Farré, Josep M., Angel L. Montejo, Miquel Agulló, Roser Granero, Carlos Chiclana Actis, Alejandro Villena, Eudald Maideu et al. ”
Leqephe la Bongaka ba Bongaka ba Bongaka 9, che. 11 (2020): 3625.
inahaneloang
(1) Ka morao: Phapang e fapaneng ea Media Effects Model (DSMM) e fana ka maikutlo a hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa litlamorao mme li ipapisitse le maemo a khetholloang, a ntlafatso le a sechaba. Moralo ona o boetse o totobatsa hore mefuta e fapaneng ea ts'oaetso e sebetsa e le tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hape e le batsamaisi ba litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro.
(2) Mekhoa: Ka ho fana ka phuputso ho n = Bacha ba 1500, re lekile hore na likhopolo tsena li fihletsoe.
(3) Liphetho: Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e ne e amana le ho ba motona le ho feta, ho ba le likamano tsa botona le botšehali kapa tse sa hlalosoang ka thobalano, ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea lithethefatsi, ho se be Mamoseleme, le ho tlaleha lithahasello tsa thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea media ho fumana leseli la thobalano. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) e bonts'itse hore maemo a holimo mefuteng ea litekanyetso a amana ka kotloloho le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, botsofali, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho ba basali. Likhokahano tse ling tsa puisano le tsona li hlahile. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa lipakeng tsa lilemo le mefuta e fapaneng. Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e sebelisitse kamano pakeng tsa lilemo le bong le mefuta e fapaneng ea litekanyetso.
(4) Liqeto: Liphuputso tsa rona li tšehetsa ts'ebeliso ea kliniki ea moralo oa thuto ea DSMM. Ho tseba litlaleho tsa bareki ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le tšusumetso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro sechabeng sena ho ka lumella moralo oa litlhahiso tse sebetsang tsa thibelo le taolo.
1. Selelekela
Boteng ba lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano bo eketsehile haholo mecheng ea litaba le mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba.1,2]. Ho feta moo, ka ho hlaha ha Marang-rang, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e atile lefatšeng ka bophara [3,4]. Maemong a bacha le batho ba baholo lilemong, ho tlalehiloe hore litefiso tsa morao-rao tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka ba 43% [5]. Keketseho ena ea mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso e kanna ea hlalosoa ka mohopolo ke "Triple A", e totobatsang phihlello e bonolo ea inthanete, taba ea hore karolo e kholo ea baahi e ka e khona, le ho se tsejoe ha inthanete ho tiisetsa bareki ba eona [6].
Liphuputso tse ngata li shebile ho lekola ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa sehlopheng sena sa lilemo le kamano ea sona le mefuta e mengata. Bangoli ba bang ba lekile ho hlalosa mefuta e ka bang teng ea bacha le bacha ba jang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka mohlala, Efrati et al. [7] o hlokometse hore bacha ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata e ne e le bashemane, ba le tlase kamanong e haufi le batho, ba kenyelletsoang maikutlo le ho ba le methapo ea kutlo, le baitseki ba bang ba pepenene, hara tse ling. Moleng ona, Brown et al. [8] e supile mefuta e meraro ea basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba shebang mefuta e fapaneng joalo ka lilemo, ho amohela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ho li sebelisa, mabaka a ho li sebelisa le ho ba balumeli — batho ba ithiba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.
Phapang e fapaneng ea Media Effects Model (DSMM) e entsoe ke Valkenburg le Peter [9] 'me e shebane le litlamorao tsa media tsa microlevel. Moetso ona o ipapisitse le likhopolo tse ngata tse tiileng joalo ka Khopolo-taba ea Boikutlo ba Sechaba [10], Moetso oa Neoassociationist [11], Khopolo-taba ea Tlhaloso ea Khethollo [12], le Media Practice Model [13]. DSMM e hlophisitsoe ho latela litlhahiso tse 'ne tsa mantlha: (1) Litlamorao tsa Media li na le lipehelo mme li ipapisitse le maemo a khetholloang, a nts'etsopele le a maemo a bophelo. (2) Litholoana tsa mecha ea phatlalatso ha li ea tobana ebile lia nahanisisa karabelo ea mecha ea litaba e amang maikutlo le e thabisang e bolela kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea media le litlamorao tsa media. (3) Mefuta e fapaneng ea ts'oaetso e sebetsa e le selelekela sa ts'ebeliso ea media le joalo ka batsamaisi ba litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea media mecheng ea karabelo ea media. (4) Litholoana tsa mecha ea phatlalatso lia fetoha; li susumetsa ts'ebeliso ea media, maemo a karabelo ea media, le mefuta e fapaneng ea ts'oaetso [9].
Motheong oa moralo oa DSMM, Peter le Valkenburg [14] ba phatlalalitse tlhahlobo ho kenyelletsa le lithuto tse hlahlobileng tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bacha. Mabapi le likhakanyo tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, palo ea batho, litšoaneleho tsa botho, mefuta e amanang le litloaelo, lithahasello tsa thobalano le boits'oaro ba inthanete li se li batlisisitsoe [14]. Ho 'nile ha boleloa hore bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho feta basali, leha liphapang tsa bong li le nyane ha naha ea bona ea tlhaho e lokoloha haholoanyane [15,16,17]. Ho feta moo, ho tlola melao le bacha ba sebelisang lintho ba ka sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa [18,19]; ho joalo le ka bacha ba nang le thahasello e kholo ea thobalano [20].
