ebile e laoloa ke "monna-oa-hlooho" [16]. Mohopolo ona o bua ka matla a monna tlasa monna le mosali, a lebisang kamanong e sa lekanang pakeng tsa basali le monna, 'me e amana le taolo ea bong ba basali le ba banna. Tšobotsi ea motho e motona-hloohong ke ho khutsisa ha mantsoe a basali ba thobalano le lerata la lipuisano tse laoloang ke banna sebakeng sena. Bashemane le banna ho nahanoa hore ba fumana thoriso le litšobotsi tse ntle tse tsoang ho batho ba bang bakeng sa likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse sa nyalanang, athe banana le basali ho lumeloa hore ba khesa le ho khesoa ka boits'oaro bo ts'oanang. Ka mantsoe a mang, banna ba putsoa ka ketso ea thobalano, athe basali ba nyelisoa ka lebaka le tšoanang.17,18]. Tekanyetso ea thobalano e amana le maemo a tloaelehileng a botona le botšehali: thobalano le takatso ha se basali, athe li lebelletsoe ho banna. Botaleli bo hahiloe ka tlas'a leihlo la monna [19] e le hore banna ba boemong ba matla mme ba na le monyetla oa ho bua ka thobalano le takatso, athe takatso ea basali e khutsisitsoe. Basali ba tlameha ho pata takatso ea bona le ho e etsa hore e se ke ea bonahala [19], athe banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba ka e hlahisa pepenene. Ho feta moo, thobalano e bonoa e le kotsi e kholo ho basali hobane ba ka ima, mme le ha banna ba ka tsamaea habonolo boemong bona, basali ba tlameha ho jara boikarabello [18].

Tekanyetso ea thobalano e atoloha mekhatlong ea bapatriareka joalo ka sechaba sa Maarabia. Sechabeng sa Maarabia, mosali o nkoa e le thepa ea monna. Boemo ba hae ha bo tšoane, empa litakatso tsa monna li laola boitšoaro ba hae. Polelo ea basali ea litakatso kapa litakatso tsa botona kapa botšehali tse hananang le monna hangata e nkuoa e le tlolo ea hlompho ea monna le hlompho ea lelapa [20].

Kahoo, banna, kaha ba fuoe maemo a bona a phahameng le pono ea bona ea basali joaloka thepa ea bona, hangata ba betsa basali. Ho bohlokoa ho totobatsa hore mohopolo oa peto ha o eo linaheng tse ngata tsa Maarabia le hore ketso e tla fuoa kotlo ke thobalano e fetelletseng (monna o lumelletsoe ho beta mosali oa hae) [21,22]. Ho latela melao ea linaha tsena, lipaki tsa 4 hangata li hlokahala ho etsa liqoso tsa peto. Ha ho se na lipaki tsa 4, bopaki ba bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ba ho tšehetsa qoso ea peto kapa, ka lehlakoreng le leng, thobalano ea ntle le ho feta ke ho ima ha mosali ka lebaka la peto. Mosali o qosoa 'me o fuoa kotlo ea ho betoa, athe monna ha a qosoe ho hang. Boemo bo khetholla basali ka mokhoa o hlakileng mme bo beha kotlo e habeli ho motho ea hlokofalitsoeng [23]. Linaheng tse ling tsa Maarabia, ho "nolofatsa" tlokotsi ea mosali, ha a fuoe kotlo empa o laeloa ho holisa ngoana a se na ntate (ehlile ho ntša mpa ha hoa lumelloa, esita le maemong a peto) [24]. Taba e 'ngoe e amanang le litekanyetso tse peli ho basali ke polao kamorao ho seo ho thoeng ke tlhompho ea lelapa, e tsejoang hape sechabeng sa Maarabia Iseraeleng. Leha banna ba sa ahloloe ka ho etsa thobalano pele kapa ka ntle ho lenyalo, basali ba ahloloa ke sechaba mme ba bile ba bolaoa ka lebaka le hlalosoang e le "boitšoaro bo sa lokang ba thobalano" [25].

Marang-rang e le mohloli oa tlhaiso-leseling ea thobalano

Lisebelisoa tse lumelloang ke inthanete li thusitse batho ba lilemo tsohle ho sebelisa boitsebiso ba thobalano ka ho fumaneha le lebelo le ammeng le ho fetola tloaelo ea thobalano le tsebo ea bacha.26,27].

Marang-rang a nkuoa e le tikoloho e nang le thobalano ho feta media a mang [28], mme patlisiso e bontšitse hore palo ea bacha bao ka boomo kapa ka phoso ba kopanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang ba eketsehile haholo [29,30].

Marang-rang a lula sebakeng sa bohlokoa bophelong ba bacha ba bangata [29,31,32]. Mohlala, tlhahlobo e entsoeng ke World Internet Report ea batho ba lilemo li 12 ho isa lilemong tsa 14 ho tloha linaheng tsa 13 tse fapaneng ba fumane hore 100% ea Borithane, 98% ea Israele, 96% ea Czech, le 95% ea bacha ba Canada ba tlalehiloe ba sebelisa marang-rang khafetsa [33].

Marang-rang a ka sebeletsa bacha e le mohloli oa phihlello ea litsebo, nts'etsopele ea tsebo e phahameng ea thuto, le boithabiso [34]. Leha ho le joalo, ka nako e ts'oanang, bakeng sa basebelisi ba nang le litšobotsi tse ling tsa sechaba, e ka ba mohloli oa boitšoaro bo kotsi, bo kang ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho lemalla.35,36].

Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bocha

Boemo bo molaong ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa lefatšeng ka bophara bo fapana haholo ho tloha naheng e 'ngoe ho ea ho e' ngoe [37], empa liteko tsa ho thibela ho fihlella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng linaheng tse fapaneng hangata li hlotsoe ka lebaka la ho fihlella habonolo [38]. Boithuto bo hlophisehileng le litlhahlobo li bonts'itse hore bacha ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho tloha lilemong tsa 10 ho isa lilemong tsa 18, leha litekanyetso tsa ho ata lipakeng tsa lithuto li ne li fapana haholo [39].

