Sekoloto sa pele sa thobalano se amahanngoa le boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano le kotsi e eketsehang ea boimana bo sa reroang le tšoaetso ea thobalano hamorao bophelong. Likamano lipakeng tsa ho pepesetsoa likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa baesekopo (MSE), molato oa thobalano, le boitšoaro bo kotsing ba ho ba motho e moholo (ke hore, balekane ba bangata ba thobalano le tšebeliso e sa lumellaneng ea likhohlopo) li hlahlobiloe thutong e telele ea bacha ba Amerika. MSE e ne e lekantsoe ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa Leoatle, ts'ebetso e phethahetseng bakeng sa ho fana ka litaba tsa litaba mecheng ea litaba. Ho laola litšobotsi tsa bacha le malapa a bona, lipatlisiso li bonts'a hore MSE e boletse esale pele lilemo tsa bohlankana ba thobalano, ka kotloloho le ka kotloloho ka liphetoho lipuisanong tsa maikutlo. MSE e boetse e boletse esale pele ho kopanela liketsong tse kotsi tsa thobalano ka kotloloho le ka kotloloho ka thobalano ea pele ea thobalano. Liphetho tsena li bontša hore MSE e ka phahamisa kotsi ea ho etsa thobalano ka ho nka boits'oaro ka ho fetola boitšoaro ba thobalano le ka ho akofisa ho phahama hoa maikutlo ho tloaelehileng nakong ea bohlankana.

Thobalano lifiliming

Lifilimi tse tsebahalang li fa bacha monyetla oa ho pepesehela thobalano, eo boholo ba eona e ka khothalletsang boitšoaro bo kotsing. Tlhahlobo ea lifilimi tse lokollotsoeng ho tsoa ho 1950 ho 2006 e senoletse hore ho feta 84% e na le litaba tsa thobalano (68% ea lifilimi tse lekantsoeng le X, 82% ea lifilimi tse hakantsoeng ka PG, 85% ea lifilimi tse hakantsoeng tsa PG-13, le 88% ea R lifilimi tse thehiloeng; Nalkur, Jamieson, & Romer, 2010). Hape, ponts'o ea thobalano ea lifilimi tsa RG-13 le tsa Rated e eketsehile lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng (Nalkur et al., 2010). Habohlokoa le ho feta bakeng sa bophelo ba bacha ba thobalano, ke hore lifilimi tsena ha li hlahise thobalano e sireletsehileng. Tlhahlobo ea dikahare e senotse hore 70% ea liketso tsa thobalano tse hlahisitsoeng lifiliming tse lokolotsoeng ho 1983 ho 2003 e etsahetse lipakeng tsa balekane ba sa tsoa tsebana, 98% ha ea kenyelletsa ho buuoa ka thibelo ea bokhachane, mme 89% ha ea ka ea hlahisa litholoana (Gunasekera, Chapman, & Campbell, 2005). Ho phaella moo, Pardun, L'Engle, le Brown (2005) e fumane hore ke 9% feela ea litaba tsa thobalano lifiliming tse nang le melaetsa e khothalletsang bophelo bo botle ba thobalano. Bacha ba shebang lifilimi tse tummeng, ka hona, ba pepesetsoa thobalano e ngata, eo boholo ba eona e hlahisoang ka mokhoa o sa utloahaleng le / kapa o tsosang likotsi.

Mokhoa oa Media o susumetsa boitšoaro ba thobalano

Wright (2011) ho tsebahala hore phello ea mecha ea litaba mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano e susumetsoa ke ho fumana le ho kenya tšebetsong mangolo a thobalano. Lingoloa li fana ka likhetho tsa boitšoaro maemong a sechaba, ho kenyelletsa le tse ka lebisang boitšoarong ba thobalano, mme litaba tsa mangolo hangata li susumetsoa ke mecha ea litaba. Joalokaha ho boletsoe karolong e fetileng, lifilimi ka kakaretso li fana ka melaetsa ea boitšoaro bo bobe le e kotsi ea thobalano ho bashebelli (Gunasekera et al., 2005; Nalkur et al., 2010), mme boemo bo phahameng ba ponaletso ea mecha ea litaba tsa thobalano bo fumanoe bo ka bolela esale pele mekhoa e lumellehang ea thobalano (Bleakley, Hennessy, Fishbein, Coles, & Jordan, 2009; Brown, Halpern, le L'Engle, 2005). Ho feta moo, ka linako tse ling bacha ba batla mecha ea litaba ea thobalano, mohlomong ho ithuta mangolo ana (Brown et al., 2005). Ebile, 57% ea bacha ba Amerika (lilemo tsa 14-16) ba tlaleha ba sebelisa media e le mohloli oa mantlha oa tlhaiso-leseling ea thobalano (Bleakley et al., 2009).

