Ho ata le likamano tsa likamano tsa thobalano har'a liithuti tsa univesithi: thuto ho Hefei, Chaena (2012): 86% ea banna ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa

Maikutlo: Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li thibetsoe China. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ena ea baithuti ba univesithing e fumane hore 86% ea banna ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

BMC Bophelo ba Sechaba. 2012 Nov 13;12:972. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-972.

Chi X, Yu L, Mariha S.

mohloli o moholo

Lefapha la Thuto, Univesithi ea Hong Kong, Kamore ea 101, HOC BLOG, Hong Kong, China. [imeile e sirelelitsoe].

NAKO E MONG:

LITLHAHISO:

Chaena, bophelo bo botle ba thobalano le boits'oaro ba bacha e fetohile ntho e ntseng e eketseha ea sechaba empa ho entsoe lipatlisiso tse fokolang ho lekola ho ata ha maikutlo le maikutlo a kelello ka ketsahalo ena.

LITLHAHISO:

Tlhahlobo e botsoang e ipotsang ea lipotso mabapi le boitšoaro ba bacha ba thobalano e entsoe har'a liithuti tsa univesithi tsa 1,500 tsa 2011 ho Hefei, toropo ea mahareng e bohareng ba China bochabela. Kakaretso ea baithuti ba 1,403 (lilemo = 20.30 ± 1.27 lilemo) e phethile lipotso ka lebelo le phahameng la karabelo ea 93.5%.

LIKOTSO:

Har'a ba arabileng, 12.6% (15.4% ea baithuti ba banna le 8.6% ea basali) ba tlalehetse ho ba le likamano tsa botona le botšehali pele ho lenyalo; 10.8% (10.5% ea banna ba bapileng le basali ba 11.2%) ba ne ba etsa thobalano ka molomo; 2.7% (3.4% ea ba batona khahlanong le basali ba 1.7%) ba tlalehiloe liketso tsa bong bo le bong; 46% (70.3% ea ba batona khahlanong le 10.8% ea basali) boits'oaro bo botle ba boitšoaro bo litšila; 57.4% (86.2% ea banna ba bapisoang le basali ba 15.6% e shebiloe litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Mabapi le puisano ea thobalano mabapi le ho fumana tsebo ea thobalano, 13.7% (10.7% ea ba batona khahlanong le basali ba 18%) ba buile le batsoali ba bona ka thobalano; 7.1% (6.1% ea banna ba bapileng le 8.4% ea basali) baithuti ba tlalehiloe ba buisana le batsoali ka thibelo ea pelehi. Mabapi le ho qobella boitšoaro ba thobalano, 2.7% (4% ea banna ba bapisoang le 0.9% ea basali) ba tlaleha ho qobella balekane ba bona ba thobalano, mme 1.9% (2.4% ea banna ba bapisang le 1.2% ea basali) ba tlalehiloe ba qobelloa ho etsa thobalano.

Bong bo fumanoe e le 'moleli oa bohlokoa oa boitšoaro ba thobalano ho baithuti ba univesithi: ba batona ba tlaleha boitšoaro bo eketsehileng ba thobalano ho kenyeletsa le litoro tsa botona le botšehali, likamano tsa botona le botšehali, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho bua ka thobalano le metsoalle. Lits'oants'o tse fapaneng tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano li ile tsa bontsuoa bakeng sa baithuti ba bong bo fapaneng ka thoko. Bakeng sa banna, ho ba le likamano tsa lerato, liphihlelo tsa thuto ea thobalano e fetileng, litabatabelo tsa thuto e tlase, nako e sebelisitsoeng ho Internet, le tikoloho ea litoropo e ne e amana haholo le boits'oaro bo bongata ba thobalano. Bakeng sa barutoana ba basali, ho ba le likamano tsa lerato le tikoloho ea litoropong ho boletse esale pele boitšoaro ba thobalano.

QETELLO:

Boitšoaro ba thobalano har'a baithuti ba Univesithing China ha boa tloaeleha, leha ho na le mekhoa e fokolang ea hore baithuti ba ka ba le tsebo e amanang le thobalano: baithuti ba banna ba bontšitse boitšoaro bo bobe haholo ho feta ba baithuti ba basali. Ho ba le likamano tsa lerato le nako e ngata e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang e ne e le liphatlalatso tsa bohlokoa tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano har'a baithuti ba univesithi. Ho tataisa boits'oaro bo botle ba thobalano ho bacha, mananeo a felletseng a thuto ea thobalano a fanang ka tsebo e hlokahalang ea bophelo bo botle ba thobalano mabapi le thobalano e sireletsehileng e lokela ho nts'etsopele le ho kenngwa tšebetsong liunivesithing tsa China, haholo-holo bakeng sa baithuti ba nang le likamano tsa lerato le ba qetileng nako e telele marang-rang .

Background

Bacha ba qalong ea bophelo ba bona ba thobalano le ho ba le bana. Kamoo ba itokiselitseng leeto lena ho na le litlamorao tse kholo bakeng sa bophelo ba bona ba kamoso le bophelo bo botle ba moloko o latelang. Boitšoaro ba thobalano bo bolela liketso tse fapaneng tsa thobalano, joalo ka ho bua ka thobalano, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali, kamano e haufi-ufi, le likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka liphihlelo tsa bona le ho hlahisa maikutlo a bona a thobalano. Boitšoaro ba botona le botšehali ba bacha bo bohlokoa haholo ho mathata a fapaneng a bophelo ba sechaba [1,2]. Mohlala, likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa bacha tse sa sireletsehang li kenya letsoho ho emeng ho sa batleheng, ho ntša mpa, mathata a amanang le ho ima, le mafu a likobo a kenyeletsang HIV / AIDS [3]. Le ha ho na le lithuto tse ngata tse mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano le bophelo bo botle har'a batho ba bacha ba linaha tsa Bophirimela, lipatlisiso tse joalo li fumaneha seoelo lichabeng tse fapaneng tsa China. Ho utloisisa ho ata le ho hokahana ha maikutlo a boitšoaro bo bobe ho batho ba bacha ba Chaena ho tla fana ka leseli la bohlokoa mabapi le nts'etsopele le ho kenya tšebetsong mananeo a thuto a thobalano China mme ka lebaka leo ho thusa bacha ba China ho hlaolela boits'oaro bo botle bo sireletsehileng ba thobalano. Kahoo, thuto ea hona joale e ikemiselitse ho fuputsa ho ata le boitšoaro ba kelello ba boitšoaro ba thobalano ho bacha ba Machaena ho latela mohlala o motle oa baithuti ba Univesithi Hefei, e leng toropo e tloaelehileng e bohareng China.

Lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena, palo e kholo ea lithuto li hlahlobe ho ata ha boitšoaro ba bacha ba thobalano hangata likarolong tse fapaneng tsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali, tlhotlheletso ea thobalano, ho ipholla litho le ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa linaheng tse ling tsa Bophirimela [4]. Mohlala, boithuto bo fumane 80% ea ba batona le 73% ea basali ba bile le kopano ea botona le botšehali ho la United States [5]. Ka kakaretso, 74% ea liithuti tsa univesithi e tlaleha ho kile ha ba le likamano tsa thobalano naheng ea Turkey [6]. Tlaleho e entsoeng har'a baithuti ba yunivesithi ea Amerika ea 8658 e fumane hore baithuti ba 5% ba bile le liphihlelo tsa thobalano le litho tsa bong ba bona [7]. Bopaki ba lefats'e ka bophara bo bontša hore boiphihlelo ba khatello ea thobalano bo atile haholo har'a bacha. Hoo e batlang e le 25-33% ea basali ba koleche United States ba tlalehiloe ka mokhoa o qobelloang oa ho ama likarolo tsa thobalano le haufi le 10% ea basali ba koleche ba tlalehiloeng ka ho hlekefetsoa ka hanong ka molomo, ka moseme, le / kapa ka botshehadi [8]. Ho fumanoe hore 92% ea banna le 77% ea baithuti ba univesithi ea basali ba ile ba ipholla litho tsa botona le botšehali United States [9]. Naheng ea Denmark 97.8% ea ba batona le 79.5% ea basali ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa har'a batho ba 1002 ba lilemo li 18-30 ea lilemo li [10].

Chaena, palo e lekanyelitsoeng ea lithuto e lekile ho hlahloba ho hlaha ha boitšoaro ba thobalano ho baithuti ba univesithi lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng. Ho 1989, tlhahlobo e akaretsang mabapi le bophelo ba baithuti ba univesithi e ile ea etsoa Beijing, e ileng ea senola hore ho pota 13% ea baithuti ba banna le 6% ea baithuti ba basali ba bile le liphihlelo tsa thobalano [11]. Ho 1992, phuputso e ts'oanang le ea Shanghai e bontšitse hore 18.8% ea baithuti ba univesithi ea banna le 16.8% ea baithuti ba basali ba kileng ba kopanela liphate pele ho lenyalo [12]. Ho 2000, tlhahlobo ea naha ka bophara e kenyelletsang barupeluoa ba 5000 ba tsoang liunivesithing tsa 26 liprofinseng tsa 14 e senotse hore 11.3% ea baithuti ba univesithi ba bile le likamano tsa botona le botšehali [13]. Ho sa le joalo, tlhahlobo ea nako e telele ea lilemo tse ngata Beijing e senotse hore karolo ea thobalano ea pele ho lenyalo har'a baithuti ba univesithi e nyolohile ho 16.9% ho 2001 ho 32% ho 2006 [14]. Le ha liphetho tsena li fana ka leseli le sebetsang ka maemo a akaretsang a boitšoaro ba thobalano ho baithuti ba univesithi ea China, lithuto tse ngata li ile tsa amohela lipotso tsa "Ee" kapa "Che" ho fumana leseli mabapi le hore na moithuti o kopanetse thobalano kapa che. Likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano, joalo ka ho ts'oana le batho ba bong bo le bong le puisano ea thobalano, ha li tsejoe. Ho hlakile hore lithuto tse joalo li ke ke tsa fana ka setšoantšo se hlakileng mabapi le boitšoaro ba barutoana ba univesithi ea China likarolong tse fapaneng. Ka hona, ho na le tlhoko e tebileng ea ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa ketsahalo ena ka ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tse felletseng tsa tlhahlobo tse ka lekanyang likarolo tse ngata tsa boits'oaro ba bacha naheng ea China.

Boithuto ba 'maloa ba bohlokoa ba boits'oaro ba bacha bo tlalehiloe ke bafuputsi ba Bophirimela. Phuputso e senotsoeng baithuti ba nang le limaraka tse tlase, ha ba bapisoa le ba nang le limaraka tse holimo, ba ne ba ka ba le boiphihlelo ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali sekolong se phahameng [15]. Baithuti ba koleche ho tsoa litoropong le litoropong ba ne ba tloaetse ho etsa thobalano ho feta ba tsoang sebakeng sa mahaeng [16]. Sekolong se phahameng, bacha ba nang le katleho e mpe ea sekolo ba ne ba ka ba lahleheloa ke boroetsana ba bona mme ba etsa liketso tse ngata tsa thobalano ho feta ba atlehileng sekolong.17]. Mabapi le thuto ea thobalano, e bile taba e phehisanoang linaheng tse ling nako e telele, joalo ka USA le China. Palo e kholo ea lithuto tse entsoeng lefatšeng ka bophara e ile ea e hlahloba le ho tloaelana le eona le boitšoaro ba bacha ba thobalano. Ba bang ba fumane thuto ea thobalano e ka fokotsa boemo ba liketso tsa thobalano le ho beha boits'oaro bo bobe ba thobalano [18]. Liphumano tse ling li fumane hore thuto ea thobalano e kanna ea se ke ea baka liphetoho tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano [19]. Boithuto bo bonts'a hangata hore har'a bacha le bacha, ho ba kamanong ea lerato ho amana haholo le menyetla ea ho qala thobalano le liketso tsa thobalano [20]. Hape, ho pepesetsoa marang-rang le melaetsa eo ba e hlahisang ke lintho tse nang le tšusumetso haholo ho bacha ba Amerika [21]. Leha lithuto li hlahisitse tlhahisoleseling ea bohlokoa ho utloisisa likarolo tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano ho batho ba lilemong tsa bocha le bacha, boholo ba lithuto tsena li entsoe ka maemo a bophirima. Ha ho na lipatlisiso tse hlahlobang hore na lintlha tsena li ama le boitšoaro ba baithuti ba univesithi ea China joang. Boithuto ba hona joale e bile thuto ea pele ea ho leka ho lekola khokahano ea kelello ea boitšoaro ba thobalano bo thehiloeng moelelong oa China.

