Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa le ho romellana melaetsa e litšila har'a bana le bacha: tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng ea litlhahlobo

Background

Tšebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho nka karolo ho romellanang litšoantšo tse litšila, hangata ho talingoa e le boits'oaro bo kotsi. Pampiri ena e tlaleha liphuputso tse tsoang ho 'tlhahlobo ea litlhahlobo', e neng e ikemiselitse ho supa le ho hlophisa bopaki bo mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho romellana melaetsa e litšila har'a bacha. Mona, re shebana haholo le bopaki bo amanang le ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; ho nka karolo ho romellanang melaetsa e litšila; le litumelo, maikutlo, boits'oaro le boiketlo ba bona ho utloisisa hantle likotsi le melemo e ka bang teng, le ho tseba moo lipatlisiso tsa kamoso li hlokoang.

mekhoa

Re batlile libaka tsa bohlano tsa mahlale a bophelo bo botle le kahisano; ho phenyekolla lingoliloeng tse bohlooho le hona ho entsoe. Boleng ba ho lekola bo ile ba hlahlojoa mme liphuputso tsa etsoa ka mokhoa o phetoang.

Results

Ho kenyelelitsoe litlhahlobo tse XNUMX tsa lithuto tsa boleng le / kapa boleng. Kamano e ile ea tsejoa lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo a lumellang thobalano. Kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litumelo tse matla tsa thobalano tse amanang le thobalano le tsona li tlalehiloe, empa eseng joalo ka linako tsohle. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bopaki bo sa lumellaneng ba kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le boitšoaro ba thobalano bo ile ba fumanoa. Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amahanngoa le mefuta e fapaneng ea tlhekefetso ea motabo, tlhekefetso le tlhekefetso, empa kamano e bonahala e le thata. Banana ka ho khetheha ba ka qobelloa ho qobelloa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le ho ba le litlamorao tse mpe ho feta bashanyana haeba thobalano e ka ba pepeneneng. Ho tlalehiloe lintlha tse ntle tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano, haholo malebana le likamano tsa bacha le bona.

Nahanisisa

Re fumane bopaki bo tsoang litlhahlobong tsa boleng bo fapaneng bo amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho romellana melaetsa e litšila le bacha har'a litumelo, maikutlo le boits'oaro. Leha ho le joalo, bopaki hangata bo ne bo sa lumellane mme boholo bo ne bo tsoa liphuputsong tsa ho shebella li sebelisa moralo oa likarolo tse fapaneng, o thibelang ho theha kamano efe kapa efe ea lisosa. Ho fumanoe meeli e meng ea mekhoa le likheo tsa bopaki. Ho hlokahala lithuto tse matla haholoanyane tsa tšebeliso ea litekanyetso le tšebeliso e kholo ea mekhoa ea boleng.

Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, ho bile le litlhahlobo tse ngata tse ikemetseng tse entsoeng lebitsong la mmuso oa UK mabapi le thobalano ea bongoana le polokeho ea bacha inthaneteng le ho media e meng ea dijithale (mohlala, Byron [1]; Papadopoulos [2]; Bailey3]). Litlaleho tse tšoanang le tsona li phatlalalitsoe linaheng tse ling ho kenyeletsoa Australia [4,5,6]; Fora [7]; le USA [8]. Ka lebaka la tlhoko e nahanoang ea ho sireletsa bana linthong tse hlakileng tsa thobalano inthaneteng, mmuso oa UK o kenyelelitse Molao oa Moruo oa Dijithale [9], tlhoko ea libaka tsa bootsoa ho kenya ts'ebetsong cheke ea netefatso ea lilemo. Leha ho le joalo, kamora ho lieha ho kenella ts'ebetsong, ho ile ha phatlalatsoa ka hoetla 2019 hore licheke li ke ke tsa hlahisoa [10]. Sebakeng seo, sepheo sa Molao oa Moruo oa dijithale mabapi le ho thibela ho pepeseha ha bana litšoantšong tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng li lokela ho fihlelleha ka moralo o mocha oa taolo o boletsoeng pampiring ea White Harms White [11]. Pampiri ena e tšoeu e sisinya ho theha mosebetsi oa molao oa tlhokomelo ho lik'hamphani tse amehang ho ntlafatsa polokeho ea inthanete le ho sebetsana le liketso tse kotsi, tse tla qobelloa ke molaoli ea ikemetseng [11].

Hangata ho 'nile ha boleloa hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bana le bacha ho lebisa likotsing (mohlala, Moroallo [12]; Lijo [13]). Ntle le moo, ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno (setsi sa bohlokoa sa 'thobalano' le 'ho romellana melaetsa') hangata ho entsoe ka puo ea kheloho le ketsahalo e nkoang e le boits'oaro bo kotsi ho bacha [14]. Tse ling tsa litlhahiso tse hlahisitsoeng li kenyelletsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano le ho qobelloa ho etsa lintho tse amanang le thobalano, leha se boleloang ka kotsi se sa hlalosoe ka mehla.

Pampiri ena e tlaleha liphuputso tse tsoang ho 'tlhahlobo ea litlhahlobo' e laetsoeng ke Lefapha la Bophelo le Tlhokomelo ea Sechaba (DHSC) England, e neng e ikemiselitse ho supa le ho hlophisa bopaki bo mabapi le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano hara bana le bacha. Ka lebaka la pharalla, 'tlhahlobo ea litlhahlobo' (RoR) e ne e nkuoa e le mokhoa o nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa. RoRs e khetholla, e lekola le ho hlophisa se fumanoeng ho tsoa ho litlhahlobo tse teng ka tsela e hlakileng ebile e ka totobatsa bosieo ba bopaki [15,16,17,18,19]. Mona, re shebana haholo le bopaki bo amanang le ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; ho nka karolo ho romellanang melaetsa e litšila; le litumelo tsa bona, maikutlo, boits'oaro le bophelo bo botle, ho utloisisa hamolemo likotsi le melemo e ka bang teng, le ho tseba moo lipatlisiso tsa kamoso li hlokoang.

Re batlisitse marang-rang a mahlano a elektroniki re sebelisa mantsoe le li-synonyms tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa "litšoantšo tsa bootsoa", "litaba tsa thobalano" le "ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano", ho kopantsoe le sefahleho sa lipatlisiso bakeng sa litlhahlobo tse hlophisehileng.^{Mongolo oa sehlooho 1}. Leano le felletseng la ho batla le fumaneha joalo ka faele e tlatselletsang (Tlatsetso ea faele 1). Lintlha tse latelang li batlisisitsoe ho fihlela ka Phato / Loetse 2018: Applied Social Science Index & Abstracts (ASSIA), MEDLINE le MEDLINE in Process, PsycINFO, Scopus le Social Science Citation Index. Ha ho lithibelo tse behiloeng ka letsatsi la phatlalatso kapa sebaka sa sebaka. Ntle le moo, lipatlisiso tse tlatselletsang li ile tsa etsoa liwebosaeteng tsa mekhatlo ea mantlha, ho kenyeletsoa Khomishenara ea Bana ea England; Mokhatlo oa Naha oa Tlhokomelo le Ts'ireletso ea Bana (NSPCC) le webosaete ea mmuso oa UK. Re batlile lingoliloeng tse ling tse putsoa re sebelisa mokhoa o tsoetseng pele oa ho batla oa Google.

Sehlooho le moqolo oa litlaleho, le lipampiri tse felletseng li ile tsa hlahlojoa ke bahlahlobi ba babeli ka boikemelo. Liphuputso tse tlalehiloeng pampiring ea hajoale li ne li ipapisitse le litlhahlobo tse fihlelletseng litekanyetso tse latelang:

• E tsepamisitse maikutlo ho bana le bacha (leha ho hlalositsoe) ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano kapa ka bobeli. Mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (o hatisitsoeng kapa o bonoang) o ne o nkuoa o le bohlokoa.
• Ho tlalehiloe liphuputso tse amanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho romela melaetsa ea thobalano le kamano ea bona le litumelo, maikutlo, boits'oaro kapa bophelo bo botle ba bacha.
• Ho sebelisitsoe mekhoa ea tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng, e hlokang hore bangoli ba be le bonyane: ba batlile bonyane mehloli e 'meli, e' ngoe ea tsona e tlameha ebe e ne e le database. mekhoa e hlakileng ea kenyelletso / khethollo e koahelang likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa tlhahlobo; le ho fana ka mohopolo oa se fumanoeng. Sena e kanna ea ba palo ea lipalo ka mokhoa oa tlhatlhobo ea meta kapa nalane ea lipale tse fumanoeng liphuputsong tse kenyellelitsoeng. Litlhahlobo li ne li sa tšoanelehe ho kenyelletsoa haeba bangoli ba ne ba hlalosa feela hore motho ka mong o kenyelelitse thuto ho se boiteko bo entsoeng ba ho bokella liphetho ka sephetho se tšoanang ho tsoa liphuputsong tse ngata.

