Maikutlo: Ha ke na bonnete ba hore na hobaneng ke na le sena mona ha lipatlisiso li akaretsa litaba tsohle, ntle le Marang-rang. Mona ke bothata ba thuto efe kapa efe e bonts'a kamano lipakeng tsa litaba tsa thobalano tse sebelisitsoeng le thobalano ha e na thuso. Hobane'ng? Bacha ba bangata ba sebelisitseng litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng ba tletleba ka ho khahloa ke banana ba 'nete, mohlomong ED, mme hangata e le matšoenyeho a sechaba.
J Jala Res. 2009 Nov-Dec; 46 (6): 586-96. Doi: 10.1080 / 00224490902898736.
Hennessy M, Bleakley A, Fishbein M, Jordane A.
mohloli o moholo
Setsi sa Maano a Sechaba, Univesithi ea Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA. [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
inahaneloang
morero
Ho hakanya kamano e teng lipakeng tsa boitsoaro ba bongoaneng le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano.
mekhoa
Sampole ea tlhahlobo ea maqhubu a malelele a mararo (N = 506) ea lilemo tsa 14-16 tsa selemo sa selemo e hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa li-curves tsa kholo.
Results
Lits'oants'o tsa kholo ea ho hola li tsamaellana le boitšoaro ba thobalano empa eseng bakeng sa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano. Matšoao a matsoalo a pepesitseng ha a na botle bo tšoanang: Babuelli ba Spain le Maafrika le Maamerika ba bontša ho theoha ha litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano ho feta lilemoe.
Nahanisisa
Leha liphetoho tsa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano li tsamaisana haholo le phetoho mekhoeng ea thobalano har'a makhooa, ho na le kamano e fokolang kapa e teng pakeng tsa liphetoho lipapatsong tsena tsa batho ba batšo.
SELELEKELA
Seo bana le bacha ba se bonang, ba se utloang le ho se bala mecheng ea litaba se nahanoa ho susumetsa nts'etsopele ea bona ea bophelo le boits'oaro. Buhi & Goodson (2007) pheha khang ea hore ho na le motheo o matla oa khopolo ea ho nka hore litaba tsa thobalano mecheng ea litaba li bopa litumelo tsa bacha, maikutlo, litloaelo le sepheo sa ho ba le thobalano. Boikemisetso ba litlamorao tse mpe tse ka hlahang ho bana le batjha bo batla bo ntlafatsoa ke lithuto tsa lipatlisiso tse shebileng kamano pakeng tsa maemo a itseng kapa mefuta ea ho pepesetsoa mecha ea litaba (ekaba ka mokhoa o qhekellang kapa o hlaha ka tlhaho) le liphetho tse joalo ka litumelo tse tloaelehileng mabapi le ketso ea thobalano (Chia & Gunther, 2006), tekanyo le nako ea thobalano (Aubrey, Harrison, Kramer & Yellin, 2003), le mefuta e mengata ea boitsoaro bo bong ba thobalano (Brown, L'Engle, Pardun, Guo, Kenneavy, & Jackson, 2006; L'Engle, Brown le Kenneavy, 2006; Collins, 2005; Somers & Tynan, 2006).
Leha lingoliloeng tsena tsa "media media" li bala mecha ea litaba e mengata le liphetho tse ngata (Escobar-Chaves, Tortolero, Markham, Low, Eitel, & Thickstun, 2005; Ward, 2003; Ward le Friedman, 2006), lipatlisiso tse ngata tse batlisisang litaba tsa thobalano mecheng ea litaba le boitšoaro ba thobalano li shebile thelevisheneng. Ha se bacha feela ba sebelisang lihora tsa 6 1 / 2 ka letsatsi ba shebelletse thelevishene (Roberts, Foehr & Rideout, 2005), datha e fana ka maikutlo a hore palo ea thobalano thelevisheneng (mecha ea lipatlisiso e ntlafalitsoeng haholo) e ntse e eketseha (Kunkel, Cope, & Colvin 1996; Kunkel, Cope-Farrar, Biely, le Donnerstein, 2001; Kunkel, E ntle, Eyal, Cope-Ferrar, Donnerstein, & Fandrich 2003; Kunkel, Eyal, & Finnerty, 2005, empa bakeng sa pono e 'ngoe mabapi le mokhoa o teng ha nako ho feta Hetsroni, 2007). Le ha kakaretso ea nako e sebelisoang thelevisheneng e bonahala e sa amane le liketso tsa thobalano tsa bacha (Brown & Newcomer, 1991; Collins, 2005; Ward, 2003), lipatlisiso tse ling li fana ka maikutlo a ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano thelevisheneng (mohlala, mofuta oa thobalano; mananeo a nang le thobalano e phahameng) a amahanngoa le tebello mabapi le thobalano, maikutlo a boitšoaro ba thobalano ea lithaka, maikutlo a lumelloang ka thobalano le ho qala thobalano. (Ashby, Arcari le Edmonson, 2006; Brown et al., 2006; Collins, Elliot le Miu, 2007; Eggermont, 2005; L'Engle, Jackson & Brown, 2006; Pardun, L'Engle le Brown, 2005; Tolman, Kim, Schooler le Sorsoli, 2007; Ward, 2003; Ward le Friedman, 2006).
Ka mohlala, Brown le Newcomer (1991) e fumane hore ha se palo e felletseng ea lihora tse hlahelletseng thelevisheneng kapa palo ea lihora tse pepesitsoeng ho litaba tsa thobalano thelevisheneng e sa amaneng le boitšoaro ba thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, ha e ne e le kholo haholo nako ea ho shebella thelevisheneng e nang le litaba tsa thobalano, hangata ho ka etsahala hore mocha a be le likamano tsa botona le botšehali. Li-Collins, Elliot, Berry, Kanouse, Kunkel, Hunter & Miu (2004) o sebelisitse tlhahlobo e telele ea maqhubu a 12-17 ea lilemo tse ngata mme a fumana hore ho shebella thobalano thelevisheneng (ho latela tlhahlobo ea litaba tsa mananeo a thelevishene a 23) ho boletseng esale pele mme mohlomong ho potlakisitse ts'ebetso ea thobalano, ha a ntse a Pardun, L'Engle, & Brown (2005) o fumane hore ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano thelevisheneng ho ne ho amana le sepheo sa ho etsa thobalano, empa eseng ka liketso tse bobebe tsa thobalano (mohlala, ho ba le khatello ea maikutlo, ho ratana hanngoe ka nako e le 'ngoe, ho soasoa habobebe kapa ho etsa thobalano e matla) (ke hore, ho ama matsoele, ho hlonepha setho sa botona, ho nyanyana litho tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali).
The Pardun, L'Engle le Brown (2005) boithuto e bile e 'ngoe ea pele ea ho hlahloba kamano e amanang le thobalano lipakeng tsa litaba tsa thobalano ntle le thelevisheneng (ke hore, lifilimi, limakasine, likoranta,' mino, inthanete) le bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha (ka mohlala, lilemo tsa 12-14) hammoho le liketso tsa bona tsa thobalano. Likamano tse matla pakeng tsa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano le sepheo sa ho ba le thobalano (le boitšoaro ba thobalano) li fumanoe li pepesehetse litaba tsa thobalano lifiliming le mmino. Boithuto ba nako e telele ba mohlala o ts'oaroang ke Brown et al. (2006) hape o ile a tsoela pele ntle le ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa thelevishene. Bangoli ba hakanya litlamorao tse tlisoang ke ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano ho tsoa ho mmino, libaesekopo, thelevishene, le limakasine ka boitšoaro ba thobalano ba bacha le ba "bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha" (lilemo tsa 12-14) ba sebelisa lintlha tsa mantlha tse bokelitsoeng ho 2002 le tlhaiso-leseling e bokelletsoeng ho 2004. Ba fumane hore bacha ba White ba nang le ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea litaba tsa thobalano ba ne ba le bangata ho feta bacha ba basoeu ba nang le ts'ebeliso e tlase hore ba ile ba kopanela liketsong tsa thobalano lilemo tse peli hamorao. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa ho pepesa bacha bana ba White ho ikarabella bakeng sa 3% feela ea phapang ea boitšoaro ba botona ba botšehali nakong ea thobalano, melao ea batho ba bangata, le li-covariate tse ling tse amehang. Bakeng sa bacha ba Maafrika le Amerika ho ne ho se na phello e kholo ea ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano ho boitsoaro ba bona ba thobalano. Ka kakaretso, ho na le bopaki bo bong ba kamano pakeng tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano ho mefuta e mengata ea media; leha ho le joalo kamano e bonahala e na le moeli peisong ea moqosuoa. Ho feta moo, hore na ho pepeseha ha bacha lilemong tsa litaba tsa thobalano ho fetoha joang ha nako e ntse e sa tsejoe.