Ho feta moo, lintlha tse amang boits'oaro ba thobalano li bonahala li fapane ho ba batona le ba batšehali. Boithuto bo bongata linaheng tsa bophirima bo supa hore banna ba na le monyetla oa ho qala ho etsa thobalano, sekhahla se phahameng sa tšoaetso, boitšoaro bo atisang ho ba le thobalano le boits'oaro bo phahameng haholo ho feta banana.22,23]. Ba batona ba na le monyetla oa ho tlaleha hore ba lahlehetsoe ke boroetsana ba bona mme ba bile ba qalile le thobalano lilemong tsa pele le balekane ba bangata ba thobalano ho feta basali.24]. Bacha hangata ba ithuta ho tsoa phihlelong, mme liphihlelo tsa bona li ka susumetsa boits'oaro ba bona bo latelang. Ts'ebetso ena e ka fapana bakeng sa bacha ba banna le ba basali, hobane hangata sechaba se beha meelelo e fapaneng liketsong tsa thobalano ho ba batona le ba batšehali. Mohlala, likotlo tse matla sechabeng le maikutlong li kopantsoe le ts'ebetso ea thobalano bakeng sa basali ho feta bakeng sa ba batona [25]. Ba batona ba tloaetse ho lumelloa ho tsoa sechabeng ho etsa thobalano pele ho lenyalo ho feta basali. Ka lebaka la hore boitšoaro ba thobalano bo na le litlamorao tse fapaneng ho ba batona le ba batšehali, lintlha tsa maikutlo le likamano tse amanang le boitšoaro ba thobalano le tsona li tla fapana. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho hlake hore na phapang ea bong bo atileng ka tsela ea boitšoaro ba thobalano e joang; lintlha le maikutlo a amanang le boitšoaro ba thobalano bakeng sa baithuti ba banna le basali ba China. Ka hona, ho a hlokahala ho hlahloba hore na phapang ea bong e atileng hakae ea boitšoaro ba thobalano; lintlha le maikutlo a amanang le boitšoaro ba thobalano ho banna le basali, ka ho latellana.

Khahlano le nalane ea thuto, thuto ea hona joale e etselitsoe ho araba lipotso tse tharo tsa mantlha tsa lipatlisiso: (a) Boitšoaro ba thobalano bo atile hakae har'a baithuti ba univesithi Hefei. (b) Phapano ea botona le botšehali e atileng haholo ea boitšoaro ba thobalano ke efe? (c) Lintho tse amanang le boitšoaro ba thobalano ho banna le basali ke life?

mekhoa

Tsamaiso le barupeluoa

Boithuto ba hona joale bo ne bo tšoaretsoe Hefei, e leng toropo e tloaelehileng e bohareng bo hare ho China Bochabela ka Loetse, 2010. Hona le liunivesithi tsa sechaba tse robeli tse phethahetseng Hefei, tse fanang ka thuto e fapaneng e kang saense, thuto, molao le lingoliloeng. Ho tsoa liunivesithing tse robong, liunivesithi tse 'ne li ile tsa khethoa ka mokhoa o sa reroang, har'a tseo litlelase tsa 16 li neng li khethiloe ho tsoa ho limaraka tse' ne tse fapaneng ka boomo ho latela tlhahlobo ea hore ho na le lipalo tse tšoanang tsa baithuti ba banna le ba basali sehlopheng (karolelano ea monna le mosali ho tloha 1: 1.5 ho 1.5: 1). Ka ho khetheha, sehlopheng se seng le se seng univesithing e ngoe, sehlopha se le seng se ne se etsoa mohlala. Baithuti bohle ba litlelase tse khethiloeng (n = 1,500) ba ile ba memeloa ho nka karolo thutong ena mme kaofela ha bona ba lumetse ho ba karolo ea ho saena foromo ea tumello pele ho tlhahlobo ea lipotso. Ho ba arabileng ka 1,500, liithuti tsa 1403 li khutlile lipotso tse phethiloeng, tse bonts'a tekanyo e phahameng ea karabelo ea 93.5%. Lilemo tsa baithuti li pakeng tsa 18 ho isa ho lilemo tsa 25 (M = 20.30, SD = 1.27), ha 59.2% e le banna le 40.8% e le basali. Lintlha tse qaqileng tsa palo ea batho ba nkang karolo li akaretsoa ho Tafole 1.