Mabapi le mefuta-futa ea kholo, lilemo, kholo ea bokhachane le boiphihlelo ba thobalano li ithutiloe ho bacha. Ho na le phehisano mabapi le hore na litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li eketseha ka lilemo, 'me lithuto tse seng li ntse li le teng li tlalehile sephetho se hananang [15,16,18]. Ha re ntse re ithuta ka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa bocha, ho 'nile ha fanoa ka maikutlo a hore bohlankana kapa boroetsaneng bo ka amahanngoa le ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro pejana' me hangata litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa hamorao21]. Ho joalo le ka boiphihlelo ba thobalano, ka bangoli ba bang ba e amahanya le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa, ha ba bang ba e amahanya le maqhubu a tlase [15,20]. Ho nka maemo a bophelo, ho se sebetse hantle ha malapa, takatso ea botumo, khatello ea lithaka, le tlhekefetso inthaneteng le kantle ho naha li amana le ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bacha [18,22,23,24]. Ka hona, Nieh et al. [21] e hlahlobile tšusumetso ea lintlha tse kang boits'oaro ba lithaka le setaele sa botsoali litšoantšong tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa bocha li sebelisa mokhoa, ho fumana hore ho beha leihlo batsoali ho sireletsa bacha ts'ebelisong ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Efrati et al. [25] e totobalitse hore litlamorao tsa ho jeoa ke bolutu khafetsa khafetsa ts'ebetsong ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li kanna tsa ipapisa le litloaelo tsa batho ba ikopantseng. Mabapi le tlhekefetso, kamano e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le pefo le tlhekefetso ea thobalano le khatello, hammoho le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, li ithutiloe ka ho khetheha [26,27,28,29,30].
Kamora nako, mabapi le mefuta e fapaneng ea litekanyetso, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amana le maikutlo a lumellang thobalano [31,32,33]. Leha ho le joalo, bopaki ba kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano, joalo ka thobalano e sa sireletsoeng, bo kopane [34,35].
Ka hona, bopaki bo teng ba hore na mefuta ena e mengata e sebelisana 'moho ha e hanyetsane,' me ho ea ka tsebo ea rona, ha ho boithuto bo seng bo hlahlobile mefuta eohle e hlahisitsoeng ke DSMM. Ka hona, ho ntse ho na le tlhaiso-leseling ea data ea hore na mefuta e mengata ea mofuta oa DSMM e sebelisana joang. Ho fihlela sena, thuto ea hajoale e ikemiselitse ho lekola ka tsela e kopaneng likhokahano tsa nyutlelie tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bacha ba khothalelitsoeng ke DSMM (mefuta e fapaneng, ea nts'etsopele, ea kahisano le maemo). Bakeng sa morero ona, re lekile litlhahiso tse peli ho tse 'ne tsa DSMM: (1) re ile ra lekola hore na liphapano tse fapaneng, tsa nts'etsopele le tsa kahisano li bolela esale pele tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; (2) re hlahlobile hore na maemo a fapaneng, a ntlafatso le a kahisano a kanna a se ke a noha tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa empa a lekanyetsa hore na litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa boprofeta ba mofuta ofe. Re nahanne hore litlhahiso tse hlahlobiloeng tsa DSMM li tla phethahala.
2. Karolo ea liteko
2.1. Barupeluoa le Ts'ebetso
E-mail e rometsoe likolong tsohle tse phahameng tsa sechaba le tsa poraefete tsa Catalonia (Spain) tse hlahileng lenaneng le fanoeng ke mmuso oa Catalonia. Litsi tsa thuto e khethehileng li ile tsa qheleloa ka thoko. Ho likolo tsohle tse phahameng, ntle le tse sa arabelang kapa ho hana ho nka karolo, likolo tse 14 li ile tsa qetella li kenyelelitsoe, ka kakaretso ea n = Baithuti ba lilemong tsa bocha ba 1500 (ba lilemo li 14-18). E ne e le lihlooho tsa thuto kapa liboto tsa thuto tse faneng ka tumello ea ho nka karolo thutong ea hajoale. Likolo tse phahameng tse 14 e ne e le tsa libaka tse fapaneng tsa Catalonia hape li kenyelelitse bankakarolo ba maemo a fapaneng a moruo le moruo ho netefatsa hore liphetho li emela bohle.
Tekolo e entsoe selemong sona seo sa thuto. Hang ha likolo tse phahameng li bontša thahasello, sehlopha sa rona sa lipatlisiso se ile sa ea ka seqo ho ea hlalosa lintlha tsa lipatlisiso, ho rarolla lipelaelo le ho hlakisa ts'ebetso. Baithuti bohle ba tsoang sekolong se le seng se phahameng ba ile ba hlahlojoa ka letsatsi le le leng ke setho sa sehlopha sa lipatlisiso, hammoho le mosuoe ea tsoang sekolong se phahameng. Ntle le ho hlokomela tsamaiso ea phuputso ea pampiri le pentšele, sehlopha sa rona sa lipatlisiso se ile sa sebetsana le lipelaelo tse ka bang teng tsa baithuti. Ho ne ho se na moputso oa lichelete. Leha ho le joalo, qetellong ea pokello ea mehlala, sehlopha sa rona sa lipatlisiso se ile sa khutlela sekolong se seng le se seng se phahameng ho ea hlalosetsa, ho liboto tsa thuto, litholoana tse kholo tsa lipatlisiso. Ha ho khonehe ho bala sekhahla sa ho hana hobane litsi tse ling li khethile ho se re fe tlhahisoleseling ena, empa re hakanya hore e ne e le ka tlase ho 2%.
2.2. Tekolo
Phuputso e ne e na le lintlha tsa 102 tse lekolang mefuta e fapaneng ea ntlafatso, nts'etsopele, boiketlo ba sechaba, litekanyetso le ts'ebeliso ea media. Lintho tse kenyellelitsoeng ha li so hlahlojoe bakeng sa thepa ea bona ea psychometric. Ka lebaka la mathata a sebetsang a nako le mokhathala oa bocha, re nkile qeto ea ho rala lintho ho lekola mefuta ea lithahasello ho fapana le ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tse netefalitsoeng tsa psychometric, tse atileng haholo.