Lipotso tsa lipatlisiso
Tokomaneng ena, re hakanya kamano ea nako e telele pakeng tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano ka ho sebelisa lintlha tse mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano le mehato e arotsoeng ke motho ea arabang litaba tsa thobalano mecheng e mene e fapaneng ea thelevishene: thelevisheneng, mmino, limakasine le lipapali tsa video. Lintlha tsa rona li ikhethile sebakeng sena sa lipatlisiso hobane re latetse bacha ba lilemo tse 14-16 ba lilemo tse fetang 3 ka hona ba khona ho sebelisa mohlala oa curve ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le kamano ea boitšoaro. Re sebelisa mohlala oa khokahano ea khokahano hobane e fana ka leano le hlakileng la tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling le sebetsanang le lintlha tse peli tsa lipatlisiso tse amehang mona: likamano tse kopanyang pakeng tsa phetoho nako le boits'oaro ba thobalano le phetoho ea nako ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano (Cheong, MacKinnon le Khoo, 2003), le ho khetholla phapang ea bong le morabe (haeba ho le teng) ts'ebetsong ena e telele (Barnes, Reifman, Farrell & Dintcheff, 2000; Fergus, Zimmerman, le Caldwell, 2007). Ho hlahlojoa lipotso tse latelang tsa lipatlisiso:
- Phetoho ea boitšoaro ba thobalano le ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano ke lilemo tsa moqosuoa ke eng? Potso ena ea lipatlisiso e shebisisa liphetoho nakong ea methati ena e 'meli ea sephetho' me e arajoa maemong a hanyane ka hanyane ka ho hakanya maemo a boitšoaro ba thobalano le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano ka lilemo.
- Na palo ea ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano ka lilemo tsa 14 e susumetsa tšitiso ea boitšoaro bo latelang ba thobalano? Potso ena e arajoa maemong a karolelano ea kholo ka ho hakanya khokahano lipakeng tsa boleng ba pele ba ho pepeseha (mohlala, a le lilemo tsa 14) le letsoalo la phetoho ha nako e ntse e tsoela pele ka boitšoaro ba thobalano.
- Na palo ea ketso ea thobalano o le lilemo li 14 e susumetsa tšitiso ea ho pepeseha hoa litaba tsa thobalano mecheng ea litaba? Potso ena e arajoa maemong a karolelano ea kholo ka ho hakanya khokahano pakeng tsa boleng ba pele ba boitšoaro ba thobalano (mohlala, a le lilemo tsa 14) le letsoalo la phetoho ha nako e telele ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano.
- Phetoho ea nako ea boitšoaro ba thobalano e fetoha joang ha nako e ntse e pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano? Potso ena e arajoa maemong a hola ka ho hokahanya le phallo ea boitšoaro ba thobalano le letsoalo la phetoho ho pepeseng litaba tsa thobalano.
- Na boleng ba pele, likhokahano tsa paramente, le maemo a boitšoaro ba thobalano le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano li fapana pakeng tsa bong le / kapa morabe? Ka mantsoe a mang, na ho na le tšebelisano lipakeng tsa boleng ba paramente le bong le / kapa morabe? Potso ena e arajoa maemong a hofihlellang ka ho bolela esale pele likarolo tsa li-curves tsa kholo li sebelisa likarolo tsa bahlahlobo ba lipatlisiso.
METHODA
Annenberg Sex and Media Study (ASAMS) ke patlisiso ea lilemo tse hlano mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa thobalano mecheng ea litaba le boits'oaro bo itlalehang ba botona le botšehali ho bacha. E ne e etselitsoe ho etsa lipatlisiso hore na litaba tsa thobalano tse hlahang mecheng ea litaba li ama kholo ea bacha ba thobalano. Ho ASAMS, mefuta ea lipalo e sebelisitsoeng e tataisoa ke mofuta o kopanyang oa boitlamorao ba boits'oaro (Ajzen le Albarracín, 2007; Fishbein, 2000), e leng motsoako oa likhopolo tsa ketso e nahannoeng, boitšoaro bo reriloeng, mohlala oa tumelo ea bophelo bo botle, le khopolo ea kelello ea sechaba.
Moralo oa ho Ithuta le Barupeluoa
Pokello ea data e etsahetse ka tlhahlobo e thehiloeng marang-rang e qalileng nakong ea selemo le lehlabula la 2005, 2006, le 2007. Bacha ba arabetseng ba ile ba hapuoa ka liphatlalatso tsa khatiso le seea-le-moea, mangolo a tobileng le molaetsa oa molomo ho phethela tlhahlobo. Ho amoheloa ho ile ha fumaneha hamolemo ho ba arabetseng ba batsho (49%) ka Metro lipapatso (Metro ke koranta ea mahala e ajoang ka likenke tsa literateng le tsamaisong ea lipalangoang tsa sechaba Philadelphia) e lateloang ke lentsoe la molomo (14%) kapa mokhoa o sa tsejoeng (14%). Babuelli ba White le Hispanic ba bontšitse mekhoa e tšoanang. Mekhoa e meraro e metle ea ba arabelitsoeng ka White e ne e le Metro lipapatso (27%), ka ba arabetseng ba hiriloe pejana (23%), le ka lengolo ka kotlolloho (14%). Mekhoa e meraro e molemohali ea ba arabetseng ea Spain ke Metro lipapatso (28%), ka ba arabetseng ba hiriloe pejana (23%), le lentsoe la molomo (13%).
Litekanyetso tsa ho tšoaneleha bakeng sa karabelo li kenyeletsa lilemo ka nako ea tlhahlobo ea pele (14, 15, kapa 16) le morabe / morabe (White, African-American, kapa Hispanic). Leano la ho etsa sampole le ne le khannoa ka takatso ea boholo bo sa lekanang ba sampole liseleng tsohle tsa Race * Age * Gender (moralo oa 3 * 3 * 2). Ka ts'ebetso, ba arabelang lilemong tsa bocha ba Spainpp ba tikolohong ea toropo ea Philadelphia ho ne ho le thata haholo ho fumana le ho hira, ka hona maqhubu a lisele tsa bona a fokola. Tlhahlobo e qaliloe ka April 2005 kamora tlhahlobo ea teknoloji le tlhahlobo ea pele ea sesebelisoa sa lipatlisiso. Litefiso tsa ho se sebetse (mohlala, palo e sa tlatseng tlhahlobo ea pele e arotsoeng ke palo e amohetsoeng ka katleho) e ne e tšoana le ho ba arabelitsoeng ke batho ba batsho le ba Spain (17% le 19% ka tatellano) le tlase ho ba arabetseng White (6%). Ho ne ho se na phapang lipapisong tsa ho se sebetse ka bong (banna = 14%, basali = 13%).