Bacha ba baholo le bona ba ka pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka "ka monyetla" ha ba sa ikemisetsa ho [40-42]. Ho pepesehela lintho tse pepesitsoeng ka thobalano lilemong tsa bocha ho na le tšusumetso e ikhethang hobane bohlankaneng, mocha o ikutloa a sa tšepe letho ka boitsebahatso ba hae le meeli ea thobalano [43]. Ho feta moo, ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho tloha bonyenyaneng ho ama tsela eo bacha ba nahanang ka litaba tsa thobalano le boits'oaro ba bona ba thobalano. Ho latela tlhahlobo e kholo ea baithuti ba kolecheng ea Amerika, 51% ea banna le 32% ea basali ba amohetse ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lekhetlo la pele pele ba le lilemo tsa 13 [44]. Bakeng sa bacha ba pepesetsoeng litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka lelapeng, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li baka khatello ea maikutlo 'me li eketsa menyetla ea ho ba le maikutlo a fosahetseng ka mofuta oa batho ba bong bo tšoanang.

Bakeng sa bacha ba shebang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, maikutlo a bona ka a bona le a batho ba bang a fetoha ka tsa thobalano, le litebello tsa bona tsa thobalano le boits'oaro li bopetsoe ka mokhoa o loketseng [43-45]. Phuputso ea bacha ba 2343 e fumane hore lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano li eketsa haholo ho hloka botsitso ha bona ka tsa thobalano [43].

Lihlopha tsa lilemo tsa 14-16 le lilemo tsa 16-18 ke lilemo tse hlokolosi bakeng sa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hobane ho tloha lilemong tsa 14 tsa lilemo, bacha ba tobana le khatello e eketsehang ea sechaba ho tsoa sehlopheng sa lithaka tsa bona ho ba le balekane ba lerato [46,47]. Likamano le balekane ba lilemong tsena li susumetsoa ke seo ba se boneng le ho ithuta ho porno.

Ka lebaka la ho ata ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng maemong a setso le a bophelo ba bacha, phuputso e hlophisitsoeng e ile ea tšoaroa 2016 [48], e fumaneng (ntle le phapang ea mekhoa ea lithuto tse fapaneng) ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e ne e amana le maikutlo a lumelloang ka ho kopanela liphate ebile e amana le litumelo tse matla tsa bong ba botona kapa botšehali. E boetse e bonahala e amana le ho hlaha ha thobalano, boiphihlelo bo boholo le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela likobo, le khatello e matla ea thobalano, ka bobeli mabapi le ho tsilatsila le ho hlekefetsoa.

Ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso hangata ho lebisa maemong a tlaase a bacha a boitšepo ba ho itšepa [49], maemo a lokolohileng a thobalano, le tumelo e phahameng ea hore lithaka li kopanela liphate, li tsosa menyetla ea ho qala thobalano e monyane [26].

Bacha ba pepesetsoeng boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano kantle le litloaelo tsa setso ba ka ba le pono e khopameng ea thobalano e le e sa amaneng le lerato le kamano le takatso ea ho etsa thobalano ntle le boitlamo ba maikutlo [50]. Ho kopantsoe ha khatello ea lithaka, ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, le melao ea boitšoaro ea bo-ntate-moholo ho lebisa ho boits'oarong bo kotsi [51].

Boithuto bo bontšitse hore boholo ba bashanyana empa le banana ba tloaetse ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ha ba sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho romella litšoantšo tse litšila ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke bacha hangata ho lebisa ho nyelisong ea thobalano le pefo ea thobalano Inthaneteng. Boithuto bo bontša hore ha ho romellana litšoantšo tse litšila ho romellana melaetsa ho tsamaisana le joala, ho lebisa ho bacha taolong le taolong e ka bang teng ea ho hlekefetsa ka thobalano.52,53]. Ho feta moo, bacha ba pepesetsoeng litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ba ka ba le maemo a tšehetsang “taba ea boloi,” e fanang ka boikarabello ba tlhekefetso ea thobalano le mosali ea hlekefetsoeng [26,54].

Ho na le lithuto tse fokolang mabapi le mekhoa ea ho shebella litaba tsa thobalano le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa linaheng tsa Maarabia har'a batho ba baholo ka kakaretso le bacha ka ho khetheha. Lipatlisiso tse ileng tsa hlahloba taba ena li fumane hore marang-rang a pepesa bacha ba Maarabo likateng tse hanyetsanang le litloaelo tsa bolumeli le setso. Lithuto li fumane hore ka lebaka la ho hatisa le ho shebella linaheng tsa Maarabia, bacha ba fumana tlhaiso-leseling mme ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lenyele [55].

Bacha ba Maarabia ba lulang libakeng tsa boiketlo ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lekunutu eseng feela ka tšabo ea kelello ea karabelo ea batsoali le lipalo tse ling tsa bolaoli maphelong a bona [43] empa hape ka lebaka la phatlalatso ea bolumeli e seng teng bakeng sa bacha ba lefatše ba lulang mekhatlong ea batho ba lokolohileng [56].

Ho fumanoe hore hobane bacha ba Maarabia ba phela lefats'eng le tloaetseng ho khutsisa, boemo ba bona ba ho ba le maikutlo le lithulusi tsa ho hlanya litaba tsa thobalano bo tlase haholo ho feta ba bacha ba Bophirimela [13,57]. Mohlala, thutong ea barutoana ba baholo ba Lebanon, ho ile ha fumaneha hore bongata ba bona ba sebelisitse marang-rang ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho becha [58].

Lithuto tse ngata li etsoa lefatšeng ka bophara mabapi le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe tlhahlobisong e hlophisehileng ea Owens et al [59], ho bohlokoa ho tsoelapele ho ithuta taba ena ka ho khothaletsa lithuto tsa lefats'e. Ho entsoe lithuto tse fokolang ho bacha ba Maarabia mabapi le puo ea thobalano marang-rang a sechaba le tšebeliso ea mekhoa ea mahlale. Boholo ba lithuto tse fumanehang lithutong ke liphuputso tse ngata tse bonts'ang khafetsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le / kapa maikutlo le maikutlo a bacha mabapi le litaba tse ikhethang tseo ba ileng ba botsoa ho tsona ka lipotso tse koetsoeng. Ho na le liphuputso tse fokolang tse fokolang tsa tlhahlobo ea boleng, e leng, lipuisano tse tebileng tsa "sefahleho le sefahleho" tse shebang ka hloko likarolo tsa puo ea thobalano lipakeng tsa bacha ba Maarabo le batsoali ba bona le likheo le likhohlano tse tsoang ho bona .

