Neurology Research International
Buka ea 2019, sengoloa sa ID 2351638, maqephe a 5
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2351638
Pukovisa Prawiroharjo, 1 Hainah Ellydar, 2 Peter Pratama, 3 Rizki Edmi Edison, 4 Sitti Evangeline Imelda Suaidy, 2 Nya 'Zata Amani, 2 le Diavitri Carissima2
Lefapha la 1Neurology, Lefapha la Bongaka ba Bongaka Universitas Indonesia / Chipto Mangukusumo, Jakarta, Indonesia
2Yayasan Kita Dan Buah Hati, Bekasi, Indonesia
3Independence Scholar, Indonesia
Setsi sa 4Neuroscience-Univesithi ea Muhammadiyah Moprofesa Dr. HAMKA, Jakarta, Indonesia
Litaba li lokela ho lebisoa ho Pukovisa Prawiroharjo; [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
Sehloekisi sa Thutong: Changiz Geula
inahaneloang
Re ne re ikemiselitse ho fumana phapang lipapisong tsa bokhoni ba memori lipakeng tsa bacha ba lemaletseng litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Re ngolisa manyalo a bacha a 30 (12-16 y) e kenyelletsang temallo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa 15 le li-non -diction tsa 15. Re sebelisitse Rey Auditory Verbal Study Test (RAVLT) ho lekanya mohopolo oa polelo, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) bakeng sa mohopolo o shebileng, hammoho le Trail Making Test A le B (TMT-A le TMT-B) bakeng sa tlhokomelo. Re fumane phokotso ea bohlokoa ho sephetho sa RAVLT A6 sa sehlopha sa lithethefatsi (tlatsetso e sa lemalloang le tlatsetso: 13.47 ± 2.00 vs 11.67 ± 2.44, MD = −1.80,), empa eseng ho liteko tsa tlhokomelo. Tlhahlobo lithutong tse tlase tsa thobalano ha e hlahise phapang e ikhethileng ea ho kopanela liphate. Re ile ra fihlela qeto ea hore ho lemalla litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho ka kopantsoe le mohopolo oa morao-rao oa mantsoe a sa reng letho ka bacha, ho sa tsotelloe thobalano ebile o sa tsotelloe.
1. Selelekela
Ho lemalla lithethefatsi ho tloha ka nako e telele ho tsejoa ho baka likhathatso tse fapaneng tsa kelello le boits'oaro, ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea eona e tobileng ho potoloha ha boko haholo-holo ho cortex ea pele ho nako [1]. Leha ho le joalo, ho bile le tlhahiso ea hore litlatsetso tsa boitšoaro le tsona li ka baka litlamorao tse tšoanang bokong [2]. Har'a bona, Buka ea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder Fifth Edition (DSM-5) ea American Psychiatric Association ho 2013 e lemohile bothata ba ho becha e le tlhahlobo ea semolao mme e nkile bothateng ba papali ea marang-rang bakeng sa thuto e eketsehileng [2, 3]. Leha ho le joalo, bokhoba ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo ne bo nkuoa e le ho hloka lipatlisiso 'me bo lula bo le sieo.
Mokhoa oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa o atile haholo har'a bacha mehleng ena ea kajeno ha ba ntse ba pepesetsoa theknoloji le inthanete. Yayasan Kita Dan Buah Hati o fumane hore hoo e batlang e le 97% ea baithuti ba sekolo sa mathomo sa sekolo sa mathomo sa Jakarta le tikoloho e potolohileng ba pepesitsoe litaba tsa thobalano ho tsoa mefuteng e fapaneng ea mecha ea litaba [4]. Sena se ka ama boits'oaro ba bona sechabeng, haholo-holo liketsong tse amanang le thobalano, ba ka fetola sebopeho le tšebetso ea kelello ea bona, 'me sa etsa hore ba lemalle ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng. Sena le sona se ne se amana le ts'ebetso ea kelello e sa sebetseng, e leng, tlhokomelo, mohopolo oa ho sebetsa, le taolo ea kelello [2], joalo ka litekanyetso tse ling tsa boits'oaro (mohlala, papali ea papali ea kelello [5, 6] le temallo ea inthanete [7-10] , joalo ka ha e ne e le lekhoba la lithethefatsi ka boeona [5, 11-15].