Tlhahlobo e ne e fumaneha ho tsoa ho khomphutha efe kapa efe ka phihlello ea inthanete. Barupeluoa ba ile ba fuoa khetho ea ho nka tlhahlobo Univesithing kapa sebakeng se seng (mohlala, lapeng, sekolo kapa laeborari ea sechaba). Babuelli ba ile ba fuoa phasewete ho fihlella tlhahlobo, hammoho le nomoro ea tlhaiso le password ea motho ka mong ho netefatsa sephiri le ts'ireletso ea lekunutu. Ba arabelitsoeng ba ile ba buseletsoa $ 25 lidolara ha ho phethoa tlhahlobo leqhubu ka leng, mme ka karolelano, ho ile ha nka hora e le 'ngoe ho phethela tlhahlobo. Ba arabileng ba qetileng maqhubu ohle a tlhahlobo ea 3 ba fumane bonase ea $ 25. Kamora ho fana ka liforomo tsa tumello / tsa tumello ea botsoali, 547 ea lilemo tsa bocha 14 ho 16 e phethile tlhahlobo ho Wave 1 (ka 2005). Ho na le palo e nyane ea likhakanyo tse lahlehileng leha litekanyetso tsa ho li boloka holima maqhubu a mararo a pokello ea data li ne li le holimo (87% ea sampole ea pele e ne e atlehile ho hlakoloa maqhubu ohle le 94% ea sampole ea pele e nkileng bonyane 2 ea maqhubu a 3) le data e sebelisitsoeng mona e lekanyelitsoe ho ba arabelang ba 506 ba leng teng data e behiloeng bonyane 2 ea maqhubu a 3 ea pokello ea data. Ba arabileng ke 62% e le basali, 42% African-American, 42% White, 13% Hispanic, le 3% "Tse ling." Bakeng sa ba arabetseng White, mehlala ea sampole ka 1 ka lilemo (14, 15, le 16) e ne e le 67 , 73, le 73 ka ho latellana, bakeng sa ba arabelang ka Ntle e ne e le 74, 76, le 73 ka ho latellana.
Ba itšetlehileng ka maemo a fapaneng: Score Behaeve Index Score
Tlhahlobo e bokelletse data ea bophelo bohle, ho feta selemo se fetileng, le likhoeling tse fetileng tsa 12 ka tse latelang boitšoaro ba ho kopanela liphate: ho aka ka ho teba (ntho: Na u kile oa nka karolo ho suneng ka botebo (batho ba bang ba bitsa "French kiss")? o ama matsoele a molekane (ntho: Haeba u kile oa ba le molekane oa mosali, na u kile oa ama matsoele a hae? ?), moqosuoa a atisitse matsoele a bona (ntho: Na u kile ua llisoa ke matsoele a hau?), ho ama moahlami ke molekane (ntho: Na molekane o kile a ama likarolo tsa hau tsa sephiri?), moqosuoa ea fanang ka thobalano e tsoang ka molomo (ntho: Na u kile ua kenya molomo melomong ea balekane (batho ba bang ba bitsa "thobalano e molomo")? dikarolo tsa hao tsa sephiri (batho ba bang ba bitsa sena "thobalano ya molomo")? )?), motho ea arabang a fana ka thobalano ea botšehali (e botsoa ke banna feela, ntho: Na u kile ua kenya botoneng ba hau ho thobalanong ea molekane oa hau (batho ba bang ba bitsa "setho sa thobalano")? o kile oa ba le likamano tsa botona le botšehali (ke hore, botoneng ka botšehaling) le molekane oa bong bo fapaneng?).
Hobane palo ea lilemo e lekane, re tsepamisa maikutlo ho bophelong dintho hobane boits'oaro bo bongata bo sa tloaelehang kapa bo sa sebeliseng linako tse khutšoane tsa ho hopola. Re fokotsa moelelo oa boitšoaro ba batho ba bong bo fapaneng, kahoo matsoele a ammeng le li-anal tse fapaneng tsa thobalano li sebelisoa feela le basali, mme matsoele a amang maikutlo le ho fana ka thobalano ea botona le botšehali a sebelisoa feela le ba batona. Re boetse re theoha tlhatlhobong ba batona ba 6 ba amohetseng botona le botšehali hobane ho kenyeletsoa ha bona ho fokotsa maemo a mantlha a index ea banna. Batho bana ba arabileng ha baa ka ba tlaleha hore ho na le ketsahalo efe kapa efe ea bophelo ba thobalano ea setho sa botšehali ka hoo index ea rona ea boits'oaro e fapaneng mohlomong e sa ba loketseng.
Re sebelisitse sekhahla sa Mokken ho lekola boteng ba lintho tse amanang le boitšoaro ba thobalano ba dichotomous. Sekala sa Mokken se ipapisitse le tatellano ea ho thatafalloa, hoo lintho tsohle kamora ho hloleha la pele le tsona li hlotsoeng le lintho tsohle pele ho fetisoa ho hloleha ha pele (Ringdal, Ringdal, Kaasa, Bjordal, Wisløff, Sundstrøm le Hjermstad, 1999). Haeba lintho tse sebelisang moelelo ona, lintho li nkuoa li le boima, 'me mofuputsi o tseba hantle hore na "2" (mohlala) ho index index e bolela'ng. Maemong ana, motho ea arabelang ka "2" o entse lintho tsa pele tsa thobalano mme ha a ka a etsa 5 ea ho qetela. Ena ke melemo ea toloko ea ho odara ka thata: boleng ba index ea kakaretso ea litaba bo bontša hore na ke lintho life tse fetisitsoeng le tse sa atlehang. Ho phahamisa boitšoaro ba thobalano ka tsela ena ho fa bafuputsi leseli le bonts'ang "boemo bo phahameng ba boitšoaro ba thobalano."
Litekanyetso tsa eona li hlahlojoa bakeng sa ho thatafala ho sa sebelisoe ka Loevinger's H hohle (Ringdal et al. 1999); boleng ba .5 kapa ho feta bo supa sekhahla se matla (Mokken, 1971, leq. 185). Bakeng sa selemo se seng le se seng, lintho li hlophisitsoe hantle: H bakeng sa banna e ne e le 0.75 ka selemo 1, 0.70 ka selemo 2, le 0.77 ka selemo 3; H ka lilemo 1 ho 3 ea basali e ne e le 0.83, 0.84, le 0.83 ka ho latellana. Kakaretso ea lintlha tsa boitšoaro tsa thobalano ka maqhubu a ho ithuta e ne e le 2.71 (SD = 2.23), 3.62 (SD = 2.26), le 4.46 (SD = 2.17) ea lilemo 1, 2, le 3 ka ho latellana. Taolo ea boitšoaro ho batšehali e ne e le: ho aka ka ho tebileng, ho ama matsoele / matsoele ho ama, ho ts'oara setho sa botšehali, ho amohela thobalano ea molomo, ho nyanyana litho tsa botona le tsa botšehali. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa banna ba selemo 2, taelo ea ho fumana thobalano ea molomo (45%) le ho tlaleha thobalano ea botšehali (44%) e khutlisoa (ka 1%) ha e bapisoa le Year 1. Ka selemo 3 tatellano ea banna e tšoana le 1 ea selemo. Bakeng sa basali, tatellano ea boits'oaro e lumellana ho latela lilemo tsohle tse tharo tsa pokello ea data. Lintlha tse ling tsa ho odara ha boima joalo ka ha li sebelisoa ho lintlha tsena li ka fumanoa ho Hennessy, Bleakley, Fishbein & Jordan (2008).
Ho itšetleha ka ho fapaneng: Ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano le litaba tsa thobalano
Tekanyo ea rona ea ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano tsa media e baliloe ho ipapisitsoe le mefuta ea 2 ea lintho tse fetohang: 'melaeli oa ba arabelang ka boeena o tlaleha lihlooho tse khethiloeng mecheng ea litaba ea 4 (thelevisheneng, mmino, limakasine, le videogames) le tekanyetso ea ba arabang litaba tsa thobalano ho e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea lihlooho tsa litaba. Manane a ile a etsoa ho bonts'a litlotla tse tummeng bakeng sa bacha le / kapa sechaba ka kakaretso nakong ea lipatlisiso tsa motheo mme li ntlafalitsoe ka lilemo 2 le 3. Lihlooho tse tummeng li fanoe ke maemo a sebaka sa marang-rang (ho kenyelletsa: www.top5s.com/tvweek; www.boxofficemojo.com; www.imdb.com/boxoffice/rentals; www.ebillboard.com; www.pahoeb.ru) le ho tsoa ho khamphani ea lipatlisiso tsa bamameli (data ea TRU) hammoho le lipatlisiso tsa lifofane tseo re ileng ra li etsa selemong se fetileng ho qala tlhahlobo. Litlotla li ne li etselitsoe ho fana ka leseli la botebo le botebo ba tšebeliso ea mecha ea litaba, leha re ne re tseba hore ba ke ke ba hapa tsohle tseo bacha ba li shebileng, ba li bapalang kapa ba li balang. Ka selemo 1 ea boithuto, tlhahlobo e kenyelelitse manane a mananeo a thelevishene a 30, litsebi tsa 'mino tsa 30, lihlooho tsa limakasine tsa 20, le li-videogames tsa 15. Ka selemo 2 ea lipatlisiso lenane le kenyelelitse lihlooho tsa thelevishene tsa 75, lingaka tsa mmino tsa 50, limakasine tsa 30, lifilimi tsa 40, le li-videogames tsa 40, mme ka selemo 3 ea thuto e ne e kenyelletsa mananeo a seea-le-moea a 74, litsebi tsa 'mino tsa 39, limakasine tsa 32, lifilimi tsa 43 , le li-videogames tsa 45. Tlhatlhobo ena, leha ho le joalo, lifilimi ha li kenyelletsoe mehatong eohle ea ho hlahisa litaba tsa thobalano ho boloka ho bapisoa nako eohle.