Ka lebaka la tlhaiso-leseling ea tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le sechaba sena, thuto ena e tla kenya letsoho ho utloisiseng phello ea maikutlo a sechaba, bochaba, le litumelo ho maikutlo a puisano ea thobalano ea bacha ba ma-Arab le bo-mme ba Isiraele. Ntle le moo, thuto e ka fana ka motheo oa ho theha likhothaletso tse behang mohopolo khokahanong ea likotsi inthaneteng ka sepheo sa ho nts'etsapele leano la puisano le atlehileng la thobalano bakeng sa litlhoko tsa bacha ba Maarabia le batsoali ba bona.

maikemisetso

Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho supa litšitiso le mathata a thibelang puisano ea thobalano sechabeng sa Maarabia le ho thusa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho latela maikutlo a bacha le bo-mme.

mekhoa

Moralo oa ho Ithuta le Tlhahlobo

Boithuto bona bo sebelisa lipatlisiso tsa boleng, bo lumellang ho shebella ha ketsahalo e tebileng ka ketsahalo ea barupeluoa. Morero oa mokhoa oa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa boleng bo hloahloa ke ho utloisisa ketsahalo e ithutoang ka ho sekaseka liphihlelo tsa sechaba se itseng, ka sepheo sa ho khetha sehlopha se nang le tsebo se se e emelang ka nnete [60].

Patlisiso ea Baahi

Kakaretso ea likarabo tsa 40 e ile ea botsoa bakeng sa thuto ena. Phuputso ena e ne e le bacha ba 20 ba lilemong tsa bocha tsa Maarabia (Lethathamo 1) ka lihlopha tsa lilemo tsa 2, tseo, ho latela lingoliloeng, li maemong a fapaneng a ntlafatso: lilemo tsa 14-16 le lilemo tsa 16-18 [61]. Ntle le moo, bo-'mè ba 20 (Lethathamo 2) ea bacha ba botsona ka bobeli ba ileng ba botsoa lipotso. Ke bo-'mè feela ba khethiloeng eseng bo-ntate ka khopolo ea hore banna sechabeng sa Maarabia ba ka hana ho ba le puisano mabapi le thobalano ka kakaretso, mme haholo-holo bo-ntate ba bara.

Ts'ebetso ea ho hira le puisano

Ho ile ha kenngoa kopo ho Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Boiketlo ba Sechaba le Boitšoaro ea Bophelo bakeng sa lipatlisiso le lithuto tsa batho Univesithing ea Haifa, mme tumello e felletseng ea boitšoaro (no.439 / 17) e ile ea fanoa. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hapuoa ka ho etsa sampole ea likolo tsa Maarabe a Nazaretha, Kafr Sullam, Reina, Kafr Nin, le Ein Mahel. Likolo tsena li ile tsa khethoa ho fihlela boemo ba bophelo ba bacha lilemong. Bafuputsi ba ile ba ea likolong tse fapaneng tsa Nasaretha le libaka tse ba potolohileng ho ea lata bacha ba merabe e fapaneng — Mamoseleme le Bakreste. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore mocha oa Nazaretha o phela tikolohong e kopaneng ea litoropong ho kenyeletsa le Bajude. Tikoloho ena e fapane hole le thoko ea baahi ba Maarabo a hloekileng joalo ka metseng ea Kafr Sullam, Reina, Kafr Nin, le Ein Mahel.

Bo-'mè ba bashanyana le banana ba ile ba atameloa ka lihlopha tsa WhatsApp. Mokhoa o hlahisitse sepheo sa lipatlisiso mme o fane ka tlhahisoleseling ea 1 ea bafuputsi le memo ea ho ikopanya le eena. Mofuputsi o ile a kopa bo-'mè tumello ea ho buisana le bana ba bona. Kamora tumello ea bo-mme, mofuputsi o ile a ikopanya le bacha mme a kopa tumello ea bona ea ho nka karolo thutong. Ntle le moo, bo-mme ba ne ba atameloa ka thoko. Ho ke ho hlokomeloe hore ho ile ha etsoa qeto ea ho se buisane le bacha bao bo-'m'a bona ba amohetseng hore ho buisanoe le bona bakeng sa ho lumella batho ba botsoang lipotso hore ba bue ka bolokolohi. Lipuisano le bacha li ne li tšoareloa kae kapa kae moo batho ba buisanang le bona ba ikutloa ba phutholohile, hangata malapeng a bona kapa lirapeng tsa boikhathollo.

Tafole 1. Bafuputsi ba lilemong tsa bocha: datha ea sechaba sa batho ba bangata. Sheba tafole ena

Tafole 2. Lintlha tsa sechaba le litaba tsa sechaba tse mabapi le lipotso tsa bo-'mèa. Sheba tafole ena

Puisano le bo-mme e ile ea etsoa malapeng a bona. Lipuisano li nkile pakeng tsa metsotso ea 45 le hora ea 1 mme li entsoe ke 1 ea bafuputsi ba neng ba koetliselitsoe ho etsa lipuisano tsa maemo. Lipuisano li ile tsa tlalehoa tsa ba tsa hatisoa.

Lisebelisoa tsa Patlisiso

Boikhethelo ba lipotso tseo motho a li botsoang ho e-na le ho tsepamisa maikutlo li ile tsa etsoa ho fa lipotso ho itšepa ho bua ka bolokolohi ka taba e thata. Liprotheine tse hlophisitsoeng hantle li ne li hlophiselitsoe lipuisano, li fetoloa ho litlatsetso tsa lipatlisiso. Puisano e ile ea tšoaroa ka Searabia, puo ea bona ea bankakarolo. Ntle le moo, protocol ea 2 e etselitsoe thuto ena: bakeng sa bacha le bo-mme. Liprotheine tsa bacha ba Maarabo li kenyelelitse lipotso mabapi le maikutlo a puisano ea thobalano le lithaka le batsoali, tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le thobalano le thobalano, le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Protocol ea lipuisano le bo-mme e kenyelelitse lipotso mabapi le likamano tsa bona le bana ba bona ba lilemong tsa bocha, puo ea thobalano lapeng, mehloli ea tlhaiso-leseling ka thobalano ea bana ba bona, le thuto ea thobalano.