2.2.1. Mefuta e sa Tšoaneng
Mefuta e fapaneng ea maemo e kenyelelitsoe: sociodemographic, tse amanang le litloaelo le lithahasello tsa thobalano -ho fapana ha boitšoaro ba inthanete. Mefuta e fapaneng ea maemo a bophelo a hlahlobiloeng phuputsong eo e ne e le bong le bong. Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le bolumeli li ile tsa hlahlojoa sehlopheng sa likarolo tse amanang le tloaelo. Khafetsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ne e ngotsoe e le ngoe ea mekhahlelo e mene: ho se sebelisoe, hang ka khoeli kapa ka tlase, pakeng tsa habeli ka khoeli le hanngoe ka beke, le ho feta hang ka beke.
2.2.2. Lintlafatso tsa Nts'etsopele
Lintlafatso tsa kholo li kenyelletsa lilemo le boiphihlelo ba thobalano. Boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo lekotse likarolo tse kang lilemo tsa boiphihlelo ba bona ba pele ba thobalano le makhetlo a hona joale a thobalano.
2.2.3. Mefuta-futa ea Sechaba
Mefuta-futa ea sechaba e na le lintlha tse amanang le malapa le tlhekefetso. Lintho tse amanang le lelapa li kenyelletsa lintho tse amanang le lelapa la nyutlelie la mocha le ho ba teng ha banab'eno. Karolo ea tlhekefetso e hlahlobile tlhekefetso ea thobalano, ts'ebeliso e mpe nakong ea ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le tlhekefetso ea inthanete.
2.2.4. Mefuta-futa ea mefuta
Mefuta e fapaneng ea litekanyetso e hlahlobile libaka tse latelang: boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano (joalo ka thobalano e sa sireletsoeng, thobalano kamora tšebeliso ea joala le lithethefatsi), le maikutlo a lumellang thobalano (joalo ka ho se tšepahale).
2.2.5. Ts'ebeliso ea Media
Lintho tsa patlisiso li lekantse tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boits'oaro bo amanang le thobalano, ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le boits'oaro ba cybersex ka likarabo tse ngotsoeng ka tieo joalo ka "e / che"
2.3. Tlhahlobo ea Statistical
Tlhahlobo ea Statistical e entsoe ka Stata16 bakeng sa Windows [36]. Phetoho ea thepa e ne e kentse mehlala ea tšebeliso ea litaba tsa bootsoa. Mefuta e fapaneng ea thepa e ne e kengoe bakeng sa mefuta e meng le e meng e hlalosoang e le mefuta e itšetlehileng ka eona (ho jarolla litaba tsa thobalano, ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ho romella litaba tsa thobalano, ho nka karolo lipuisanong tsa thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea mela e tsosang takatso). Sehlopha sa batho bao e ka bang likhakanyo se kenyelelitse mefuta e meng kaofela e hlahlojoang bakeng sa mosebetsi ona (mefuta e fapaneng ea boits'oaro (thobalano, tshekamelo ea thobalano, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi / tlhekefetso, e holisitsoeng kamora bolumeli, setsebi sa bolumeli, e ikutloa e le ea bolumeli, e khahliloe ke marang-rang a sechaba bakeng sa ho fumana litaba tsa thobalano) , Lintlafatso tsa kholo (lilemo, lilemo qalong boiphihlelo ba thobalano le makhetlo a liphihlelo tsa thobalano), le maemo a bophelo (batho ba lulang malapeng, ba hlekefetsoang le ho qobelloa ho arolelana litaba tsa thobalano)). Ho sebelisitsoe mokhoa oa bohato ba boqhetseke ho aha mofuta oa hoqetela oo khetho le khetho ea likhakanyo tse kholo li etsoang ka ts'ebetso e iketsetsang, e eketsang kapa e tlosa ka mehato e latelang bahlahlobi ho latela maemo a boletsoeng esale pele. Mokhoa ona o thusa haholo lithutong tse nang le mefuta e mengata e ikemetseng e ikemetseng mme ha ho na mohopolo oa mantlha o ka thehang khetho ea mehlala. Bakeng sa mefuta-futa e ikemetseng e ikemetseng, ho ile ha hlalosoa phapano e fapaneng: lipapiso tse peli tsa mefuta e sa lekanyetsoang le phapang ea polynomial bakeng sa mefuta e laetsoeng (liteko tsa polynomial post-hoc li bohlokoa haholo ho fumana hore na mokhoa o itseng oa lipalo o hlaha bakeng sa maemo a sebui, joalo ka linear, quadratic , maemo a khubiki kapa a quartic) [37]. Molemo o lekaneng oa ho lekana mefuta ea hoqetela o ile oa nkuoa bakeng sa liphetho tse sa reng letho (p > 0.05) tekong ea Hosmer ‒ Lemeshow. Sekhahla sa Nagelkerke sa R-squared (NR2) e hakantsoe bophahamo ba lefatše ba ho hakanya, ho nahanoa hore NR ha e na thuso2 <0.02, e futsanehile haholo bakeng sa NR2 > 0.02, e itekanetse bakeng sa NR2 > 0.13, 'me e ntle bakeng sa NR2 > 0.26 [38]. Sebaka se ka tlasa seamoheli se sebetsang (ROC) curve (AUC) se ile sa lekanya matla a khethollo (AUC <0.65 e ne e hlalosoa e le mafutsana, AUC> 0.65 e itekanetse, 'me AUC> 0.70 e sebetsa hantle haholo [39]).