Lingoloa tse hlahisitsoeng li tlameha ho sebelisoa ho tataisa boits'oaro, 'me mecha ea litaba e ka susumetsa eo ho sebelisitsoeng mangolo a thobalano (Wright, 2011). Bacha ba nang le MSE e phahameng, litokomane tse amanang le thobalano tse hlahisitsoeng lifiliming li ka fumaneha habonolo ka lebaka la hangata la ts'ebetso e fetileng. Ha sengoloa se etsoa habonolo, ho ka etsahala hore se sebelisoe maemong a itseng. Ha e le hantle, liphuputso tse entsoeng ka nako e telele li bonts'a hore tekanyo e kholo ea ho pepesetsoa thobalano thelevisheneng e bolela esale pele boitlamo bo boholo ba ho etsa thobalano e seng ntle ho lenyalo hara bacha.Collins et al., 2004) le qalo ea thobalano (Ashby, Arcari, le Edmonson, 2006; Collins et al., 2004; Martino, Collins, Kanouse, Elliott, & Berry, 2005), taolo ea lintlha tsa batho, tumelo le botsoali. Ho feta moo, ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano mecheng ea phatlalatso, ho kenyelletsoa lifiliming, thelevisheneng, mmino le limakasine, ho kengoe le monyetla o moholo oa ho etsa liketso tsa thobalano e seng tsa lenyalo hara bacha.Brown et al., 2006; L'Engle, Brown, & Kenneavy, 2006; Pardun et al., 2005) le qalo ea thobalano (Brown et al., 2006), taolo bakeng sa bocha 'le semelo sa batsoali ba bona. Kamora nako, ho pepeseha ho hoholo ha libaesekopo le limakasine tsa banna ho amana le bohloka ba thobalano ba pelehi le palo e kholo ea balekane ba hlileng ba leng har'a baithuti ba koleche ea banna, litlamorao tse kopantsoeng le litloaelo le litumelo tsa thobalanoWard, Epstein, Caruthers, & Merriwether, 2011). Liphetho tsena li tšehetsa mohlala oa Wright ka ho bontša hore mecha ea litaba ea thobalano e susumetsa maikutlo le boitšoaro ka bobeli ba thobalano.

Litlamorao tsa libaesekopo ho Likotsi tsa Bacha

Ho sa tsotelehe ka bongata ba thobalano e hlahisoang lifiliming le ho tsebahala ha lifilimi har'a bacha, lipatlisiso tse ngata li nehetsoe tšusumetsong ea thelevishene litšoantšong tsa thobalano tsa bacha. Re ne re khahloa ke phello ea MSE litabeng tsa thobalano le ho etsa boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano hobane bopaki bo supa hore maikutlo le boitšoaro ba bacha ba bacha bo susumetsoa haholo ke lifilimi ho feta mefuta e meng ea mecha ea litaba (Bleakley et al., 2009; Pardun et al., 2005). Mohlala, thutong ea baithuti ba koleche ea banna (Ward le al., 2011), ho pepesetsoa lifilimi feela (joalo ka ha ho bapisoa le ho pepesetsoa seea-le-moea, livideo tsa 'mino, le limakasine tsa banna) ho boletseng ka ho hlaka lilemo tsa bohlano ba thobalano, le ho pepeseha libaesekopo (hammoho le ho pepesetsoa limakasine tsa banna) tse boletsoeng esale pele ka palo ea balekane ba sa kopaneleng thobalano. Ho feta moo, lithuto tsa nako e telele tsa tšusumetso ea lifilimi tšebelisong ea bacha li bontšitse litlamorao tse matla le tse sa fetoheng: Ho pepesetsoa ts'ebeliso ea koae lifiliming ho bolela ho qala ha ho tsuba le ho nyoloha ha mosi (Dalton et al., 2009; Sargent et al., 2007; Wills et al., 2010), le ho pepesetsoa ho nooa ho libaesekopo ho bolela esale pele ho qaleha le ho nyoloha ha tšebeliso ea joala (Dal Cin et al., 2009; Gibbons et al., 2010; Sargent, Wills, Stoolmiller, Gibson, le Gibbons, 2006; Wills et al., 2010).

Morero oa rona thutong e tlalehiloeng mona e ne e le ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa pele tsa MSE (ke hore, pele ho lilemo tsa 16) ka lilemo tsa bohlano ba thobalano le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba ho ba le thobalano (ke ho re, baratani ba bangata le ts'ebeliso e sa lumellaneng ea khohlopo) botsofaling. Likamano tsena li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa lintlha tse tsoang thutong e telele ea bacha ba US (Sargent et al., 2007). Re sebelisitse mokhoa oa Leoatle ho hakanya ho pepesetsoa ha barupeluoa ka boits'oaro bo kotsi ba pepesitsoeng bo hlahang lifiliming (Sargent, Worth, Lebōpo la leoatle, Gerrard, & Heatherton, 2008). Mokhoa ona o kenyelletsa tlhaiso ea bobeli ea bobeli ea boitšoaro bo ka hlahang lifiliming ho phahamisa bonnete le ts'epahalo, mme e bile le monyetla oa ho fumana sampole e pharalletseng ea lifilimi tse tsebahalang ho feta kamoo e kileng ea sebelisoa lithutong tse fetileng. E netefalitsoe lithutong har'a bacha ba litlamorao tsa lifilimi ka ho tsuba (mohlala, Sargent et al., 2007) le mabapi le tšebeliso ea joala le mathata a amanang le joala (mohlala, Dal Cin et al., 2009). Boithuto ba hona joale e bile ba pele ba ho sebelisa mokhoa oa Leoatle ho hakanya MSE le ho hlahloba likamano tsa eona le litšebelisano tsa thobalano le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano.