Litlaleho tsa boithatelo, ho fapana le sephetho sa tlhahlobo ea litaba, li sebelisitsoe hobane ho ile ha bokelloa mehato ea ho itlaleha feela lilemong tsohle tse tharo tsa phuputso. Leha ho le joalo, lihokelo pakeng tsa mehato ea ho pepesa ho ipapisitsoe le litekanyetso tsa litaba tsa thobalano (joalo ka ha li sebelisitsoe mona) le tse ipapisitseng le litekanyetso tsa litaba tsa thobalano tsa thobalano (ka lilemo 1 le 2, ho ne ho se na tlhahlobo ea litaba tsa lihlooho tsa 3 tsa selemo) tse lumellaneng hantle (r = .75 ka selemo 1 le r = .77 ka selemo 2). Ntle le moo, likhokahano lipakeng tsa tekanyo ea ho pepeseha e ipapisitse le litaba tsa thobalano tse tlalehiloeng ka thobalano le index ea boitšoaro ba thobalano e ne e ts'oana haholo le khokahano lipakeng tsa tekanyetso ea tlhahiso e thehiloeng ho litekanyetso tsa analytic tsa litaba tsa thobalano le index ea boitšoaro ba thobalano: Selekane sa 1 sa selemo lipakeng tsa index ea boits'oaro ba thobalano le tekanyo ea ho pepesoa e thehiloeng ho motho ea arabang e ne e le .20 (p <.01) ha selemo sa 1 se hokahana lipakeng tsa index ea boits'oaro ba thobalano le sekhahla sa tlhahiso ea tlhaiso-leseling se thehiloeng ho litaba e ne e le .23 (p <.01).
Ho sebelisa mokhoa o hlakileng oa ho pepesa sethaleng sa 4-point (ha ho mohla, ka seoelo, ka linako tse ling) babuelli ba bonts'itse hangata hakae likhoeling tse fetileng tsa 12 ba shebelletse lenaneo le leng le le leng, ba mamela monghali e mong le e mong, ba bala makasine e mong le e mong, 'me ba bapala videogame ka' ngoe. Kamora moo, ba arabelang lipotso ba ile ba botsoa ho lekola litaba tsa thobalano tsa lihlooho tse ts'oanang le litlhaloso tse latelang tsa thobalano: "Patlisisong ena, litaba tsa thobalano li hlalosoa li bua ka kapa li bonts'a: hoching-up / makeout; liaparo tsa boea; manyala; thobalano (ka molomo, ka lere, kapa ka botšehali); thobalano e sireletsehileng (likhohlopo, taolo ea bokhachane, jj); litlolo tsa thobalano (peto); bosodoma (basodoma kapa basodoma); kapa eng kapa eng e amanang le thobalano. ”Tlhaloso ena e hlahile karolong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea bophatlalatsi phuputsong pele ho lethathamo la lipotso tseo ba arabileng ba ileng ba botsoa hore ba lekanye litaba tsa thobalano tsa lihlooho tsa litaba. Ha ba araba potso e reng, "U ka lekanya litaba tsa thobalano tsa tse latelang tse latelang joang?" Bacha ba ile ba lekanya litaba tsa thobalano tsa lihlooho tsohle tsa litaba ka tekanyo ea lintlha tsa 4 ka likarabo tse latelang: "ha ho litaba tsa thobalano," litaba tsa thobalano, "" litaba tse ling tsa thobalano, "le" litaba tse ngata tsa thobalano. "Tsela e 'ngoe ea karabo e reng," Ha ke tsebe / ha ke shebelle show ena, "le eona e ile ea kenyelletsoa kaha babuelli ba ile ba botsoa ho lekanya thobalano litaba tsa sehlooho se seng le se seng le haeba ba bontšitse pejana hore ha ba e-so ka ba pepesetsoa sehlooho seo sa mecha ea litaba. Le ha ho le joalo, litaba tsa thobalano feela tseo li hlahisitsoeng ho tsona li kenyellelitsoe molemong oa ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano.
Ho lekanya tekanyo ea ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano, sehlahisoa sa sefapano sa tekanyo ea tlhahiso le tekanyetso ea litaba tsa thobalano bakeng sa sehlooho se seng le se seng se ne se khutsufatsoa kahare ho mofuta o mong le o mong oa media, ho fella ka mehato e pepesitsoeng ea litaba tsa thobalano e ikhethileng thelevisheneng, mmino, limakasine le livideo. Tekanyo e pepesitsoeng ea litaba tsa thobalano ka botlalo e thehiloe ka ho akaretsa mehato e ikhethileng ea litaba tsa 4. Bakeng sa tekanyo ea tlhahlobo tlhahlobisong ea hajoale, phetoho ea metso ea lisekoere e ne e behiloe tekanyo e felletseng ea ho lekanya phepelo e tloaelehileng ebe phetoho ena e fetotsoe likoto tsa Z. Phetoho ena ea morao-rao e ea hlokahala hobane ho seng joalo ho ka ba le boleng bo boholo lilemong tse tlang ka lebaka la taba ea hore lihlooho tsa media tse ngata li ile tsa hlahlojoa lilemong tsa 2 le 3. Kahoo, bakeng sa maqhubu ohle a mararo a boithuto, lintlha tse pepesitsoeng tsa 0 li ne li khelohile ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa 1 (hlokomela hore phetoho ena ha e bolele hore tlhaiso ea lintlha ka sehlopha kaofela li na le mekhoa e tšoanang Setšoantšo sa 1 ka tlase). Litokellano tsa Pearson pakeng tsa ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano ka botlalo ka selemo sa 1 le selemo sa 2 se ne se le joalo r = 0.61 ( p <.05) le selemo sa 2 le selemo sa 3 e ne e le r = .68 ( p <.05). Tlhahisoleseling e eketsehileng ea bonnete ba tlhahiso ea litaba tsa thobalano maemong a media e teng kae kapa kae (Bleakley, Fishbein, Hennessy, Jordan, Chernin le Stevens, 2008).
Kholo ea Kholo ke eng?
Tlhahlobo ea khokahano ea khokahano ke mokhoa oa lipalo oa ho lekanya phetoho ha nako e ntse e fetoha (sephetho se fapaneng)Curran le Hussong, 2002; Karney le Bradbury, 1995). Ho nka hore phetoho ke ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele, ka hona, ho hakanya sekhahla sa phetoho ha nako e ntse e fapana mohloling o sa feleng ke potso ea lipatlisiso tsa mantlha (Curran le Muthen, 1999). Mefuta e meng e sa itšetleheng ka nako (mohlala, bong, boemo ba teko, le morabe / morabe) e ka kenyelletsoa e le baphethahatsi bakeng sa ntlafatso ea lipalo kapa ho etsa lipatlisiso lipakeng tsa phetoho ha nako e ntse e feta le litšobotsi tsena tse tsitsitseng.