Ka tsebo eohle ea rona, lithuto tsohle tse fetileng mabapi le bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li entsoe ka lithuto tsa batho ba baholo. Leha ho le joalo, re lumela hore ho bohlokoa hape ho ithuta ka kamano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tšebetso ho batho ba hlaselehang habonolo: bacha, kaha ke sehlopha sa lilemo tse ntlafalitsoeng ke bokong hape se kotsing ea ho lemalla [16, 17]. Boithuto bona bo ne bo reretse ho lekola liphapang lipapisong tsa bokhoni ba ho hopola lipakeng tsa bacha ba lemaletseng litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.
2. Lisebelisoa le mekhoa
2.1. Barupeluoa
Palo ea lithuto tsa bacha tsa 30 (ba nang le 12-16 y) e ile ea hlahlojoa ka tšebeliso ea tlhatlhobo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ntlafalitsoeng ke Yayasan Kita Dan Buah Hati (e hlalositsoeng ka tlase) ho ba abela sehlopha sa bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho hlalosoa e le tlhaiso ea tlhahlobo e lekanang kapa e kholo ho feta 32. Ngoliso e entsoe ka Pherekhong 2017 – Hlakubele 2018, liketsahalong tse fapaneng tse ileng tsa tšoaroa ke YKBH Bekasi, Indonesia. Litekanyetso tsa ho lelekoa ka thoko li ne li le letsoho le letšehali, ka mantsoe kapa ka puo, nalane ea khatello ea kelello kapa lefu, ho opeloa ke hlooho, ho sithabela maikutlo nakong ea kemaro kapa tsoalo, nts'etsopele, kelello, kapa lefu la kelello, kapa bokuli ba kelello.
2.2. Tlhahlobo ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa
Ho tseba ho lemalla ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, re ile ra sebelisa lipotso tse itlalehang tse entsoeng ke litsebi tsa kelello. Ho ipapisitsoe le lithuto tsa lebaleng le lipatlisiso tsa lingoliloeng, re fumane lits'oants'o tse 'maloa tse atisang ho fumanoa ho bacha ba nang le ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lipontšo li ka aroloa ka likarolo tse tharo: (1) nako e sebelisitsoeng ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, tse hlalosoang e le makhetlo a mangata, makhetlo le nako e sebelisitsoeng ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa likhoeling tse tšeletseng tse fetileng; (2) tšusumetso ea ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, tse hlalosoang e le lisosa tse khothalletsang phihlello ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, joalo ka bohelehele ba thobalano, ho qoba maikutlo, ho batla maikutlo le boithabiso ba thobalano; le (3) ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, e hlalosoang e le khatello ea maikutlo le mathata a ts'ebeliso, ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng, ho laola mathata, le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho baleha / ho qoba maikutlo a mabe. Lenane la lipotso le ne le na le lintho tse 92 mme le lekile ho baithuti ba 740 ba sehlopha sa botšelela ho isa ho sa leshome Indonesia, ba qaqisitsoe tlalehong e sa phatlalatsoang. Ho fokotsa menyetla ea ho etsa leshano, ho bile le lipotso tse ling tsa 3; bafo ba arabileng tsena ho latela takatso ea sechaba ba tla qheleloa ka thoko. Tlhahlobo ea Psychometric e bonts'itse hore lintho tsohle li nepahetse (CFA> 1.96) ebile lia tšepahala (alpha ea Cronbach> 0.7). Ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho hlalosoa e le lintlha tse boima ho feta kapa ho lekana le 32.