Boitsebiso ba Lintlha

Se fumanoeng se ile sa hlahlojoa ke mokhoa oa ho sekaseka litaba [62] Ho sebelisa ts'ebetso e latelang: mohatong oa pele, lihlooho li ile tsa hlahlojoa le ho ngolisoa bakeng sa sechaba ka seng, bacha le bo-mme, ka thoko, ha ba ntse ba thathamisa lihlooho le lihlooho tse tlase. Karolong ea bobeli, lihlooho tse ileng tsa hlaha har'a lihlopha tsa lipatlisiso tsa 3 — bacha ba lilemo tsa 14-16, bacha ba lilemo tse 16-18, le bo-'mè ba ile ba hlahlojoa le ho kh'outa. Boemong ba boraro, sehlotšoana se seng le se seng se ne se kopantsoe ka thoko; lipuisano tsohle tsa bacha lilemong tsa sehlopha ka seng le sa bo-mme li ne li kopantsoe ka thoko. Karolong ea hoqetela, lihlopha tse kopaneng tsa super li thehiloe bakeng sa lipalo tsohle tsa lipatlisiso.

Ho nepahala le ho tšepahala

Lipuisano li ile tsa tlalehoa, tsa hatisoa, 'me tsa kenngoa ka bukaneng ea tšimo. Sena se nolofalletse tlhahlobo ea netefatso ea tlhaiso-leseling e fumanoeng ho tsoa ho bankakarolo le taolo ea tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso tse fumanoeng ke bafuputsi [63].

Karolelano ea tšimo e kenyelelitse lintlha tsa nako le sebaka seo motho a botsoang lipotso ho sona, matla a seboka nakong ea kopano, ho hanyetsoa ke lipotso ha motho a botsoa lipotso le likarabelo tse sa sebetseng (tse kang boitšisinyo ba 'mele kapa sefahleho) tse ke keng tsa lekanngoa ho tsoa sengoloa sa Puisano. Ha ho fanoa ka maikutlo a taba ea thobalano ho bacha le bo-mme, lingoloa tsa bafuputsi le ho nahanisisa ka ts'ebetso ena e ne e le sesebelisoa sa ho lokisa le ho ntlafatsa puo le batho ba botsoang lipotso le ho fana ka setšoantšo se akaretsang sa lintlha ka botlalo.

Liprotheine tsa lipuisano li ne li entsoe ka Sehebera ebe li fetoleloa ka Searabia, puo ea matsoalloa a bafuputsi, ebe li fetoleloa ho tloha ho Searabia ho ea Seheberng ho ea batla polelo. Lipuisano li ile tsa ngoloa ka Searabia ke 1 ea bafuputsi ba tsebang Searabia le Sehebera hantle. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, mekhahlelo e mengata ea pokello ea data le ho hlahlojoa e entsoe: sefofane sa ho hlahloba liprothane le bo-'mè ba 2 le bacha ba 2, likopano tse kopaneng tsa bafuputsi nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho bokella data, ho bala lingoliloeng le bafuputsi ba 2 ka thoko, le qeto ea mekhahlelo mme e fetisa tumellano pakeng tsa bafuputsi. Ho feta moo, barupeluoa ba ithutoang ba emetse litlatsetso tse fapaneng (bacha lilemong ka lihlopha tsa bo-mme le bo-mme), tse ka matlafatsang ts'epahalo le bonnete ba se fumanoeng mabapi le ketsahalo e ithutileng [62].

Results

Liphetho tse kholo

Liphetho tsa mantlha tse hlahileng lipuisanong le bacha le bo-mme li bontša lihlooho tsa 4 tse bohareng. Sehlooho sa pele ke ho ba sieo ha puo ea thobalano lipakeng tsa bacha le batsoali ba bona. Phetoho ea marang-rang ea theknoloji e lebisitse ho fumaneheng le phihlelong ea litaba tsa thobalano empa ha ea ka ea ntšetsa pele puisano pakeng tsa bacha le batsoali ba bona, 'me puo ea thobalano e ntse e le mathata sechabeng. Sehlooho sa bobeli se kenyelelitse lits'itiso tse thibelang puo ea thobalano: tloaelehileng, tumelo, setso le maikutlo (sheba lintlha ka tlase). Sehlooho sa boraro ke hore sebaka sa marang-rang se hlahisa khohlano e ikhethang bakeng sa bacha ba Maarabia ho tsoa sechabeng se sireletsehileng pakeng tsa ho khahloa ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litloaelo tsa moetlo. Sehlooho sa bone ke litlamorao tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.

Ho se be teng lipuisanong tsa botona le botšehali pakeng tsa bacha le batsoali ba bona

Bacha bohle (n = 20), ntle ho khethollo, o hatelletse hore thobalano le thobalano ha li tsamaee 'me ha ho na puisano pakeng tsa bona le batsoali ba bona. Mohlala, 1 ea bashanyana e itse:

Sechabeng sa rona batsoali ha ba bue ka thobalano. Ba nka hore taba ena e hlokolosi ebile e thibetsoe, ka hona rona re le bacha re batla mokhoa o mong oa ho utloisisa lefatše la thobalano…

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bo-'mè ba Maarabia (n = 20) le bona ba hatelletse taba ea hore litaba tsa thobalano le puo ea thobalano ke taba e etsahalang sechabeng mme ke e 'ngoe ea mabaka a ho se be le puo ea thobalano le bana ba bona. Mohlala, 1 ea bo-mme e itse:

Ha ke tsebe batsoali ba nang le puo ea thobalano le bana ba bona ba lilemong tsa bocha. Sechabeng sa rona ho thibetsoe ho bua ka eona. U e tlohela ho fihlela ba kena lenyalong ebe ba ithuta ntho e ngoe le e ngoe ba le bang… Sechaba sa rona ha se bue ka lintho tse joalo.

Boholo ba bo-mme ba neng ba le thutong (n = 18) ba ne ba e-na le puo ea matla ea thobalano le barali ba bona, e neng e lekanyelitsoe ho ntlafalo ea 'mele, empa ba ne ba sa bue ka liphetoho tsa' mele le bara ba bona. E mong oa bo-mme a re o hlalosetsa banana ba hae hore ba fetohile 'me o lumella monna oa hae hore a bue le bara ba bona.

Ee, re buisana ka litaba tse amanang le bohlankana, liphetoho tse etsahalang 'meleng oa hau, ke bua ka "linako" le barali ba ka ho feta ho bara ba ka. Ha ke bue le bona, ho boima ho 'na! Ha ho tluoa ho bashanyana, ke e siea ho ntate oa bona, le hoja boholo ba nako a sa bonts'e thahasello.