Litlhahlobo li hloka ho shebana haholo le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kapa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le bacha mme li ka kenyelletsa lithuto tsa mantlha tsa boqapi (bongata le / kapa boleng). Litlhahlobo ha lia kenyelletsoa haeba li shebile haholo-holo litabeng tsa thobalano mecheng ea litaba e sa amaneng le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa joalo ka mananeo a thelevishene, lipapali tsa video kapa livideo tsa 'mino. Ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ho ile ha nahanoa ka bophara e le ho romella kapa ho amohela linepe kapa melaetsa ka thobalano kapa ka lisebelisoa tse ling tsa media.

Lintlha li ntšitsoe tlhahlobisong ka 'ngoe mabapi le litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa ho kenyeletsoa mekhoa ea tlhahlobo, palo ea baahi le liphetho. Ts'ebetso ea data e ne e etsoa ke mohlahlobi a le mong mme e hlahlojoa ke mohlahlobi oa bobeli.

Tlhahlobo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ile ea hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o nyarosang ho latela tlhaiso-leseling e ntlafalitsoeng ea Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) [20]. Boleng ba tlhahlobo bo ile ba hlahlojoa ke mohlahlobi e mong mme ba hlahlojoa ke e mong. Ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea tekolo e sebeliselitsoe ho fana ka likahlolo mabapi le mehloli e ka bang teng ea leeme le litšokelo ho bonnete le ho ts'epahala ha liphuputso tse tlalehiloeng tlhahlobisong eohle.

Liphuputso li entsoe ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng ho feta tekolo le ho bapisoa le ho bapisoa, moo ho loketseng. Nakong ea ts'ebetso ea pele, tlhaiso-leseling e fumanweng ho tsoa litlhahlobong tse amanang le sehlopha se le seng se pharalletseng kapa sehlooho (mohlala, boitšoaro ba thobalano, maikutlo a thobalano) li ile tsa bokelloa 'me ho tšoana le phapang liphethong tse fumanoeng tlhahlobisong le liphuputsong tsohle. Kakaretso e hlalosang ea liphetho tse kholo tse tlalehiloeng ho litlhahlobo e ile ea hlahisoa. Liphumano tse tsoang lithutong tse ngata le tsa boleng li ile tsa hlophisoa ka thoko tlasa sehlooho se loketseng sa sehlooho. Ha rea ​​ka ra nahana nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea hore na sephetho se itseng se kotsi kapa che. Poleloana ena bacha e sebelisoa karolong e latelang ho akaretsa bacha le bana. Ha rea ​​ka ra ngolisa protocol bakeng sa tlhahlobo ena ho PROSPERO ka lebaka la lithibelo tsa nako, empa re hlahisitse polelo e khuts'oane ea projeke e amohetsoeng ke DHSC. Sena se hlahisitse sepheo sa tlhahlobo, mekhoa e lokelang ho sebelisoa le kemiso ea nako ea mosebetsi.

Kamora ho qhekella, ho ile ha hlahlojoa lihlooho le likhetho tse 648 le lipampiri tse felletseng tse 241. Litlhahlobo tse leshome le motso o mong li fihletse litekanyetso tsa kenyelletso tse boletsoeng kaholimo. Phallo ea lingoliloeng ka tlhahlobo e bonts'oa ho Fig. 1.

Phallo ea lithuto ka tlhahlobo

Setšoantšo se felletseng

Tlhaloso ea litlhahlobo

Har'a litlhahlobo tse 11, tse tharo li shebile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [21,22,23]; tse supileng li shebane le ho romela melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno^{Mongolo oa sehlooho 2} [24,25,26,27,28,29,30]; 'me tlhahlobo e le' ngoe e buile ka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho romela melaetsa ea selefouno31]. Litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa litlhahlobo tse 11 li fanoe ho Tafole 1.

Litlhahlobo tse peli li tlalehile liphetho tsa boleng feela [26, 27]. Litlhahlobo tse hlano li tlalehile liphetho tsa palo feela [23, 24, 29,30,31], le tse 'ne tse tlalehiloeng tse fumanoeng mefuteng ka bobeli ea thuto ea mantlha [21, 22, 25, 28]. Tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe e tlalehile feela ka liphuputso tse tsoang lithutong tsa bolelele ba nako [23]. Litlhahlobo tse robeli li kenyellelitse lithuto tsa likarolo tse fapaneng feela kapa lipatlisiso tse arohaneng le tsa bolelele ba nako [21, 22, 24, 25, 28,29,30,31]. Litlhahlobong ka bophara, lithuto tse ngata li ne li arotsoe ka likarolo tse fapaneng mme lintlha li ne li bokelloa ho sebelisoa mekhoa e joalo ka lipatlisiso tse thehiloeng lipotsong tsa lipotso, lipuisano tsa motho ka mong le lihlopha tse tsepamisisang maikutlo.

Boitsebiso litlhahlobong tse tharo bo entsoe ka lipalo-palo ho sebelisoa litlhahlobo tsa meta [29,30,31] 'me tlhahlobo e le' ngoe e tsamaisitse tšebetso ea boleng ba meta-ethnographic [26]. Litlhahlobo tse ling li tlaleha nalane ea lipale tse fumanoeng. Ka hara litlhahlobo, lithuto tse ngata tse kenyellelitsoeng li bonahala li tsoa USA le Europe (haholo-holo Netherlands, Sweden le Belgium), empa tlhaiso-leseling ka naha ea tlhaho ha ea ka ea tlalehoa ka tatellano.

Ka kakaretso, litlhahlobo tse kenyellelitsoeng tse shebaneng le sehlooho se ts'oanang li ne li ts'oana ho latela maemo a pharalla le ho kenyeletsoa. Matsatsi a phatlalatso ea lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng ho litlhahlobo tse robeli ho tse 11 a pakeng tsa 2008 le 2016 [23, 24, 26,27,28,29,30,31]. Baahi ba nang le tjantjello bakeng sa tlhahlobo e ngoe le e ngoe ba kenyelelitse bana ba lilemo ho tloha ho ba pele ho lilemo tsa bocha ho isa ho lilemo tse 18, empa ho bile le phapang lipakeng tsa litlhahlobo ho latela moeli oa lilemo tse holimo, o tšohloang hape karolong ea likhaello. Ho ile ha hlokomeloa liphapang tse ling lipakeng tsa litlhahlobo: Mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​Watchirs Smith et al. [31] e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho pepeseng litaba tse fumanehang marang-rang / litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse thehiloeng marang-rang. Ntle le moo, Handschuh et al. [30] le Cooper et al. [25] e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho romelleng thobalano ho fapana le ho e amohela.

Horvath et al. [21] ba hlalositse tlhahlobo ea bona e le 'tlhahlobo ea bopaki e potlakileng' mme ba sa kenyeletse lipatlisiso tsa mantlha tsa thuto le tseo eseng tsa thuto feela empa hape ba kenyelelitse 'litlhahlobo' le litlhahlobo tsa meta, litokomane tsa leano le 'litlaleho' tse ling. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, litekanyetso tsa ho tšoaneleha tse sebelisitsoeng ke Cooper et al. [25] e dumelletswe ho kenyeletswa ha 'dipuisano tse sa amaneng le matla tsa patlisiso' (leq. 707) mmoho le dithuto tsa mathomo. Ho lekola likhatiso, lingoliloeng tse 'maloa li ne li hokahantsoe le thuto e tšoanang ea lipatlisiso. Mohlala, Koletić [23] e kenyelelitse lipampiri tse 20 tse neng li hokahantsoe le lithuto tse robong tse fapaneng tsa lipatlisiso. Ho feta moo, Peter le Valkenburg [22] e tlalehile hore lithuto / lipampiri tse ngata li sebelisitse sampole e tšoanang ea data.