Boemo ba lintlha tsa sechaba le batho ba nkiloeng sampole (n /%)

Phuputso ea lipotso e entsoe ke mongoli oa pele le mothusi ea koetlisitsoeng oa lipatlisiso maemong a phaposi ka litaelo tse emeng. Ketsahalong e ngoe le e 'ngoe ea litekanyo, sepheo sa thuto se ile sa hlahisoa' me lekunutu la data le bokelletsoeng le ile la netefatsoa khafetsa ho bohle ba nkang karolo. Ho phahamisa bonnete ba tlhaiso-leseling ena ea boits'oaro, ho ile ha etsoa mehato e 'maloa. Taba ea pele, ho ile ha sebelisoa lipalo tse bulehileng ka bongata lithutong mme baithuti ba hlophisetsoa ho lula ka thoko. Haholo-holo, ketsahalong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tlhahlobo, ho ile ha fanoa ka holo ea 100 ea litulo tse sebelisoang bakeng sa liithuti tse fetang 40 ho tlatsa lipotso. Taba ea bobeli, mongoli oa pele le motlatsi oa lipatlisiso ba ne ba le teng ts'ebetsong eohle ea tsamaiso ho araba lipotso tse ka khonehang. Ha ho na matichere a litlelase kapa liunivesithi tse hlahileng tlhahlobong eohle. Taba ea boraro, baithuti ba ile ba hlokoa hore ba shebe lipotso tsa bona mme ba se lumelloe ho bua le baithuti ba bang. La bone, baithuti ba ile ba khothaletsoa ho araba lipotso ka tsela e tšepahalang 'me ba tiisetsoa khafetsa hore liphetho tsa bona li tla hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o kopaneng le tlhaiso-leseling ea motho e bolokiloe e le lekunutu.

Ts'ebetso ena ea ho ithuta le ho bokella data e fumane tumello ho komiti ea tsamaiso ea liunivesithi tsa liteko le komiti ea melao ea boitšoaro ea lipatlisiso tsa batho Univesithing ea Hong Kong.

Mehato

Litšoaneleho tsa sechaba le sechaba

Karolo ea pele ea lekhotla la lipotso e na le lipotso mabapi le karolo ea barupeluoa, lilemo, sehlopha (1 ho Year 4), taeo ea ho ithuta (Saense kapa Art), litabatabelo tsa thuto, boiphihlelo ba kamano ea lerato, boiphihlelo ba thuto ea thobalano le nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang le sebakeng. Bakeng sa takatso ea thuto, baithuti ba ile ba botsoa ho supa hore na ba batla ho fihlela degree efe ho latela degree ea bachelor, degree ea master le degree ea PhD. Lipotso tse peli tsa "e" kapa "che" li botsa liithuti hore na ba ratana hona joale kapa nakong e fetileng; le hore na ba kile ba fumana thuto ea thobalano pele kapa hajoale (thuto ea thobalano e fetiselitsoeng ho thuto e hlophisitsoeng kapa e sa hlophisehang ho kenyelletsa lithuto, lithupelo, lisemina). Bakeng sa nako e sebelisitsoeng inthaneteng, baithuti ba ile ba koptjoa ho tlaleha palo e tloaelehileng ea lihora ka letsatsi tseo ba li qetileng inthaneteng. Potso e le 'ngoe e ile ea botsa liithuti hore na ba hōletse hokae, hore na ke sebakeng sa toropo kapa sa mahaeng.

Tekanyo ea boitšoaro ba thobalano

Thutong ena 20 lintho tse khethiloeng tse ngata tse tsoang ho Behaeve Inventory ea SKAT li sebelisitsoe ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa liketso tsa thobalano tsa baithuti ba univesithi ea China selemong se fetileng. Boitšoaro ba boitšoaro ba thobalano bo hlahisitsoe ke Lief ho 1990 [26] 'me ea ntlafatsoa ke Fullard, Scheier, & Lief ka 2005 [27], e leng potso e tsoetseng pele ea tlhaiso-leseling e nang le tlhaiso-leseling bakeng sa ho fumana leseli mabapi le boits'oaro bo fapaneng ba bootsoa le boiphihlelo bo amanang le thobalano ea bocha le thuto. Potso ea lipotso tse ngata tsa khetho ea 20 e reretsoe ho fana ka tlhahisoleseling mabapi le liketso tse fapaneng tsa thobalano tse kenyelletsang ho aka, ho ithabisa, puisano ea thobalano (mohlala, ho bua le mohlankana / kharebe ea hau ka thobalano), likamano tsa botona le botšehali (mohlala, ho kopanela liphate le motho oa bong bo fapaneng), le ho qobella thobalano. Karabo li arajoa ka sekhahla sa Likert (1 = Ha ho mohla, 2 = Ka tlase ho khoeli le khoeli, 3 = khoeli le khoeli, 4 = beke le beke, 5 = letsatsi le letsatsi). Lipalo tse phahameng haholo li bonts'itse ho ba le liketso tse ngata tsa thobalano. E le ho lumellana le moelelo oa China, sekala se ile sa fetoleloa mme sa fetoleloa morao-pele ke litsebi tse peli tsa puo e 'ngoe (Senyesemane le Sechaena) (e le monna le mosali a le mong),' me sa ntan'o ntlafatsoa ho liithuti tsa univesithi tsa 14 tse lebisang lipuisano tsa sehlopha le 5 litsebi tsa tlhahlobo ea litsebi, 'me qetellong tlhahlobo ea lifofane le li-sampuli tsa liithuti tsa univesithi ea 400 li ile tsa etsoa ho fumana ts'ehetso ea ts'epahalo le bonnete. Kamora lintho tsa 2 ("Ho ea hae le motho eo u sa mo tsebeng eo u kopaneng le eena moketjaneng kapa bareng ”le“ E-ea ka letsatsi le sehlopha sa metsoalle") Li ne li sa sebetse maemong a China li ile tsa hlakoloa mme sekhahla sa boitsoaro bo fapaneng ba China ba ho etsa thobalano ka lisebelisoa tsa 18 se ntlafalitsoe. Phapang e ka hare ea lipotso ho thuto ena e ne e le Cronbach's alpha = 0.84.