Potso ena e ntlafalitsoe ka ho khetheha le ho ikamahanya le bacha ba tikolohong ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; ka hona, e ne e loketse haholo thutong ena. Ntle le moo, e ne e e-na le mokhoa o sa sireletseheng ho tsoa ho liithuti tse ileng tsa atleha, 'me lipotso tse ngata li sebelisa mokhoa o ikhethileng o lumellang khethollo e fokolang.
Ho fokotsoa ha potso ena ho kenyelletsa lipotso tsa eona tse ngata, tse ka bakang mokhathala le ho teneha ka lithuto. Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso ea eona maemong a mang kantle ho ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi tsa bootsoa e ka hloka liphetoho tsa mantsoe, hobane tsebo ea mantsoe a amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e le bohlokoa ho utloisiseng le ho araba lipotso.
2.3. Liteko tsa Khopotso
Ho lekola mesebetsi ea memori ea bankakarolo, re sebelisitse lintlha tsa A6 le A7 tsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea polelo ea thuto ea Ray Auditory Verbal (RAVLT) bakeng sa mohopolo o hlakileng oa polelo, hammoho le lintlha tsa ho hopola / lietsahala tsa Ray-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) bakeng sa mohopolo oa pono. Ntle le moo, ha tlhokomelo e hlokometsoe ka bophara karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho hopola mohopolo [18, 19], re boetse re lekotse Trail Making Test (TMT) A le B. Liteko tsohle li entsoe ho sebelisoa mekhoa e tloaelehileng e hlalositsoeng lingoloeng tse amehang [20-23].
2.4. Kamohelo ea boitšoaro
Ha rea ka ra pepesetsa bafo ba rona mofuta o mong le o mong oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa litekong tsohle. Boithuto bona bo amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Litekanyetso tsa Boithuto ba Bophelo bo Botle ea Bongaka ba Bongaka Universitas Indonesia (clearance No. 1155 / UN2.F1 / ETIK / 2017).
2.5. Tlhahlobo ea Statistical
Teko ea Mann-Whitney e sebelisitsoe ho bapisa pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa bokhoba ba tai le ba boloi. Re bapisitse sephetho sa tlhahlobo ea memori lipakeng tsa sehlotšoana ka seng. Bohlokoa ba lipalo bo ne bo nahanoa ka. Litlhahlobo tsohle tsa lipalo li entsoe ka mofuta oa SPSS® 22 ho Windows 7.
3. Liphetho
3.1. Lintlha tsa Bohlale ba Batho
Re ngolisa lithuto tsa 30 (sehlopha se sa lemalleng se hlalosang mantsoe: sehlopha se bolelang lilemo = 13.27 ± 1.03 vs 13.80 ± 1.26 y) (Lethathamo la 1). Ka bobeli lihlopha li ne li tšoane (). Lethathamo la 1: Papiso ea palo ea batho ka bongata le tlhaiso.
3.2. Liphetho tsa Tlhahlobo ea Mohopolo
Ho ne ho na le phapang ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa bokhoba ba tlhekefetso le tseo e seng tsa tlhatlhobo ho RAVLT A6 (MD = −1.80,), hammoho le tšekamelo, empa eseng bohlokoa ba lipalo, tsa phapang ho A7 (MD = −1.60,) (Tafole 1, Setšoantšo sa 1). Papiso e tsoelang pele ho li-subgroups tsa thobalano ha e a bonts'a phapang e amanang le thobalano, ntle le tloaelo ea RAVLT A7 lithutong tsa banna (MD = −2.30,). Ho ne ho se na phapang ea bohlokoa litlamorao tsa tlhahlobo ea ROCFT, TMT-A, le TMT-B. Setšoantšo sa 1: Morero oa lebokose la RAVLT A6 le A7, bapisoa le lihlopha. Bohlokoa ba lipalo ().
