Koranta ea Lipatlisiso ea Afrika ea Lithuto tsa Mahlale le Setso sa Sechaba, 6 (1), 2019
Bangoli: Michael Njeru1, Solomon Nzyuko (Ph.D)2 le Stephen Ndegwa (Ph.D)3
1Lefapha la Clinical Psychology, Univesithi ea Daystar
PO Box 44400 - 00100, Nairobi - Kenya
Email: [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
2Lefapha la Clinical Psychology, Univesithi ea Daystar
PO Box 44400 - 00100, Nairobi - Kenya
Email: [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
3Lefapha la Clinical Psychology, Univesithi ea Daystar
PO Box 44400 - 00100, Nairobi - Kenya
Email: [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
HO HLOKA
Ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke phephetso ea boits'oaro e ka pepesetsang bacha mathateng a kelello le sechaba sechabeng sa bona sa kholo. Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho fumana lintlha tse amanang le bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa har'a baithuti ba likolong tse mahareng tse khethiloeng seterekeng sa Nairobi, Kenya. Phuputso ena e ile ea nahana ka likhopolo tsa maemo a khale le maemo a ho ithuta ka sechaba ha a hlalosa bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa har'a bacha. Mokhoa oa ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ngata o sebelisitsoe thutong ena ho likolo tse mahareng tse khethiloeng seterekeng sa Nairobi. Boholo ba sampole e ne e le baithuti ba 666 ba ileng ba etsetsoa lisampole ka boomo likolong tsena tse peli. Pokello ea lintlha e entsoe ho sebelisoa lipotso le ho hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mofuta oa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) mofuta oa 21. Liphuputso tse fumanoeng li bontšitse hore palo e kholo ea baithuti ba ne ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Mabaka a bakoang ke ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa a kenyelletsa; Nako e sebelisitsoeng ho shebella litaba tsa inthanete, ho fumaneha ha lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa le ho fihlella lisebelisoa tse lumelloang inthaneteng. Bongata ba ba arabelitsoeng bo bontšitse boeletsi le tlhabollo e le litsela tse thusang ho hlola mathata a tahi ho fapana le kotlo. Ho ipapisitsoe le tse fumanoeng thutong ena, ho bohlokoa hore batsoali le bahlokomeli ba bacha ba shebe mesebetsi ea inthaneteng e etsoang ke bana ba bona. Ho feta moo, ho bohlokoa hore batsoali le matichere ba tloaelane le mekhoa ea hajoale ea thobalano ea bocha ka sepheo sa boeletsi bo nepahetseng le botsoali.
Keywords: Lisebelisoa tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ho lemalla litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo bobe, ho ata ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, liithuti le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa
SELELEKELA
Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ke boitšoaro ba thobalano bo emeloang mecheng ea phatlalatso e kang lits'oants'o, libuka le litšoantšo tse tsamaeang le maikutlo a ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Litaba tse mabapi le litaba tsa botona le botšehali le litaba tse hlakileng li na le moelelo, li fapana ho ea ka moetlo o mong hape e le pontšo ea phetoho litekanyetsong tsa boitšoaro. Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li nepahetse mme nalane ea tsona ha e hlalosoe habonolo joalo hore litšoantšo tse nyatsitsoeng sechabeng se seng li ka amoheleha ka sepheo sa bolumeli moetlong o mong (Jenkins, 2017).
Ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng, haholo-holo ka marang-rang, ho bile le tšusumetso e kholo moetlong oa bacha le nts'etsopele ea bocha ka mekhoa e e-so ka e bonoa le e fapaneng (L¨ofgren-Martenson le Mansson, 2). Ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa e lebisa bokhobeng. Batho ba bang ba tlaleha tahlehelo ea taolo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, e atisang ho tsamaisoa le linako tse ntseng li eketseha tsa ho sebelisa linako le litlamorao maemong a bophelo, joalo ka ts'ebetso ea sekolo / thuto / mosebetsi (Duffy, Dawson, & Das Nair, 2010).