Tlhahlobo ea statistical

Taba ea pele, khafetsa le liperesente bakeng sa ntho e ngoe le e ngoe ea lipotso tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano li ne li kopitsoa ho fana ka leseli le hlalosang ka ho ata ha boitšoaro ba thobalano har'a baithuti ba univesithi ea China. Taba ea bobeli, boitšoaro ba motho ka mong bo ile ba bapisoa pakeng tsa baithuti ba banna le barutoana ba basali ka liteko tse ikemetseng tsa tlhahlobo ea bong. Taba ea boraro ke hore ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo ea khatello mabapi le lintho ho etsa hore ho be le boits'oaro ho tsa thobalano, moo palo ea barupeluoa e felletseng ka lipotso tse amanang le boitšoaro ba thobalano e sebelisitsoeng e le phapang e ka tšeptjoang. lilemo, sehlopha, litabatabelo tsa thuto, boiphihlelo ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali, boiphihlelo ba thuto ea thobalano, sebaka sa mantlha / sebaka, le nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang e sebelisitsoe ka mokhoa o ikemetseng le bong joalo ka khetho e fapaneng. Litlhahlobo tsohle li entsoe ka ho sebelisa SPSS bakeng sa Windows, mofuta oa 17.0.

Results

Bokapele ba boitšoaro ba thobalano

Lethathamo 2 e bontša ho ata ha boitšoaro ba thobalano molemong oa batho ba bangata selemong se fetileng. Palo e nyane ea baithuti (10.8%) ba kopanetseng thobalano ea molomo le palo e nyane ea baithuti (12.6%) ba bile le likamano tsa botona le botšehali. Baithuti ba 'maloa (2.7%) ba ne ba etsa thobalano le batho ba bong bo tšoanang, ho pota baithuti ba 46% ba ne ba ipholla litho le baithuti ba fetang halofo (57.4%) ba shebelletse filimi / video ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa selemong se fetileng. Mabapi le puisano ea thobalano, baithuti ba 75.6% ba buile ka thobalano le metsoalle ea bona. Leha ho le joalo, baithuti ba neng ba bua le batsoali ka thobalano le pelehi e bile feela 13.7% le 7.1%, ka ho latellana. Mabapi le ho qobella le ho qobelloa ho etsa thobalano, barutoana ba 2.7% ba qobelletse molekane oa thobalano ho etsa thobalano mme baithuti ba 1.9% ba ile ba qobelloa ho etsa thobalano selemong se fetileng.

Bokapele ba boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano (n /%)

Phapang pakeng tsa batho ba bong bo fapaneng

Ho bile le phapang e fapaneng ea lipalo-palo ea bohlokoa ba lipalo pakeng tsa sehlopha sa banna le basali liketsong tsa thobalano selemong se fetileng. Ho bile le phapang e matla ea botona le botšehali likarolong tse ling tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano. Banna ba tlaleha litoro tse fetelletseng tsa thobalano (84.6%), ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali (70.3%), le ho sebelisa livideo tsa bootsoa (86.3%) le limakasine (53.6%), ba bua ka thobalano le metsoalle (85.9%) le litoro tsa botona le botšehali (84.5%) ho feta basali (36.1%, 10.9%, 15.6%, 9.3%, 85.9%, le 36%, ka ho latellana). Ho ne ho e-na le phapang e batsi ea bong ka mokhoa o itekanetseng oa ho bua le metsoalle ka ho thibela pelehi, ho bonts'a banna ba ne ba khona ho bua le metsoalle ka thibelo ea pelehi (57.4%) ho feta basali (40.4%). Basali ba tlalehile ho ratana hanyane (49.1%), ho aka (42.7%) le ho rata (29.9%) ho feta banna (51.7%, 32.4%, le 26.5%, ka ho latellana). Ho bonahala eka banna ba na le monyetla oa ho tlaleha liketso tsa thobalano ho feta banana. Mme basali ba tloaetse ho tlaleha kamano e haufi haholo ho feta bashanyana (Tafole 3 le Table 4).

Bokapele ba boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano (n /%) ke monna / mosali

Boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano: phapang ka bong (M ± SD)

Lintho tse amanang le boitšoaro ba thobalano ke banna / basali

Ho ile ha etsoa lipatlisiso tsa tlhahlobo ea methapo ho hlahloba lintlha (lilemo, lilemo, taeo, takatso ea thuto, kamano ea maikutlo a lerato, boiphihlelo ba thuto ea thobalano, sebaka sa mahaeng / litoropong le nako e sebelisitsoeng inthaneteng) li hokahantsoe le boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano bakeng sa baithuti ba banna le ba basali, ka ho latellana. Tlhahlobo e fumane hore lintlha tse hlano ho banna li amana haholo le boitšoaro ba thobalano selemong se fetileng: likamano tsa lerato (β <-. 29, p <0.001), o fumane thuto ea thobalano (β <, 13, p <0.001), takatso ea thuto (β <, 09, p <0.05), nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang (β .09, p <0.01) le sebaka (β <-.07, leq <0.05). Lintlha tse hlano li ka hlalosa 19% ea boits'oaro ba banna ba thobalano. Mabaka a mabeli bakeng sa basali a ne a amana haholo le boits'oaro ba thobalano: kamano ea lerato (β <, 46, p <0.001) le sebaka (β <-.09, p <0.01). Lintlha tsena tse peli li ka hlalosa 27% ea boits'oaro ba basali ba thobalano. Lilemo, sehlopha le khalemelo li ne li sa amane haholo le boits'oaro ba banna le ba basali (Lethathamo 5).