Ho bile le ho kopana ho hoholo lithutong tsa mathomo tse kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobisong, e neng e sa lebelloa ka lebaka la ho tšoana pakeng tsa litlhahlobo. Mohlala, litlhahlobo tse tharo li hlophisitse lintlha tse ngata tse amanang le likamano lipakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le boits'oaro ba thobalano, le lipakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le boits'oaro bo seng kotsi ba bophelo bo botle ba thobalano joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Barrense-Dias et al. [28] o qotsitse lipampiri tse supileng tse fapaneng tse neng li bua ka likamano tsena, Van Ouytsel et al. [24] e qotsitse tse hlano, 'me lipampiri tse tharo li ne li tloaelehile tlhahlobisong ka bobeli. Lipampiri tsohle tse hlano tse boletsoeng ke Van Ouytsel et al. le bane ke Barrense-Dias et al. le tsona li kenyelelitsoe ke Cooper et al. [25]. Litlhahlobo tsa Horvath et al. [21], Peter le Valkenburg [22] le Koletić [23] ba bile le lithuto tse 'ne tse tšoanang tse sebetsanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo a lumellang le litumelo tse amanang le thobalano.

Hlahloba boleng

Litlhahlobo tsa litlhahlobo khahlano le litekanyetso tsa DARE tse ntlafalitsoeng li bonts'itsoe ho Tafole 2. Litlhahlobo tsohle li lekantsoe li lekane bakeng sa boholo ba lipatlisiso tsa lingoliloeng le ho tlaleha litekanyetso tsa ho kenyeletsoa / ho qheleloa ka thoko. Litlhahlobong tse robong, lipatlisiso li entsoe bonyane ba marang-rang a mararo [21, 23,24,25,26, 28,29,30,31]. Litlhahlobong tse peli, lipatlisiso li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa palo e nyane ea database, empa tsa tlatsetsoa ka ho sebelisa mehloli e meng joalo ka ho hlahloba lethathamo la litšupiso kapa ho phenyekolla inthanete [22, 27]. Litlhahlobong tse peli, ho sebelisitsoe lentsoe le le leng feela, 'ho romellana melaetsa e litšila' e le lentsoe la ho batla [24, 29]. Litlhahlobo tsohle li tlalehile litekanyetso tsa ho tšoaneleha tse akaretsang tsohle kapa boholo ba likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa tlhahlobo: palo ea baahi; boits'oaro (ke hore, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano kapa ka bobeli); tlhahiso kapa liphetho tsa thahasello; le mofuta oa phatlalatso / thuto.

Tekanyo eo bangoli ba hlophisitseng liphumano e ne e fapane empa e lekane litekong tsohle. Litlhahlobo tse tharo tse entseng liphetho ka mokhoa o hlakileng li ne li lekantsoe holimo ho tekanyetso ena kaha li fane ka leseli le neng le qaqisa haholoanyane ebile le felletse ka ho kopanya le ho tlaleha sephetho ho tsoa liphuputsong tse ngata [22, 24, 28].

Litlhahlobo le tsona li ile tsa lekoa ho latela lintlha tse ling tse peli tse tlalehiloeng: ho tlaleha lintlha tsa boithuto, le hore na ho hlahlojoe boleng ba mokhoa oa lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng ho tlalehiloe. Litlhahlobo tse robeli li fane ka lintlha tsa lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng ka mokhoa oa tafole ea litšobotsi tse tlalehileng tlhaiso-leseling e fapaneng mabapi le sampole ea baahi, moralo oa boithuto, mefuta le / kapa liphetho tsa lithahasello / liphetho tsa bohlokoa [22,23,24, 26, 28,29,30,31]. Litlhahlobo tse ling tse tharo li fane ka lintlha tse fokolang mabapi le lithuto tse kenyelelitsoeng [21, 25, 27].

Litlhahlobong tse 'ne, ho tlalehiloe mofuta o mong oa tlhahlobo ea boleng [21, 27, 30, 31]. Ho feta moo, Peter le Valkenburg [22] ha ba etsa tlhahlobo ea boleng ba lithuto tsa motho ka mong, empa ba tlalehile tlhahlobo e hlokolosi ea liphuputso ho tsoa tlhahlobisong ea bona, e kenyeletsang ho khetholla leeme ho tsoa meralong ea boithuto le mekhoa ea mehlala. Wilkinson et al. [26] e tlalehile ntle le lipampiri motheong oa boleng bo tlase ba mokhoa empa ha ea ka ea bolela ka ho hlaka hore tekolo ea boleng e entsoe. Horvath et al. [21] o tlalehile ho hatisa haholo lithutong tse nkoang e le 'boleng bo tlase' ho ipapisitsoe le tekanyetso e fetotsoeng ea 'Weight of Bopaki'32].

E ka bonoa ho tsoa Tafoleng 2 litlhahlobo tse peli (Handschuh et al. [30] le Bahlokomeli Smith et al. [31]) li ile tsa lekoa e le ho fihlela maemo ohle a mahlano. Litlhahlobo tse hlano (Van Ouytsel et al. [24]; Peter le Valkenburg [22]; Barrense-Dias et al. [28]; Kosenko et al. [29] le Wilkinson [26]) o fihlelletse litekanyetso tse 'ne, ho kenyeletsoa ho tlaleha tlaleho ea boleng bo holimo ba se fumanoeng kapa tlhahlobo ea meta.

Ho tlaleha mekhoa ea ho lekola ka kakaretso ho ne ho sa lekane tlhahlobisong eohle, e neng e thibela tlhahlobo ea ts'epahalo e akaretsang kapa monyetla oa leeme. Mohlala, litlhahlobo tse ngata ha lia fana ka tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le palo ea bahlahlobi ba amehang liqetong tsa tlhahlobo kapa tlhaiso-leseling.

Maikutlo le litumelo tsa thobalano

Bopaki bo ne bo sa fetohe tlhahlobisong e mene bakeng sa kamano lipakeng tsa bacha ba shebang lintho tse hlalosang thobalano, le boits'oaro bo matla ba ho lumella thobalano [21,22,23, 31]. 'Maikutlo a lumellang thobalano' ke lentsoe le sebelisitsoeng tlhahlobisong, empa ha e hlalosoe kamehla. Peter le Valkenburg [22] e sebelisitse ho hlalosa maikutlo a matle mabapi le thobalano e sa reroang, hangata kantle ho kamano ea lerato.

Litlhahlobo tse 'ne li tlalehile bopaki ba kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litumelo tse matla tsa thobalano, ho kenyelletsa ho sheba basali joalo ka lintho tsa thobalano, le maikutlo a fokolang a tsoelang pele mabapi le likarolo tsa bong [21,22,23, 31]. Leha ho le joalo, bopaki ba kamano pakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le litumelo tse amanang le thobalano ha boa ka ba tsejoa khafetsa. Phuputso e 'ngoe ea nako e telele e kenyellelitsoeng litlhahlobong tse tharo ha ea ka ea fumana kamano pakeng tsa khafetsa ea ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete le litumelo tse amanang le thobalano.21,22,23].

Bopaki bo tlalehiloe lipakeng tsa litlhahlobo tse tharo tse fanang ka maikutlo a kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le mefuta e meng ea maikutlo le litumelo tsa thobalano, ho kenyeletsoa ho se ts'oanehe ka thobalano; ho ameha ka thobalano; khotsofalo / ho se khotsofale ka thobalano; litumelo / maikutlo a sa utloahaleng ka thobalano le maikutlo a 'fosahetseng' mabapi le likamano [21,22,23]. Liphumano tsena hangata li ne li ipapisitse le thuto e le 'ngoe kapa tse peli feela, ka ho kopana ha litlhahlobo.

Liketso tsa thobalano le litloaelo tsa thobalano

Bopaki bo tsoang lithutong tsa longitudinal le cross-sectional tse tlalehiloeng litlhahlobong tse 'ne li bonts'a kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le menyetla e eketsehileng ea ho etsa thobalano le litloaelo tse ling tsa thobalano joalo ka thobalano ea molomo kapa ea ka morao [21,22,23, 31]. Boemo ba bong le ba bohlankana bo khethiloe e le batsamaisi ba mokhatlo pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho qala thobalano tlhahlobisong e le 'ngoe.22]. Liphuputso le tsona li tlalehiloe tlhahlobisong e sa fumaneng kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le mefuta e fapaneng ea litloaelo le boits'oaro, ho kenyeletsoa thobalano pele ho lilemo tse 15, kapa lithuto li fumane mekhatlo e neng e sa lumellane [21,22,23, 31].

Kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho etsa thobalano e sa tloaelehang kapa thobalano le balekane ba bangata e tlalehiloe litlhahlobong tse tharo [21, 22, 31]. Leha ho le joalo, kamano lipakeng tsa thobalano e sa reroang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e fumanoe feela bakeng sa basali ba lilemong tsa bocha ho e 'ngoe ea lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng ke Peter le Valkenburg [22]. Ntle le moo, phuputso e 'ngoe e tlalehileng litlhahlobo tse tharo ha ea ka ea fumana kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho ba le palo e phahameng ea balekane ba thobalano [21, 22, 31].

Bopaki bo hokahanyang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bo sebelisang bacha kotsing bo ne bo sa lumellane. Litlhahlobo tse tharo li tlalehile kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boits'oaro bo 'kotsi' ho kenyelletsa thobalano e sa sireletsoeng le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi / joala nakong ea thobalano [21, 22, 31]. Leha ho le joalo, phuputso e 'ngoe e kenyellelitsoeng litlhahlobong tse peli e hlotsoe ho supa kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho etsa thobalano e sa reroang e sa sireletsehang [22, 23].

Ka bobeli Horvath et al. [21] le Peter le Valkenburg [22] ho kenyelelitsoe lithuto tsa boleng tse khothalelitseng bacha ho ithuta mekhoa ea thobalano le lingoloa tsa thobalano ho tsoa litšoantšong tsa bootsoa, ​​tse ka susumetsang litebello le boits'oaro ba bona. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ile tsa bonoa e le tekanyetso eo ka eona u ka ahlolang ts'ebetso ea thobalano le likhopolo tsa 'mele lithutong tse ling tsa boleng. Bopaki bo tlalehiloeng ke Horvath et al. [21] e bontšitse hore bacha ba bang ba bone litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le mohloli o nepahetseng oa tsebo ea thobalano, mehopolo, boiphihlelo le boits'epo.

Mokhatlo o pakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le ho etsa mefuta e fapaneng ea thobalano o fumanoe litlhahlobong tse tšeletseng [24, 25, 28,29,30,31]. Tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea litlhahlobo tsa lithuto tse tšeletseng [30] o fumane hore menyetla ea ho tlaleha thobalano ea nakong e fetileng kapa ea hajoale e ne e phahame ka makhetlo a tšeletseng bakeng sa bacha ba romelang thobalano, ha ba bapisoa le ba sa kang ba (OR 6.3, 95% CI: 4.9 ho 8.1). Tlhahlobo ea pele ea litlhahlobo [31] o fumane hore ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano ho amana le menyetla e eketsehileng ea ho etsa thobalano (ka botšehaling feela kapa botšehaling, ka morao kapa ka molomo) (OR 5.58, 95% CI: 4.46 ho 6.71, lithuto tse hlano) hammoho le thobalano ea morao-rao (OR 4.79) , 95% CI: 3.55 ho 6.04, lithuto tse peli). Tlhatlhobo e ngoe ea lithuto tsa 10 [29], o tlalehile kamano pakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le ho etsa 'thobalano ka kakaretso' (r = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.23 ho 0.46). Ho bile le ho kopana ho hlokomelehang lithutong tsa mathomo ho pholletsa le litlhahlobo tsa meta ke Watchirs Smith et al. [31], Kosenko et al. [29] le Handschuh et al. [30]. Lithuto tse hlano ho tse 10 tse kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobisong ea meta ke Kosenko et al. e ne e kentsoe tlhahlobisong ea litlhahlobo tsa pejana ke Watchirs Smith et al. seo se ne se shebile haholo ho ba 'kileng ba kopanela liphate. Tlhatlhobo ea morao-rao e entsoeng ke Handschuh et al. e kenyelelitse thuto e le 'ngoe e neng e se tlhahlobisong ea meta ke Kosenko et al. Ntle le moo, lithuto tse tšoanang tse tharo li kenyelelitsoe litlhahlobong tsohle tse tharo tsa meta.

Litlhahlobo tse 'ne li supile kamano pakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le ho ba le palo e phahameng ea balekane ba thobalano [29] kapa balekane ba bangata, ka linako tse fapaneng tsa nako [24, 25, 31]. Leha ho le joalo, ho e 'ngoe ea lithuto tse tlalehiloeng ke Van Ouytsel et al. [24] mokhatlo o ne o le teng feela har'a banana. Kosenko et al. [29] o tlalehile hore kamano lipakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le palo ea balekane e ne e le nyane (r = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.16 ho 0.23, lithuto tse supileng). Smith ba al. [31] o fumane hore menyetla ea ho etsa thobalano le batho ba bangata likhoeling tse 3 ho isa ho tse 12 tse fetileng e ne e batla e phahame makhetlo a mararo har'a bacha ba romellanang melaetsa ea thobalano ha ba bapisoa le ba sa kang ba (OR 2.79, 95% CI: 1.95 ho 3.63; lithuto tse peli)

Bopaki bo sa tsitsang ba kamano pakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le boits'oaro bo 'kotsi' ba thobalano bo tlalehiloe litlhahlobong tse hlano [24, 25, 28, 29, 31]. Kosenko et al. [29] o fumane setsoalle lipakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le ho etsa thobalano e sa sireletsoeng ho tsoa tlhahlobisong e kopaneng ea lithuto tse robong, empa boholo ba kamano bo ne bo le nyane (r = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.09 ho 0.23). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tlhahlobo e 'ngoe ea litlhahlobo tse peli [31] ha a ka a fumana kamano lipakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le ho etsa thobalano e se nang likhohlopo khoeling e le 'ngoe kapa tse peli tse fetileng (OR 1.53, 95% CI: 0.81 ho 2.25). Maikutlo a mararo [24, 25, 31] o tlalehile hore ho romela melaetsa e litšila ho amana le ts'ebeliso ea joala kapa lithethefatsi tse ling pele / nakong ea thobalano (Watchirs Smith, OR 2.65, 95% CI: 1.99 ho 3.32; lithuto tse peli) [31].

Mekhoa e meng ea likotsi

Kamano lipakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa e litšila le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (joala, koae, matekoane le lithethefatsi tse ling tse seng molaong) e tlalehiloe litlhahlobong tse tharo [24, 25, 28]. Ntle le moo, phuputso e le 'ngoe e tlalehiloeng ke Barrense-Dias et al. [28] o fumane kamano pakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa e litšila le ho loana har'a bashanyana. Bangoli bona bao ba boetse ba supile bopaki bo tsoang phuputsong e ngoe ea kamano pakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le boits'oaro bo bong bo "kotsi" joalo ka ho kena sekolo le ho kena mathateng le matichere kapa mapolesa. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, phuputso e 'ngoe e kenyellelitsoe ke Van Ouytsel et al. [24] o tlalehile hore baithuti ba sekolo ba romellanang melaetsa ea thobalano ba kanna ba ba le 'botlokotsebe'. 'Bofetoheli' bo fapaneng bo ne bo hlalosoa ke boitlamo ba pejana ba ba arabetseng ka boits'oaro bo robong boo bangoli ba boithuto ba neng ba bo nka e le liketso tsa botlokotsebe, joalo ka ho utsoa, ​​ho ea sekolong, ho tsuba le ho noa. Bopaki ba khokahano lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le boitšoaro bo hlephileng bo tlalehiloe litlhahlobong tse peli [21, 22]. Ho feta moo, Horvath et al. [21] le Peter le Valkenburg [22] e kenyelelitse thuto e le 'ngoe e boneng kamano pakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi.