Tlhatlhobo ea tsela e ne e sebelisetsoa ho hlalosa mekhoa ea mantlha e hlalosang ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ipapisitse le mefuta ea lintho tse ngolisitsoeng mosebetsing ona. Mekhoa ea ho sekaseka litsela e bontša katoloso e otlolohileng ea mefuta e mengata ea khatello ea maikutlo, e lumellang ho lekanya boholo le bohlokoa ba mekhatlo ka har'a mefuta e fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa likhokahanyo tsa bobuelli [40]. Tsamaiso ena e ka sebelisoa bakeng sa ho etsa mohlala oa tlhahlobo le netefatso, ka hona e lumella tlhahlobo ea likhopolo le nts'etsopele ea likhopolo [41,42]. Mosebetsing ona, mme ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha mekhoa e mengata, re hlalositse phapang e ipatileng e hlalositsoeng ke lits'oants'o tsa thibelo ea bokhachane, thobalano e sa sireletsoeng, lithibela-pelehi tsa tšohanyetso, ho etsa thobalano kamora tšebeliso ea joala / tšebeliso e mpe ea thobalano, ho etsa thobalano kamora tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi / tlhekefetso le ho se tšepahale ( phapano ea morao-rao thutong ena e re lumelletse ho nolofatsa sebopeho sa data mme ka hona ea nolofalletsa ho lekana haholoanyane) [43]. Thutong ena, tlhahlobo ea tsela e ile ea fetoloa ka Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), ho sebelisoa tekanyetso e kholo ea monyetla oa tekanyetso ea parameter, le ho ananela botle ba ho lekana ka mehato e tloaelehileng ea lipalo: motso o bolela phoso e sekwere ea khakanyo (RMSEA), Bentler's Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), le motso o lekantsoeng o bolela masalla a lisekoere (SRMR). Ho lekane ho lekane bakeng sa mehlala e fihlellang litekanyetso tse latelang Barret [44]: RMSEA <0.08, TLI> 0.90, CFI> 0.90, le SRMR <0.10. Bokhoni ba ho lekanya lefatše ba mohlala bo lekantsoe ke coefficient of resolution (CD), eo botoloki ba eona bo ts'oanang le ba R2 ka mefuta ea multivariate regression.
2.4. Melao ea boitšoaro
Komiti ea Boitšoaro ba Lipetlele (Comité Ético de Investigación Clínica del Grupo Hospitalario Quiron) e amohetse lits'ebetso tsa phuputso ena (REF: 012/107) ka Tshitwe 2014. Phuputso ea hajoale e entsoe ho latela mofuta oa morao-rao oa Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Re ile ra fumana lengolo la tumello ho liboto tsa botsamaisi tsa sekolo ka seng tse ileng tsa lumela ho nka karolo thutong ea rona. Sekolo ka seng se ne se fa batsoali kapa bahlokomeli ba molao ba baithuti ba lilemong tse tlase leseli ka thuto. Batsoali bao kapa bana ba neng ba sa batle ho nka karolo ba ile ba tsebisa boto ea sekolo. Ho ile ha hlakisoa hore ho nka karolo ho ne ho etsoa ka boithatelo mme ba ka ikhula neng kapa neng. Boitsebiso ba n = 1 moithuti o ile a tlosoa thutong kamora kopo ea boto ea sekolo.
3. Liphetho
3.1. Litšobotsi tsa Sample
Lethathamo 1 e kenyelletsa kabo ea mefuta-futa e hlahlobiloeng phuputsong. Boholo ba batho ba tlalehile maikutlo a bong bo fapaneng (90.5%), ha 2.1% e bontšitse hore ke basodoma, 3.9% ba bong bo fapaneng, mme 3.6% ha ba hlalosoa. Peresente ea batho ba holisitsoeng ke Mak'hatholike e ne e le 36.1%, Mamoseleme 4.9%, le malumeli a mang 5.3% (ba 53.8% ba setseng ba bontšitse hore ha ba lumele ho Molimo). Ke 10.7% feela e itlhalositseng e le setsebi sa bolumeli, ha 17.0% e le balumeli kapa ba rata bolumeli haholo. Hoo e ka bang 20% ea sampole e tlalehileng ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa tlhekefetso. Peresente ea bacha ba tlalehileng lithahasello tsa thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea media ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ea thobalano e ne e le 25.6%.
Tafole 1. Mefuta e hlalosang ea thuto (n = 1500).
Palo ea batho ba nang le boiphihlelo ba thobalano e ne e le haufi le 33%, ba lilemo li 15-16 e le bona ba nang le monyetla oa ho qala thobalano. Palo ea bacha ba bonts'itseng ho ba liphofu tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano e ne e le 6.5%, ha 17.6% e bonts'a hore ba qobelletsoe ho arolelana litaba tsa thobalano.
Mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea media, 43.6% e tlalehile ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Boitšoaro bo bong bo amanang le bona bo bonts'a liperesente tse tlase (lipakeng tsa 6.1% bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea mehala ea thobalano le 9.5% bakeng sa ho jarolla litaba tsa thobalano). Mefuta-futa ea litekanyetso e ile ea ajoa ka tsela e latelang: 31.0% e sebelisitse lithibela-pelehi, 17.3% e tlalehile thobalano e sa sireletsoeng, mme 8.7% e sebelisitse lithibela-pelehi tsa tšohanyetso; Boitšoaro ba thobalano kamora tšebeliso ea joala bo tlalehiloe ke 29.9% ea bankakarolo, ha thobalano kamora tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e tlalehiloe ke 11.7%. Peresente ea bacha ba tlalehileng hore ha ba tšepahale e ne e le 15.7%.
3.2. Mehlala ea ho Rera Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa
Lethathamo 2 e na le liphetho tsa khatello ea thepa, ho khetha tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisoang thutong. Moetso ona o fihletse ho lekana ho lekaneng (p = 0.385 tekong ea Hosmer-Lemeshow), matla a maholo a ho noha (NR2 = 0.32), le matla a maholo a khethollo (AUC = 0.79). Keketseho ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e amana le ho ba banna, ho tsofala, ho ratana le batho ba bong bo fapaneng kapa ka boits'oaro bo sa hlalosoang ba thobalano, ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea lithethefatsi, le ho tlaleha lithahasello tsa thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea media ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ka thobalano Ntle le moo, ho ba Momoseleme (ha ho bapisoa le ho se lumele ho Molimo) ho fokotsa menyetla ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Tafole 2. Mehlala ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisa:n = 1500).