Litlamorao tsa lifilimi mabapi le ho batla phello

Ho na le lebaka la ho lumela hore MSE e susumetsa boitšoaro ba thobalano ka boomo ka ho eketseha ha maikutlo a ho batla-tloaelo ea ho batla lipale le ho susumetsa ka matla (Arnett, 1994). Ho batla ho eketseha nakong ea bocha, ho hloa lipakeng tsa lilemo tsa 10 le 15, ebe ho theoha ka nako ea bocha.Steinberg et al., 2008). Ho batla ho hoholo ho amana le litšebelisano tsa pele tsa thobalano (Donohew et al., 2000) le ho etsa thobalano khafetsa ho ba motho e moholo.Arnett, 1994). Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore maikutlo a ho batla a hlaha ka lebaka la bobeli le la tlhaho (Arnett, 1994), e fanang ka maikutlo a hore litšusumetso tsa tikoloho, joalo ka MSE, li ka ama nts'etsopele ea mokhoa ona. Ebile, lipatlisiso ka sampole e sebelisitsoeng phuputsong ea morao-rao li bonts'itse hore ho shebella lifilimi tse lekantsoeng tse amanang le tsoelo-pele ea maikutlo ho batleng lilemong tsa bocha (empa eseng ka tse ling tse fapaneng), tse ileng tsa eketsa kotsi ea ho tsuba le ts'ebeliso ea joala lilemong tsa bocha.de Leeuw et al., 2011; Stoolmiller, Gerrard, Sargent, Worth, & Gibbons, 2010). Leha ho le joalo, matla a ho kopanya a maikutlo a maikutlo ha a so hlahlojoe, ho tsebo ea rona, mabapi le tšusumetso ea mecha ea litaba mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano. Ka hona, thutong ea morao-rao re hlahlobile hore na liphetoho tse bang teng lithutong tsa maikutlo li kopanya likamano tse lebelletsoeng tsa MSE ka thobalano le boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano.

Thutong ea Hona Joale

Barupeluoa le tsamaiso

Lintlha tsena li ile tsa bokelloa thutong ea bolelele ba maqhubu a tšeletseng ho tloha ka June 2003 ho fihlela la Mphalane 2009. Ka nako 1, datha li ne li bokelletsoe tlhahlobong ea mohala ea mananeo a marang-rang a bacha ba 6,522, ho tloha 10 ho isa lilemong tsa 14, tse lulang United States. Patlisiso e latelang ea ho latela e ile ea etsoa hoo e ka bang likhoeli tse ling le tse ling tsa 8; lits'elo-morao tsa ho qetela li etsahetse lilemo tse ka bang 5 le lilemo tsa 7 kamora nako 1. Ka nako 6, barupeluoa ba 2,718 ba ile ba arabela (ho bolokoa ha 38.2%), empa ke feela barupeluoa ba neng ba le lilemo tsa 18 kapa ho feta (n = 1,300) ba ile ba kopuoa ho tlaleha boitšoaro ba bona ba thobalano. Ho netefatsa hore MSE e etsahetse pele ho qalo ea thobalano, re tlohetse ho barupeluoa ba hlahlobelo bao bohlaswa ba bona bo etsahetseng pele ho nako ea 2 (n = 72), e siileng sampole ea ho qetela ea bankakarolo ba 1,228. Ba nkile karolo mohlaleng oa ho qetela ba ne ba le pakeng tsa 12 le 14 ba lilemo li ka nako ea X XUMX (M = 12.89 lilemo, SD = 0.79) le pakeng tsa 18 le 21 ea lilemo li ka nako 6 (M = 18.90 lilemo, SD = 0.81). Mohlala o ne o e-na le banna ba 611 (49.8%) le basali ba 617 (50.2%); 891 e ne e le European American (72.6%), 159 e ne e le Hispanic (12.9%), 71 e ne e le American American (5.8%), 'me 107 e ne e le ea merabe kapa morabe o mong (8.7%). Barupeluoa ba lahliloeng ha ba latela ba ne ba le kotsing e kholo ea ho batla ho etsa thobalano le batho ba kotsing ea ho etsa thobalano le batho ba neng ba bolokiloe mohlaleng. Barupeluoa ba neng ba sa bolokoa ba tlalehile MSE e phahameng le maikutlo a ho batla le karabelo e tlase ea basali, mme ba na le monyetla oa ho ba le thelevishene ka phapusing ea bona (p(<s001.). Hape, ba fokolang haholo ho feta ba Maamerika ba Europe ba ile ba lahleha ha ba latela (p <.02).