Tekano e hlokang maemo
Li-curves tsa kholo li tloaetse ho ba le mefuta e 'meli e sa tšoaneng: e hlokang maemo le maemo. Tekanyetso e se nang meeli e hakanya boleng ba motho ea arabang ea mefuta e 'meli ea sephetho (mohlala, setšoantšo sa boitšoaro ba motho ea arabang kapa ho fana ka maikutlo a motho ea buang ka litaba tsa thobalano) e le ts'ebetso ea nako. Tekanyetso ena e nka hore liphetho tse lebisitseng tse hlahisitsoeng ke ts'ebetso ea likhakanyo tse peli: (1) boleng ba pele ba boitšoaro ba thobalano kapa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano ho batho ba banyenyane haholo le (2) motheong oa phetoho ha nako e ntse e feta. Ka sebopeho sa equation, sebopeho sa kholo e se nang meeli ke:
Sengoloa sa "i" se bonts'a maikutlo a motho ka mong, Metric ea Nako ke tekanyo ea nako, ηi0 ke boleng ba "patent" ha Nako Metric e le zero, the ηi1 ke ho lekana ha maemo ho bonts'a phello ea nako ea motho ka mong, mme sengoloa sa "t" se emetse tatellano ea se hlokometsoeng. Kahoo, polelo ea phoso e hlalosa motho ka mong (mohlala, "ka hare ho taba") liphoso tsa litekanyetso tsa sepheo se seng le se seng. Foromo ena ea mofuta oa khapo ea kholo e sebelisoa ho sebetsana le lipalo tsa lipatlisiso tsa 1 ka 4.
Tekanyetso ea maemo
Tlhahiso e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ea mokhoa oa ho hola lijalo ke hobane thipa (ηi0) le letsoalo (ηi1) litekanyetso tsa equation li fapana ho fapana ka batho ka bomong (hlokomela tse ngolisitsoeng ka ho khetheha moqomong kahare le matsoapong ho equation (1) kaholimo, ntho e sa hlaheng ka "tloaelo" e tloaelehileng), li ka nkuoa e le lipapatso tse itšetlehileng ka litekanyetso tse thusang tse bolelang boleng ba pele le letsoalo la sephetho. E tsejoa e le "mohlala oa kholo ea maemo a tlase," li-equations tse thusang li bolela esale pele likarolo (mohlala, moeli le sebaka se matsoelintsoane) tsa equation e le ngoe (Bollen le Curran, 2006, leq. 9). Mona re sebelisa bong le morabe e le baetapele ho sebetsana le lipalo tsa lipatlisiso tsa 5.
Bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsohle re hakanya mehlala e se nang maemo le ea maemo ka nako e ts'oanang - mokhoa o ts'oanang oa "ho ts'oana"Cheong, MacKinnon le Khoo, 2003). Mofuta ona oa mofuta oa kholo o lumella khakanyo ea khokahano lipakeng liphetoho boits'oarong ba thobalano le liphetoho ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano le litaba tsa kamano lipakeng tsa litekanyetso tsa equation ka 'ngoe.
Ho hlalosa Nako e fapaneng
Leha morero oa ASAMS o bokelletse datha bakeng sa lilemo tse tharo, sebopeho sena sa bolelele (ke hore, leqhubu la thuto) ha se hantle hobane phapang e raliloeng molemong oa motho ea arabelang qalong ea thuto e ferekanya le ho ithuta ka lilemo tse arabeloang. Ka mantsoe a mang, maqhubu a mang le a mang a mararo a thuto, batho ba arabang lilemo tse tharo tse fapaneng ba hokahanngoe ka mokhoa o sa reroang hobane "maqhubu a thuto" ke karolo ea ts'ebetso ea ho bokella data. lilemo tsa moqosuoa ke moetapele oa nts'etsopele ea mantlha (Bollen le Curran, 2006, maq. 79-81; Sebini le Willett, 2003, leq. 139). Phallo ea thuto e ferekanyang le lilemo tsa moqosuoa li ka ba le litlamorao tse bobebe kaha boits'oaro ba thobalano, bonyane bo amana le lilemo. Kahoo, ho hlakola lilemo tsa moqosuoa ka leqhubu la thuto, re hlophisa lintlha hape hore e be moralo o "potlakileng oa cohort" (Duncan, Duncan, Strycker, Li, & Alpert, 1999, Khaolo ea 6; Raudenbush le Chan, 1992) hoo lilemo tsa moqosuoa ke phapang e telele ea nako e telele. Sephetho ke lilemo tse hlano tsa data ho tloha ho ba lilemo li 14 ho tloha ka leqhubu la pele la thuto ho isa ho ba baholo ba selemo sa 18 leqhubu la ho qetela, leha ho se moqosi ea nang le litlhaloso tse fetang tse tharo ho data e behiloeng ka botlalo.
Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso
Modelling sebopeho sa modiro o sebelisang Mplus (Muthén le Muthén, 1998-2007) e sebelisitsoe ho hakanya mefuta e se nang meeli le ea kholo ea maemo. Hobane Mplus o sebelisa mokhoa o tsoetseng pele oa teko e kholo ea monyetla (Enders & Bandalos, 2001), e ka sekaseka lits'ebetso tsa data tse nang le boleng ba boleng bo sieo, e bohlokoa mona hobane ntlafatso ea data ha moralo oa kholo e potlakileng o sebelisoa ka boeona e hlahisa litekanyetso tse sa fumaneheng ha ba arabelitsoeng ba sa bonoe ho latela lilemo tsohle tsa tatellano ea liketsahalo. Re boetse re fumana hore mokhoa oa SEM oa tlhahlobo ea khokahano ea khokahano ho bonolo ho o kenya ts'ebetsong ha ho kenyelletsoa hore khakanyo ea kholo e fetang e le 'ngoe ka nako e le ngoe, joalo ka ha ho le joalo ka kamano ea lipakeng tsa liphetoho mabapi le litaba tsa thobalano le litaba tsa thobalano. liphetoho mekhoeng ea thobalano.
LIPOTSO
Lipalopalo tse Hlalosang ka Tlhaloso ea Score le Index ea Boitšoaro ba ho Kopanela Liphate
Setšoantšo sa 1 e sebelisa lichate tsa bar ho bonts'a kakaretso ea index ea boitšoaro ba thobalano le tlhaiso-leseling ea litaba tsa thobalano ho sampole kaofela, bong le morabe. Bakeng sa sampole e felletseng, kakaretso ea boitšoaro ba thobalano e eketseha ka lilemo, 'me mokhoa o ts'oana le ho pepeseha ka litekanyetso tse tlase ho moelelo oa lilemo tsa 14-15 mme o phahame ho feta moelelo oa lilemo tsa 16 ho isa ho 18. Liphetho tsa sehlahisoa se ka tlase li hlahisoa karolong e ka tlase ea Setšoantšo sa 1; ka lebaka la boholo ba sampole e nyane ea Hispanic (N = 64) le "Tse ling" (N = 15), re bonts'a feela sephetho sa ba arabehang ba White and Black. Bakeng sa ba batona le ba batšehali le ba batšo le ba basoeu, kakaretso ea balekane ba botona le botšehali e ea pele ka lilemo. Le ha ho pepesetsoa likhahla tsa litaba tsa thobalano le tsona li eketseha ka lilemo tsa ba arabehang ka batho ba basweu le ba batona, hangata lipalo tsa basali ba bosoasoi ha li khahlise basali le batho ba batsho.
Likhokahanyo tsa Pearson lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa thobalano le tlhahiso ea litaba tsa thobalano li nyane haholo mme li fapana joalo ka ts'ebetso ea sehlopha sa lilemo. Haholo-holo, likamano li ea fokotseha le lilemo tsa moqosuoa: Bakeng sa bana ba lilemo tse leshome le metso e mene, khokahano ke .26 (N = 167, p <.05, CI = .12 ho 0.40), bakeng sa ba lilemo li leshome le metso e mehlano ke .18 (N = 330, p <.05, CI = 0.08 ho 0.29), bakeng sa lilemo tse leshome le metso e ts'eletseng ke .15 (N = 490, p <.05, CI = 0.08 ho 0.25), bakeng sa lilemo tse leshome le metso e supileng ke .10 (N = 319, p > .05, CI = -0.04 ho ea ho 0.18), 'me bakeng sa lilemo tse leshome le metso e robeli ke .11 (N = 148, p > .05, CI = -0.06 ho 0.26).