4. Puisano
Re fumane lintlha tse tlase tsa RAVLT A6 sehlopheng sa bokhoba ba litšoantšiso tsa bootsoa ha li bapisoa le sehlopha se seng sa taolo, ka tlhahiso ea 1.80 ea phapang e kholo (13.36% ea lintlha tsa nonaddiction). Joalokaha A6 e bonts'a bokhoni ba morao-rao ba ho hopola kamora ho ts'oenyeha (ho B1), liphetho tsa rona li bonts'itse bokhoni ba memori bo lemaletseng bootsoa. Ho hopola ho sebetsang ho tsejoa ho na le karolo ea bohlokoa ho boloka boits'oaro bo nang le sepheo [24, 25]; ka hona, lipatlisiso tsa rona li bontšitse hore bacha ba lemaletseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ka ba le bothata ba ho etsa joalo.
Kaha thuto ena e bile ea pele ea ho ithuta ka ho khetheha ka ts'ebeliso ea memori litšoantšong tsa bootsoa, haholo-holo ka bacha, ha rea khona ho bapisa ka ho toba le thuto e fetileng. Ka hona, re tla leka ho buisana ka litholoana ka kotloloho le lithuto tse ling tse amanang, haholo le tšebeliso ea lithahasello tsa marang-rang, hobane bobeli ke lithahasello tse mabapi le boitšoaro le taba ea hore litheko tse ngata tsa inthanete li bakoa ke ho sebelisa Marang-rang ho fumana lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa.
Phuputso ea EEG ea Yu et al. lithutong tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang tse fumanoeng li fokotsehile haholo molemong oa maqhubu hammoho le li-latency tse eketsehang tsa P300 ha li bapisoa le lithuto tse se nang taolo, ho fana ka maikutlo a fokotsang bokhoni ba memori [9]. P300 ke leqhubu le tsotehang la tlhonamo ho EEG le etsahalang ho ± 300 ms ka mor'a hore sefutho se rarolle tekanyo ea ho se tsitsisehe [27], e khothalletsoang hore e tsamaisane le mohopolo le tlhokomelo [28, 29]. E lumellana le thuto ea Yu et al., lithuto tse ling tse fapaneng li fumane sephetho se tšoanang ho tahi ea lithethefatsi [28, 29], joalo ka joala [30], cannabis [31], cocaine [32, 33], le opioid / heroin [33] –35]. Ho feta moo, tlhekefetso ea P300 e boetse e amahanngoa le ho hlaseloa habonolo ka botho le boitšoaro bo sa tsitsang [30, 36].
Boithuto ba pejana bo fumane memori e sebetsang e tlase ho bokhoba ba lithethefatsi [5, 15, 37-39], empa eseng ho becha ha li-pathological [5, 15]. Nie et al. o ithutile ho sebetsa ha batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi Inthaneteng molemong oa ho bua ka molomo ha a tobane le lisebelisoa tse amanang le inthanete; thuto e fumane hore ts'ebetso ea memori ea lihlooho tsa mosebetsi oa 2-back e ne e le mpe ho feta taolo e tloaelehileng, empa ho makatsang ke hore, ba sebelitse hamolemo ho lisebelisoa tse amanang le inthanete ha li bapisoa le thepa e sa amaneng le inthanete [10]. Laier et al. o sebelisitse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka ho khetheha mme o fumane memori e sebetsang e sa bonahaleng ea ho etsa mosebetsi oa hae oa morao-rao oa 4-back task, leha thuto ena e sa ka ea lekanya boteng. Kaha RAVLT, eo re neng re e sebelisa, e lekanya mohopolo oa polelo, e ts'oanang le e ileng ea hlahlojoa boithuto ba Nie et al., liphetho tsa rona li bile betere ha li bapisoa le thuto ena mme ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le fokotsehile bokhoni ba memori.