Mehato

MSE e lekantsoe ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa Leoatle. Ka nako 1, lifilimi tse feteletseng tsa 523 tse tlohelletsoeng lipakeng tsa 1998 le 2003 li ne li ngotsoe ka palo ea metsotsoana ea mecha ea litaba tsa thobalano, e neng e hlalosoa e le maemo a boitšoaro ba thobalano, joalo ka ho aka haholo kapa ho etsa thobalano. Filimi e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e lekantsoe ke e 'ngoe ea li-coders tse peli tse koetlisitsoeng,' me mofuta o mong o sa sebetseng oa 10% ea libaesekopo o ne o kopantsoe lipalo tse peli (tumellano ea lipuisano: r = .92). Morupeluoa e mong le e mong o ile a fumana lethathamo le ikhethang la lifilimi tsa 50 li khethiloe ka tšohanyetso letamong le leholo mme a tlaleha hore na ke lifilimi life tseo a li boneng. Lintlha tsena li sebelisitsoe ho pepesa tlhahiso ea barupeluoa ka botlalo ho litaba tsa thobalano ho tsoa lifilimi tsohle tsa 523. Ts'ebetso e ts'oanang e sebelisitsoe ho nako ea 2 e nang le letamo le lenyenyane la lifilimi (161), e kenyelletsang lifilimi tse kholo ka ho fetesisa tse lokisitsoeng ho tloha ha ho hlophisoa litaba tsa nakong e fetileng. (Palo ea metsotsoana ea litaba tsa thobalano lifiliming tse khethiloeng tsa baemeli e hlahisoa ho Tafole S1 ho Supplemental Material e fumanehang inthaneteng.) Re balile MSE ka ho fetola metsotsoana ea litaba tsa thobalano hore e be lihora, re akaretsa lihora tsa litaba tsa thobalano tse shebiloeng ho Nako 1 le Nako 2 , le ho etsa phetoho ea metso ea lisekoere ho lokisa bakeng sa skew e ntle.

Ho batla ho batla e ne e lekantsoe le sekala sa lintho tse 'ne tse etselitsoeng bana (Nako 1: α = .60; Nako 2: α = .58; Stephenson, Hoyle, Palmgreen, & Slater, 2003). Mohato ona o thehile lipalo tse peli ho tse 'ne tse khethiloeng ke Zuckerman (1994) e le likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa maikutlo a ho batla, ho natefeloa / ho batla ho thabisang le ho tepella maikutlo; kaholimo ho moo, e fupere matla a ho batla, karolo ea Arnett Inventory of Sension Ukufuna (Arnett, 1994). Barupeluoa ba ile ba araba ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ba sebelisa sekala ho tloha 1 ho 4, ka lipalo tse phahameng tse bonts'a maikutlo a phahameng a ho batla. Lintlha tsa morupeluoa ka mong li ile tsa akaretsoa. Mohato ona o netefalitsoe bakeng sa ho bolela lilemo tsa bacha tsa koae le tšebeliso ea joala (de Leeuw et al., 2011; Stoolmiller et al., 2010).

Age ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali e tlalehiloe ke bankakarolo ho Nako 6. Boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano e lekantsoe ho Nako 6 'me e entsoe ka likarolo tse peli: palo ea bophelo ba balekane kapa ba thobalano e tsoang ka molomo (karabelo e bulehileng) le palo ea linako tsa thobalano tse hlalosoang (ho hlalosoa e le thobalano e sa nyalanang le motho eo u sa nyalanang le molekane oa hae ea “tebileng kapa ea tsitsitseng” ntle le khohlopo) (ho tlalehiloe ho sebelisoa sekala ho 0, ha ho mohla, ho 5, makhetlo a mahlano kapa ho feta). Lipalo tsa lintho tsena tse peli li ile tsa qaptjoa hape hore e be mefuta ea maiketsetso ebe li kopanngoa, α = .62.¹

Li-covariates e amanang le bobeli ba MSE le boits'oaro ba thobalano (ho kenyelletsa le ho batla maikutlo) ba lekantsoe ho Nako 1. Bong, morabe, le lilemo li tlalehiloe ke batsoali ba nkang karolo. Barupeluoa ba tlaleha hore na ba ea kerekeng hangata hakae kapa ba etsa lintho tse amanang le bolumeli, ba shebella thelevishene ka lihora tse kae letsatsi le leng le le leng, hore na ba na le thelevishene ka phapusing ea bona, le bao ba neng ba lula le bona. e tiile or arotsoe). Barupeluoa ba boetse ba tlatsitse tekanyetso ea lintho tse robong tsa botšehali le ho arabela (α = .71) le tekanyo ea tlhokahalo ea bokhachane (α = .59; Jackson, Henriksen, le Foshee, 1998). Kamora nako, re laetse MSE e etsahetseng lipakeng tsa Nako 2 le barati ba litho tsa thobalano.² Ho kenyelletsa covariate ena ho re lumelletse ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho khetheha ho MSE ea pele (ke hore, pele ho lilemo 16) e le selelekela sa litšebelisano tsa thobalano le ho etsa boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano, ho laola MSE e latelang.

Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang

Median MSE e ne e le 0.93 hr (mekhahlelo e arohaneng: 0.43 hr – 1.32 hr). Ho batla ho amohela hangata ho ne ho le tlase, M = 7.90 (SD = 2.39) ka nako 1 le M = 8.07 (SD = 2.32) ka nako 2. Ka Nako 6, barupeluoa ba 774 (63.0%) ba ne ba qalile ka thobalano: 40 (5.2%) pele ho lilemo 15, 79 (10.2%) ba le lilemo tsa 15, 190 (24.5%) ba le lilemo tsa 16, 223 (28.8%) ba le 17, 242% le 31.2 (18%) a le lilemo tsa 2 kapa ho feta. Har'a litho tsa thobalano, palo ea balekane ba bophelo bohle ba thobalano e ne e le 1 (mefuta e arohaneng: balekane ba 4-195), le 25.2 ea bankakarolo bona (XNUMX%) ba tlaleha hore ba kile ba robala le thobalano ntle le khohlopo.

Ho se tšoane ha bong

Barupeluoa ba batona le ba batšehali ba ne ba kanna ba qosoa ka thobalano ke Nako 6; Ho feta moo, ba batona le ba batšehali ba ile ba qhekelloa ka thobalano ka nako e batlang e lekana mme ba tlaleha MSE e tšoanang. Banna, leha ho le joalo, ba tlaleha ho ba le balekane ba bangata ba thobalano (M = 3.43, SD = 5.94) ho feta basali (M = 2.48, SD = 3.91), t(1221) = 3.48, p = .001, le ho etsa thobalano le motho ntle le tšebeliso ea likhohlopo hangata (M = 0.43, SD = 1.14) ho feta basali (M = 0.29, SD = 0.87), t(1223) = 2.37, p <.02. Banna le bona ba tlalehile maikutlo a phahameng ho feta a basali ka nako ea 1 le Nako ea 2, ts (≥ 1195) ≥ 3.70, ps <.001.

Litumellano tsa Zero

Lethathamo 1 e bontša matrix e felletseng ea tlhabollo, ka bong. MSE e phahameng e ne e amahanngoa le qaleho ea thobalano ea pele, baratuoa ba bangata ba thobalano, batho ba tloaetseng ho robala le bona ntle le likhohlopo, le maikutlo a holimo a batšehali ps <.001. Kamano lipakeng tsa MSE le qalo ea thobalano, leha ho le joalo, e ne e le matla haholo bakeng sa banna, r(595) = −.33, ho feta bakeng sa basali, r(585) = −.21; z = 2.19, p <.03. Ho batla maikutlo a phahameng ho ne ho boetse ho amahanngoa le thobalano ea pejana, balekane ba bangata ba thobalano, le ho etsa thobalano hangata khafetsa ntle le khohlopo har'a banna le basali, ps <.01. Kamora nako, thobalano ea pejana e ne e amahanngoa le balekane ba bangata ba thobalano le ho etsa thobalano hangata khafetsa ntle le khohlopo bakeng sa banna le basali, ps <.001.

 