Lethathamo 3 e na le liphetho tsa mefuta ea thepa e fumanoeng bakeng sa litlhahiso tse ling tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boits'oaro ba cybersex bo hlahlojoang mosebetsing ona. Ho jarolla litaba tsa thobalano ho ne ho ka etsahala haholo ho banna, ba nang le maikutlo a bong bo fapaneng, ba tlalehang lithahasello tsa thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea libaka tsa marang-rang ho fumana leseli mabapi le thobalano le boiphihlelo ba pele ba thobalano. Ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa sechaba ho romella litaba tsa thobalano e ne e le teng bakeng sa banna, ba sebelisang lithethefatsi, ba nang le takatso ea thobalano ba sebelisang mecha ea litaba ea sechaba ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ka thobalano, le ba hlekefelitsoeng ka thobalano ke batho ba baholo kapa bacha ba bang. Ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa sechaba ho romella litaba tsa thobalano ho ba bang e ne e amana le maikutlo a bong bo fapaneng, takatso ea thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa sechaba ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ka thobalano, liphihlelo tsa pele tsa thobalano, ho ba lehlatsipa la tlhekefetso ea motabo, le ho qobelloa ho arolelana litaba tsa thobalano. Menyetla ea ho nka karolo lipuisanong tsa thobalano e ne e phahame ho banna, ba nang le takatso ea thobalano, ba sebelisang mecha ea litaba ea sechaba ho fumana leseli la thobalano le ba qobelletsoeng ho arolelana litaba tsa thobalano. Kamora nako, ts'ebeliso ea mehala e tsosang takatso e ne e phahame bakeng sa banna, bankakarolo ba nang le ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea lithethefatsi, ba arabelitsoeng ba banyane le ba nang le maiphihlelo a phahameng a thobalano.
Tafole 3. Mefuta e sa lebelloang ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisa le boits'oaro ba cybersex.n = 1500).
3.3. Tlhahlobo ea Tsela
Setšoantšo sa 1 e kenyelletsa setšoantšo sa tsela le li-coefficients tse hlophisitsoeng tse fumanoeng ho SEM, moo ho neng ho bolokiloe mekhahlelo e mengata feela (likamano feela le maemo a bohlokoa p <0.05 li reriloe). Setšoantšo sa 1 e sebelisa melao e tloaelehileng bakeng sa lits'oants'o tsa tsela le merero ea SEM; mefuta e hlokometsoeng e huloa ka mabokose a likhutlo li 'ne, ha phapano ea latent e emeloa ke sebopeho se chitja / selikalikoe. Moetso oa hoqetela o fumanoeng mosebetsing ona o fihletse litekanyetso tsa li-index tsohle tsa botle bo botle: RMSEA = 0.062, CFI = 0.922, TLI = 0.901, le SRMR = 0.050. Ntle le moo, mofuta o moholo oa ponelopele oa lefats'e o fumanoe bakeng sa mofuta (CD = 0.31).
Setšoantšo sa 1. Litšoantšo tsa litsela: li-coefficients tse lekantsoeng ho Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) (n = 1500). Tlhokomeliso: Ke mekhahlelo e meholo feela e bolokiloeng mohlaleng.
Mefuta-futa eohle e sebelisetsoang ho hlalosa phapano ea morao-rao thutong ena (e ngotsoe e le "litekanyetso" setšoantšong sa tsela, Setšoantšo sa 1) e fihletse li-coefficients tse phahameng le tsa bohlokoa, lintlha tse phahameng ka ho fetesisa ke tsa ho etsa thobalano kamora tšebeliso / ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi (0.92) le e tlase ka ho fetesisa bakeng sa ho se tšepahale (0.32). Li-coefficients tse ntle tse fihletsoeng mefuteng eohle e hlalosang phapano ena ea morao-rao li bonts'a hore lintlha tse holimo sehlopheng sa morao-rao li supa palo e phahameng ea boits'oaro e amanang le litloaelo tse kotsi tsa thobalano (boemo bo phahameng mofuteng oa morao-rao bo bonts'a monyetla o moholo oa ts'ebeliso ea lithibela-pelehi, e sa sireletsoeng thobalano, lithibela-pelehi tsa tšohanyetso, litloaelo tsa thobalano kamora tšebeliso / tšebeliso e mpe ea joala, litloaelo tsa thobalano kamora tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi / tlhekefetso le ho se tšepahale).
Litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa moelelo li amana ka kotloloho le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, botsofali, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho ba basali. Likhokahano tse ling tsa puisano le tsona li hlahile. Taba ea mantlha, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa lipakeng tsa lilemo le litekanyetso, hammoho le lipakeng tsa thobalano, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, le thahasello ea thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea media ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le thobalano le mefuta e fapaneng. Taba ea bobeli, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e boetse e sebelisitsoe khokahanong lipakeng tsa lilemo le tekano le mefuta e fapaneng ea litekanyetso. Thuto ea bolumeli ha ea fihlella tlatsetso e tobileng / e sa tobang ts'ebelisong ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le lipapaling tse sa bonahaleng.
4. Puisano
Morero oa patlisiso ena e ne e le mekhahlelo e 'meli: (1) ho lekola hore na mefuta e fapaneng ea boits'oaro le nts'etsopele e bolela tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; (2) ho lekola hore na mefuta ena ha e bolele feela hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li tla sebelisoa empa e boetse e lekanyetsa hore na litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa maemo a makae esale pele.