Boithuto bo mabapi le lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa bo sebelisoang har'a bacha bo entsoe linaheng tse fapaneng lefatšeng ka bophara. United States of America, Gilkersen (2013) o tlalehile hore ho na le liwebsaete tse ngata tse nang le maqephe a fetang limilione tse 4 tsa lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa. Ha ho tluoa ho qaleho ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ho pepesetsoa hangata ho etsahala lilemo tse ka bang 11 mme bareki ba kholo ka ho fetisisa ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke bana ba lilemo tse 12 ho isa ho tse 17 (Gilkersen, 2013).
Lisebelisoa tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sebelisoang har'a baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la lintlha tse ngata tse rarahaneng kapa tse amanang. Ho bohlokoa ho ba le tlhaiso-leseling e nepahetseng mabapi le liphetoho tse tlisoang ke ho hola le ho ratana le batho ba bong bo fapaneng ka lebaka la bocha 'me sena se fana ka motheo oa ho utloisisa hore na hobaneng bacha ba sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa. Methati ea bong bo fapaneng ho latela Freud e hlalosa matla a thobalano nts'etsopele ha a ntse a shebana le mesebetsi e fapaneng ea bioloji. Sigmund Freud o boletse hore nakong ea thobalano e qalang bocheng, ho hlaha maikutlo a thobalano e le ketsahalo e tloaelehileng e khetholloang ke maikutlo a thobalano ho batho ba bang (Berstein, Penner, Clarke-Stewart & Roy 2008)
Baithuti likolong tse phahameng ba tlameha ho sebetsana le ho tsosa matla a thobalano le ho qala ha batho ba baholo hammoho le likhohlano le litakatso tsa pejana. Rosenthal le Moore (1995) ba hlalosa sena ka ho eketsehileng ka ho bua ka mocha ea lilemong tsa bocha eo nakong ena a nang le bokhoni ba ho bonts'a litoro tsa oedipal leha lithibelo, litloaelo tsa sechaba le superego li sa lumelle pheletso ho tsoela pele. Maemong a joalo, mocha ea lilemong tsa bocha a ka etsa tloaelo ea lekunutu ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa a ipatile ho mang kapa mang ea ka hanang ketso eo. Boemong ba ho se tsebe letho, Rosenthal le Moore (1995) ba eketsa ka hore mocha o tlameha ho thusoa ho sebelisa tsebo e ntle ea kahisano e tla mo etsa hore a sebetse hantle ka thobalano ea batho ba baholo. Mokhoa oo likhohlano tse sa tsebeng letho li sebetsoang ka ona lilemong tsa bocha o tla laoloa haholo ke hore na maikutlo a matlafatsang a thobalano a sebetsoa hantle hakae (Rosenthal & Moore 1995). Liphetoho tsa kelello li kanna tsa se hlahe nakong ea bocha mme li ka bonoa liphetohong tsa mohopolo le likamano le batho. Liphetoho tsena li ka baka mathata ho bacha haholo ha ba sa thusoe ka nepo ho buisana kapa ho sebetsana ka katleho le liphetoho tse ka hlahang tse sieang sebaka sa ho fuputsa le ho leka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Ntle le lintlha tsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa tse sebelisoang ho baithuti ba lilemong tsa bocha, ho na le ba bang ba bangata ba kenyang letsoho. Ho ea ka Strasburger (2009), mecha ea phatlalatso e phatlalalitsoeng le elektroniki e bile mohloli o ka sehloohong oa thuto litabeng tsa thobalano ho bacha ba nang le lithuto tse hlano tse telele tse bontšang hore litaba tsa mecha ea phatlalatso ea basali li kenya letsoho ho qaleheng ha thobalano le boimana. Tsoelo-pele ea mahlale a morao-rao Europe ka ho khetheha mecheng ea phatlalatso e ile ea potlakisa ho hasoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka tsela ea maikutlo a lerato le boithabiso. Ke mecha ea phatlalatso moo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li kenang maphelong a batho ba ikemetseng mme sena se ama bacha ba bangata bao ho ka etsahalang hore ba amohelang tšebeliso ea theknoloji ea litaba le tlhaiso-leseling. Mabapi le mecha ea litaba e le mohloli o ka sehloohong oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, Rich (2001) o re ha ho na khoebo e 'ngoe e hapang kapele joalo ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka mecha ea litaba. E tšoantšoa le pontšo e sa koaheleng, e bapalang palo ea batho bohle. Bacha ba qetang nako e ngata mecheng ea litaba le mesebetsing ea inthanete ba ka iphumana ba le libakeng tsa bootsoa ho feta ba sa etseng.