Puisano liphuputsong e fumane hore bo-'mè ba bang (n = 14) ba hatelletse hore puisano le bashanyana e lebisitse ho li-STD feela ho ba lemosa le ho ba tšosa ka litlamorao tsa ho ba le thobalano pele ho lenyalo. Mohlala, 1 ea bo-mme ba bara a re:

Ntho ea bohlokoahali ho nna ke ho bua ka mafu a likobo a kang AIDS. Ke lula ke mo tšosa hore ke lefu le sa phekoleheng. Mang kapa mang ea tšoeroeng ke AIDS o shoa butle, o lahloa ke sechaba sa habo rona. Motho ea nang le lefu leo ​​o nkoa a nyonyeha, a khopame ebile a "hanetsoe" thobalano. Ke sebelisa mokhoa oa tšoso ho etsa bonnete ba hore ha a kopanele liphate.

Lethathamo 3 e hlahisa lits'itiso tse hlahisitsoeng ke batho ba botsoang lipotso mabapi le ho se be teng puong ea thobalano le bana ba bona.

Khohlano: Ho hohela litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso mabapi le litloaelo tsa setso

Bacha ba boletse hore bohelehele le ho se be teng puong lapeng ho lebisitse ho bona ba bangata ho batla leseli marang-rang mme haholoholo ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Bashemane bohle ba lipuisano (n = 10) ba tlaleha hore ba shebella lifilimi tsa bootsoa. Mohlala, 1 ea bashanyana e itse:

Metsoalle ea ka eo ke kenang sekolo le eona e kena liwebsaeteng tseo. Ba shebella tsohle tse amanang le thobalano. Thobalano joalo joalo. Hobane ba batla ho tseba lefatše leo.

Ha e le banana, setšoantšo se rarahaneng haholoanyane se hlahile lipuisanong. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, banana ba bangata (n = 6) ba hanne ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​empa ka lehlakoreng le leng, banana bohle ba boletse hore metsoalle ea bona ea basali e na le eona. Ho ka nahanoa hore ha se banana bohle ba shebang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​empa ka lebaka la lihlong ho amohela seo ka kotloloho, ba khetha ho bolela hore metsoalle ea bona ea basali ke bona ba e etsang. Ntle le moo, banana ba bolela khahloa le boiphetetso ba bona ka ho sebetsana le thobalano.

Tafole 3. Lithibelo tse thibelang puo ea thobalano. Shebisisa tafole ena

Mohlala, motho ea lipotso tsa 1 o itse:

Kamehla ke ne ke nahana hore bokhachane bo etsahetse nakong eo kako ea monna le mosali e aka. Kapa ha mosali a noa metsi khalase ea monna. Ba ile ba ntlhalosetsa hore tlhaiso-leseling ea ka e ne e fosahetse. Ba ile ba mpolella 'nete. Ke ne ke sa rate moqoqo mme ka lebaka leo ke ile ka tlohela moqoqo / sehlopha.

Lipuisano li bontša hore bacha ba bangata ba bontšitse ntoa ea kahare lipakeng tsa maikutlo a bona a ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tsa setso. Boholo ba bashanyana (n = 9) ba tlalehile hore ba ikutloa ba le molato ka lebaka la thuto e hlokolosi eo ba e fumaneng sechabeng sa bona le ho batsoali. Mohlala, 1 ea bashanyana e hatelletse:

Ka lehlakoreng le leng rea tseba hore ha ea lumelloa, ka lehlakoreng le leng rea e batla ebile rea e hloka. 'Me u ikutloa u le molato nako le nako ha u shebella.

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, moshanyana e mong o arolelana seo:

Ho na le khohlano ea ka hare le bothata ba letsoalo, hobane ka lehlakoreng le leng bashanyana ba batla ho shebella lifilimi mme ba tseba tsohle, ho fumana boiphihlelo le maikutlo, mme ka lehlakoreng le leng ba tseba hore ho fosahetse ebile ho thibetsoe tumelo, batsoali ba rona se ke oa e amohela.

Ho ne ho na le bashanyana (n = 7) ba tlalehileng hore ha ba ikutloe ba le molato ha ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​empa ba ikutloa ba le molato ha feela ba qeta ho e shebella:

Ha re ntse re shebelle ha ho na likhohlano hobane re tsepamisitse maikutlo lifiliming. Khohlano e ka hare, letsoalo, pakeng tsa ho tseba hore e thibetsoe le ho ja porno, e hlahella kamora hore filimi e felile.

Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, banana ba boletse hore metsoalle ea bona ea shebella empa ha ba e shebelle. Ba boletse molato o tsamaeang le ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. E mong ea neng a botsoa lipotso o re:

Ke nahana hore ba ikutloa ba le molato, hobane ba tseba hore sena sohle se khahlanong le setso le melao ea rona ea boitšoaro. Ke na le bonnete ba hore likhohlano li mpefetse ho banana, hobane setjhaba sa rona se beha ntlha mme se tšaba eng kapa eng e etsahallang ngoanana. Ua tseba ebile mohlomong o utloile ka linyeoe tsa banana ba bolailoeng, ka hona banana ba ho etsa ka lekunutu 'me ba ba le likhohlano tse kholo.

Puisano le bo-mme e bontšitse hore bo-'mè ba bashanyana ba tseba hore ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​athe bo-'mè ba banana ba ikemiselitse ho hana hore banana ba bona ba etsa joalo. 'Mè e mong o itse ho na le phapano lipakeng tsa seo mopatriareka oa Arabia a lumellang bashanyana le banana:

Rona joaloka bo-'m'ae rea tseba hore bashanyana ba rona ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mme ba bua ka tseo ba li shebileng, empa rea ​​e hlokomoloha ebe re fetela pele! Empa sechabeng sa Maarabia ha ho joalo ka banana. Re qobella mesebetsi eohle ea ntlo ho bona, ntle le mosebetsi oa sekolo, hore ba se be le nako ea ho nahana ka 'takatso ea thobalano'. Ba bang ba khetha ho ba nyala ba sa le banyenyane hore ba lule ba hlomphuoa ka lapeng.