Boithuto ba boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano: ho fapana ka bong

Puisano

Boithuto ba hona joale bo fumane hore litekanyetso tsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse tlalehiloeng ke baithuti ba univesithing ea Hefei ba arabileng thutong ea rona e ne e le banna ba 12.6% (ba batona ba 15.4% le basali ba 8.5%). Litefiso tsena li theoha mehatong e tlalehiloeng ke baithuti ba univesithi ea China metseng e meng ea Chaena ho tloha 1995 [16,28,29]. Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, litekanyetso tsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali ho baithuti ba univesithi ea China ha li bonahale li fetohile haholo phetoho e kholo, e tšoanang le e fapaneng le ea litekanyetso tse bonoang libakeng tse haufi kapa linaheng tse ling. Mohlala, ho tlalehiloe hore 22% ea mocha ea sa nyaloang ea lilemo li 20 ea bileng le thobalano Taiwan ho 2004 [30]. 'Me Thutong ea Phuputso ea Bacha ba Vietnamese e entsoeng morao 2003, ho ile ha fumaneha hore 16.7% e le monna le 2.4% basali ba lilemo li 18 ho isa lilemong tsa 2531]. Mohlomong ke hobane libaka tsa Asia, tse kang Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam le Japane li arolelana moetlo o ts'oanang oa setso sa Confucian o lebelletseng ho tsa thobalano hore banna le basali ba itshware hantle ho tloha hole maikutlong ka linako tsohle mme ba sena khokahano efe kapa efe pele ho lenyalo [32]. Leha ba bulehetse litšusumetso tsa ka ntle sechabeng, litabeng tsa moruo le moruo bakeng sa linako tse fapaneng le ka mekhoa e fapaneng, moetlo oa bona oa setso o ntse o metse ka botebo lichabeng. Ha ho bapisoa le linaha tsa bophirima, liperesente ho tsa China li ile tsa lula li le tlase haholo ho feta litefiso tse hlokometsoeng USA hore 80% ea baithuti ba yunivesithi ea banna le 73% ea baithuti ba univesithi ea basali ba na le likamano tsa botona le botšehali le Scotland hore ho pota liithuti tsa univesithi tsa 74% li bile le likamano tsa botona le botšehali nakong ea li-1990s le li-2000 tsa pele [33,34]. Sena se ka amana le phapang e kholo maemong a setso le a sechaba. Mohlala o ikhethang ke hore Lekala la thuto la China le thibetse lenyalo ho baithuti ba univesithi ho fihlela 2005 le liunivesithi li fana ka maemo a ileng a nyahamisa liketso tsa thobalano tsa baithuti ba univesithi. Chaena, liunivesithi tse ngata li na le melao e tobileng le e sa tobang e thibelang kamano e haufi pakeng tsa baithuti ba bong bo fapaneng sekolong. Mohlala, moithuti e mong le e mong o tlameha ho phela sekolong mme banna ba ne ba sa lumelloa ho kena ka matlong a basali; liithuti li tlameha ho khutlela kamoreng pele ho 10: 30 pm hobane li-gate tsa li-dormitories hangata li ba haufi le 10: 30 pm, ha mabone a tima 11: 30 pm. Ntle le likamano tsa botona le botšehali, litholoana tsa rona li bontša ka ho hlaka hore ho ne ho na le liketso tse ling har'a baithuti ba univesithi, baithuti ba banna le ba basali ba neng ba etsa thobalano ka molomo, liketso tsa bong bo le bong, le ho qobella le ho qobelloa ho etsa thobalano. Liphetho li ka bonts'a hore thuto ea thobalano ha e khothalletse feela thobalano e le mokhoa o nepahetseng oa thobalano e sireletsehileng, empa e fana ka thuto e felletseng ea thobalano e kenyelletsang tsebo ea thobalano mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba ho ikatisa, likhohlopo le tšebeliso ea pelehi, maikutlo a nepahetseng le a boikarabello a thobalano bakeng sa boits'ireletso, le boits'oaro bo bolokehileng hara thobalano. bacha.

Ho na le lintho tse tšeletseng lenaneng la lipotso tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano tse botsoang baithuti ka puisano ea bona le batho ba bang ka lihlooho tsa thobalano kapa mekhoa e meng ea ho fumana tsebo ea thobalano (mohlala, ho shebella livideo tsa bootsoa kapa limakasine). Mabapi le puisano ka lihlooho tsa thobalano, liphetho tsa thuto ea morao-rao li bontša hore puisano ea motsoali le mocha mabapi le thobalano e ne e le ntho e tloaelehileng naheng ea China ho feta linaheng tsa Bophirimela. Phuputso e entsoeng Sweden e tlaetse hore 40% ea banna le 60% ea baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng ba basali ba buile le batsoali ba bona ka thobalano [35]. Leha ho le joalo, thutong ea hona joale, ke baithuti ba 13.7% (ba banna ba 10.7% le basali ba 18% feela ba buileng le batsoali ka thobalano, mme ke feela baithuti ba 7.1% (6.1% le basali ba 8.4%) ba buileng le batsoali ka thibelo ea bokhachane selemong se fetileng China. Ho fanoa ka karolo ea bohlokoa eo batsoali ba e phethang bophelong ba bongoaneng [35], ho nka karolo ha motsoali thutong ea bongoaneng ho lokela ho matlafatsoa. Mohlala, batsoali ba lokela ho khothaletsoa ho buisana le ho ruta bana ka thobalano tikolohong e bulehileng ha ba hohela boits'oaro ba botona kapa botšehali nakong ea bocha ba bona.

Boithuto bona bo boetse bo senotse karolo e kholo ea baithuti, haholo baithuti ba banna, ba boneng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa joalo ka libuka / limakasine / livideo / libaka tsa marang-rang. E kanna ea fana ka maikutlo a hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e kanna ea ba mohloli oa tlhaiso-leseling ea mantlha mabapi le thobalano ho bacha ba China mme e kanna ea ba le tšusumetso e itseng mekhoeng ea thobalano ea ba arabelang. Ho hlokahala haholo ho kenyelletsa lihlooho tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa thutong ea thobalano bakeng sa baithuti ba univesithing ea China [15]. Mohlala, ho ruta bacha ka 'nete ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le kamano e teng lipakeng tsa media le bophelo; ho khothaletsa baithuti ho nahana ka mokhoa o hlakileng le ho buisana ka melemo le litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho batho ba bacha, hore na batho ba e sebelisa joang le hore na molao o reng ka hona.