Ntho e 'ngoe e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa ke ho ipholla litho. Ho ipholla litho le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, le ho bapala papali ea thobalano, ka tsela tse ling li amana le ho hlonama kelellong le maikutlong joalo ka ha li tahoa ebile li lekhoba joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea mefuta e meng ea lithethefatsi. Laier le Brand (2016) lipatlisisong tsa bona ba bonts'a liteko tse ngata tse bonts'ang ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ka boithatelo boinotšing bo ne bo tsamaisana le ho fokotseha ho matla ha maikutlo a ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa botšehali le tlhoko ea ho ipholla litho. Kamora ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, batho ba bangata ba qala ho sebelisa mekhoa ea ho qhekella, mohlala, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali ho leka ho khotsofatsa tlhoko ena e tebileng ka hare. Mefuta ena e haufi-ufi ea lerato ha e kopane le tlhoko ena leha ho le joalo e lemaletse tlhaho ea bona hoo ho leng thata ho e hanela. Carvalheira, Bente le Stullhofer (2014) ba ile ba etsa tlhahlobo e qaqileng haholoanyane har'a banna ba nyetseng le ba kopaneng ba bileng le boiphihlelo ba fokotsehileng takatso ea thobalano likhoeling tse 6 tse fetileng Bongata ba banna ba ileng ba ipholla litho tsa bonyane hang ka beke ba tlaleha hore ba sebelisitse lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa bonyane hang ka beke le (Carvalheira et. al, 2014). Lithuto tsa bona li bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li ne li tsamaisana hantle haholo
Ho fumaneha ha inthanete le mesebetsi e meng e fumanehang marang-rang har'a bacha e ka ba sesosa se seng se tlatsetsang ts'ebelisong ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa. Ho ea ka Jenkins (2017), ho fihla ha inthanete haholo-holo ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1990 ho kentse letsoho ho faneng ka lifilimi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. United States, 93% ea bacha bohle ba lilemo tse 12 ho isa ho tse 17 ba sebelisa marang-rang; 63% e kena marang-rang letsatsi le letsatsi mme 36% ba inthaneteng makhetlo a mangata ka letsatsi (Lenhart, Purcell, Smith & Zickuhr, 2010). World Internet Report e ile ea etsa lipatlisiso ho ba lilemo li 12 ho isa ho tse 14 ho tsoa linaheng tse leshome le metso e meraro tse fapaneng mme ea fumana hore 100% ea bacha ba Borithane, 98% ea bacha ba Israel, 96% ea bacha ba Czech, le 95% ea bacha ba Canada ba tlalehile ba sebelisa inthanete khafetsa (Lawsky, 2008). Kaha mocha oa Amerika ea mahareng o na le lisebelisoa tse tharo tsa mehala e ka nkuoang haholo hobane ts'ebetso ea inthanete ea nkeha, ka hona ha e na lithibelo (Roberts, Foehr, & Rideout, 2005).
Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e boetse e bontšoa e le sephetho sa lits'ebetso tse fosahetseng tsa kelello. Sena se ka tsoa mekhoeng ea bophelo ea mehleng ena e hohelang ka tsela ea thobalano. Barlow le Durand (2009) ba bonts'a hore mekhoa ea bophelo bo bobebe e ntse e phahama joalo ka ha ho bonahala ho sehlooho se reng "thobalano e rekisa". Sena se matlafalitse boitšoaro ba thobalano ba atypical khahlano le thato ea motho. Odongo (2014) o qotsa mosali oa mehleng oa litaba ka maikutlo a fosahetseng a ikoahlaelang bophelo ba hae thelevisheneng. Bophelo bona bo mo ts'oants'a e le "sirelletso ea thobalano ea thelevisheneng." Anchor ea litaba ka mantsoe a hae o itse "Mohopolo ona oa ho qobelloa ho hlahisa TV ka bohlasoa bo pepesehileng, o pepesa boitšoaro ba hau bo bobe ho seea-le-moea sa naha ha malapa a le likamoreng tsa bona tsa bolulo, ha se taba setaele sa ka ”. Sena se senotsoe ke anchor ea litaba se bonts'a hore ho ka ba le li-anchors tse ling tsa litaba le batho ba litaba ba boemong bo ts'oanang ba ho ba litsotsi tsa botona le botšehali. Bothata e tla ba hore kamora hore ba tloaelane le mokhoa oa bophelo moo motho a apereng ka tsela e tsosang takatso ea thobalano, ba ka amohelang mokhoa o mocha oa bophelo mme ba lahleheloe ke maikutlo a bona ho se ka nkoang e le mokhoa oa bootsoa o bonts'ang thobalano. Ho feta moo, Jenkins (2017) o re tšebeliso ea lik'hamera tsa marang-rang e ntlafalitse indasteri ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho baetsi ba litšoantšo ba seng ba ka beha lifoto tsa bona tse hlakileng ka bolokolohi le ho feta ketsahalong ea phatlalatso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana. Ho pepesa bacha lilemong tsa bona tsa bophelo bo botle ho ka ba etsa hore ba be le kelello e ba etsang hore ba tloaelane le tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.
Phuputsong e entsoeng Afrika Boroa, Kheswa le Notole (2014), e tlaleha hore Afrika Boroa ha e siuoe kantle mabapi le phephetso ea bootsoa ea bongoana joalo ka bo etsahetseng libakeng tse ling. Boithuto ba bona ba boiphihlelo bo matla ho baithuti ba banna ba leshome ba lilemo li 14 - 18 ba tsoang sekolong se mahareng sa Kapa Bochabela ba fumane hore tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, khatello ea lithaka le ho hloka taolo ea botsoali li kentse letsoho ts'ebelisong ea thepa ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Kenya, manonyeletso a joala le lipapatso li ka baka tikoloho e loketseng litoro tsa thobalano joalo ka ha li bonoa ke litloaelo tsa moetapele oa liaparo tsa botaki le ho fumaneha ha basebetsi ba etsang thobalano. Bokhoba ba tahi, bacha ba ka etsa boitšoaro bo sa laoleheng mme ntho e atileng haholo ke mabapi le thobalano. Bacha ba ka ba le ho sitoa ho utloisisa ho rarahana ha ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Hape ba kanna ba hloka tsebo mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa litlamorao tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le boitšoaro ka lebaka la monahano oa bona o sa le monyane. Sena se bontša hore nako e sebelisoang ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, mehloli e fumanehang habonolo ea lisebelisoa tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho fumaneha marang-rang li amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa har'a bacha. Ka hona thuto e ne e rerile ho hlahloba lintlha tse amanang le lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa ho baithuti likolong tse ikhethileng tsa Nairobi County, Kenya.
MOTS'ELISO
Phuputso eo e ne e le ngata ka tlhaho mme e lebisitse likolo tse peli lebatooeng la Nairobi. Mokhoa ona o sebelisitsoe hobane lithuto li ne li entsoe ka ba bangata ba arabelitsoeng. Ho feta moo, datha tse tsoang likarabo tsa bona li ne li tla sebelisoa hantle ho sekaseka lintlha tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho baithuti likolong tse ikhethileng tsa Nairobi County, Kenya.
Mohlala oa ho ithuta o ne o entsoe ka baithuti ba neng ba ngolisitsoe 'me ba le likolong tsa likolo tse peli ka sebopeho se le seng ba etsa tse' ne. Ho ile ha amoheloa sampole e nang le sepheo hobane likolo tse peli tse mahareng li ne li e-na le baahi ba bangata ba lilemong tsa bocha ba neng ba loketse thuto. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore thuto e ile ea khetholla liithuti tse neng li le lilemo li 20 ho ea holimo.