Lethathamo 1

Litumellano Pakeng tsa Ho Ithuta ho fapaneng

Tlhahlobo ea pholoho

Ho hlahloba tse boletsoeng esale pele mabapi le ho qhekella thobalano, re sebelisitse rekota ea kotsi ea Cox e lekanang le MSE ho Times 1 le 2, maikutlo a batlang ho nako ea 2, le li-covariates tse kentseng mohlala (Lethathamo 2). Liteko tsa Omnibus tsa coefficients ea mohlala li bonts'a hore mohlala o ne o le bohlokoa, χ²(13, N = 1,133) = 805.01, p <.001. Karo-karolelano ea kotsi bakeng sa MSE e ne e le 5.38, p <.001, e bonts'a hore bakeng sa keketseho e ngoe le e ngoe ea 1-hr ea MSE sekaleng sa metso e sekwere, kotsi ea qalo lilemong tsohle e eketsehile ho feta makhetlo a 5. Lits'oants'o tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa thobalano li ne li kenyelletsa phetoho ea ho batla maikutlo (kotsi ea karolelano = 1.11, p <.001), bong (basali ba hlahile hamorao ho feta banna; karolelano ea kotsi = 0.81, p = .006), sebopeho sa malapa (barupeluoa ba tsoang malapeng a arohaneng a qotsitsoeng pejana ho feta ba neng ba tsoa malapeng a sa tsitsang; kotsi ea kotsi = 1.22, p = .030), le ho ba le thelevishene ka kamoreng (karolelano ea kotsi = 1.20, p = .024). Tlhahlobo ea ho pholoha e boetse e etsoa ka thoko bakeng sa bong bo bong le bo bong. Mohlala oa bong bo bong le bo bong o ne o le bohlokoa, empa tšusumetso ea MSE mabapi le thobalano ea thobalano e ne e le matla ho banna (kotsi ea karolelano = 6.71, p <.001) ho feta tsa basali (karolelano ea kotsi = 4.24, p <.001). Ho kenyelletsa tšebelisano ea MSE × Tekano ea mofuta ona e bonts'itse phapang ena hore e bohlokoa, p = .01 (bona Feie. 1).

 

Feie. 1

Phetoho e fetotsoeng e fetoha lilemo tsa bohlano ba thobalano ho ba batona le ba batšehali ba nang le ponahalo e phahameng ea thobalano ea baesekopo (MSE), joalo ka ha ho thehiloe motheong oa maqhubu a lipakeng.

 

Lethathamo 2

Liphetho tsa Regx Regression ea Age ea Bothata ba ho Kopanela Liphate

Moetso oa equation ea meaho

Moetso oa equation oa sebopeho o bonts'ang mokhoa o kotsi oa thobalano ka nako ea 6 o ile oa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa o matla oa bonyane likwere tse Mplus 6.12 (Muthén le Muthén, 1998-2007). Sekoloto sa thobalano se ile sa qaptjoa hape ka mokhoa oa ho feto-fetoha ha tloaelo (1 = 14 ea lilemo kapa ho feta, 2 = 15 ea lilemo, 3 = 16 ea lilemo, 4 = 17 ea lilemo, 5 = ≥ 18 ea lilemo li kapa e moholo bao e neng e le baroetsana ho Nako 6 li ne li ngotsoe ka lebitso la 5). MSE e qotsitsoeng ho tsoa ho Times 1 le 2 e ne e le setla-morao mohlaleng; maikutlo a batlang ho nako ea 2, lilemo tsa ho qhekella thobalano, le boitšoaro bo kotsi ba ho ba le thobalano ka nako 6 e ne e le semelo. Ho batla ho hlalositsoe e le mokhoa oa ho bonts'a matšoao a mangata, MSE le lilemo tsa bohlophisi ba thobalano li hlalositsoe e le lipontšo tse bonts'ang sesupo se le seng, mme boitšoaro bo kotsi ba ho ba le thobalano ka nako ea 6 bo hlalositsoe e le phapano ea morao-rao le matšoao a mabeli: palo ea balekane ba bophelo bohle (ntlha loading = .90) le maemo a ho itlosa bolutu ka thobalano ntle le khohlopo (factor loading = .81).

Moetso oa sebopeho (Feie. 2) e fane ka data e nepahetseng haholo, χ²(12, N = 1,133) = 11.11, p > .51; motso-o bolelang sekwere sa karolelano (RMSEA) <.001; netefatso e lekanang index = 1.00; Lenane la Tucker-Lewis> 1.00. Moetso ona o hlalositse 72% ea phapang ea lilemo tsa thobalano le 58% ea phapang ea boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano nakong ea 6. Liphetho li tšehelitsoe Khopolo-taba ea 1: Phello e sa tobang ea MSE lilemong tsa thobalano ka liphetoho tsa ho batla maikutlo e ne e le bohlokoa, β = -0.01, p <.002 (MSE → liphetoho ho batla maikutlo: β = 0.09, p <.001; liphetoho tsa ho batla maikutlo → lilemo tsa qalo ea thobalano: β = -0.14, p <.001). Hape, MSE e boletse esale pele ka kotloloho lilemo tsa thobalano, β = -0.33, p <.001. Liphetho li boetse li ts'ehetsa Hypothesis 2: MSE ka mokhoa o sa tobang o boletse esale pele boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano nakong ea 6. Phello e sa tobang ea MSE mabapi le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano ka Nako ea 6 ka lilemo tsa ho qala thobalano e ne e le bohlokoa, β = 0.21, p <.001 (lilemo tsa ho qala thobalano → boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano ka Nako ea 6: β = -0.64, p <.001), joalo ka phello e sa tobang ka liphetoho tsa ho batla maikutlo le lilemo tsa thobalano, β = 0.01, p <.005. Kamora nako, MSE e boletse esale pele boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano ka Nako ea 6, β = 0.10, p <.05.