E hlahile hara bacha hore le ha boitšoaro bo le kotsi joalo ka ho noa joala le ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho kopanela liphate pele ho lenyalo e ntse e le tšitiso ea bohlokoa ho bona. Bashemane (n = 9) o hlokometse hore ba hanana le thobalano pele ho lenyalo hobane e senya taelo e nepahetseng ea likamano:

Ho joalo, ke khahlanong le thobalano ea pele ho lenyalo hobane haeba re e etsa pele ho lenyalo, takatso ea lenyalo ea theoha, 'me qetellong boholo ba bacha ha bo na ho nyaloa.

Bacha ba bang (n = 18) le bo-mme (n = 20) ba hlalositse hore ba hanana le thobalano pele ho lenyalo ka lebaka la tumelo ea Boislamo, e phatlalatsang likamano tsa thobalano ntle le kahlolo ea bolumeli pele ho lenyalo. 'Mè e mong o itse:

Ke khahlanong le thobalano pele ho lenyalo. Pele ho tsohle, e thibetsoe ke bolumeli ba rona. Taba ea bobeli, ha e amohelehe sechabeng sa rona. Taba ea boraro ke nahana hore e senya ts'epo e pakeng tsa ngoanana le batsoali ba hae.

Tlhompho ea lelapa le eona ke 1 ea lintho tse ka sehloohong tse sitisang bacha ho etsa thobalano pele ho lenyalo. E mong oa bashanyana o e hlalositse ka tsela e latelang:

Sechaba sa rona ha se e amohele. Ke "bomalimabe" mme ha ba fumana motho ea entseng thobalano sephetho ke “ho ipolaea” kapa ho thibella sebakeng se itseng.

Ho feta moo, 1 ea bashemane e itse haeba ngoanana a ka ba le thobalano pele ho lenyalo o tla hlahisoa e le "thepa e sebelisitsoeng":

Banna ba lumelloa ho etsa ntho e ngoe le e ngoe, esita le thobalano pele ho lenyalo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, banana ha ba lumelloe ho etsa thobalano pele ho lenyalo hobane ho seng joalo ba nkuoa e le ba pelehi.

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, banana ba boletse hore haeba ngoanana a ima pele ho lenyalo, ha a na bokamoso. Mohlala:

Batsoali ba rona ba re rutile hore ngoanana ea kopanelang liphate pele ho lenyalo a ke ke a nyaloa. Hobane ha ho motho ea tla amohela seo.

Ha e le ho ima pele ho lenyalo, bo-'mè bohle, haholo-holo bo-'mè ba banana (n = 17), ba hatelletse maikutlo a taba eo mme ba re ketsahalo e joalo e ka ba le theko e boima.

Bacha ba hatelletse hore ngoanana ea emereng pele ho lenyalo ha a ee ho batsoali ba hae ho ea fumana tharollo ea bothata ba hae. Ba bang ba bashanyana (n = 8) ba phatlalalitse hore ngoanana o tla kopa thuso ho mohlankana oa hae. Mohlala:

Ke nahana hore o tla ea ho mang kapa mang eo a robalang le eena mme ba tla nahana hammoho ka ho ntša mpa. Haeba moshemane a hana kapa a qoba, ke nahana hore o tla ea ho kharebe ea hae kapa khaitseli. Kapa o ne a tla pata le ho pata moimana mme a ntše mpa ntle le mang kapa mang ea tsebang.

Bacha ba bang, haholo-holo banana (n = 9), ba ne ba nahana hore ngoanana a ke ke a ea ho mang kapa mang bakeng sa thuso hobane ha ho na motho ea ka mo thusang. Mohlala:

Seo ke boemo bo thata haholo. Ha ke tsebe hore na o tla bua, ha ho na motho ea ka mo thusang, ke nahana hore o tla fumana tharollo a le mong.

Leha ho le joalo, banana ba bang ba hatisitse hore leha ba tšaba batsoali ba bona, ke bona feela batho ba ka thusang ngoanana:

Hore na ho thata hakae hape ho latela lilemo tsa hae. Haeba a ne a le 18 ho ne ho tla ba thata haholo ho feta haeba a ne a le 16 kapa 17. Ke nahana hore o tla ea ho batsoali ba hae hobane maemong a joalo ke batsoali ba hae feela ba tla khona ho thusa.

Liphello tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro — Ho Hlekefetsa Batho ba Bangata le Thobalano

Leha bo-mme ba bashanyana ba ne ba iphoufaletse, bo-'mè ba bangata (n = 16) ba bontšitse tšabo le matšoenyeho ka lifilimi tseo bara ba bona ba li shebileng le litlamorao tsa thuto ea bana ba bona ea thobalano:

U hloka ho utloisisa hore bophelo ha bo tšoane le filimi. Ka bobeli bong le tsela eo ba etsang thobalano ka eona e hlahisoa ka mokhoa o nyonyehang, mme ka lebaka leo ba sheba thobalano e fapaneng ka botlalo ho feta bophelong. Ha ke nahane hore lifilimi tseo ba li shebang li na le tlhaiso-leseling e nepahetseng. Ho shebella ho baka temallo le tlhalo. Ke tseba ka makhetlo a mangata ha monna le mosali ba hlalana hobane a mo kopa hore a etse lintho tse tšoanang le tseo a li shebileng. Sena se tla baka likhohlano ebe se fela ka tlhalo.

Ho ea ka bacha, ho pepesetsoa lifilimi tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka thobalano le litaba tsa thobalano le hona ho lebisa ho tsietsing, ho hlekefetsoeng ka thobalano le tlhekefetso ea motabo. Mohlala, boholo ba bacha (n = 18) ba boletse ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano marang-rang ka ho romella livideo le litšoantšo tsa banana ba hlobotseng. E mong oa bashanyana o ile a re:

Ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano ha se peto feela, kajeno ho na le linyeoe tse ngata tsa bashanyana le banana ba sokelang le ho nyenyefatsa, joalo ka litšoantšo le lifilimi tse litšila. Kajeno ho na le ntho e makatsang ea hore banana ba romella litšoantšo tsa bona ba hlobotse.

'Mè e mong o buile kamoo ho se be le puo ea thobalano ho lebisang tlhekefetsong ea thobalano le tlhekefetso sechabeng sa Maarabia:

Khafetsa ha re lumelle banana ho tseba ka thobalano, 'me ka lehlakoreng le leng rea tseba hore bashanyana bohle ba shebelle mme ba batla tlhaiso-leseling ea thobalano marang-rang. Ke bua ka libaka tsa bootsoa. Boholo ba tlhaiso-leseling eo ba e fumanang e fosahetse. E bonts'oa ke sekhahla sa tlhekefetso ea thobalano le linyeoe tsa peto, tseo re utloang ka tsona letsatsi le leng le le leng litabeng.