Tlhahlobo e ngoe hape (e ipapisitseng le lihlopha tse nyane tsa thobalano) ha e bontše phapang e ikhethileng ea thobalano lipakeng tsa sehlotshwana sa basali le sa banna. Le hoja e le tloaelo ho tsebahala hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ama banna haholo ho feta basali [2, 41, 42], mona re hlahisitse tekano ea thobalano molemong oa ho lemalla lits'oants'o tsa thobalano le bokhoni ba memori bo senyehileng. Ka hona, mathata a ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha a fumanehe ho banna feela le hore basali le bona ba lokela ho hlahlojoa le ho phekoloa bakeng sa bokhoba ba bootsoa.
Leha tlhokomeliso e le lebaka le ferekanyang la ts'ebetso ea ho hopola [18, 19], re fumane hore ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo litlamorao tsa tlhahlobo ea tlhokomelo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena ka bobeli, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore mohopolo o senyehileng o lemaletseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa o ne o sa amane le bothata ba ho tsepamisa maikutlo. Lithuto tse ling li hlophisitsoe ho utloisisa sesosa sa ho senyeha hona.
Phello ea thuto ena, eo hape e neng e le matla a eona, e ne e le ho ngolisa ha rona lithuto tsa bacha. Leha ho na le sepheo sa rona sa ho bula boithuto ba bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa karolong ea bona ea pele le e mahlonoko ka ho fetesisa, boko ba bana bo ntse bo hola le ho nts'etsapele [43] mme ka hona, e ka buseletsa ho senyeha hoa boko [44]. Ntle le moo, leha e le mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tse amanang le ena ho fumana liphetho tse ntle, ka bomalimabe ho ne ho se phoso thutong ea rona kaha ho bonts'a bacha ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho nkoang e se taba. Taba ea bobeli, boithuto ba rona, e le sebopeho se arohaneng, bo ne bo sitoa ho fumana kamano le sesosa lipakeng tsa bokhoni ba memori bo tlase le bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ntho e 'ngoe eo re lokelang ho e ela hloko ke hore ha rea ka ra lokisa sephetho sa rona ha re bapisa lintho tse ngata, hobane ha re ntse re ithuta re ne re na le 3 feela ea ho e bapisa: mohopolo oa nakoana (o emeloang ke RAVLT A6), mohopolo o liehang oa ho lebala (A7), le mohopolo o liehang oa ho hopola (ROCFT ea lieha), eo re e nkileng e le ba fokolang haholo ho baka phoso e kholo ea ho sibolla leshano. Tlhahisoleseling e ngoe ho litlamorao tsa rona kaofela e ne e le lintlha tse tsamaeang le tlhahiso ea sephetho: RAVLT A1-5 e ne e le liphetho tsa ts'ebetso ho A6 le A7, athe TMT A le B li ne li lokela ho laola bothata ba tlhokomelo.
Lithuto tse ling tsa "neurocognitive" mabapi le litla-morao tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mohopolong, tlhokomelo le likarolo tse ling tsa kelello, haholo lits'ebetsong tsa ho nahana ka nako e telele le tse sebetsang, li hlokahala ho netefatsa sesosa le boholo ba ho senyeha.
5. Liphello
Ho lemalla litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho ka kopanngoa le mohopolo oa morao-rao o sa hlonepheng oa bacha ka mantsoe, ho sa tsotelloe thobalano ebile o sa kopane le tlhokomelo.
Ho fumaneha ha data
Lintlha tsa tlhahlobo ea tšebetso ea mohopolo tse sebelisoang ho ts'ehetsa liphetho tsa thuto ena li kenyelelitsoe ka har'a sengoloa.
senoloa ha
Phetolelo ea pejana ea mosebetsi ona e hlahisitsoe e le ntho e ke keng ea etsahala le poso ho Seboka sa Machaba sa 3rd le Exhibition mabapi le Setsi sa thuto ea bongaka sa indasteri le lipatlisiso (ICE ho IMERI), 2018.
Likhohlano tsa Thahasello
Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho lintoa tse thahasellisang.