 

Feie. 2

Liphello tsa ho pepesetsoa thobalano ea baesekopo (MSE) mabapi le boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano joalo ka ha bo kopantsoe le liphetoho molemong oa ho batla maikutlo le lilemo tsa ho qala thobalano. MSE e ne e lekantsoe ho Times 1 le 2; likarolo tse peli tsa boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano (ke hore, palo ea balekane ba bophelo bohle ba thobalano ...

Moetso ona o ile oa fetoloa ho lumella litsela ho fapana ka bong. Moetso oa li-multgroup o boetse o fane ka sethala se loketseng hantle, χ²(43, N = 1,133) = 30.38, p > .92; RMSEA <.001; netefatso e lekanang index = 1.00; Lenane la Tucker-Lewis> 1.00. Ho lokolla tšitiso ea tekano tseleng ho tloha MSE ho isa lilemong tsa thobalano e ntlafalitsoeng haholo ea mohlala, χ²(1, N = 1,133) = 8.28, p <.005. Phello e tobileng ea MSE lilemong tsa ho qala thobalano e ne e le matla ho banna, b = -2.41, p <.001, ho feta tsa basali, b = -1.38, p <.001; leha ho le joalo, litlamorao tse felletseng tsa MSE ka boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano ka Nako ea 6 li ne li ts'oana le tsa banna, β = 0.24, p <.001, le tsehali, β = 0.17, p <.001.

Fokotsa boits'oaro bo kotsing ba ho etsa thobalano

Liphetho tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho thibela MSE ea lilemong tsa bocha ho tla liehisa litšenyehelo tsa bona tsa thobalano le ho fokotsa boitlamo ba bona ba boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho ba le thobalano hamorao bophelong. Leano lena le ka hlahisa tšusumetso e tobileng ea mecha ea litaba litabeng tsa thobalano tsa bacha ka ho fokotsa ho fumaneha hoa mangolo a kotsi a thobalano le / kapa ho fokotsa monyetla oa ts'ebetso (Wright, 2011). Ntle le moo, ho thibela MSE ho ka fokotsa sekhahla sa maikutlo a batlang a tloaelehileng nakong ea bocha (Steinberg et al., 2008), eo, e ka liehisang litšebelisano tsa thobalano le ho kopanela liketsong tse kotsi tsa thobalano (Arnett, 1994; Donohew et al., 2000). Ho fokotsa MSE ea bacha e ka ba mosebetsi o thata, leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse bontšitsoeng lifiliming (Gunasekera et al., 2005; Nalkur et al., 2010). Mokhoa o mong o ts'episang o kenyelletsa ho kenyelletsa koetliso ea ho bala le ho ngola ka litaba tsa thobalano. Ts'ebetso ea morao-rao e bonts'itse hore kharikhulamo e tataisoang ke litaba tsa thobalano e hlahisoang ke lithaka e etsa hore baithuti ba sehlopheng sa borobong ba hanele khatello ea lithaka mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano, ba fokotse pono ea bona ea ho ata ha liketso tsa thobalano nakong ea bohlankana, 'me ba ntlafalitse maikutlo a bona. maikutlo mabapi le ho ila (Pinkleton, Austin, Cohen, Chen, le Fitzgerald, 2008).

Meeli le mekhoa ea nakong e tlang

Meeli e meng ea lithuto tsa rona e lokela ho ananeloa. Taba ea mantlha, litho tsa sehlopha tse ileng tsa lahleha kamora ho latela li ne li le kotsing e kholo ea ho qala thobalano le boits'oaro bo kotsi ho feta ba ho bolokiloeng thutong, e leng mohlala o neng o tloaetse ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele (Bashemane et al., 2005). Ho hohela hona ho ka ba le phello ea ho se natse phello ea 'nete ea MSE litlamorao tsa thobalano. Taba ea bobeli, litholoana tsa rona li kanna tsa se akaretse ho linaha tse nang le li-curricula tsa thuto ea thobalano le litloaelo tsa thobalano tse fapaneng le tsa United States, leha litlamorao tsa ho pepesoa ha mecha ea phatlalatso ka ts'ebeliso ea joala le ts'ebeliso ea koae li fumanoe li tšoana hara bacha ba US le mehlala e tsoang linaheng tse ling. (mohlala, Morgenstern et al., 2011). Taba ea boraro, barupeluoa ha baa ka ba tlaleha boitšoaro ba bona ba thobalano ho fihlela ba le bonyane lilemo tsa 18, 'me mohopolo oa bona oa ho fumana lilemo tsa ho itlosa bolutu ka thobalano, palo ea balekane ba thobalano, le maemo a ho itlosa bolutu ka thobalano ntle le khohlopo e kanna ea ba o le khethollo. Sena se ka ba bothata le ho feta haeba litheolelo tsena li ne li amahanngoa le MSE (mohlala, haeba bacha ba neng ba shebella lifilimi tse ngata tse nang le thobalano ba ne ba ka eketsa boiphihlelo ba bona ba thobalano).