Mabapi le lisebelisoa tsa pokello ea data, thuto e sebelisitse lipotso tsa lipotso ho hlahloba le ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ea batho ba nkang karolo. Potso ea pele e ile ea sebelisoa ho hlahloba litho tsa sehlopha bakeng sa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisang lethathamong la lipotso e ne e le leseli la hore na motho ea neng a nkile karolo o entse bootsoa kapa ts'ebelisong ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Tlhahisoleseling e ka har'a potso e kenyeletsa lilemo, bong, boemo ba sehlopha, lintlha tsa lelapa, bolumeli boo ba ngoliselitseng bona le tlhaiso-leseling e ling e amanang. Ts'ebeliso ea lipotso tse hlophisitsoeng le tse hlophisitsoeng hantle e ne e le thuso ho bokella tlhahiso-leseling e tebileng le ho hlakisetsa ba arabelang seo e kanna eaba ba ne ba sa ba hlakisetsa sona pejana.
Lintlha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) mofuta oa 21. Haholo-holo, data e bokelletsoeng ho tsoa lenaneng la lipotso, e ne e kenyellelitsoe ka har'a sephutheloana sa lipalopalo, tse ngotsoeng ka sepheo sa hore sephetho se sebelisitsoe ho hlahisa liphetho tsa lipatlisiso ho sebelisoa litafole le lipalo. Phuputso e hlokometse litokelo tsa batho le litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro nakong eohle ea lipatlisiso. Barupeluoa ba ile ba tlameha ho supa boikemisetso ba bona ba ho nka karolo thutong ka tumello e fanoeng ke mosuoe-hlooho oa bona oa sekolo.
LIPOTSO
Mekhoa ea Palo ea Baithuti
Thutong ena, ho ile ha batloa datha mabapi le bong, karolelano ea lilemo ho latela moelelo, boemo ba thuto le boemo ba botsoali bo batliang. Sena e ne e le ho netefatsa hore sampole e khethiloeng e emetse sechaba sohle. Ho feta halofo (54.8%) ea baithuti ba neng ba nkile karolo lipatlisisong e ne e le banna ha ba 45.2% e le basali. Sena se bontša hore mohlala o khethiloeng o ne o e-na le moithuti oa banna ho feta baithuti ba basali. Sena ke hobane palo ea baithuti ba banna e feta ea baithuti ba basali
Palo ea seithuti se khethiloeng ke lilemo tse 16.5. Sena se bonts'a hore boholo ba baithuti ba sampole e emeloang ba ne ba le lilemo li 16. Ka hanyane ho karolo ea boraro feela (35.3%) ea baithuti ba ne ba tsoa foromong ea pele, ba 24.5% ba ne ba tsoa foromong ea bobeli, 25.3% ba ne ba tsoa foromong ea boraro mme 14.6% e ne e le sebopeho sa bone. Sena se bontša hore sebopeho sa baithuti ba ne ba ikemiselitse ho nka karolo lithutong ho fapana le litlelase tse ling.
Hoo e ka bang karolo ea bobeli ho boraro (60%) ea ba arabelitsoeng ba lula le batsoali ka bobeli ba tlhaho ha ba 20.2% ba lula le batsoali ba se nang balekane. Leha ho le joalo, 19.8% e boletse hore ba lula le motsoali oa bobeli, a le mong, le mohlokomeli, ba nang le batsoali ba hlalaneng kapa ba arohaneng kapa ba khutsitsoeng ke motsoali a le mong kapa ka bobeli. Sena se bolela hore boholo ba karolo ba ile ba holisoa ke motsoali ea tsoaloang le motsoali a le mong.
Lintlha tse amanang le Ts'ebeliso ea Litšoantšo tsa Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hara Baithuti likolong tsa Targeted Sekolo sa Nairobi County
Boithuto bona bo ne bo rerela ho sekaseka mabaka a amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa likolong tsa Sekolo se Phahameng sa Nairobi. Lintho tsena li kenyelletsa nako e sebelisoang ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, mehloli e fumanehang habonolo ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le phihlello ea inthanete ke baithuti.
Nako e Qalang ho Sheba Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa
Baithuti ba sampole e khethiloeng ba ile ba botsoa hore ba supe nako eo ba e qetang ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka beke. Setšoantšo sa 1 se bonts'a kakaretso ea likarabo tsa bona.