Mabapi le mefuta e fapaneng ea litloaelo, maikutlo a tsa thobalano ke moaho o nang le likarolo tse ngata o 'nileng oa hlahlojoa hohle bathong ba baholo [45,46]. Leha ho le joalo, bongata ba boits'oaro ba batho ba fokolang ka thobalano ha bo hlahlojoe hangata ho bacha [47]. Thutong ea hajoale, 6% ea sampole e tsejoang e le lesbiene, gay, kapa bisexual (LGB) le 3.6% ha ea ka ea hlalosa mokhoa oa bona oa thobalano. Liphesente tsena ha li hole haholo le lithuto tsa pejana. Ka mohlala, Li et al. [48] ba fumane hore e ka ba 4% ea bacha ba itsebahatsang e le LGB, ha 14% e ne e sa kholiseha hore na ba rata thobalano joang.
Ha ho hlahlojoa likarolo tse amanang le tloaelo, hape li kenyelelitsoe lipapatsong tse fapaneng, tumelo e bonahala e le lebaka le leng le amanang le thobalano ea bocha [49]. Thutong ea hajoale, liperesente tsa bacha ba K'hatholike e ne e le 36.1%, Mamoseleme e ne e le 4.9%, mme malumeli a mang e le 5.3%. Liphuputso tse ling tse lekotseng tumelo le thobalano ho bacha li fumane litefiso tse phahameng haholo tsa tumelo. Mohlala, 83% ea bacha ba Mexico ba tlaleha hore ke Mak'hatholike [50]. Ho ata ho amana haufi le nalane le setso sa naha ka 'ngoe, ho etsa hore ho be thata ho akaretsa. Ka kopanelo, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e fokotsa tšitiso ea sechaba mme e amahanngoa le boits'oaro bo eketsehang ba ho ipeha kotsing, haholo sebakeng sa thobalano [51,52]. Ho baahi ba lilemong tsa bocha, litefiso tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi li ngata haholo 'me li tloha ho 0.4% ho isa ho 46% [53,54,55,56]. Liphetho tsena li tsamaellana le seo re se fumaneng, hobane ho na le 20% ea sampole ea rona e tlalehileng ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa tlhekefetso.
Kamora nako, lithahasello tsa thobalano le tsona li nkuoa e le phapano ea semelo sa thuto ea hona joale. Peresente ea bacha ba tlalehileng lithahasello tsa thobalano le ba sebelisang mecha ea phatlalatso ea dijithale ho fumana leseli la thobalano e ne e le 25.6%. Boithuto lefapheng lena bo fumane keketseho ea ho batla tlhaiso-leseling ka thobalano ho bacha ho tloha ha Internet e hlaha.57]. Ntle le moo, ho bonahala ho na le kamano lipakeng tsa bacha bao ba etsang boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano le monyetla oa ho batla tlhaiso-leseling ea mofuta ona ho Internet [58]. Tse ling tsa litšitiso tseo bacha ba li tlalehang ha ba etsa mofuta ona oa patlo ke litaba tse ngata haholo tse thata ho li sefa, hammoho le litletlebo mabapi le ho pepesehela litaba tse nang le thobalano ka boomo nakong ea lipatlisiso tsena [59].
Mabapi le mefuta-futa ea ntlafatso, palo ea batho ba ithutoang hajoale ba nang le boiphihlelo ba thobalano e ne e ka ba 33%, palo e ts'oanang le 28.1% e tlalehiloeng lithutong tse fetileng [60]. Ho feta moo, lilemo tse 15-16 e ne e le lilemo tse atisang ho qalisoa tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano sampoleng ea rona. Liphuputso tse ling moleng ona li tlalehile lilemo tsa ho qalisoa ka thobalano ho pota lilemo tse 12.8-14.61]. Liphapang tsena li ka bakoa ke lisosa tse ngata. Joalokaha bangoli ba bang ba khothalelitse, ho qala thobalano pele ho nako ho ka susumetsoa ke lintlha tse kang ts'ebeliso ea joala, ho nka karolo ha likamore tsa puisano kapa libaka tsa marang-rang, le ts'ebeliso ea meriana bakeng sa mathata a kelello [62,63]. Leha ho le joalo, leha liperesente li fapana, kaofela li kenyelletsa qalo ea thobalano ea pele (<lilemo tse 16) [64].
Mabapi le phapano ea sechaba, le tlhekefetso ka kotloloho, 6.5% ea bacha e tlalehiloe e le liphofu tsa tlhekefetso ea motabo. Sekhahla sa tlhekefetso ea motabo kapa tlhekefetso linaheng tse ling tsa Europe se ka ba 14.6% [65]. Le ha e le bothata bo atileng haholo hara basali ba lilemong tsa bocha, ho ntse ho e-ba le kananelo e ntseng e hola ea hore tlhekefetso ea thobalano le eona ke taba e amehang, leha e sa bonahale, har'a bacha ba batona [66,67]. Moleng ona, 17.6% ea sampole ea rona e tlalehile hore e qobelloa ho arolelana litaba tsa thobalano ka media oa sechaba. Khatello ena le phasalatso ea litaba tsa thobalano ntle le tumello e tsoang ho romellanang melaetsa ea selefouno, hammoho le mekhoa e meng ea tlhekefetso ea marang-rang e kang ho iphetetsa ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ho hlekefetsoa ka marang-rang le pefo ea ho ratana inthaneteng, li ntse li eketseha haholo bathong ba lilemong tsa bocha [68,69]. Titchen le al. [70] o hlokometse hore banana ba fetang bashanyana ba bangata ba ikutloa ba hatelloa hore ba romelle litšoantšo tse litšila. Ba boetse ba fumane kamano pakeng tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano le ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ka bong ka bong, ka hona ba fana ka maikutlo a hore tlhekefetso ea thobalano e ka lebisa ho thobalano pele ho nako.