Lintlha tsa rona hape li ne li sa kenyeletse mehato ea lintho tse ling tse ka ferekanyang likamano lipakeng tsa MSE le boitšoaro ba thobalano, joalo ka boits'oaro ba thobalano ba banab'abo le lithaka, maikutlo a motsoali mabapi le thobalano, le maemo a bohlano (leha re ne re laola ka lilemo). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, re ne re sa khone ho hlahloba babuelli ba kelello kapa ba kelello ka phello ea MSE lilemong tsa ho qhekella ka thobalano le ho etsa boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano. Boithuto bo fetileng bo sebelisa data e le 'ngoe bakeng sa babuelli bana bo bonts'itse hore litlamorao tsa lifilimi ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi li tsamaisoa ke liphetoho tse ananeloang ke basebelisi ba lintho tse tloaelehileng (mohlala, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi), boikemisetso ba ts'ebeliso ea tšebeliso ea lintho, litebello mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi har'a lithaka (Dal Cin et al., 2009; Gibbons et al., 2010; Wills et al., 2010). Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho hlahloba bao e ka bang babuelli ba litaba ho fumana hore na ho bona thobalano skrineng se seholo ho fetolela ho ba le thobalano le batho ba nnete.

Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li boetse li lokela ho leka ho khetholla litlamorao tsa MSE ho tloha liphellong tsa ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa boits'oaro bo bong bo kotsi lifiliming tse tsebahalang, haholoholo mabapi le liphetoho lipapatsong tsa maikutlo. Ha ho hlake hore na liphetoho tse batloang ke maikutlo li ne li amana ka kotloloho le MSE kapa lintho tse ling tse amanang le tsona tsa lifilimi tse amanang le batho ba baholo (mohlala, tšebeliso ea joala; Stoolmiller et al., 2010). Mokhoa oa bohlokoa bakeng sa mosebetsi oa nako e tlang e tla ba ho hlahloba hore na litlamorao tsa MSE mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano li na le sepheo sa ho pepesetsoa lits'oants'o tsa ho nooa lifiliming le tšebeliso e mpe ea joala (mohlala, Dal Cin et al., 2009), ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea joala ea bongoana le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali li kopane ka tlhaho (Cooper, 2002).

Kamora nako, litholoana tsa rona li kanna tsa fetisoa ka lebelo. Ma-Amerika a Ma-Afrika a tloaetse ho etsa thobalano a sa le monyane ho feta bonyenyaneng, a etsa boits'oaro bo kotsi ba ho etsa thobalano, mme a tšoaetsoa mafu a likobo ho feta a maAmerika a Europe (Cavazos-Rehg et al., 2009; Halpern et al., 2004; Kaestle et al., 2005). Leha ho le joalo, MaAmerika a Maafrika le ona a tloaetse ho se arabele hofeta maAmerika a Europe liphatlalatsong tsa litaba tsa thobalano (Brown et al., 2006) le tšebeliso ea joala (Gibbons et al., 2010). Ka bomalimabe, mohlala oa rona oa lithuto o kenyelelitse Maafrika a 'maloa a Maafrika hore re leke tlhahlobo ea morolo ka morabe. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e ka lumella kutloisiso e ntle ea hore na lifilimi li susumetsa bacha neng, le hore na ba ka thibela tšusumetso ena joang ho khothaletsa boitšoaro bo botle ba thobalano.

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

Patlisiso ena e ne e tšehelitsoe ke lichelete tsa National Institutes of Health Grants CA077026 le AA015591 ho James D. Sargent.

¹Barupeluoa bao e neng e le baroetsana ka nako ea 6 ba ne ba ngotsoe ka mokhoa o sa kang oa etsa thobalano ntle le likhohlopo. Leha ho le joalo, hobane palo ea balekane ba bophelo bohle e ne e kenyelletsa balekane ba kahare ho thobalano, barupeluoa ba 105 bao e neng e le baroetsana (23.1% ea baroetsana) ba ne ba e-na le sekhahla sa boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano.

²Mohlala, mohato ona o ne o kenyelletsa MSE ho Nako 3 bakeng sa barupeluoa bao ho qaloa ha bona ka thobalano ho neng ho le teng pele ho nako ea 4, empa ho ne ho entsoe ka MSE ho Times 3, 4, le 5 bakeng sa barupeluoa bao bohlanya ba bona ba thobalano bo neng bo le pele ho Nako 6.

Lintho tse tlatsetsang

Tlhahisoleseling e 'ngoe e tšehetsang e ka fumanoa ho http://pss.sagepub.com/content/by/supplemental-data

Phatlalatso ea Likhohlano

Bangoli ba phatlalalitse hore ha ba na likhohlano tsa lithahasello mabapi le bongoli ba bona kapa phatlalatso ea sengoloa sena.

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