Boholo ba bo-'mè ba banana (n = 16) ba hatelletse bohlokoa ba ho lemosa barali ba bona khahlano le tlhekefetso ea thobalano marang-rang ka lebaka la ho fumaneha le ho fumaneha ha li-software tse thusang ho tsamaisa litšoantšo le livideo tse seng molaong ka potlako.

Ke ile ka mo joetsa hore ha re lumelloe ho nka litšoantšo tsa rona le ho li romella lihlopheng tsa WhatsApp hobane ho na le batho ba bangata ba nkang monyetla ka litšoantšo tseo le ho li fetola.

Bashemane (n = 9) le banana (n = 7) ba hatelletse hore ho ba sieo ha thuto ea thobalano sekolong ho ba lebisa ho batla tlhaiso-leseling ho tsoa mehloling e meng le hore thuto ea thobalano moleng oa sekolo e ka thusa bacha:

Ho bohlokoa haholo ho bua sekolong hobane sechaba sa rona ha se bue ebile ha se re lumelle ho bua ka thobalano kapa thuto ea thobalano. Ha ho na tlhokomeliso ka litaba tsena tse mahlonoko. Rona joaloka bacha re ea le ho sheba libakeng tse fosahetseng. Ka thuto ea thobalano, u ka etsa hore batho bohle ba be le pono e ntle ka thobalano.

Monyetla o mong oa thuto ea thobalano o boletsoeng ke palo e kholo ea bashanyana (n = 10) o amana le ho fokotsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano le boits'oaro bo bong bo kotsi. Mohlala:

Ke nahana hore e bohlokoa haholo hobane rona re le bashanyana le banana ha re tsebe moo re ka fumanang leseli lena. Batsoali ba rona ha ba bue ebile ha ba bue le sekolong. Ho hlokahala hore bonyane ho be le mohloli o le mong o re lebisang nqa e nepahetseng. Hape ho na le monyetla o motle oa hore lipuo tse mabapi le thuto ea thobalano li ka fokotsa linyeoe tsa tlhekefetso ea motabo, peto joalo-joalo.

Puisano

Sephetho sa mantlha

Le ha ho na le liphetoho tse ngata tse etsahalang mekhatlong ea Maarabo ka lebaka la kamano ea tsona le Bophirima, taba ea thobalano e ntse e le sepheo [64]. Taboo e bonahetse le thutong ena. Bacha le bo-mme ba thutong ena ba boletse litšitiso tsa bolumeli, setso le maikutlo tse ba thatafalletsang ho bua ka tsa thobalano ka lapeng. Puo ea thobalano lilemong tsa bocha e lekanyelitsoe feela likarolong tse ling tsa 'mele tse kang tsa banana tse fumanang linako tsa bona. Khopolo e kholo ke hore thobalano ha ea lokela ho tšohloa, hore likamano tsa botona le botšehali pele ho lenyalo ha e lumelloe ke bolumeli, le hore puo ea thobalano e ka tiisa thobalano pele ho lenyalo. Lingoliloeng li bontša hore ho sa natsoe litaba tsa bolumeli le setso, bacha ba Maarabo ba etsa thobalano pele ho lenyalo [4,64]. Puisano le bacha le bo-'mè bocha thutong ena e boetse e fumane hore 'nete ea' nete e fapane le pono e hlokometsoeng. Ka holimo, bo-'mè ba hlokometse hore mongolo oa liketso tsa thobalano ke bacha o hatisitsoe, empa litemoso tsa bo-'mè ho bashanyana ba bona hore ba hlokomele likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka lebaka la ho tšaba ho tšoaroa ke mafu a likobo li bontša hore ba ela hloko hore bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha ba tla ba le pele ho lenyalo. thobalano. Se fumanoeng ke boithuto bona se bontša ka matla setšoantšo se tummeng sa mopatriareka [22,65].

Se fumanoeng ke lipatlisiso tsena se bontša ketsahalo ea "tloaelo ea thobalano," e bolelang tumelo e atileng ea hore boitšoaro ba thobalano bo ahloloa ka tsela e fapaneng ho latela bong ba motho ea etsang thobalano.15]. Bashemane le banna ho nahanoa hore ba fumana thoriso le litšobotsi tse ntle tse tsoang ho batho ba bang bakeng sa likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse sa nyalanang, athe banana le basali ho lumeloa hore ba khesoa le ho khesoa ka boits'oaro bo ts'oanang. Ka mantsoe a mang, banna ba putsoa ka ketso ea thobalano, athe basali ba nyelisoa ka lebaka le tšoanang.17,18]. Ka mokhoa o tšoanang thutong ena, bashanyana le banana ba boletse hore ngoanana ke eena ea tla lefa ka theko e phahameng haholo. Ke ngoanana ea neng a tla ahloloa ka lapeng le sechabeng; ho feta moo, bophelo ba hae bo ka ba kotsing, ka lebaka la ho nyenyefatsa tlhompho ea lelapa. Liphumano tse hlahisitsoeng thutong ena li lumellana le lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso tse bonts'ang hore banna sechabeng sa Maarabia ba na le tokoloho ea thobalano ea ho etsa lintho ntle le ho senya likamano tsa malapa, ho fapana le basali ba tlamehang ho hatella litaelo tse ngata ho boloka khotso malapeng le tlhompho ea lelapa [65]. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore mopatriareka oa sechaba sa Maarabia o boetse o bonahatsoa ke tšebeliso ea litsoantso tsa inthanete tse tlalehiloeng marang-rang [66]. Bashemane thutong ena ba tlalehile hore ba shebile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho fapana le banana, ba hanneng ho etsa joalo empa ba lumela ho etsa joalo ka tsela e sa tobang ka ho tlaleha hore metsoalle ea bona ea basali ba e bone.