Tlhekefetso ea thobalano le pefo

Kamano e pakeng tsa ho pepesehela mecha ea phatlalatso ea thobalano le mefuta e fapaneng ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano le tlhekefetso e fumanoe lipatlisisong tse telele tsa nako e telele le tse fapaneng. Litlhahlobo tse tharo li supile kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tlhekefetso ea motabo kapa boits'oaro bo mabifi, ho kenyeletsoa thobalano e qobelloang [21,22,23]. Phuputsong e 'ngoe ho tlalehiloe litlhahlobo tse tharo, khokahano lipakeng tsa tlhekefetso ea motabo le ho shebella litaba tse totobatsang thobalano e fumanoe bakeng sa bashanyana feela. Phuputso e 'ngoe e kenyellelitsoeng ke Horvath et al. [21] ho tlalehiloe liphuputso tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ne li amahanngoa feela le pefo ea thobalano ho bahlankana ba neng ba na le monyetla oa ho ba le boitšoaro bo mabifi ba thobalano. Ho feta moo, phuputso ea nako e telele e kenyellelitsoeng litekong tsohle tse tharo e fumane kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tlhekefetso ea thobalano kapa tlhaselo, empa hafeela ho bonoa litaba tse mabifi. Peter le Valkenburg [22] o boetse a tlaleha bopaki bo tsoang phuputsong e 'ngoe bo fumaneng kamano lipakeng tsa tlhekefetso ea motabo kapa tlhekefetso le ts'ebeliso ea limakasine tsa bootsoa le metlae, empa e sa supe kamano efe kapa efe le ts'ebeliso ea lifilimi le livideo tsa bootsoa. Lithutong tse peli tse hlahlojoang ke Horvath et al. [21], ts'ebeliso ea khafetsa ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le / kapa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ne li atile haholo har'a baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng ba banna le basali ba neng ba itšoere ka mokhoa o qobelloang ka thobalano ha ba bapisoa le lithaka tsa bona tse neng li sa li etse.

Litlhahlobo tse peli li tlalehile kamano pakeng tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho ba phofu ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano kapa tlhekefetso ea thobalano, haholoholo hara basali ba banyane [21, 22]. Litlhahlobo tse tharo li tlalehile liphuputso tse tsoang phuputsong e 'ngoe e fumaneng hore bacha ba romellanang melaetsa e litšila ka thobalano ba na le monyetla oa hore ba qobelloa ho etsa thobalano, mme ba kile ba hlekefetsoa ke balekane ba bona selemong se fetileng, ho feta bacha ba neng ba sa kenella ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano [24, 25, 31]. Cooper et al. [25] o boetse a tlaleha botsoalle pakeng tsa ho amohela melaetsa e litšila le ho ba le pefo ea batho ba bang ho tsoa thutong e le 'ngoe ea baithuti ba univesithi.

Ho qobelloa, ho hlekefetsoa le ho hlekefetsoa

Litlhahlobo tse tharo li tlalehile hore banana, haholo-holo, ba ka qobelloa ho qobelloa le ho hatelloa hore ba kenelle ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano [25, 26, 28]. Mokhatlo o boetse o fumanoe lipakeng tsa bompoli, tlhekefetso ea marang-rang kapa tlhekefetso le ho romellana melaetsa e litšila [24, 25, 28]. Mohlala, phuputso e 'ngoe e fapaneng e kenyellelitsoeng ke Barrense-Dias et al. [28] o fumane hore banana ba lilemong tsa bocha bao e kileng ea e-ba bahlaseluoa ba tlhekefetso ea marang-rang ba na le monyetla oa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano. Ho feta moo, Cooper et al. [25] e supile kotsi e kholo ea mefuta e fapaneng ea tlhekefetso ea marang-rang bakeng sa basali ba kenang melaetsa ea thobalano ho latela thuto e le 'ngoe ea baithuti ba koleche. Ba boetse ba tlaleha liphuputso tse tsoang phuputsong e 'ngoe e khothalelitseng hore bacha ba ithaopelang ho etsa' likamano tsa botona le botšehali 'marang-rang ba na le monyetla oa ho amohela le ho etsa tlhekefetso inthaneteng.

Liphetho tsa boleng tse tlalehiloeng litlhahlobong tse 'ne li khothalelitse hore banana ba kenang melaetsa ea thobalano ba ka fumana kalafo e mpe ho feta bashanyana, hape ba kanna ba ba le kahlolo e kholo le litlamorao tsa botumo, haeba litšoantšo li tsebahala ka lebaka la ho arolelana ntle le tumellano [25,26,27,28]. Phuputso e le 'ngoe e lekantsoeng ke Cooper et al. [25] o fumane hore bashanyana ka ho khetheha ba na le monyetla oa ho hlekefetsoa kapa ho ba liphofu tsa ho arolelana litšoantšo ka tumellano. Ka bobeli Cooper et al. [25] le Handschuh et al. [30] o boetse a tlaleha hore basali ba ne ba tšoenngoa haholo ke likopo tsa ho romela melaetsa ea thobalano ho feta banna.

Bophelo ba kelello le bophelo bo botle

Boithuto bo le bong bo tlalehiloeng ke Koletić [23] le Peter le Valkenburg [22] e hokahantse tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho eketsa leihlo la bashanyana 'meleng. Ntle le moo, Horvath et al. [21] le Peter le Valkenburg [22] ho kenyelelitsoe lithuto tsa boleng tse fumaneng hore basali ba banyane, haholoholo, ba lumela hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li bontša 'mele oa basali o sa fihleheng hantle,' me ba ikutloa ba sa ratehe ha ba bapisoa. Ba boetse ba tlaleha hore ba ikutloa ba hatelloa ke melaetsa e amanang le setšoantšo sa 'mele e fetisoang ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Horvath et al. [21] e tlalehile bopaki bo sa lumellaneng ba kamano pakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le khatello ea maikutlo: ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ne ho amana le khatello ea maikutlo lithutong tse peli, empa karolo ea boraro ha ea ka ea fumana kamano pakeng tsa ho fihlella lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa le khatello ea maikutlo kapa bolutu. Koletić [23] o tlalehile liphuputso tse tsoang phuputsong ea nako e telele e fumaneng khatello ea maikutlo motheong oa mantlha e ne e amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke bacha lilemong tse 6 hamorao.

Litlhahlobo tse tharo li tlalehile bopaki bo sa lumellaneng kamanong pakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le bophelo bo botle ba kelello [24, 25, 28]. Phuputso e 'ngoe e kenyellelitsoe ke Barrense-Dias et al. [28] e supile kamano pakeng tsa 'mathata a kelello' le menyetla e eketsehileng ea ho amohela thobalano le ho 'utloisoa bohloko' ke bona. Litlhahlobo tsohle tse tharo li tlalehile bopaki ba kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo, kapa matšoao a sithabetsang le ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano. Thutong e le 'ngoe e kenyellelitsoeng ke Van Ouytsel et al. [24] le Cooper et al. [25], mokhatlo o ile oa tlalehoa lipakeng tsa ho nka litšoantšo tse litšila le ho hlonama kapa ho felloa ke tšepo nako e fetang libeke tse peli selemong se fetileng. Mokhatlo o boetse oa khetholloa lipakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le ho nahana kapa ho leka ho ipolaea selemong se fetileng. Phuputsong e 'ngoe e hlahlojoe ke Barrense-Dias et al. [28], mokhatlo o nang le khatello ea maikutlo o ne o khetholloa feela bakeng sa basali ba banyane. Liphuputso tse ling tse tlalehiloeng litlhahlobong tse tharo ha li fumane kamano lipakeng tsa melaetsa ea thobalano le khatello ea maikutlo, kapa ho romellana melaetsa e litšila le ho tšoenyeha [24, 25, 28].

Phuputsong e 'ngoe ea basebelisi ba inthanete ba bacha ba 1,560 ba kenyellelitsoe litlhahlobong tse tharo, karolo ea bohlano ea ba arabelitsoeng e rometse molaetsa o litšila (o ikutloa o koatile kapa o ferekane haholo, o soabile kapa o tšohile) [24, 25, 28]. E ipapisitse le se fumanoeng thutong e le 'ngoe, Barrense-Dias et al. [28] o khothalelitse hore banana le bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba na le monyetla oa ho tlaleha hore ba koatile kapa ba lemetse ka lebaka la ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano.

likamano tsa

Litlhahlobo tse tharo li supile lintlha tse ntle ho romellanang melaetsa ea thobalano kamanong le likamano tsa botho tsa bacha [25,26,27]. Ka mohlala, ho romela litšoantšo tse litšila ka selefouno ho hlalositsoe ke bacha ba bang e le mokhoa o sireletsehileng oa ho bapala ka maikutlo a lerato le ho etsa liteko, hape e le mokhoa o mong o sireletsehileng oa ho etsa thobalano bophelong ba 'nete. Ho romellana melaetsa ka selefouno ho boetse ho tlalehiloe ho thusa ho boloka likamano tse hole.