Phuputso ena e fumane phapang e kholo ea bong (ba batona> ba batšehali) ka ho ata ha thobalano ea batho ba bong bo fapaneng, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, likhopolo tsa thobalano, ho pepesehela litaba tsa bootsoa liphapang tsena li ne li lumellana le lithuto tse fetileng tse entsoeng Chaena le USA [29,36,37]. Phapang ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali e ka hlalosoa ka ho tseba hore le ha likamano tsa botona le botšehali ho bashanyana li nkuoa e le moetlo o amohelehang sechabeng, banana ba tloaetse ho ngolisoa le ho sisteloa mme hangata ba qosoa ka likamano tsa thobalano tse ka lebisang ho ima le tšoaetso ea thobalano [38]. Maikutlo le litumelo tse tsoang ho ba lelapa le sechabeng li ntse li lebelletse hore banna ba nke boikarabello ba ho qala le ho khaotsa ho etsa thobalano. Basali ba lebelletsoe ho ba baroetsana pele ho lenyalo le ho qala thobalano hanyane ho feta banna [14,39]. Phapang pakeng tsa botona le botšehali litšoantšong tsa botona le botšehali, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e kanna ea ba karolo e itseng ea thobalano. Patlisiso e fana ka maikutlo a hore banna ka karolelano ba na le ts'ebetso ea thobalano e matla mme ba khahloa ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho feta basali.40]. Ntle le moo, liphapang tse kholo tsa botona le botšehali litšoantšong tsa botona le botšehali, ho ipholla litho le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka hlalosoa ka karabelo e ntle sechabeng. Sekhobo se ntse se tsoela pele ho amahanngoa le boits'oaro ba basali ba likoloi ka ho khetheha lichabeng tse fapaneng tsa China; ka hona, basali ba ka nyenyefatsa litekanyetso tsa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali kapa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [38].

Tumellanong le lithuto tsa pejana, ho ile ha fumaneha hore maemo a boitšoaro ba thobalano selemong se fetileng bakeng sa baithuti ba univesithi a ne a amana hantle le ho ba le maikutlo a kamano ea lerato, a fumana thuto ea thobalano, litabatabelo tsa thuto e tlase, nako e telele e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang le tikolohong ea litoropo bakeng sa banna le ho ba le boiphihlelo ba likamano tsa lerato le ho phela tikolohong ea litoropo bakeng sa basali.

Har'a lintho tsohle tse supiloeng ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba baithuti ba univesithing, ho ba le boiphihlelo ba likamano tsa lerato ho bile le matla a ho hlalosetsa banna le basali ka matla. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore ho ratana, haholo-holo kamano e tsitsitseng ea lerato ke ntho e hlaheletseng e amanang le boitšoaro ba thobalano. Ho ba le mohlankana kapa kharebe ea hae ho ka eketsa monyetla oa ho etsa boitšoaro bo haufi le bo botle ba pele, bo kang ho suna le ho hlapaola maikutlo, bo ka lateloang ke thobalano. Ntle le moo, ho ba le mohlankana kapa kharebe ho ka pepesetsa mocha ho sehlopha se secha sa metsoalle, se ka arolelanang mekhoa e lumellehang ka thobalano; Boithuto bo bongata bo bontšitse hore mocha eo mekhoa ea hae ea lithaka e khothalletsang liketso tsa thobalano o na le monyetla oa ho eketsa thobalano. Kahoo, bacha ba likamanong tsa lerato ba na le tlhoko e eketsehileng ea tlhahisoleseling mabapi le kamano le kotsi ea ho kopanela liphate le polokeho. Boithuto bona bo bontša bohlokoa ba ho lebisa liteko tsa thuto ho bacha ho likamano tsa lerato [41]. Likolo le batsoali ba lokela ho thusa bacha, haholo ba leng kamanong ea lerato, ho nts'etsapele tsebo le bokhoni kamanong le ho atamelana ho kenyelletsa ho ruta tsebo ea bophelo bo botle ba thobalano, ho buella boitšoaro bo sireletsehileng ba thobalano le ho etsa liqeto tse nepahetseng tsa thobalano.

Re amohetse thuto ea thobalano e nang le mohloli oa bobeli o nang le tšusumetso haholo ho hlalosang boitšoaro ba baithuti ba banna. Bakeng sa banna, baithuti ba nang le thuto ea thobalano ba bontšitse boitšoaro bo bobe haholo ho feta ba se nang boiphihlelo bo joalo. Sena se bonahala se sa lumellane le "sepheo se setle" sa sechaba sa Chaena se rutehileng hore thuto ea thobalano e lokela ho lieha ho qala thobalano le ho fokotsa liketso tsa thobalano ho bacha le batho ba baholo ba bacha [42]. Leha ho le joalo, ho bonahala eka lintlha tsa morao-rao li bonts'itse hore "sepheo se setle" ha se sireletse batho ba bacha hamolemo [43-45]. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lithuto tsa thobalano ke lithuto tse khethehileng tsa univesithi tsa China. Hape ho ka etsahala hore baithuti ba nang le takatso ea thobalano kapa ba nang le boiphihlelo ba thobalano ba khetholloe ho khetha lithuto tse amanang. Kamano pakeng tsa thuto ea thobalano le boitšoaro ba bacha ba thobalano e rarahane [46]. Thuto ea thobalano e bapala karolo efe? Bafuputsi ba lumellana le maikutlo a Pan: "Ho ruta ka thobalano ha ho na motho ea nkang karolo ea 'ho tima mollo', eseng ho sebetsa joaloka 'ho potlakisa'; sepheo sa mantlha sa thuto ea thobalano ke ho thusa batho bohle, haholoholo moloko o latelang, ho ba le 'bophelo bo monate ba thobalano' ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang [46]. ”Ka mantsoe a mang, thuto ea thobalano e lokela ho thusa bacha ho ba le pono e nepahetseng ka thobalano, e ba fe leseli leo ba le hlokang ho hlokomela bophelo ba bona ba thobalano, le ho ba thusa ho ba le tsebo ea ho etsa liqeto hona joale le nakong e tlang. Leha ho le joalo, ha re nahana ka khaello ea China ea ho ba sebakeng se bulehileng le se lokolohileng seo ka tloaelo se nkang karolo ea bohlokoa ho holiseng thuto ea thobalano, ho bohlokoa haholo ho sebelisa sistimi ea univesithi ho hlahisa thobalano. Taba ea mantlha, Sistimi ea univesithi e bonahala e le sebaka se “sireletsehileng” kapa sethala sa ho kenya lipuisano le kutloisiso ea thobalano. Liunivesithi li na le bolokolohi bo bongata ba ho bua ka tsa thobalano ho feta libaka tse ling; ka hona, lipuisano li ka tebisa maikutlo le ho feta. Ho feta moo, baithuti ba univesithing ba tloaetse ho buleha le ho amohela habonolo menahano le menahano e mecha ka litaba tsa thobalano [47].