Liphumano tsena li bonts'a mokhoa o kahare oa mofuta oa bong ke mocha, ke hore, thobalano le takatso ha se tšehali; leha ho le joalo, li lebelletsoe ho banna. Botaleli bo hahiloe ka tlas'a leihlo la monna [19]. Kahoo, banna ba maemong a matla mme ba na le monyetla oa ho bua ka thobalano le takatso, athe takatso ea basali e khutsisitsoe. Ntle le moo, liphumano tsa boithuto li bonts'a tekanyetso ea maemo a mabeli a botona le botšehali ke bo-mme lipatlisisong tsena. Joalokaha Milhausen le Herold [15] supa, ha se banna feela ba kenyang litekanyetso tse habeli maemong a mangata, basali le bona ba etsa joalo.

Bo-'mè lithutong tsena ba ne ba tloaetse ho iphapanyetsa taba ea hore bara ba bona ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; leha ho le joalo, ba ile ba hana hore barali ba bona le bona ba ka phela ka tsela e tšoanang. Ho ka thoe, ho na le thibelo e akaretsang khahlanong le thobalano ea thobalano le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka bobeli bakeng sa bashanyana le banana, empa maikutlo a mamello a bo-'mè mabapi le boitšoaro ba bacha ba banna a hatisa taba ea ho ba le banana ba lilemong tsa bocha. Ke 'nete hore bo-'mè, batho ba baholo ba basali, ke bona ba fetisang pono ea mopatriareka. Ba bolela hore basali ke bona ba tlasa tlatsetso ea ho qoba ho ba "banana ba babe" ba nang le takatso ea thobalano le ba etsang thobalano le motho eo ba mo ratang.19]. Ba tiisa hore basali ba lokela ho ahloloa habohloko ho feta banna ka lebaka la ho etsa thobalano le hore basali ba lokela ho “itlhompha ka ho feta”67].

Ho feta moo, bo-'mè ba bang thutong ena ba tlaleha hore ba qoba ho bua le bana ba bona hobane ba tšaba khalefo ea ntate ea leng ka lapeng ea ke keng a mamella puisano e joalo. Ntle le moo, se hlahang thutong ena ke puo e fetelletseng e sebetsanang le boits'oaro bo bong bo kotsi sechabeng sa Maarabia, e leng, thibelo e akaretsang khahlanong le se hlileng se etsahalang. Mohlala, thibelo ho Islam ea ho noang joala le bosholu ba lekunutu ke bacha ba Mamoseleme ha batsoali ba sa e ele hloko.68].

Se fumanoeng ke lipatlisiso tsena se boetse se bonts'a ho ts'oana le ho qhoebeshana ha kahare ho bacha ba ikutloang ka ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Bacha ba ikutloa ba le molato nakong ea ha ba e shebella le ka mor'a eona. Ba re maikutlo ana a hlaha ka lebaka la khohlano ea boitšoaro bo pakeng tsa boleng ba sejoale-joale le setso. Khohlano e matla ea kahare eo ba ikutloang e lumellana le lithuto tse bonts'ang botebo boo ho bona bacha ba Maarabo ba fumanang khohlano lipakeng tsa sejoale-joale le boleng ba moetlo [10]. Khohlano ena e matlafatsoa ke phetohelo e ncha ea mecha ea litaba, e entseng hore litaba tsa thobalano li fihlellehe ka tsela eo ho neng ho se mecha e meng ea litaba e kileng ea e etsa. Ho feta moo, ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho susumetsa tsela eo bacha ba buisanang ka thobalano le bona ka tsela eo ba itšoarang ka eona. Bacha ba tlaleha tlhekefetso ea thobalano e etsahalang sebakeng sa bona sa boithabiso ka mor'a ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Ho pepesetsoa lifilimi tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka thobalano le litaba tsa thobalano ho ea ka bacha bao ho buisanoeng le bona, le ho nyefola, ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano le tlhekefetso ea thobalano. Boitšoaro bona bo boetse bo fumanoe lithutong tse ling tsa bacha lefatšeng ka bophara [12,59,69] le sechabeng sa Maarabia ka ho khetheha.

sheba mefokolo ea

Meeli ea thuto ena ke hore thuto e tšoaneleha, ka hona, e ke ke ea emela bongata bohle. Leha ho le joalo, ke lipatlisiso feela tse nang le tšebeliso tse ntle tse ka etsang hore ho khonehe ho tsamaisa moqoqo o tebileng ka litaba tsa thobalano, e leng taba e qobang sechaba. Ka lebaka la maikutlo a feteletseng a taba eo, lipuisano li ne li ke ke tsa tšoaroa le bo-ntate.

Lithuto tse latelang li kanna tsa khona ho kenyelletsa lipuisano le bo-ntate ho hlakisa litaba tsa puisano ea thobalano le ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho bohlokoa haholo ho leka ho etsa lithuto tse latelang tseleng eo puisano ea thobalano e tšoaroang ka eona le hore na e susumetsa boitšoaro ba thobalano le pefo ea ka lapeng. Lithuto tse latelang li ka etsa moralo oa ho lekola boits'oaro bo kotsi lihlopheng tse fapaneng tsa bacha.

Nahanisisa

Ho bonahala ka ho hlaka lithuto hore ntoa ena e lipakeng tsa litloaelo le litso tsa sejoale-joale, e bapalang kelello ea bacha; ho ba sieo ha thuto ea thobalano; tlhoko ea bacha ea ho batla leseli; le ho pepesetsoa ha bona litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro marang-rang kaofela ho totobatsa tlhoko ea ho fetola puo le ho fana ka lisebelisoa tse sebetsang ho sebetsana le boemo bona bo hanyetsanang. Sephetho le likeletso tse hlahang thutong ke hore ha hoa lekana ho fetisa tlhaiso-leseling le lintlha tsa nnete joalokaha ho se ho etsahetse ho fihlela joale ka tsamaiso ea sekolo. Hoa hlokahala ho fumana mokhoa oa ho khothatsa moqoqo o nang le morero ho thibela litlamorao tse mabifi tsa ho ba sieo ha eona. Ho hlahisa puo ea thobalano le ho e laola ka mokhoa o laoloang, pepeneneng, le ka mokhoa o nyarosang ho ka thusa bacha ho etsa liqeto tse nang le tsebo e batsi mabapi le ho batla litaba tsa thobalano, ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le boitšoaro ba thobalano.

lumela hore baa fokola

Bangoli ba rata ho leboha barupeluoa ba ithutoang le babuelli ba sa tsejoeng ka litlhaloso le litlhahiso tsa bona tsa bohlokoa ho ntlafatsa boleng ba pampiri.

Likhohlano tsa Thahasello

Ha ho letho le boletsoeng.

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