'Menehelo ea Bangoli
Pukovisa Prawiroharjo le Hainah Ellydar ba kentse letsoho ka mokhoa o tšoanang thutong ena.
lumela hore baa fokola
Boithuto bona bo tšehelitsoe ke Lefapha la Matlafatso ea Basali le Ts'ireletso ea bana Indonesia (e tšehelitsoeng ke 'muso). Bangoli ba ka thabela ho leboha Alexandra Chessa, Kevin Widjaja, le Nia Soewardi ka menehelo ea bona pampiring ena.
Lisebelisoa tse tlatsetsang
Papiso ea lintlha tsa tlhahlobo ea mohopolo le tlhaiso ea maikutlo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse sa tl'o laola le ho lemalla, tse tlatsitsoeng ke thobalano. (Lisebelisoa tse tlatsetsang)
References
RZ Goldstein le ND Volkow, "Ho se sebetse hantle ha cortex ea pele ho tšenyo ea litumelo: ho fumana litholoana tse amanang le phetoho le litlamorao tsa tleliniki," Tlhahlobo ea Tlhaho ea Tlhaho ea Tlhaho, Vol. 12, che. 11, maq. 652-669, 2011. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
T. Love, C. Laier, M. Brand, L. Hatch, le R. Hajela, "Ho se sebetse hantle ha ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea litsoantso tsa inthanete: ho pheta-pheta," Behavioral Science, vol. 5, che. 3, maq. 388-433, 2015. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic le Buka ea tlhahlobo ea lipalo tsa mafu a kelello, American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC, USA, khatiso ea 5th, 2013.
Yayasan Kita Dan Buah Hati, Idatha mabapi le Phatlalatso ea Bana ba Indonesia Litšoantšong tsa Bootsoa, Yayasan Kita Dan Buah Hati, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2016.
N. Albein-Urios, JM Martinez-González, Ó. Lozano, L. 126, che. 1-2, maq. 1-6, 2012. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
L. Moccia, M. Pettorruso, F. De Crescenzo et al., "Neural correlates ea taolo ea kelello ts'ebetsong ea papali ea chelete: tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea lithuto tsa fMRI," Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 78, maq. 104-116, 2017. Sheba ho Mohatisi · Sheba ho Google Scholar · View at Scopus
G. Dong, H. Zhou, le X. Zhao, "Bakhoba ba marang-rang ba banna ba bonts'a bokhoni ba taolo ea taolo e phahameng: bopaki bo tsoang mosebetsing oa" Stroop-color "," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 499, che. 2, maq. 114-118, 2011. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
G. Dong, EE DeVito, X. Du, le Z. Cui, "Taolo e thibelang mathata a inhibitory in 'Internet addiction disorder': lipatlisiso tsa ts'ebetso ea mahlale a ts'ebetso," Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, vol. 203, che. 2-3, maq. 153-158, 2012. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
H. Yu, X. Zhao, N. Li, M. Wang, le P. Zhou, "Phello ea ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete ponts'o ea sebapali sa EEG," Progress in Natural Science, vol. 19, che. 10, maq. 1383-1387, 2009. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
J. Nie, W. Zhang, J. Chen, le W. Li, "Ho sitisoa le ho hopola mohopolo mabapi le mantsoe a amanang le inthanete har'a bacha ba lemaletseng marang-rang: papiso le tlhokomelo-tlhaiso / khatello ea maikutlo," Psychiatry Research, vol. 236, maq. 28-34, 2016. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
PW Kalivas le ND Volkow, "Motheo oa bokhoba ba taolo: thuto ea tšusumetso le khetho," American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 162, che. 8, maq. 1403-1413, 2005. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
S. Spiga, A. Lintas, le M. Diana, "Diketso le ts'ebeliso ea kelello," Annals oa New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1139, che. 1, maq. 299-306, 2008. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
L. Fattore le M. Diana, "Bokhoba ba lithethefatsi: bothata bo amang maikutlo bo hlokang pheko," Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 65, maq. 341–361, 2016. Sheba ho Mohatisi · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba Scopus