Ntho e 'ngoe e amanang le boitšoaro ba thobalano e ne e le takatso ea thuto bakeng sa banna. Re fumane hore takatso ea thuto e ka bolela esale pele boitšoaro bo bobe ba baithuti ba banna, e leng takatso ea thuto e phahameng, ba sa kopaneleng thobalano. Ho fumana ho tsoetse pele ho netefalitse lithuto tsa pele hore boitlamo ba ho etsa hantle ho barupeluoa ba sirelelitsoeng lithutong ho ba balekane ba kopanelang liphate le balekane ba bangata [48]. Fka hare, nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang ke eona ntho ea ho qetela e amanang le boitšoaro ba thobalano ho banna. Boithuto ba rona bo fumaneng nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang bo ka bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba barutoana ba banna, e leng nako e teletsana ea ho sebelisa inthanete, le ho ba le thobalano le ho feta. Empa e ne e ka se bolele esale pele boitšoaro ba baithuti ba thobalano. E ka ba hobane baithuti ba banna ba tlalehile litheko tse phahameng haholo tsa ho etela libaka tsa marang-rang tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, ho batla balekane le ho etsa boitšoaro bo kotsi bo fumanehang marang-rang, bo neng bo amana haufi le boits'oaro ba thobalano bo kenyeletsa boits'oaro bo bobe ba thobalano [49]. Tataiso e nepahetseng mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea inthanete e tla hlokahala China mabapi le tšusumetso e ka bang teng nakong e tlang ea marang-rang le mecha ea phatlalatso ea bootsoa mabapi le boitšoaro bo bobe ba bacha. Mohlala, ho shebisisa le ho fokotsa boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho etsa thobalano marang-rang har'a bacha, haholoholo banna, 'me ho sebelisa Inthanete hantle e le mohloli o fumanehang oa thuto ea thobalano..

Phuputso ena e ne e e-na le meeli e 'maloa. Taba ea mantlha, moralo oa eona oa likarolo o ile oa re thibela ho khetholla litloaelo le sephetho, joalo ka ha takatso ea thuto e fokotse ho ata ha boits'oaro ba barutoana ba banna ho ke ke ha hlalosoa thutong ena. Taba ea bobeli, liphetho tse fumanoeng thutong ena ha lia lokela ho akaretsoa ho bacha bohle ba China kapa ho liithuti tsohle tsa Chaena, hobane mohlala oa rona o ne o lekanyelitsoe ho baithuti ba univesithi kahare ho toropo e le ngoe le litso tsa sechaba li fapaneng haholo literekeng tsa China. Kamora nako, khethollo e ka hlahisoang ke ho fana ka tlaleho e tlase e lokela ho hlokomeloa. Litekanyo tsa ts'ebetso ea thobalano thutong ena li ne li ipapisitse le litlaleho tsa boits'oaro le ho nka karolo ha maikutlo, haholo-holo baithuti ba basali, mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano e kanna ea baka ho fana ka tlaleho e tlase ka lebaka la litabatabelo tsa sechaba. Sekhahla sa litakatso tsa sechaba se ka kenyeletsoa tlhahlobong ea nako e tlang.

fihlela qeto e

Liphetho tsa rona li senotse hore khafetsa ea liketso tsa thobalano ho baithuti ba univesithing ea Hefei e fapana ka tekano ea phapang ea bong, joalo ka ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ho ratana le batho ba bong bo fapaneng. Ho feta moo, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'itse hore boitšoaro ba thobalano bo boletsoe esale pele ka kamano ea maikutlo a lerato, ba fumana thuto ea thobalano, takatso ea thuto, nako e sebelisitsoeng inthaneteng le sebakeng sa baithuti ba banna, le likamano tsa lerato le sebaka sa baithuti ba basali. Tlhahisoleseling ena e bohlokoa bakeng sa baetsi ba melao le baruti ba tsa thobalano ho nts'etsapele maano a sebetsang a ikemiselitseng ho nts'etsapele thuto ea thobalano bakeng sa baithuti ba univesithi ea China.

Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng

Bangoli ba bolela hore ha ba na litlhōlisano.

Menehelo ea bangoli

Bangoli bohle ba kentse letsoho ho qaptjoa hoa patlisiso ena. XC le LY ba ile ba etsa tlhahlobo ea lipalo mme ba ngola mongolo o ngotsoeng; XC e ne e hlokometsoe ke SW mohopolo oa boithuto le phuputso mme SW e boetse e hlokometse lipatlisiso, tlhahlobo ea lipalo le ho ntlafatsa buka e ngotsoeng. Bangoli bohle ba ile ba bala le ho amohela buka e ngotsoeng ea ho qetela.

Nalane ea phatlalatso

Pale ea pele ho phatlalatso ea pampiri ena e ka fumanoa mona:

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/972/prepub

lumela hore baa fokola

Bangoli ba leboha barupeluoa le bathusi ba lipatlisiso univesithing ea 4 e Hefei. Bangoli ba leboha haholo tšehetso e tsoang ho komiti ea univesithi ea liunivesithi tsena tse 'ne.

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