Liphetho tsa Curve ea Keketseho: Ho Hlahloba Nako e Ntle ea ho Leta nako
Ho hlahlojoa mefuta e se nang meeli (e sa bontšitsoeng) e nang le metric ea nako ea ho fapana (Biesanz, Deeb-Sossa, Papadakis, Bollen le Curran, 2004) e bonts'a hore mohlala oa lilemo ke mokhoa o nepahetseng o nepahetseng oa tlhahlobo ea thobalano. Kahoo, ho equation ena metric ea nako e hlalosoa e le Bofuma ba lilemo 14 kapa 0 ka 4 (mohlala, 14-14 = 0; 15-14 = 1; 16-14 = 2, jj). Metriki ena e etsa hore nako ea ho amoheloa e be lenane le boletsoeng esale pele la thobalano ho bana ba lilemo tse leshome le metso e mene. Hobane metric e tsamaellane, phetoho ho tloha 14 ho 16 e imenne habeli ho feta phetoho ho tloha 14 ho 15, 'me phetoho e tsoang 14 ho 18 e imenne ka makhetlo a mane. Leha ho le joalo, metric e loketseng nako e loketseng haholo bakeng sa ho pepesa e ne e se mohala 'me e le metric e loketseng hantle e khothalelitsoeng ke tlhahlobo e lumellang metric ea nako hore e fetohe ke 0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.25. Mona, phetoho ea ho tloha 14 ho 16 e makhetlo a 1.5 feela e kholo joalo ka phetoho ho tloha 14 ho 15, mme phetoho ho tloha 14 ho 18 ke linako tsa 2.25 tse kholo feela joalo ka phetoho ho tloha 14 ho 15. Khetlong ena e senang moeli, haeba moeli oa nako e bonts'a nako o bonahala o le motle, nako ena metric e hlahisa letsoapong le letle le nang le botsitso ka lilemo tse ntseng li eketseha, empa haeba moeli oa nako e pepesitsoeng ke nako o fosahetse, letsoalo le lebe le emeng ka botsofaling ke ho eketseha hoa lilemo ke lekantsoe.
Liphetho tsa Keketseho e sa Lekaneng
Lethathamo 1 e hlahisa litholoana tsa tlhahlobo ea khetla e se nang meeli. Ho lekana ha mohlala ho lokile. Liphetho tsa index ea thobalano li bonts'a tekanyo e boletsoeng esale pele ea 1.82 + .89 (Nako). 1.82 ke boleng bo boletsoeng esale pele ba index ea thobalano ho batho ba nang le selemo sa 14 le letsoalo la .89 e bonts'a keketseho ea hoo e ka bang karolo e le 'ngoe ea index ea thobalano ka lilemo tse ngata bakeng sa sampole ka kakaretso. Kamano e mpe pakeng tsa khokahano le letsoalo e bonts'a hore boleng bo holimo ba index ea thobalano bo ea holimo, bo tlase molemong oa phetoho, ke hore, butle-butle keketseho ea boitšoaro ba thobalano ka lilemo. Ena ke sephetho se nepahetseng se fanoeng ke lits'oants'o tsa siling ea index e tlohang 0 ho isa 7. Tsela le moeli li na le phapang e kholo, ka hona ho na le liphapang tsa li-paramente tsena tse ka hlalosoang ke likarolo tsa mofani.
Kameho e sa nahaneng ea ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano ke -.041 + .025 (Nako) e bonts'ang ho pepeseha hoa batho ba lilemong tsa 14 ba lilemo tse tlase ha ho bapisoa le ba arabang ba baholo le keketseho e ntle ea ho pepeseha litaba tsa thobalano ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, leha ho se ts'itiso kapa sethala. e fapane haholo le zero. Leha ho le joalo, mahlakore ka bobeli a na phapang e kholo e bonts'ang hore ba arabelang ha ba fetohe ha nako e ntse e tsamaea 'me sephetho sa maemo a sa lekanyetsoang se ke ke sa ba moemeli oa lihlopha tse itseng. Kamano e mpe pakeng tsa khokahano le letsoalo bakeng sa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano e bonts'a hore boleng bo holimo ba ho pepeseha, keketseho e potlakileng ea ho pepeseha litaba tsa thobalano ha nako e ntse e feta.
Lipotso tsa lipatlisiso 2, 3, le 4 li arajoa ke li-discept / li-slope tse tsamaellanang lipakeng tsa litekanyetso tse peli. Lithako tsa boleng ba tšimolohong ba ho bonts'a letsoalo la boitšoaro ba thobalano ke -.14 (p > .05) le kamano pakeng tsa boleng ba pele ba boitšoaro ba thobalano le moepa oa ho pepesehela litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano ke -21 ( p <.05). Bakeng sa sampole ka botlalo ka nako eo, leha boleng ba pele ba ho pepeseha bo sa bolele liphetoho tsa boits'oaro ba thobalano, boleng ba pele ba boitšoaro ba thobalano bo bolela esale pele phetoho ponts'ong, ka litekanyetso tsa pele tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano tse amanang le keketseho e liehang ea ho pepesehela thobalano. dikahare ka nako. Qetellong, kamano pakeng tsa litekanyetso tse peli tsa maralla ke .09, e ntle empa e sa hlokomelehe ho tloha ho zero. Bakeng sa sampole ka kakaretso, liphetoho tsa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano le liphetoho boitšoarong ba motabo ha li amane. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea maemo, e hlahisitsoeng ka tlase, e hlahisa setšoantšo se fapaneng haholo sa kamano e rarahaneng lipakeng tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano le ho pepesehela litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano.
Lits'oants'o tsa Karabelo le Mokhatlo lipakeng tsa Boitšoaro ba Thobalano le Phatlalatso ea Litaba tsa Thobalano: Liphetho tsa Kholo ea maemo.
Ho hlahloba likarohano tsa motho ea arabelang karabong ea boitšoaro ba thobalano le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano ho ka etsoa ka mekhoa e fapaneng. Ho sebetsana le potso ea lipatlisiso 5 ka mokhoa o phethahetseng, re bolela esale pele likarolo tsa index ea thobalano le ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano ka bong (ke hore, monna) le morabe / morabe oa motho ea arabang. Liphetho li bonts'itsoe Lethathamo 2. Ha ho fanoa ka baetsi ba pele, litekanyetso tse bonolo tsa kholo e bua ka Tse tšehali tse tšoeu. Bakeng sa boits'oaro ba thobalano moelelo oa phetoho ha nako e ntse e bonahala e le kamehla (hoo e ka bang .9) ho bohle ba arabelang hobane litlamorao tsohle tse nang le maemo ha li bohlokoa. Ke maemo feela a akaretsang a tlhaiso ea boitšoaro ba thobalano (ke hore, equept equation) e khethollang lipakeng tsa batho ba arabelang, ka ba arabelang ka batho ba batšo le ba Spain ba boemong bo phahameng haholo ba ketso ea thobalano ho feta ba Whites ba mehleng ea pele. Joalo ka litlamorao tse se nang meeli, khokahano ea intercept / slope bakeng sa boitšoaro ba thobalano ha e mpe.
Mohlala ona o nang le maemo oa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano mecheng ea litaba o bonts'a hore ho na le maemo a qalang ka bobeli (mohlala, ho thibana) le phapang e le ts'ebetso ea bong le morabe. Mabapi le ts'oaetso, basali ho 14 ba pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano haholo ho feta ba batona mme ba arabetseng ba batšo le ba Sppanic ho 14 ba pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano haholo ho feta ho White. Ntle le moo, keketseho ea ho pepesoa ha nako kamora nako (ke hore, letsoalo la equation exposition) e tlase haholo ho ba arabelitsoeng ke batho ba batsho le ba Spain ho feta ho Whites. Ha ho na phapano lipakeng tsa moeli oa phetoho ea ho pepesoa ha ba batona le ba batšehali.