A.P. Le Berre, R. Fama, le EV Sullivan, "Ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi, mohopolo, le bofokoli ba kelello sechabeng le ho hlaphoheloa kelellong e matla ea ho lemalla joala: litlhahlobo tse tebileng tsa ho tsebisa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang," Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol. 41, che. 8, maq. 1432-1443, 2017. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
W.S. Yan, Y.H. Li, L. Xiao, N. Zhu, A. Bechara, le N. Sui, "Ho sebetsa mohopolo le ho etsa liqeto tse amanang le tlatsetso: papiso e hlakileng pakeng tsa bokhoba ba heroin, ba bechang, le taolo e phetseng hantle," Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi le Joala, vol . 134, maq. 194-200, 2014. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
LP Spear, "Boko ba bocha le boits'oaro bo amanang le lilemo," Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 24, che. 4, maq. 417–463, 2000. Sheba ho Mohatisi · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba Scopus
L. Steinberg, "Khopolo e ntle le e hloahloa bongoaneng," Trends in Cognitive Science Science, moq. 9, che. 2, maq. 69-74, 2005. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
N. Unsworth, K. Fukuda, E. Awh, le EK Vogel, "Ho sebetsa ka mohopolo le bohlale ba mokelikeli: matla a ho laola maikutlo, ho khutlisa mohopolo oa bobeli," Cognitive Psychology, vol. 71, maq. 1-26, 2014. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
N. Cowan, "Mohlolo oa bonohe: ho na le bokhoni ba ho hopola lintho bo fokolang, hona hobaneng?" Litataiso tsa hajoale ho Psychological Science, vol. 19, che. 1, maq. 51-57, 2010. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
E. Strauss, EMS Sherman, le O. Spreen, Khatiso ea Liteko tsa Neuropsychological: Tsamaiso, Norms, le Commentary, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, Khatiso ea Boraro, 2006.
PA Osterrieth, Teko ea ho Qopitsa setšoantšo se Rarahaneng: Tlatsetso Thutong ea Kutloisiso le Memori, vol. 30, Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychiatric Association, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1944.
A. Rey, Tlhahlobo ea Kliniki ho Psychology, Presseita Universitaires de France, Paris, France, 1964.
Battery ea US Army Motho ka Mong ea Batlhatisi, Buka ea Tsamaiso le Likoloi, Lefapha la Ntoa, Ofisi ea Adjunct General, Washington, DC, USA, 1944.
J. Schiebener, C. Laier, le M. Brand, “Na u khona ho amohela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro? Ho sebelisa kapa ho hlokomoloha mekhoa e meng ea cybersex maemong a mangata e amana le matšoao a bokhoba ba cybersex, "Journal of Behavioral Addictions, vol. 4, che. 1, maq. 14-21, 2015. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
F. d. Boisgueheneuc, R. Levy, E. Volle et al. "Mesebetsi ea karolo e ka pele ea letsoho le letšehali ho batho: thuto ea lesion," Brain, vol. 129, che. 12, maq. 3315-3328, 2006. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
G.-J. Meerkerk, RJJMVD Eijnden, le HFL Garretsen, "Ho bolela esale pele ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea inthanete: e bua ka thobalano !," CyberPsychology & Behaeve, vol. 9, che. 1, maq. 95-103, 2006. Sheba ho Mohatisi · Sheba ho Google Scholar · View at Scopus
S. Sutton, P. Tueting, J. Zubin, le ER John, "Tlhahisoleseling le bokhoni ba kutlo bo hlahisitse monyetla," Science, vol. 155, che. 3768, maq. 1436-1439, 1967. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
J. Polich, "Ho ntlafatsa P300: khopolo e kopanyang ea P3a le P3b," Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 118, che. 10, maq. 2128-2148, 2007. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
S. Campanella, O. Pogarell, le N. Boutros, "Lisosa tse amanang le liketsahalo tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi," Clinical EEG le Neuroscience, vol. 45, che. 2, maq. 67-76, 2014. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
