Sengoloa: Liphuputso tse kholo li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho kopana ka lekhetlo la pele le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho qala a le lilemo li 8, ka litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa boits'oaro le kelello, joalo ka bosodoma, pherekano ea maikutlo, le ho ntšetsa pele ho se lekane hoa bong. Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke bacha e hokahantsoe le ho mpefala ha paraphilias, keketseho ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano le tlhekefetso, mme, qetellong, e hokahantsoe le keketseho ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano inthaneteng.
Bacha 2021, 1(2), 108-122; https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents1020009
Gassó, Aina M., le Anna Bruch-Granados.
inahaneloang
Matsatsing ana, theknoloji e fetohile karolo ea mesebetsi ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea karolo e kholo ea baahi. Mesebetsi e mengata le nts'etsopele le lits'ebetso tsa bochaba tsa bana le bacha li fetiselitsoe lefats'eng la marang-rang, ho tlisa tlhokomelo le kameho ho tsoa metseng ea thuto, ea mahlale le ea bohloeki. E 'ngoe ea litaba tse tšoenyang haholo tse tsoang lefats'eng lena le lecha la inthanete ke tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke bacha. Morero oa tlhahlobo ena ea lingoliloeng ke ho lebisa tlhokomelo litlamorao le pherekano ea maikutlo e tsoang ts'ebelisong ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bacha, hammoho le se boleloang ke bohloeki ba ketsahalo ena, eo har'a eona e leng lipapatso, tlhekefetso le tlhekefetso ea litlhaselo tsa thobalano, le nts'etsopele ea mefuta e mecha ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano inthaneteng. Liphuputso tse kholo li fana ka maikutlo a hore puisano ea pele le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e qala a le lilemo li 8, ka litlamorao tse bohlokoa tsa boits'oaro le kelello, joalo ka bosodoma, pherekano ea maikutlo le ho ntšetsa pele ho se lekane hoa bong. Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke bacha e hokahantsoe le ho mpefala ha paraphilias, keketseho ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano le tlhekefetso, mme, qetellong, e hokahantsoe le keketseho ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano inthaneteng. Ho tšohloa se boleloang le mela e tlang ea lipatlisiso.
Keywords: litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; bacha; liphephetso tsa forensiki; bocha; thobalano
1. Selelekela
Ho latela pono ea kelello, thobalano e utloisisoa e le khokahano lipakeng tsa anatomical, physiological, le psychological, le maemo ohle a maikutlo le boits'oaro a amanang le thobalano, a qalang ho kopanya nakong ea bocha. Boitsebiso ba thobalano bo qala ho hola nakong ea bongoana mme bo ka fetoloa ke lintlha tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le tsa kahisano le tse kantle. Ho latela pono eo, ho ba le monyetla oa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ba taba ea bohlokoa le e loketseng bacha le bacha [1]. Bacha ba hlalositsoe ke Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo e le batho ka bomong ba lilemo li 10-24, 'me, molemong oa lipatlisiso tsena, re tla bua ka bacha le bacha ka boikemelo, re utloisisa hore ke batho ba lilemo li pakeng tsa 10 le 24.
Ho tloha ha kenyelletso ea inthanete le ICT (Theknoloji ea Tlhahisoleseling le Khokahano) mesebetsing ea letsatsi le letsatsi, sechaba se bile le liphetoho libakeng tse ngata, 'me tšebelisano ea sechaba e fetohile haholo ka potlako. Nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tse ncha tse bohlale tse nang le phihlello ea inthanete e potlakileng le e ikemetseng e thusitse puisano ea hanghang le phihlello e se nang moeli le e potlakileng ea mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa litaba, ho kenyeletsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hase ntho ea morao tjena kapa e ncha 'me ponahalo ea tsona e ka simoloha ho Bagerike ba Boholo-holo [2]; leha ho le joalo, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse ncha tse hlahileng ka ho senyeha ha lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa mahlale li na le litšobotsi tse fapaneng le tse ikhethang tsa tlhaho, tse li khethollang ho "litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa khale". Ballester et al. [1] e hlalose ka tse latelang:
- Boleng ba setšoantšo: Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse ncha li ipapisitse le lirekoto tsa boleng bo holimo tse ntseng li ntlafala boleng ba setšoantšo.
- Theko e tlaase: Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li theko e tlase haholo 'me boholo ba tsona ha li lefelloe ka botlalo.
- E ka fumaneha: Ho na le nyehelo e pharalletseng le e se nang moeli, e ka fihlelloang ntle le lithibelo ebile e ka bonoa ho tsoa sesebelisoa sefe kapa sefe.