Setšoantšo sa 1 Ho tsamaisoa ha nako ea baithuti ba sebelisitsoeng ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa
Likarolo tse kholo tsa baithuti (82.5%) tsa baithuti ba qeta nako e ka tlase ho hora ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, 9.5% e qeta hora e le 'ngoe ho isa ho tse peli, 6.3% e qeta lihora tse tharo ho isa ho tse' nè 'me 1.6% e qeta lihora tse hlano. Ho tsoa liphumantsong 17.5% e qeta nako e fetang hora ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Mehloli e fumanehang habonolo ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa
Baithuti ba ile ba botsoa hape hore ba fane ka mehloli e fapa-fapaneng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tseo ba li sebelisang. Kabo ea likarabo e fanoa ka ho setšoantšo sa 2.
Setšoantšo sa 2 Karabelo ea baithuti mohloling o fumanehang oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa
Hoo e ka bang karolo ea bobeli borarong (63.5%) ea baithuti ba shebellang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba sebelisa lifono tsa bona, 19% ba sebelisa livideo tse tsoang li-DVD, 9.5% ba sebelisa limakasine, 4.8% ho li-cyber le 3.2% ba sebelisa mehloli e meng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Sena se bontša hore baithuti ba bangata ba shebellang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba sebelisa mehala ea bona ea thekeng hobane ba ka shebella ba le bang.
Phihlello ea inthanete
Bakeng sa ho theha phihlello ea marang-rang ke baithuti, ba arabelitsoeng ba ile ba botsoa hore na ba na le phihlello ea inthanete. Likarabo li akaretsoa ho setšoantšo sa 3.
Setšoantšo sa 3 Phihlello ea inthanete
Ka hanyane halofo ea barutoana ba supile hore ha ba na monyetla oa ho kena inthaneteng ha ba 45.4% ba supa hore ba khona ho kena inthaneteng. Sena se bontša hore hoo e ka bang halofo ea baithuti ba na le marang-rang.
Kamano lipakeng tsa Sebopeho sa Boitsebiso le Ts'ebeliso ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa
Boithuto bo ile ba hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa litšobotsi tsa palo ea batho (thobalano, boemo ba botsoali, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, ho fihlella marang-rang) le ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa. Teko ea Chi-mraba bakeng sa boipuso e sebelisitsoe ho theha setsoalle.
Kopano lipakeng tsa Tloaelo ea Thobalano le Tšebeliso ea Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa har'a Baithuti
Phuputso eo e ile ea lekola kamano e lipakeng tsa tloaelo ea ho etsa thobalano le lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tse sebelisoang har'a baithuti likolong tse ikhethileng tsa Nairobi County. Tafole 1 e bonts'a sephetho sa liteko tsa chi-mraba.
Lethathamo 1
Teko ea Chi-mraba bakeng sa Kamano pakeng tsa Tloaelo ea thobalano le Tšebeliso ea Litšoantšo tsa Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa
Liteko tsa Chi sekwere li bontšitse kopano e kholo pakeng tsa tloaelo ea thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa, 0.05, χ² (1, N = 658) = 10.690, P = .001. Sena se bolela hore lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa li sebelisa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang.
Kamano lipakeng tsa Boemo ba Batsoali le Ts'ebeliso ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa
Phuputso ena e ile ea lekola kamano e teng lipakeng tsa boemo ba botsoali le lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa har'a baithuti likolong tse ikhethileng tsa Nairobi County. Tafole ea 2 e bonts'a sephetho sa liteko tsa chi-mraba.
Lethathamo 2
Teko ea Chi-mraba bakeng sa Kamano lipakeng tsa Boemo ba Batsoali le Ts'ebeliso ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa
Liteko tsa Chi tse kholo ha li bontše setsoalle sa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa boemo ba botsoali le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, 0.05, χ² (1, N = 658) = 10.690, P = .001. Sena se bolela hore lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa li sebelisa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang.