L. Costa, L. Bauer, S. Kuperman et al., "Phokotso ea P300 ea Frontal, ho itšepa joala, le ho hloka taolo ea botho," Biological Psychiatry, vol. 47, che. 12, maq. 1064-1071, 2000. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
"EL Theunissen" 220, che. 2, maq. 341-350, 2012. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
E. Sokhadze, C. Stewart, M. Hollifield, le A. Tasman, "Boithuto bo ka amanang le liketsahalo tse amanang le liketsahalo tsa ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi o potlakileng oa ho lemalla koae," Journal of Neurotherapy, vol. 12, che. 4, maq. 185-204, 2008. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
LO Bauer, "Pholiso ea CNS ho koae, koae le koae, kapa ts'ehetso ea opioid: boithuto ba P300," Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 112, che. 8, maq. 1508-1515, 2001. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
B. Yang, S. Yang, L. Zhao, L. Yin, X. Liu, le S. An, "Lisosa tse amanang le ketsahalo mokhatlong oa Go / Nogo oa thibelo e sa tloaelehang ho lithibelo tsa bokhoba ba heroin," Science in China Series C : Lithuto tsa Bophelo, vol. 52, che. 8, maq. 780-788, 2009. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
CC Papageorgiou, IA Liappas, EM Ventouras et al., "Syndrome ea nako e telele ea ho itšireletsa litekanyetsong tsa heroin: li-indices tsa liphetoho tsa P300 tse amanang le mosebetsi o mocha oa ho hopola," Tsoelo-pele ho Neuro-Psychopharmacology le Biological Psychiatry, vol. 28, che. 7, maq. 1109-1115, 2004. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
AN Justus, PR Finn, le JE Steinmetz, "P300, botho bo senotsoeng, le mathata a ho qala ho noha," joala joala: Patlisiso ea bongaka le boithuto, vol. 25, che. 10, maq. 1457-1466, 2001. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
MJ Morgan, "Liphoso tsa Memori tse amanang le tšebeliso ea boithabiso ba" ecstasy "(MDMA), Psychopharmacology, vol. 141, che. 1, maq. 30-36, 1999. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
A. Bechara le EM Martin, "Ho etsa liqeto tse sa sebetseng tse amanang le bofokoli ba memori ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi," Neuropsychology, vol. 18, che. 1, maq. 152-162, 2004. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
O. George, CD Mandyam, S. Wee, le GF Koob, "Keketso e atolositsoeng ea ho itaola ka koae e hlahisa ho senyeha hoa memelo ea nako e telele ea pele ho ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello ea cortex," Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 33, che. 10, maq. 2474-2482, 2008. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
C. Laier, FP Schulte, le M. Brand, "Ts'ebetso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e kena-kenana le ts'ebetso ea memori e sebetsang," Journal of Sex Research, vol. 50, che. 7, maq. 642-652, 2013. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
W. Aviv, R. Zolek, A. Babkin, K. Cohen, le M. Lejoyeux, "Lintlha tse bolelang esale pele tšebeliso ea cybersex le mathata a ho theha likamano tse haufi pakeng tsa basebelisi ba banna le ba basali ba cybersex," Frontiers in Psychiatry, vol. 6, maq. 1-8, 2015. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
J. Peter le PM Valkenburg, “Ho pepesetsoa ha bacha lilemong tsa bootsoa marang-rang,” lipatlisiso tsa puisano. 33, che. 2, maq. 178-204, 2006. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
BJ Casey, RM Jones, le TA Hare, "Boko ba bongoana," Annals oa New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1124, che. 1, maq. 111-126, 2008. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
FY Ismail, A. Fatemi, le MV Johnston, "Polasetiki ea" Cerebral ": windows windows tsa monyetla bokong bo ntseng bo hola," European Journal of Pediatric Neurology, vol. 21, che. 1, maq. 23-48, 2017. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
;