- Likamano tsa thobalano tse se nang moeli: Liketso tsa thobalano tse bontšoang "litšoantšong tse ncha tsa bootsoa" ha li na meeli, ho kenyeletsoa mekhoa e kotsi ea thobalano kapa le e seng molaong.
Lingoliloeng li bonts'a hore lipakeng tsa 7 le 59% ea bacha ba kena ka boomo le ho ja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [3]. Mefuta e fapaneng le phapang ea sekhahla sa ts'oaetso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bacha e bakoa ke phapang ea lisampole, lilemo tsa bankakarolo, le mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso. Sekhahla se atileng sa tšebeliso ea mofuta o mong le o mong (ka boomo khahlanong le tšebeliso e sa etsoang ka boomo) se ka tloha ho 7 ho isa ho 71%, ho latela mehato e sebelisitsoeng [3]. Ntle le moo, liphuputso tse hlahlobang liphapang tsa bong li fumane hore 93% ea bashanyana le 52% ea banana ba lilemo tse pakeng tsa 16 le 19 ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa likhoeling tse tšeletseng tse fetileng [4]. Liphapang tsena tsa bong le tsona li tlalehiloe ke Ballester, Orte, le Pozo [5], bao liphetho tsa bona li bonts'ang hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng e phahame haholo ho bashanyana (90.5%) ho feta banana (50%), mme barupeluoa ba banna le bona ba tlaleha makhetlo a phahameng a ts'ebeliso ho feta bankakarolo ba basali.
Lipatlisiso tse shebaneng le liphapang tsa lilemo li fumane hore 50% ea bacha ba Spain ba lilemo tse pakeng tsa 14 le 17 ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng [6]. Ho feta moo, Ballester et al. [1] e tlalehile hore bacha ba ka bang 70% ba Spain ba lilemo tse pakeng tsa 16 le 29 ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Liphetho tsa bona li bonts'a hore nako ea ho kopana le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e se e fihlile Spain, 'me bana ba qala ho kopana le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba le lilemo li 8,' me tšebeliso e akaretsang e qala ka lilemo tse 13-14.1].
Ho ata ha mehala ea mehala ea thekeng ho bolela hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka fumaneha kae kapa kae 'me li shebeloa ke bacha ka boinotšing le ka lihlopha. Mokhoa ona o mocha oa ho fumana le ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro o na le tšusumetso e hlakileng boitshwarong ba thobalano, likamano tsa bong, tlhekefetso ea thobalano, le thobalano, haholoholo ho bana ba banyenyane, bao ka ho utloahalang ba leng tlokotsing ea litaba tsa bootsoa, ha ba ntse ba nts'etsapele thobalano ea bona [3].
Phuputso ea haufinyane e boletse hore 40.7% ea bankakarolo ba tlalehile ba bile le litlamorao tse mpe tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ekaba boemong ba motho ka mong, kahisano, thuto kapa boitseko [7]. Bangoli ba bangata ba bontšitse hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bana e amahanngoa le litlamorao tse fapaneng tse fapaneng [1,5,7,8]. Mohlala, Burbano le Brito [8] o boletse hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho na le tšusumetso e tobileng kholisong ea bacha ba bong bo fapaneng, ho theha mehlala e khelosang le e fosahetseng ea thuto mabapi le thobalano. Ho feta moo, Peter le Valkenburg [3] o fumane hore ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha a le lilemong tsa bocha ho amana le ponahalo le keketseho ea boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano, joalo ka ho etsa thobalano e sa sireletsoeng, ho etsa thobalano le balekane ba bangata, kapa keketseho ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano le tlhekefetso. Ntle le moo, Burbano le Brito [8] e bontšitse hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro qalong, haholo ha o sa le monyane lilemong, ho amahanngoa le mekhoa e mecha ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano inthaneteng, joalo ka ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano kapa boitlhopho ka inthanete.
Ntle le moo, lingoliloeng li bonts'itse khokahano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke bacha le litlamorao tsa bohloeki le molao. Liphuputso tsa morao-rao li totobalitse kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea kapele ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano le ponahalo le ho mpefala ha lipapatso tse kang voyeurism le exhibitionism [9,10]. Ho feta moo, lipatlisiso li supile kamanong e hlophisitsoeng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea pele ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tšebeliso e tlamang le keketseho ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano ke banna le tlhekefetso ea thobalano ho basali.3]. Kamora nako, liphuputso tsa morao-rao li bonts'a khokahano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ts'ebeliso e eketsehang ea boits'oaro ba thobalano inthaneteng, joalo ka ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano, e ka lebisang ho hlekefetsong ea thobalano inthaneteng, joalo ka thobalano kapa boitlhopho ba inthanete [11].