Kamano lipakeng tsa ho ipholla litho le Tšebeliso ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa
Phuputso ena e ile ea lekola kamano e lipakeng tsa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse ts'oanang le baithuti ba likolong tse ikhethileng tsa Nairobi County. Tafole ea 3 e bonts'a sephetho sa liteko tsa chi-mraba.
Lethathamo 3
Teko ea Chi-mraba bakeng sa Mokhatlo lipakeng tsa Monyollo le Tšebeliso ea Litšoantšo tsa Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa
Liteko tsa Chi tse kholo li bontšitse khokahano e kholo lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa, 0.05, χ² (1, N = 658) = 10.690, P = .001. Sena se bolela hore lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa li sebelisa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang.
TŠOHLOA
Phuputso e netefalitse hore bongata (82.5%) ba baithuti ba qeta nako e ka tlase ho hora ka beke ho shebella lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa. Boithuto bo fetileng ba Wallmyr le Welin (2006) ba fumane hore 48.8% ea ba batona ba lilemo li 15 ho isa ho 25 ba shebile haholo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa botšehali. Ba bang ba 39.5% ba e shebelletse ka lebaka la bohelehele le 28.5% hobane "ho pholile". Sena se ile sa ts'ehetsoa lithutong tsa Goodson, McCormick & Evans (2001), moo banna ba neng ba re sepheo sa bona sa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke hobane ba ne ba labalabela ho tseba thobalano le boithabiso ba thobalano. Lebaka la sena ke hore bacha le batho ba baholo ba maemong a kelello ea ho holisa boitsebahatso le kamano e haufi ba hloka tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le thobalano (Erickson, 1968).
Baithuti ba boetse ba na le monyetla oa ho fumana mehloli e fapaneng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li senotse hore bacha le batho ba baholo ba tlaleha ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano, mohlala, libuka, limakasine, lifilimi le lithelefono tsa thobalano ho 50% (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005). Sengoloa sa Muchene (2014) se netefalitse hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li se li atile sechabeng sa rona. E boetse e hlokometse hore mefuta e fapaneng ea livideo e se e fihlile sebakeng sa lehae ho tsosa ngangisano e kholo ea hore na ho ba sebete, ho hohela le ho nosetsa mahlo ka mokhoa o fetelletseng o bonts'itsoeng o phetse hantle molokong oa rona. E ne e qotsitse nyeoe ea sehlopha sa bashemane se sa roalang hloohong se tants'ang ka mokhoa o khothatsang le libapali tsa basali tse neng li thibetsoe ho tsoa litsing tsa thelevisheneng empa e ne e amohetse maikutlo a 621500 ho uena tube. Ho ea ka Muchene (2014), ho shebella lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano ho ne ho se ho le feshene ho bacha.
Tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea inthanete ke bacha le eona e ka baka ts'oaetso ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa. Palo ea baithuti e holimo haholo ka hona ho na le kotsi ea ho pepesehela lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa. Ho ea ka CCK (2013) palo ea basebelisi ba inthanete Kenya e ne e le limilione tse 21.2 ka Phato 2013; e emetse 52.3% ea baahi. Ka hona ho na le monyetla oa ho eketseha ha marang-rang a sa laoloang mme sena se ka lebisa ho keketseho e lekanyelitsoeng ea ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bacha. Ntle le moo, Marang-rang a teng ebile a etelletsoe pele bophelong ba bacha ba bangata (Lenhart, Ling, Campbell, & Purcell, 2010; Lenhart, Purcell, Smith, & Zickur, 2010). Ka mohlala, United States, 93% ea bacha bohle ba lilemo li 12 ho isa ho 17 ba sebelisa marang-rang; 63% e kena marang-rang letsatsi le letsatsi mme 36% ba inthaneteng makhetlo a mangata ka letsatsi (Lenhart, Purcell et al., 2010). World Internet Report e ile ea etsa lipatlisiso ho batho ba lilemo li 12 ho isa ho tse 14 ba tsoang linaheng tse leshome le metso e meraro mme ba fumana hore 100% ea bacha ba Borithane, 98% ea bacha ba Israele, 96% ea bacha ba Czech, le 95% ea bacha ba Canada ba tlalehile ba sebelisa Marang-rang khafetsa (Lawsky, 2008 ).