Liphuputso tse tsoang litlhahlobong tsa 11 li entsoe ka sepheo sa ho fana ka kakaretso le tlhahlobo ea bopaki ba hajoale mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho nka karolo ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano, le litumelo, maikutlo, boits'oaro le bophelo ba bona. Liphuputso tse mabapi le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno hangata li ngotsoe ka har'a 'litlamorao', tse nahanang hore boits'oaro bo ikhethileng bo supa likotsi kapa likotsi tsa tlhaho.33]. Paradigm ena, ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano ho nkoa e le ntho e ka susumelletsang boits'oaro bo "kotsi"33, 34].

RoR ena e supile kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le boits'oaro bo itseng ba thobalano. E meng ea boitšoaro bona, joalo ka ho etsa thobalano e etsoang ntle le thobalano, ho etsa thobalano ka morao kapa ho ba le palo e phahameng ea balekane, maemong a mang e kanna ea ba le likotsi tse itseng, empa ha ho le e 'ngoe ea tsona, kapa e nang le maikutlo a lumellang thobalano, ka bo eona e kotsi33, 35].

Bopaki ba kopano lipakeng tsa boits'oaro ba thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​haholo-holo, hangata bo ne bo sa lumellane ho feta litlhahlobo le liphuputsong tsa tlhahlobo. Liphuputso tse sa lumellaneng le tsona li tlalehiloe ka kamano lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho romellana melaetsa e litšila le bophelo bo botle ba kelello, hammoho le lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litumelo tse amanang le thobalano. Kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le pefo ea thobalano le mabifi li bonahala li le thata le lithuto tse ling tse fanang ka maikutlo a ho kopana feela le mehloli e meng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​litaba tsa bootsoa kapa tsa bahlankana ba tloaetseng ho ba le boitšoaro bo mabifi.

Litaba tsa mekhoa

Boleng ba tlhahlobo bo fapane mme boholo ba bona bo na le meeli e meng ea bohlokoa, empa kaofela ba leshome le motso o mong ba ne ba nkuoa e le ba maemo a lekaneng. Haholo-holo, litlhahlobo tsa Horvath et al. [21] le Cooper et al. [25] e kanna ea kenyelletsa bopaki bo tsoang palo e sa tsejoeng ea lingoliloeng tseo e seng tsa boloi. Ka lebaka la ho se ts'oanehe mabapi le mehloli ea bopaki bo hlahisitsoeng litlhahlobong tsena tse peli, liphetho tsa bona li lokela ho tšoaroa ka hloko.

Litaba tse ling tsa mantlha tsa mekgwa li fumanoe ka litlhahlobo mme lithuto tsa mantlha li kenyelelitsoe ho tsona. Habohlokoa, boholo ba bopaki ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno bo tsoa lithutong tsa ho shebella tse sebelisang moralo oa likarolo tse fapaneng. Sena se bolela hore ho ke ke ha khoneha ho fihlela liqeto mabapi le hore na mekhatlo e tlalehiloeng ke litlamorao kapa sesosa sa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro kapa ho romella batho melaetsa e litšila. Mohlala, ho ka ba joalo hore ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ho khothaletsa bacha ho etsa thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka Kosenko et al. [29] o bontšitse, ho ka etsahala hore ebe ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano ke ntho e etsoang ke batho ba seng ba ntse ba etsa thobalano, mme ho joalo le ka taba ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, batho ba seng ba ntse ba na le maikutlo a matla a ho lumella ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe le litumelo tse amanang le bong ba ka hoheloa ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Hlahloba bangoli ba qotsitse bopaki ba likarolo tse fapaneng e le moeli o moholo, mme lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele tse lebelletsoeng li ile tsa khothalletsoa ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea kamano ea nakoana lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro kapa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le liphetho tse fapaneng. Peter le Valkenburg [22] o hatelletse tlhokeho ea ho kenyelletsa mefuta e mengata ea taolo e ka bang bohlokoa liphuputsong tsa lipalo-palo tsa bolelele ba nako ho fokotsa menyetla ea ho ferekanya le ho fumana mekhatlo ea bohata. Habohlokoa, bangoli bana ba boetse ba totobalitse taba ea hore le ha lithuto tsa bolelele ba nako li le thata ho feta mekhoa ea likarolo tse fapaneng, li ntse li hokahana ka tlhaho 'me ha li bonts'a ho ba teng.

Ha ho fanoa ka monyetla oa mekhatlo ea bohata ka lebaka la pherekano, liphetho tse tsoang liphuputsong tse seng li ntse li lokela ho tšoaroa ka hloko. Peter le Valkenburg [22] e totobaditse diphapano tse pharalletseng ka moo bafuputsi ba lekileng ho ikamahanya le tsona bakeng sa ho ferekanya dithutong tse seng di le teng, mme ba bang ba laola feela palo e lekanyeditsweng ya diphapano tse kang palo ya batho ka bomong. Ho ka etsahala hore likhakanyo tse tsebahalang tsa boits'oaro le mefuta e meng ea bohlokoa e ka ferekanyang e kanna ea se laoloe nakong ea litlhahlobo, e fokotsang tekanyo ea boits'epo e ka behoang liphethong.

Bopaki bo fana ka maikutlo a hore tlhokomelo e sa lekanyetsoang e fuoe lintlha tsa maemo lithutong tse ngata tsa ho romellana melaetsa le melaetsa ea thobalano le bacha. Mohlala, ha ho na lithuto tse hlahlobiloeng ke Van Ouytsel et al. [24] o ne a khetholotse pakeng tsa maemo a fapaneng ao ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano ho ka bang teng, mme sena se ile sa ananeloa e le moeli o ka bang teng. Liphetho tse amanang le melaetsa e litšila e ka susumetsoa ke lintlha tse fapaneng tse fapaneng ho kenyelletsa maemo a kamano ea batho ba amehang le sepheo sa bona sa ho romela melaetsa e litšila. Van Ouytsel et al. e khothalelitse hore mekhatlo e meng e tlalehiloeng lipakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le boits'oaro e kanna ea se ts'oarehe kamora ho laola moelelo oa taba eo.

Liphuputso tse ts'oanang li tlalehile liphetho tse sa lumellaneng kamanong e teng lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le liphetho tse ngata tse khahlisang. Ho se lumellane ho kanna ha amana, bonyane ka karolo e 'ngoe, le ho arohana ha lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng. Haholo-holo, ho ne ho e-na le phapang e hlakileng ponong ea maikutlo le tlhaloso ea melaetsa ea selefouno le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Mohlala, litlhahlobo tse ngata tsa ho romela melaetsa ea thobalano [28,29,30,31] o tlalehile hore lithuto li fapana ka hore na tsepamiso e ne e le ho melaetsa e romelloang, e amoheloang kapa ka bobeli. Liphapang li boetse li hlokometsoe mefuteng ea melaetsa e ithutoang, (joalo ka setšoantšo feela, mongolo le litšoantšo kapa video), le polelong e sebelisetsoang ho hlalosa litaba tsa molaetsa, ka lipolelo tse buletsoeng moelelo oa motho ka mong. Mohlala, mantsoe a ne a kenyelletsa 'sexy', 'thobalano' 'ho hlahisa thobalano', 'tlhahiso ea maikutlo', 'e tsosang takatso', 'erotic' 'e batla e le hlobotse' kapa 'semi-nude'. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, litlhaloso tse fapaneng le poleloana li sebelisitsoe lithutong tsa bootsoa, ​​mohlala 'X-rated material'; 'mecha ea phatlalatso ea thobalano'; le 'litaba tsa thobalano' [23]. Liphapang tse joalo li ile tsa bonoa li bonts'a phapang lipakeng tsa lithuto ka mohopolo oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litaba tse itseng tse khahlisang. Hlahloba bangoli ba totobalitse ho hloleha lithutong tse ling ho fana ka tlhaloso kapa tlhaloso ea mantsoe a bohlokoa. Ho fapana ho boetse ho fumanoe lintlheng tse ling tsa bohlokoa joalo ka lilemo tsa lilemo, liphetho tse ikhethileng tse ithutiloeng, litekanyo tsa sephetho le linako tsa ho hopola boitšoaro (mohlala, kamehla, selemong se fetileng kapa matsatsi a 30 a fetileng). Hammoho, lintlha tsena li bapisa liphetho tsa boithuto, le ho lekola motheo oa bopaki ka kakaretso, ho le thata haholo.