Ka kakaretso, liphetho tsa mohlala li bonts'itsoe Lethathamo 2 e bonts'a phapang lipakeng tsa likamano lipakeng tsa Whites vs. Blacks le likarabo tsa Spain tsa boitšoaro ka bobeli ba thobalano le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano le phapang pakeng tsa ho pepesetsoa basali kapa basali. Ntle le moo, leha ho se na phapang e kholo lithutong tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano e le ts'ebetso ea bong kapa morabe / morabe, ho na le liphapang mokhoabong oa ho pepesehela Whites vs Blacks le Hispanics.
Re sebelisa sephetho sa maemo, re ka hlophisa litekanyetso tse lekanyelitsoeng (“litlamorao”) bakeng sa lihlopha tse ikhethileng tsa bong le morabe. Ka lebaka la boholo bo fokolang ba sampole bakeng sa Hispanics, re beha mehlala ho ba arabelitsoeng ka White le Bantsho feela. Setšoantšo sa 2 rera lits'oaetso tse lekantsoeng tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano (ka leqeleng le letšehali) le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano (ka leqeleng le letona) bakeng sa ba batona le ba batšehali ka morabe. Bakeng sa index ea boitšoaro ba thobalano, re se re ntse re tseba hore ha ho le e 'ngoe ea matsoapo a fapaneng haholo empa litloaelo tsa bacha ba Bantsho li fapane le bacha ba White. Liphetho tsa ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano li rarahane ho feta. Bacha ba batšo (ba bong bofe kapa bofe) ba na le letsoalo le bataletseng e le ts'ebetso ea lilemo ha baetsi ba batho ba White ba fana ka phetoho e ntle le lilemo. Ba arabehang ba basoeu ba na le litekanyetso tse tlase tse tlase tsa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano ho lilemo tsa 14 mme show e eketseha ka lilemo. Keketseho ena e tšoailoe haholo ke ba batona ba White.
Meetso ea phapano e phapang e fana ka maikutlo a hore likhakanyo tsohle tse lipakeng tsa moalo le tšitiso ea tekano ea tlhaiso le phallo le tšitiso ea boitšoaro ba thobalano li fapane ho ba arabelitsoeng ka bosoeu le ba batšo. Ho shebisisa mekhatlo ena ea bonts'a / boitšoaro ba thobalano, likhakanyo tse senang meeli li hakanngoa ho batho ba arabelang ka bosoeu le ba batšo. Lethathamo 3. E bonts'a sephetho se ts'oanang le sa lihlopha tse peli bakeng sa sekhahla sa tekano ea thobalano (hoo e ka bang keketseho e le 'ngoe ea tlhaiso ea thobalano ka selemo) empa litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa 14 tse fapaneng (hoo e ka bang karolo e le' ngoe ea thobalano e holimo ho ba arabetseng batho ba batšo ho fapana le ho ba arabetseng White). Empa khokahano lipakeng tsa likhakanyo tsa lipalo tse peli e fapane bakeng sa lihlopha tsena tse peli. Kamano lipakeng tsa liphetoho tse pepesitsoeng le liphetoho mekhoeng ea thobalano, leha e sa bohlokoa haholo ka lipalo, e ntle ho ba arabetseng White (r = .46, p = .064) empa ha e le hantle zeror = .03, p = .85). Ha e le hantle, bakeng sa ba arabelang ka mokhoa o lefifi feela ba kopanya feela -r = .26) e bohlokoa ho latela liphetho tse peli: sena se bonts'a hore ho ba ka boleng bo phahameng ho boleng ba thobalano ho 14 ho amana le boleng bo phahameng ba ho pepeseha ka nako e ts'oanang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, liparamente tsohle li bohlokoa kapa li bohlokoa ho ba arabeloang ka bosoeu. Ka mantsoe a mang, har'a Whites, e le hofeta boemo ba ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano, butle-butle ho hola ha boitšoaro ba thobalano ha nako e ntse e feta. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ha boemo ba pele ba boitšoaro bo le tlase, bo hola hanyane ka hanyane ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano ha nako e ntse e feta. Ntle le moo, 'me ho ts'oana le ho ba arabehang ba Ntsho, khokahano ea intercept / intercept e ntle ebile e bohlokoa (r = .42). Ho joalo, likhokahano li bonts'a methati e ikhethang ea sehlopha ea matsoapo le lits'oaetso bakeng sa liphetho tse peli tse bonts'itsoeng lits'oants'o tsa litšoantšo Setšoantšo sa 2: hobane phallo ea phetoho ha nako e ntse e pepesa batho ba Bantsho e hlile e le zero, paramente ena e letsoapong e tlameha ho bonts'a likhakanyo tse tlase le likarolo tsohle tsa tekano ea boitšoaro ba thobalano.
TŠOHLOA
Liphetho tsa rona li bolela hore kamano e lipakeng tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano ke ntho e thata. Taba ea pele, li-trajectories tsa kholo ea ho pepesoa ha li tsamaee. Ntle le moo, matšoao a matsoalo a pepesitseng ha a na botle bo tšoanang; Baetsi ba batho ba batsho le ba Spain ba supa ho theoha ha tlhahiso ea litaba tsa thobalano ho theosa le lilemo tse fumanoeng mona. Ka bobeli e se nang moeli le matsoapo a fosahetseng sehlopheng se le seng le matsoapong a matle sehlopheng se seng ho lumellana ka botlalo pakeng tsa moepa oa phetoho ea boitšoaro ba thobalano le letsoalo la phetoho bakeng sa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano. Kahoo, bakeng sa sampole ka kakaretso e amana lipakeng tsa liphetoho tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano le liphetoho tse hlahisoang ke litaba tsa thobalano ka nako ke .09. Leha ho le joalo, matsoapo a pharalletseng a pepesang a bonts'a hore likhokahano tse ikhethileng lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano le boitšoaro ba thobalano li fapane ho ba arabelanang le batho ba batsho.
Khopolo ea hore litlamorao tsa mecha ea litaba e fapane ho bacha ba merabe e fapaneng / ea merabe e fapaneng ha e ncha. Bopaki bo matla ba ho Brown et al. (2006) e fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha ba White ba angoa haholo ke litaba tsa thobalano ho mecha ea litaba ho feta balekane ba bona ba batho ba batšo. Tlhahlobo ea rona e lumellana le seo ba se fumaneng molemong oa hore khokahano lipakeng tsa liphetoho tse pepesitsoeng le liphetoho mekhoeng ea thobalano e ne e phahame haholo ho ba arabelitsoeng ke batho ba basoeu ho feta ba arabetseng batho ba batšo.
Bakeng sa boitšoaro ba thobalano le ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano ho na le liphapang tse bileng teng lipakeng tsa morabe le tsa bong bo pakeng tsa batho ba arabileng le lilemong tsa pele tseo re li fumaneng lipatlisiso. Liphetho tse tsoang O'Sullivan, Cheng, Harris, & Brooks-Gunn (2007) e tsamaellana le liphumano tsa rona tse bonts'ang hore motho ea arabetseng maikutlo a batho ba batsho le ba Spain (oa bong bofe kapa bofe) o feta karolo e le 'ngoe ea index ea thobalano e phahame ho feta batho ba bang ba arabang ka nako ea 14. Ntle le moo, kaha ho na le batho ba batšo ba sebelisang mecha ea phatlalatso ho feta ea Whites, phapang e teng lipakeng tsa baetsi ba batho ba batsho le ba White mabapi le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano ha e tloaelehe. Hispanics and Blacks li phahame haholo pepesong ea litaba tsa thobalano ho feta tsa Whites le ba bang, mme, ntlheng ena, ho boetse ho na le litlamorao tsa bong: Basali ba lilemo li 14 ba pepesehetse litaba tsa thobalano ho feta banna ba lilemong tse lekanang. Ha re tsebe letho ka boithuto bo bong bo sebelisang lintlha tse telele ho lekola tlhahiso ea litaba tsa thobalano ka nako bakeng sa merabe / merabe e fapaneng, ka hona ho ka se khonehe ho tseba hore na litlamorao tsee li tloaetse hakae.