Liphetho li bonts'a kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa tloaelo ea thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Sena se tsamaellana le phuputso e entsoeng ke Alacron, Iglesia, Cassado le Montejo (2019) e boneng liphapang tse hlakileng bokong bo sebetsang ba bakuli ba nang le boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano le taolo e ts'oanang le ea makhoba a lithethefatsi. Haholo-holo, e supa taba ea hore ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa thobalano kapa litaba tsa thobalano ho bonts'a phapang lipakeng tsa ho rata (ho laoloa) le ho batla (takatso ea thobalano) e neng e le kholo ho feta. Phuputsong e ngoe e entsoeng ke Kamaara (2005) liphuputso tse ts'oanang lia bonoa. Haholo-holo thuto e bontšitse mathata a mabeli a amanang le bocha. Ea pele ke bothata ba boitsebahatso e leng boiteko ba motho ka mong ba ho itseba le ho tseba mohlala oa bona. Bothata ba bobeli bo mabapi le thobalano e khetholloang ke ho tsosa litaba tsa thobalano mme haholo-holo takatso e matla ea bong bo fapaneng. Baithuti ba se nang monyetla oa ho hlahisa thobalano ba ka qetella ba kene litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa bona tsa thobalano.
Ho feta moo, liphetho ha li bontše kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa boemo ba botsoali le tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa. Ho tsoa tlhahlobisong ea lingoliloeng ho hlakile hore ho bile le leqhubu la lithuto tse amanang le bokhoba ba boitšoaro moo tse ling tsa tsona li shebileng bokhobeng ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho na lipatlisiso tse atlehileng ho tseba semelo sa baithuti mabapi le boemo ba batsoali ba bona. Sena se tiisa taba ea hore semelo sa motsoali ha se na tšusumetso ea ho lemalla ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tse litšila.
Liphetho li boetse li bonts'a kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Tloaelo e ts'oanang e bonoe lithutong ke Laier le Brand (2016) moo ba ileng ba totobatsa liteko tse ngata tse bonts'ang ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang ka boithati ka boinotšing ho tsamaisana le phokotso e matla ea ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa botšehali. Hoa tšoana le ho bontšitsoe liphuputsong ke Carvalheira, Bente le Stullhofer (2014) moo ho neng ho etsoa tlhahlobo e qaqileng haholoanyane har'a banna ba nyetseng le ba nyalaneng ba neng ba bile le boiphihlelo ba fokotse takatso ea thobalano (DSD). Boholo ba banna ba iphollotseng bonyane hang ka beke ba tlaleha hore ba sebelisitse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bonyane hang ka beke hape (Carvalheira et. Al, 2014).
QETELLO
Phuputso eo e ile ea fihlela qeto ea hore ho na le kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa tloaelo ea ho etsa thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hara baithuti likolong tse ikhethileng tsa Nairobi County, Kenya. Ha e le hantle, baithuti ba shebelang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka boomo ba kopanya litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea ho sheba litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso nakong ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali mabapi le likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse kopanetsoeng.
Mabapi le boemo ba botsoali, thuto e fihletse qeto ea hore ho ne ho se na kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa maemo a botsoali le lisebelisoa tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sebelisoang har'a baithuti ba likolong tse mahareng tse khethiloeng Nairobi. Ka hona, semelo sa batsoali ha sea ka sa bonahala se na le tšusumetso tšebeliso ea baithuti ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa likolong tse khethiloeng.
Ho feta moo, thuto e phethela ka hore kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa ho ipholla litho tsa botona le botšehali e sebelisa hara baithuti likolong tse ikhethileng tsa Nairobi County, Kenya. Litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo bobe hangata ho lumeloa e le ketso ea motho a le mong empa boithuto ba rona bo bonts'a hore ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa ho amana le ts'ehetso e kholo ea script ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mofuta o mong oa likamano tsa botona le botšehali 'me e' ngoe ea liketsahalo tsena ke ho etsa boitšoaro bo bobe joalo ka ho ipholla litho.
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