Bothata ba ho se ts'oanehe ho ile ha totobatsoa litlhahlobisong tse tharo ho sebelisoa litlhahlobo tsa meta. Smith ba al. [31] e boletse hore khakanyo e kopaneng e ne e sa baloa bakeng sa kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le mefuta e 'maloa ea thobalano ka lebaka la lipalo tse ngata tsa bong bo fapaneng. Ntle le moo, Kosenko et al. [29] le Handschuh et al. [30] e tlalehile maemo a mangata a heterogeneity litlhahlobong tsa bona tse kopaneng. Handschuh et al. [30] e tlalehile litlhahlobo tse ngata tsa meta tse amanang le melaetsa ea thobalano le thobalano: liphetho li tlalehiloe bakeng sa bacha bohle ba kopaneng, ebe bakeng sa banna le basali ka thoko. Liphuputso li senotse heterogeneity hore e be kholo ho feta kamoo ho neng ho lebelletsoe ka monyetla feela, ka I² e hakantsoeng ho 65% bakeng sa bacha bohle. Litekanyetso tsa I² ea 50% le 75% e nkuoa e emela bohanyetsi bo itekanetseng le bo phahameng ka ho latellana [36]. Ha ho hlahlojoa ka thobalano, maemo a phahameng haholo a heterogeneity a fumanoe: I² = 86.4% bakeng sa banna le I² = 95.8% bakeng sa basali. Litlhahlobo tsa sehlotšoana li ile tsa etsoa, ​​empa tsa sitoa ho hlalosa heterogeneity. Kosenko et al. [29] hape e tlalehile litlhahlobo tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea thobalano le ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ka thobalano moo ho arohanngoa ha bong bo fapaneng I² = 98.5% (thobalano ka kakaretso); I² = 87.5% (thobalano e sa sireletsoeng) le I² = 42.7% (palo ea balekane ba thobalano). Ka lebaka la maemo a phahameng a ho arohana a fumanoeng, liphuputso li lokela ho tšoaroa ka hloko.

Ho ne ho sa khonehe ho lekola boholo ba thuto e kenang ho litlhahlobo bakeng sa liphetho tsohle tse tlalehiloeng. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho ne ho lebelletsoe, re fumane hore bakeng sa liphetho tse ling ho bile le ho kopana ho hoholo lithutong tse kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobisong le litlhahlobong tsa meta. Sena se ne se kenyelletsa ho kopana ha lithuto tse tlalehang kamano e teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litumelo tsa thobalano, maikutlo le ts'ebetso le lipakeng tsa thobalano le ho kenya melaetsa ea thobalano. Ho kenyelletsoa ha thuto e le 'ngoe kapa lithuto litlhahlobong tse ngata ho ka fana ka tiiso ea hore litlhahlobo tsa motho ka mong li entsoe ka mokhoa o lumellanang mme liphetho tsa bona li bonts'a lingoliloeng tse fumanehang. Leha ho le joalo, boteng ba lithuto tsa mathomo tse tlokotsing litlhahlobong bo nkuoa e le bothata bo ka bang teng ho RoRs [16, 18]. Mohlala, ho kopana ho ka ba mohloli oa khethollo, ha lithuto tse ikhethileng, haholoholo tse nyane kapa tsa boleng bo futsanehileng, li emeloa haholo ka ho kenyelletsoa litlhahlobong tse ngata [16]. E kanna ea lebisa ho tlholehong ea boholo le matla a bopaki.

Likheo tsa bopaki ba mantlha le lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang

Poleloana ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e akaretsa lintho tse fapaneng tse fapaneng mme mofuta oa litaba tse shebelletsoeng e kanna ea ba tsa bohlokoa mabapi le likotsi tse ka bang teng, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke liphuputso tse mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa pefo le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (ke hore, khokahano le pefo e fumanoe ha feela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li bonoa ). Le ha lipatlisiso tse ling li shebile mehloli e itseng ea lisebelisoa, joalo ka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng, lithuto le bacha li bonahala li tšoere haholo litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro joalo ka ntho e ts'oanang. Joalokaha bangoli ba bang ba hlokometse, ho na le tlhoko ea lipatlisiso tse ling tse batlisisang ka thoko, kapa ho arola litlamorao tsa, mefuta e fapaneng ea litaba tsa bootsoa [23].

Le ha ho na le ngongoreho ea hore bacha ba bangata ba shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse nyonyehang, tse nyenyefatsang kapa tse mabifi, ho boetse ho na le khaello e kholo ea tsebo le kutloisiso mabapi le lintho tseo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li shebiloeng ke bacha.21, 22]. Puo ea hajoale e ipapisitse haholo le maikutlo kapa likhopolo-taba mabapi le hore na bacha ba fihlella eng [21]. Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling ho batlisisa mofuta oa litaba tsa bootsoa tseo bacha ba li bonang ho fapana le ho itšetleha ka likhopolo-taba.

Ho fumanoe bopaki ho fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha ha ba amohele ka mokhoa o khethollang seo ba se bonang litabeng tsa bootsoa. Mohlala, Peter le Valkenburg [22] e bontšitse hore ka karolelano bacha ha ba talime litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le mohloli oa 'nete oa litaba tsa thobalano. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Horvath et al. [21] e tlalehile bopaki ba hore bacha ba bangata ba hlokometse hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka hlahisa melaetsa e sothehileng mabapi le thobalano, likamano, matla le sepheo sa 'mele. Liphuputso tse joalo li tsamaellana le lipatlisiso tse ling tsa boralitaba, tse bonts'itseng hore bacha ha se feela 'lithoto' kapa 'liphofu' tsa melaetsa ea litaba. Sebakeng seo, bacha ba fumanoe ba nka karolo ea bohlokoa le e mafolofolo ho toloka mecha ea litaba e fapaneng [37,38,39,40].

Bangoli ba fapaneng ho kenyeletsoa Attwood [34] le Horvath et al. [21] ba totobalitse boleng ba ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ling tse tsepamisitsoeng holima mekhoa eo ka eona bacha ba talimang, ba utloisisang le ho kenella mefuteng e fapaneng ea bophatlalatsi bo hlakileng. Liphuputso tse ling tsa boleng bo holimo tse hlahlobang mabaka a susumetsang maikutlo a bacha mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le karabelo ea bona ho tsona, li kanna tsa ruta haholo.

Ho fetisetsa pele ho thobalano ho sa lumellane ho ile ha nkuoa e le taba ea bohlokoa. Ditlamorao tse ka bang teng tse mpe ho motho ya di romelang di tlalehilwe haeba ho bulwa ka thobalano ho ka phatlalatswa, ho kenyeletsang tshenyo ya botumo, tlhekefetso le tlhekefetso ya inthanete Leha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore litlamorao tse joalo ha se litlamorao tse tobileng kapa tse ke keng tsa qojoa tsa ho romella melaetsa ea thobalano. Ho e-na le hoo, li bakoa ke ho ekoa ha batho ba tšeptjoang le ho tsoa ho motho ea hlasetsoeng molato le mekhoa ea setso e amanang le boitšoaro bo amohelehang ba thobalano le boits'oaro, haholo bakeng sa banana.14, 41]. Boithuto ba boleng bo fana ka maikutlo a hore karohano e sa lumellaneng ea thobalano hangata e ama banana, empa sena ha se tšehetsoe ke tlhaiso-leseling e teng. Tlhatlhobo ea meta e entsoeng ke Madigan et al. [42] ha a ka a fumana setsoalle lipakeng tsa bong / bong le ho ata ha batho ba romellanang melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno ntle le tumello kapa ba romellanang melaetsa e litšila ea thobalano. Bangoli ba hlokomelisitse hore litlhahlobo tsa meta tse mabapi le ho arolelana thobalano ka bong bo sa lumellaneng li ipapisitse le boholo ba mehlala le ho khothaletsa lipatlisiso tse ling ho lekola ho ata. Ntle le lithuto tse ling tsa bongata, ho fetisoa ho sa lumellaneng ha thobalano ke bacha ho fana ka tlhahlobo e khethehileng le e tebileng ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea boleng. Patlisiso e reretsoeng ho tsebisa maano a ho thibela ho arolelana batho ba bong bo fapaneng ka bong bo ka ba bohlokoa haholo.