Kamora nako, mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea media, 43.6% ea bacha ba tlalehile ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, 9.5% ba tlalehile download ea thepa e totobetseng ea thobalano, mme 6.1% ba kopanela liphate fonong. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa ho ata li ne li ts'oana le lithuto tse ling, tse tlalehileng hore li ka ba 43% [5]. Leha ho le joalo, liperesente tsena li tlase haholo ho feta tse fumanoeng ke lithuto tse ling ho bacha le ho batho ba baholo, tse pakeng tsa 80% le 96% [71,72,73].
Joalokaha DSMM e fana ka maikutlo a hore [9], mefuta e fapaneng ea litloaelo, nts'etsopele le sechaba e ne e amana le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa thutong ea rona. Haholo-holo, keketseho ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e amahanngoa le ho ba banna, ba baholo, ba bong bo fapaneng kapa ka boits'oaro bo sa hlalosoang ba thobalano, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ho se be Mamoseleme, le lithahasello tse phahameng tsa thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea media ea sechaba ho fumana leseli la thobalano. Liphuputso tsena li tsamaellana le lithuto tse ling tse totobatsang hore bacha le basali ba lilemong tsa bocha ba fapane ka mekhoa ea bona ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [74,75]. Sena se ka hlalosoa ka mokhoa o sa fellang ke tloaelo e kholo ea banna ea ho nka litšusumetso tsa thobalano e le tse khahlisang le tse tsosang maikutlo le ho bonts'a likarabo tse matla tsa methapo e tsoang ho pepesetsoa litakatso tsena tsa thobalano [76,77]. Leha ho le joalo, keketseho e nyane ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa basali e sebelisitsoe ha nako e ntse e feta (28% lilemong tsa bo-1970 le 34% lilemong tsa bo-2000) [78]. Liphuputso tse hlahlobang mabaka a liphapang tsena tsa thobalano litšoantšong tsa bootsoa li ntse li fokola haholo. Leha ho le joalo, bangoli ba bang ba khothalelitse hore mabaka a mang a ka khothaletsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa basali, joalo ka ho phahama ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa basali tse nang le litaba tse seng mabifi haholo, lilemo tse nyane, ho ba sieo ha tumelo le maemo a thuto e phahameng78,79]. Tloaelo ea thobalano le eona e bile sesosa se amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Liphuputso tsa rona li tiisa lithuto tsa pejana tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa ke batho ba bong bo fapaneng ho feta bacha ba bong bo fapaneng.35,80]. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse ngata ha li hlahlobe maikutlo a tsa thobalano kapa ho shebana feela le bacha ba bong bo fapaneng [14]. Ka hona, lipatlisiso tse ling lia hlokahala, ho kenyeletsoa le batho ba tlase ba sa emeloang ba bong bo fapaneng. Mokhatlo o bohlokoa o fumanoe hape lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, e tsamaellanang le liphetho tsa nakong e fetileng [19,81]. Bangoli ba bang ba fana ka maikutlo a hore khokahano ena e kanna ea susumetsoa ke lintlha tse kang maemo a phahameng a ho batla maikutlo [81]. Ha ho nahanoa khokahano lipakeng tsa bolumeli le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, lithuto tse ngata li ipapisitse le boits'oaro bo sa lokang [82,83]. Sena se sebetsana le ho se lumellane pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litekanyetso le litumelo tsa motho ka mong mabapi le ho sa nepahala ha boitšoaro boo [84]. Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e bonahala e le tlase ka palo e phahameng ea palo ea batho ba kenang bolumeling, haholo-holo ho banna ba lilemong tsa bocha, mme ho ba teng litumelong ho fokolisa keketseho e thehiloeng lilemong tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho banna le basali85].
Ntle le moo, re ithutile hore na litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa mefuta e boletsoeng esale pele ka SEM, joalo ka ha ho hlahisitsoe ke DSMM [9]. Re hlokometse kamano e tobileng lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le lintlha tse latelang: mefuta ea thibelo ea bokhachane, thobalano e sa sireletsoeng, lithibela-pelehi tsa ts'ohanyetso, thobalano kamora joala le lintho tse ling le ho se tšepahale. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li amahanngoa le tloaelo e kholo ea ho etsa boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano, joalo ka thobalano tlasa ts'usumetso ea joala le lintho tse ling, kapa ts'ebeliso ea lithibela-pelehi tsa tšohanyetso. Liphuputso tsena li tiisa hore ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ka ama kholo ea kholo ea batho ba lilemong tsa bocha lilemong tsa bocha. Haholo-holo, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka lebisa ho litekanyetso tse lumellang thobalano le liphetoho liketsong tsa thobalano, joalo ka keketseho ea boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano [31,86]. Leha ho le joalo, tsena ke liphetho tse nang le likhang tse lokelang ho hlalosoa ka hloko. Liphuputso tse ling li hlotsoe ho fumana kamano lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba ho kopanela liphate joalo ka balekane ba bangata ba thobalano, nalane ea bokhachane kapa qalo ea thobalano [35].
4.1. Litlamorao tsa bongaka
Leha thahasello ea thobalano le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa lilemong tsa bocha li ntse li eketseha lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho ntse ho na le liphuputso tse fokolang tse lekolang kamano lipakeng tsa lintlha tsena le likarolo tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa mothati ona oa nts'etsopele. Ka hona, ho bohlokoa ho ba le lithuto tse lekang ho rala le ho leka mehlala ea thuto e lumellang mohopolo le ho khetholla li-phenotypes tse ka bang teng tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bacha.