Tlhaloso e 'ngoe ea liphumano tsena ka bobeli (hammoho le tšebelisano e fokotsang ea likarolo tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano mecheng ea litaba) ke hore sampole ea hajoale e ka ba "ea tsofetse" ho hola ka botlalo kamano pakeng tsa ho pepesehela thobalano. litaba tsa media le boitšoaro ba thobalano. Ka mantsoe a mang, likarabo tsa 14 Hispanic le Black li se li ntse li fapana le ba arabehang ka White mabapi le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano le boitšoaro ba thobalano. Hobane index ea thobalano ke index e kopantsoeng e nang le ntlha ea ho qala, ka nako e 'ngoe ba arabetseng kaofela ba ne ba le boleng ba zero, ka hona ha ho khonehe hore libaka tsa bona tse tsamaeang ka nako li lumellane. Kahoo, seo re se bonang mona ke taba eo ba arabelitsoeng ba seng ba khelohile boleng bo lekanang ka 14 ea lilemo. Bakeng sa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano, ha re tsebe a priori hore bohle ba arabelitsoeng ba qalile ka boleng bo tšoanang, empa mona le rona re bona phapang e teng lipakeng tsa ba arabileng ka nako ea pele ho sampole.
Mokhoa oa hajoale oa ho lekola ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano o ka sebelisoa habonolo ho batho ba banyane, empa ho ka etsahala se tšoanang ka tekanyo ea boits'oaro ba thobalano, ho mabaka le a boitšoaro. Se tla hlokahala ke "tekanyo ea boitšoaro ba thobalano" e lekantsoeng ho palo ea batho ba banyane lilemong, sekhahla se tla ba le "lintho tsa thobalano" le lintho tse ling tse rarollang likamano tsa lerato le boits'oaro ba “pele ho tsa thobalano”. Ka mohlala, Jakobsen (1997) e tlalehiloe ka mohlala oa naha ea naha ea boemeli oa Norway oa bacha ba 13-16. O ile a shebana haholo le bothata ba ho bona boits'oaro bo seng bo kopane "bo tsitsitseng," "ho aka," "ho aka ka Sefora," "ho etsa lintho tse ngata" le "ho etsa lintho tse matla." O'Sullivan et al. (2007) e ile ea etsa lipatlisiso tsa boits'oaro sechabeng, maikutlo a lerato le tsa thobalano ho bacha ba lilemo tse ka bang 12 mme ba sebelisa litaba tsa boits'oaro tse kang "batsoali ba molekane", "ba ile ba inahana le ho ratana joalo ka baratani" le "ba fapanyetsana limpho". O'Donnell, Stueve, Wilson-Simmons, Dash, Agronick le JeanBaptiste (2006) lintlha tse bokelletsoeng ho tsoa 6th Li-graders (lilemo tsa mahareng e ne e le 11) 'me li kenyelletsa lintho tsa thobalano tsa pele ho lenyalo tse kang, "Na u kile ua ts'oarana ka matsoho le moshanyana kapa ngoanana?" le hore na o kile oa aka kapa ho hakana moshanyana kapa ngoanana ka nako e telele? lintho tse kang tsena li tla tlameha ho kenyelletsoa e le karolo ea "index ea boitšoaro ba thobalano" bakeng sa ba arabelitsoeng ba banyenyane, haholo hobane Pardun, L'Engle le Brown ba fumane hore 25% ea lintho tsa bona tsa "thobalano" tse hlahang mecheng e tšeletseng ea litaba e na le kamano e amanang litaba tsa litaba tse kang linyatso tsa lerato, ho ratana, lenyalo le tlhalo (Pardun, L'Engle le Brown, 2005, leq. 86).
Ho na le meeli ho seo re se fumaneng. Taba ea mantlha, ka lebaka la leano la ho etsa sampole, kakaretso ea liphetho tsena e lekanyelitsoe feela ho bacha ba ngolisitsoeng thutong. Leha ho le joalo, liphetho li lumellana le datha ho tsoa mehlala e meng ea baemeli. Hape, mehlala e nyane ea mehlala ea Manypanics le merabe e meng ea merabe / morabe e baka likhakanyo tse sa tsitsang kahare ho lihlopha tsena. Qeto e 'ngoe hape e bohlokoa ho ela hloko. Liphetho tsena li bonts'a hore ha ho na monyetla oa hore ho be le kakaretso e le 'ngoe e akaretsang joalo ka khokahano kapa moeli o ts'oarang o tla araba potso e reng, "Kamano e teng lipakeng tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano ba lilemong tsa bocha le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano joang?" ho thellisa le ho hleka phapang ho lihlopha ka bobeli bakeng sa liphetho ka bobeli ho etsa hore mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa kakaretso o thatafalloe ho sireletsa. Bakeng sa ho utloisisa likamano tse rarahaneng lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano le boitšoaro ba thobalano ba lilemong tsa bocha ho tla hlokahala hore ho nahanoe mehlala e meholo le e melelele ea bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha.
Kamora nako, tlhahlobo mona ha e bue ka sesosa sa boitšoaro le ponaletso hobane setsoalle lipakeng tsa matsoapong le litekanyetsong tsa index ea thobalano le litaba tse pepesitsoeng tsa thobalano ke tsa mehleng ena. Tataiso ea ho etsa karolo ena ea lipatlisiso e ea makatsa empa litekolo tse ling tsa lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore boitšoaro ba thobalano kamanong ea litaba tsa thobalano ha bo sebetse ntle le ho pheta-pheta (Bleakley, Hennessy, Fishbein & Jordan, 2008) moo ho pepeseha ho bontshang boitshwaro le boitshwaro bo bakang ho pepesehaSlater, 2007). Ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa mofuta o le mong oa kamano pakeng tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano ke bothata bo bong ba ho etsa lipatlisiso bo netefatsang lipatlisiso tse hlakileng.
lumela hore baa fokola
Phatlalatso ena e entsoe hore e khonehe ke Grant Number 5R01HD044136 ho tsoa ho National Institute of Child Health le Human Development (NICHD). Likateng tsa eona ke boikarabello ba lingoli feela ebile ha li bolele maikutlo a semmuso a NICHD.
Biography
Michaela Hennessy ke Motsamaisi oa Projeke Sekolong sa puisano sa Annenberg Univesithing ea Pennsylvania. Thahasello ea hae ea mantlha ke ho hokahanya mehlala ea litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro le tlhahlobo ea likamano tse ipapisitseng le litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro.
Amy Bleakley ke Rasaense oa Lipatlisiso sekolong sa Annenberg bakeng sa Puisano Univesithing ea Pennsylvania. Lithahasello tsa hae tsa lipatlisiso li kenyelletsa boits'oaro ba bongoana, melaoana ea bophelo bo botle ba botona le botšehali, thuto ea bophelo bo botle le tšusumetso litabeng tsa boitšoaro bo botle.
Martin Fishbein ke Harry C. Coles, Jr., moprofesa ea ikhethang oa puisano sekolong sa Annenberg bakeng sa Puisano Univesithing ea Pennsylvania. Lithahasello tsa hae tsa lipatlisiso li kenyelletsa likamano lipakeng tsa litumelo, maikutlo, sepheo le boits'oaro lebaleng le lilaboratorong le tlhahlobo ea katleho ea lipallo tse amanang le bophelo bo botle tse amanang le bophelo.
Amy Jordan ke motataisi oa Media le Lefapha la Nts'etsopele ea Bana la Setsi sa Pholisi ea Sechaba sa Annenberg sa Univesithi ea Pennsylvania, moo a hlokomelang lipatlisiso mabapi le leano la mecha ea litaba. Lithuto tsa hae li lekotse ts'ebetsong le kamohelo ea sechaba ea taelo ea thelevishene ea thuto e tsejoang ka hore ke Molao oa Boraro oa Lihora, molao oa V-Chip, litlatsetso tsa litaba tsa American Academy of Pediatrics 'me li leka le indasteri ho itaola ho bapatsa lijo ho bana. Dr. Jordan ke moamoheli oa Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Khokahano oa Khokahano oa Tloaelo le Pholisi le Setsi sa Naha sa Puisano sa Naha sa Stanley L. Saxon.
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