Bangoli ba bangata ba tlhahlobo ba supile ho haella ha lipatlisiso ka tšusumetso ea boits'oaro ba sechaba joalo ka morabe, maikutlo a thobalano kapa bokooa liphellong. Ena ke lekhalo le ka bang bohlokoa tsebong, haholo joalo ka ha tlhaiso-leseling ea bongata ba batho e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho nka karolo ho romellanang melaetsa ea thobalano le / kapa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ka ba holimo ho batho ba LGBT le ba tsoang merabeng e menyenyane [22, 25, 28, 43]. Ka ho hlakileng, liphuputso tse ling li bontšitse hore bacha ba LBGT ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le mohloli o ka sehloohong oa tlhaiso-leseling ka thobalano, hape le ho lekola boits'oaro ba bona ba thobalano le ho bona hore na ba ikemiselitse ho etsa thobalano [21, 22, 33, 44]. Patlisiso e amohelang pono ea liphapano e ka ba molemo ho utloisisa tšusumetso e kopaneng ea boits'oaro ba sechaba liphellong tsa thahasello.

Bopaki ba hajoale ha bo na phapang ea libaka, ka bongata ba liphuputso tse tsoang liphuputsong tse entsoeng linaheng tse fokolang feela. Tekanyo eo liphuputso li fumanehang ka bophara ho phatlalla le linaha ha e hlake. Tlhahlobo e 'ngoe e bontšitse hore na naha e na le setso sa tokoloho ho isa bohōleng bofe e khethollang boteng, kapa boholo ba phapang ea bong litšoantšong tsa bootsoa [22]. Setso hammoho le lintlha tse ling tse ikhethileng naheng le tsona li kanna tsa susumetsa likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le litumelo ka bomong, maikutlo, boits'oaro le boiketlo. Mohlala, phihlello ho thuto e felletseng, e loketseng le ea boleng bo holimo le thuto ea kamano.

Le ha likarolo tse ling tse ntle tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho romella batho melaetsa e litšila li fumanoe, sepheo sa mantlha sa lithuto tse tlalehiloeng ho litlhahlobo, e ne e le ka litlamorao tse ka bang teng, kapa liphetho tse hlophisitsoeng ke bangoli ba tlhahlobo e le tse mpe. Tlhoko ea lithuto tse ngata tsa bongata ho amohela pono e pharalletseng le ho lekola menyetla e metle e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bakeng sa bacha e ile ea totobatsoa ke litlhahlobo ke Peter le Valkenburg [22] le Koletić [23].

sheba mefokolo ea

Re tsamaisitse RoR ena re sebelisa mekhoa e neng e lumellana le melaoana ea mantlha e boletsoeng tataisong e phatlalalitsoeng, mohlala Pollock et al. 2016 [45] le 2020 [46]. RoR ena e lekantsoe ke tsepamo e ikhethileng e amohetsoeng litlhahlobong ka bomong, le boleng ba ho fana ka litlaleho lithutong tsa mantlha le liphethong tsa bona ke bangoli ba tlhahlobo. Liphetho tse ling li kanna tsa tloheloa, tsa khethoa ka mokhoa o khethiloeng kapa tsa tlalehoa ka nepo. Bobeli ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa le ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ka thobalano ke litaba tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba bobebe' me ka lebaka leo ho tlaleha boitšoaro bo kanna ba ba ba susumetsoa ke leeme la sechaba. Hoo e ka bang litlhahlobo tsohle li ne li kenyelletsa lithuto tse phatlalalitsoeng likoranteng tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka le tse ngotsoeng ka Senyesemane, tseo le tsona e ka bang mohloli oa leeme.

Sehlopha sa lilemo tsa thahasello bakeng sa RoR ena e ne e le bana le bacha ho fihlela lilemong tsa bocha, empa litlhahlobo tse ngata li ne li kenyelletsa lithuto tse neng li na le moeli o phahameng ho feta lilemo tse leshome le metso e robong. Ntle le moo, litlhahlobo tsa Kosenko et al. [29] le Bahlokomeli Smith et al. [31] e kenyelelitse bonyane lithuto tse tharo le batho ba lilemo li 18 ho ea holimo feela. Mefuta e fapaneng ea lilemo tsa lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng litlhahlobong tse ling, le taba ea hore tlhaiso-leseling e fumanoeng ho batho ba lilemo li 18 le ho feta feela, ke likhaello tse ka bang teng maemong a ho lekola liphihlelo tsa bana le batho ba baholo.

Re khethile litlhahlobo tse phatlalalitsoeng ho fihlela mathoasong a hoetla 2018, empa liphetho tse ke keng tsa qojoa li ipapisitse le tlhaiso-leseling e fumanoeng lithutong tsa mantlha tsa mathomo. Hlahloba bangoli ha baa ka ba batlisisa ka nqane ho 2017 bakeng sa lithuto tsa mantlha tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le 2015 bakeng sa tse mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Kahoo, lintlha tse phatlalalitsoeng lilemong tse tharo ho isa ho tse hlano tse fetileng ha li emeloe ho RoR ena. Hape ho kanna ha ba le litlhahlobo tse phatlalalitsoeng ho tloha 2018 mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano hara bacha. Le ha ho le joalo, ha ho na monyetla oa hore litlhahlobo life kapa life tse nepahetseng tse phatlalalitsoeng nakong eo e khuts'oane li kanna tsa fetola seo re se fumaneng le tlhahlobo ea bopaki.

Re sebelisitse litekanyetso tsa DARE tse fetotsoeng ho lekola ka hloko litlhahlobo tse kenyellelitsoeng mme hona ho ananeloa e le moeli o ka bang teng. Mekhoa ea DARE e ne e sa qaptjoa e le sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo ea boleng ebile ha e so netefatsoe bakeng sa mosebetsi. Le ha litekanyetso li shebane le palo e nyane ea litšobotsi, bahlahlobi ba ile ba khona ho tlatselletsa litekanyetso ha ba etsa tlhahlobo ka ho rekota maikutlo afe kapa afe a bohlokoa mabapi le mathata a ka bang teng kapa mehloli ea leeme. Re kentse litemoso tsena liphethong tsa ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo.

Bopaki bo fumanoe bo hokahanya tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho romellana melaetsa e litšila le bacha har'a litumelo, maikutlo le boits'oaro. Leha ho le joalo, hangata bopaki bo ne bo sa lumellane 'me boholo ba bona bo ne bo tsoa lipatlisisong tsa likarolo tse fapaneng, tse thibelang ho theoa ha kamano ea sesosa. Motheo oa bopaki oa hajoale o boetse o lekantsoe ke mathata a mang a thuto a amanang le lithuto tsa mantlha le ho lekola lithuto tsena, hape le likheo tsa bohlokoa lingoliloeng, tse etsang hore ho be thata ho fihlela liqeto.

Nakong e tlang, ts'ebeliso ea lithuto tse ngata tse tsoetseng pele le tse thata li ka thusa ho hlakisa likamano tsa thahasello. Leha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa ho amohela hore lipatlisiso tse joalo ha li na monyetla oa ho tseba kapa ho arola ka bonnete 'phello' ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho romella bacha melaetsa ea thobalano. Lithuto tsa boleng bo phahameng tse fanang ka boima ba mantsoe a bacha ka bo bona li na le karolo ea bohlokoa eo ba lokelang ho e bapala ho fumana kutloisiso e felletseng le e fapaneng ea kamano ea bona le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro.

Ha e sebetse.

1. 1.

   https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/crdweb/searchstrategies.asp Mofuta o ntlafalitsoeng oa filtara ea ho batla o sebelisitsoe ho RoR ena.

2. 2.

   Lintho tse fumanoeng tlhahlobisong ea Handschuh et al. E kenyellelitsoe tlalehong e eang ho DHSC li ne li ipapisitse le seboka sa kopano se phatlalalitsoeng ho 2018. Liphumano tse tlalehiloeng pampiring ea hajoale li ipapisitse le sengolo se felletseng sa bongoli seo bangoli ba se phatlalalitseng tlhahlobisong ea bona ho 2019.

KEA BONA:

Nako ea tšepo

DHSC:

Lefapha la Bophelo le Tlhokomelo ea Sechaba

LGBT:

Lesbiene, gay, bong bo fapaneng, transgender

OR:

Karolelano ea maemo

RoR:

Tlhahlobo ea litlhahlobo