Kahoo, sepheo sa pampiri ena e ne e le ho sekaseka se tsejoang ho fihlela joale ka litlamorao le litlamorao tseo ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e nang le tsona ho bacha, ka ho shebana le liphephetso tsa bohloeki le se boleloang ke ketsahalo ena ho bacha.
2. Mekhoa
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, sehlopha sa lipatlisiso mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa se eketsehile. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li totobalitse litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso e joalo kholisong ea sechaba le thobalano ea bocha le litlamorao tse ling tse amanang le molao tse ka bang le litlamorao tse mpe tsa kelello le molao. Tlhatlhobo ena ea nalane e ikemiselitse ho khetholla lipatlisiso tse matlafatsang le tse sa amaneng le maikutlo tse amanang le kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bacha le litlamorao tsa kahisano, thobalano le kelello, hammoho le litlamorao tse ling tsa bohloeki. Tlhahlobo e phetoang ke sengoliloeng se hlalosang le ho tšohla boemo ba mahlale ba sehlooho se itseng kapa sehlooho ho latela pono ea likhopolo-taba le maemo.12]. Bakeng sa pampiri ena, tlhahlobo ea nalane e ile ea etsoa e le mokhoa oa pele le karolelano ea boemo ba potso mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bocheng, ho hopoloa meeli ea eona, ho kenyeletsoa le lipatlisiso tsa Spain, ho litlhahlobo tse fetileng mabapi le taba ena. Re lumela hore haesale ho phatlalatsoa tlhaiso-leseling e hlophisitsoeng ea Peter le Valkenburg (2016), ho entsoe menehelo e nepahetseng mabapi le boits'oaro ba bacha ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, mme thuto ena e ikemiselitse ho lekola menehelo eo le e meng, ho kenyeletsoa lingoliloeng tsa Spain, ho hlahloba boemo ba nnete ba potso. Re nahana ka sehlooho sena se amanang haholo le batsoali, sechaba sa thuto, le litsebi tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle ba sebetsang le bacha ba ka angoa ke ketsahalo ena.
Mekhahlelo ea ho kenyelletsoa tlhahlobisong e ne e le tse latelang:
- Patlisiso (ebang ke ea matla kapa e seng ea boqhekelli empa ho sa kenyeletsoe lingoloa tsa bongaka) ho hlahloba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa lilemong tsa bocha le bacha.
- Lipatlisiso tse hlahlobang kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bocheng le litlamorao tsa sechaba, thobalano le kelello
- Liphuputso tse batlisisang kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bocheng le litlamorao tsa molao kapa tsa molao
Lintlha tse kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobisong ena li ile tsa bokelloa ho pholletsa le Mphalane, Pulungoana le Hlakubele 2020. Patlo e ne e kenyelletsa lipatlisiso tse matlafatsang le tse seng tsa matla ho tloha 2000 ho isa 2020, mme re kenyelelitse lipatlisiso ka Senyesemane le Sepanishe. Ho ile ha batlisoa marang-rang a latelang: SCOPUS, PsychInfo, MEDLINE, le PUBMED, ho sebelisoa mantsoe a bohlokoa "litšoantšo tsa bootsoa", "bacha", "bocha", "bana", "bacha" le "litlamorao". Ntle le moo, manane a litšupiso a lingoloa tse hlahlojoang a ile a hlahlojoa mabapi le sehlooho sa lipatlisiso. Bacha ba hlalositsoe ke Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo e le batho ka bomong ba lilemo li 10-24, 'me, molemong oa lipatlisiso tsena, re bua ka bacha le bacha ka boikemelo, re utloisisa hore ke batho ba lilemo li pakeng tsa 10 le 24. Ho feta moo, ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore lithuto tse ngata tse hlahlojoang ha li hlahise mofuta oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisitsoeng lipatlisisong tsa bona (batho ba bong bo fapaneng, basali ba basali, basali, jj.), Le lithuto tse entseng, li hlahlobile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa feela.
3. Liphetho
Ka kakaretso, lipampiri tse 30 li kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobisong ea nalane. Har'a lipampiri tse 30, tse 18 li ne li le ka Senyesemane (60%) le tse 8 e le tsa Sepanish (26.7%). Ho tsoa sampoleng eohle ea lipampiri tse hlahlojoang, 18 e ne e le lingoloa tse matlafatsang (60%), mme lilemo tsa phatlalatso li ne li tloha ho 2004 ho isa 2020. Liphetho mabapi le lintlha tse ikhethileng tsa lipampiri tse hlahlobiloeng li bonts'itsoe ho Lethathamo 1.
Tafole 1. Lintlha tsa lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobisong.