Ntle le moo, ho fihlela joale, sebaka se pakeng tsa lipatlisiso le likarolo tsa bongaka se tšoailoe, ka hona ho hlokahala mokhoa o hlokang tlhokomelo e lekaneng bakeng sa bacha ba batlang thuso bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Boemong ba bongaka, ho tla ba monate ho lekola tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa litekong tsa bongaka ho tseba hore na litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka susumetsa kholo ea kholo ea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo joang. Ntle le moo, haeba motho a lula a sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, mokhoa oa bophelo ba thobalano le boleng ba bophelo, hammoho le boits'oaro bo ka bang teng likotsing tsa thobalano, li lokela ho tsotelloa. Tšebeliso e nang le bothata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e kanna ea amahanngoa le maemo a mang a kelello, ka hona ho a fumana ho ka thusa ho sebetsana le litlamorao tsa maemo ana. Moleng ona, ho lekola tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa bocha ho ka thusa ho lemoha litšobotsi tsa pele tse mpe, joalo ka ho batla mokhoa o phahameng kapa ho itšetleha ka moputso.
Kutloisiso e lekaneng ea tšebelisano lipakeng tsa mefuta ena e mengata e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka lumella litsebi tsa bongaka ho etsa thibelo e betere, ho lemoha kapele le ho fumana mathata a amanang le thobalano ea bocha. Ho lemoha ka nepo lintho tse rerang ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, hammoho le litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ho ka thusa lingaka ho khetholla tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ts'ebeliso e nang le bothata ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, moaho o ntseng o ba bohlokoa le ho feta, maemong a bongaka le lipatlisisong tšimo.
Kamora nako, ho sebetsana le litaba tsa thobalano bohlankaneng ho ka fokotsa sekhahla sa mathata a amanang le ts'ebetso ea thobalano le / kapa bosodoma ha motho a le motho e moholo, eo bongata ba eona bo bonahalang bo ntse bo eketseha.
4.2. Meeli
Liphetho tsa thuto ena li lokela ho tsotelloa ho latela meeli ea eona. Taba ea mantlha, moralo oa likarolo tse peli oa thuto ha o lumelle boikemisetso ba likamano tsa likamano kapa liphetoho mekhoeng ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bocha. Taba ea bobeli, sampole ha e emele naha eohle, ka hona, tlhokomeliso e lokela ho sebelisoa ha ho hlahisoa liphetho. Taba ea boraro, phuputso e kenyellelitse lintho tse ngata tse ikhethileng 'me e ne e sa ipapisa le lipotso tsa lipotso tsa psychometric tse netefalitsoeng, tse ka fokotsang ho nepahala ha data e fumanoeng. Ntle le moo, phuputso e ne e sa fane ka tlhaloso e ikhethileng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, tse ka lebisang litlhalosong tse fapaneng tsa lentsoe. Ea bone, leha bacha ba ne ba tseba hore tlhahlobo e ne e sa tsejoe ka botlalo, ha ho tluoa litabeng tsa thobalano ha rea lokela ho lebala khethollo e ka bang teng sechabeng. Ea bohlano, ntle le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, ha ho na psychopathology e tloaelehileng e ileng ea hlahlojoa ho bacha, joalo ka boteng ba litlolo tsa boitšoaro. Kamora nako, makhetlo a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha a ka a hlahlojoa, ka hona ha rea ka ra khona ho khetholla linyeoe tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
5. Liphello
Seo re se fumaneng se ts'ehetsa ts'ebeliso ea kliniki ea moralo oa thuto ea DSMM. Ka hona, mefuta e fapaneng ea litloaelo, kholo, le kahisano e kanna ea bolela esale pele tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ebile e ka lekanyetsa hore na litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa bolelele ba mefuta e fapaneng. Leha ho le joalo, ho tlameha ho hlokomeloe hore ha se mefuta eohle e kenyellelitsoeng thutong e nang le kamano e ts'oanang mokhatlong ona. Ntle le moo, lingoliloeng lebaleng lena li na le likhang tse kholo. Ka hona, ho tla hlokahala lithuto tse ling le moralo oa bolelele ba nako ho hlalosa boemo ba bareki ba lilemong tsa bocha ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho tseba ka botebo litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho sechaba sena ho tla lumella moralo oa litlhahiso tse sebetsang tsa thibelo le taolo.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
Khopolo-taba, JMF, MA, MS le GM-B .; Ts'ebetso ea data, RG; Tlhahlobo ea semmuso, RG; Patlisiso, JMF, ALM, MA le GM-B .; Mokhoa, CCA, AV, EM, MS, FF-A., SJ-M. le GM-B .; Tsamaiso ea merero, JMF le GM-B .; Software, RG; Tlhokomelo, GM-B .; Ho ngola-moralo oa mantlha, RG, FF-A., SJ-M. le GM-B .; Ho ngola-ho lekola le ho hlophisa, ALM, RG, CCA, AV le GM-B. Bangoli bohle ba balile mme ba lumellane le mofuta oa sengoloa o hatisitsoeng.
dithuso tsa ditjhelete
Ts'ehetso ea lichelete e amohetse ka Asociación Española de Sexualidad le Salud Mental (AESEXSAME / 2015), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (thuso ea RTI2018-101837-B-100). FIS PI17 / 01167 e fumane thuso ho Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. CIBER Fisiología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) ke mohato oa ISCIII. Re leboha Lenaneo la CERCA / Generalitat de Catalunya bakeng sa ts'ehetso ea setheo. Sebaka sa Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo (FEDER) "Una manera de hacer Europa" / "tsela ea ho aha Europe". Investigación subvencionada por la Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (2017I067). Gemma Mestre-Bach o ne a tšehelitsoe ke thuso ea poso ea bongaka ea FUNCIVA.
lumela hore baa fokola
Re rata ho leboha Elena Aragonés Anglada, Inés Llor Del Niño Jesús, Míriam Sanchez Matas, Anaïs Orobitg Puigdomènech, le Patrícia Uriz Ortega ka tšebelisano-'moho ea bona pokellong ea mehlala.
Likhohlano tsa Thahasello
Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.
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