3.1. Mathata a Sechaba le a Kelello a Amanang le Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tšebeliso ea Bacha
3.1.1. Bokhoba ba Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa
Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, ho shebella le ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke tloaelo e atolositsoeng haholo har'a bacha matsatsing ana. Ha re nahana ka polelo eo, hoa utloahala ho totobatsa hore, leha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka qala lilemong tsa bongoana (hangata nakong ea bohlankana), hangata ha e se e le motho e moholo ha mathata kapa liphetoho tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea eona li bonahala. E 'ngoe ea lintlha tsa mantlha mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke hore litlhahiso tsa pono tse potlakileng, tse fumanehang habonolo le tse sa utloahaleng li matlafatsa le ho thusa ho lemalla (Ledesma 2017).
Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal, le Paul [36] ba phethetse lipatlisisong tsa bona hore ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng le ho lemalla lithethefatsi li arolelana mekhoa ea mantlha ea methapo ea kutlo le hore ke lits'ebetso tse ts'oanang tse hlahisang lekhoba tlhoko ea tekanyetso e phahameng le khafetsa, ka ho khetheha hore ts'ebelisong ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ebile e fumaneha habonolo (ka ho penya) ho feta lithethefatsi.
Liphuputso tse ling li boetse li thehile kamano e hlakileng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le bokhoba ba boitšoaro. Likarolo tsena ka bobeli li arolelana litšobotsi tse tloaelehileng, joalo ka mamello ho ts'usumetso e lemalloang le litsela tse arolelanoeng tsa methapo ea kutlo. Grant, Brewer le Potenza [37] li totobalitse matšoao a mararo a tloaelehileng a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le litloaelo tsa boits'oaro: khatello ea maikutlo ho ts'usumetso e lemalloang, phello ea moriana o thethefatsang maikutlo le ho senyeha butle ha thato. Dodge (2008) o hlahlobile liphetoho tsa methapo ea kutlo ho batho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka mokhoa o qobelloang le o sa feleng, a fumana hore batho ba lemaletseng joala ba hloka lisebelisoa tse ling tsa bootsoa, lits'oants'o tse ncha le litaba tse thata ho boloka maemo a tšoanang a thabo. Tlhahlobo ea haufinyane ea lingoliloeng e fihletse qeto ea hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng e ntse e eketseha, ka monyetla oa ho lemalla ha o nahana ka tšusumetso ea "triple A": phihlello, theko e tlase le ho se tsejoe [15]. Ho ea ka bangoli, ts'ebeliso ena e thata le tlhekefetso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e kanna ea ba le litlamorao tse mpe kholisong ea thobalano le ts'ebetsong ea thobalano, haholoholo hara bacha.15].
Kamora nako, ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa le hona ho ka ba le litlamorao le liphetoho tsa bocha bocheng. Phuputso ea morao-rao e bontšitse hore 60% ea sampole e hlahlobiloeng e bonts'itse mathata a tebileng a ho ba le likhetho kapa ho thaba le balekane ba bona ba 'nete empa ba ka etsa joalo ha ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng [33]. Liphuputso tse ling tse sebelisang li-3T magnetic resonance imaging scans le tsona li fumane setsoalle lipakeng tsa palo ea lihora tse beke tse sebelisitsoeng ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le liphetoho tse sebetsang tsa boko, ka liphetho tse ikhethileng tse bonts'ang kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa lihora tsa bootsoa tse tlalehiloeng ka beke le ts'ebetso e sebetsang nakong ea thobalano -Reactivity paradigm ka letsohong le letšehali [38]. Kühn le Gallinat [38] ba tlalehile hore seo ba se fumaneng se paka hore ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka nako e telele ba se ba mamelletse litaba tse joalo, ho tiisa khopolo ea hore ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ka baka ho fokotseha ha karabelo ea methapo litabeng tsa tlhaho tsa thobalano. Leha e le hore liphetho tsa Kühn le Gallinat li fumanoe ho sebelisoa sampole ea batho ba baholo ba lilemo li 21-45, ho ka lebelloa hore ts'ebeliso ea nako e telele ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka qala ho ba le tšusumetso bokong nakong ea bophelo ba pele, joalo ka bocha [38].
3.1.2. Hypersexualization le Bosodoma
Ho bonoe hore litlamorao tse ling tsa ho ja le ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li na le keketseho ea thobalano (bosodoma), hypersexualization ea tikoloho le likamano tse haufi, le ho nts'etsapele bokhoba ba thobalano (autoeroticism kapa le balekane ba thobalano). Ka kutloisiso ena, Fagan [19] o boletse tlhahlobisong ea hae hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e sotha maikutlo le mehopolo haholo mabapi le mofuta oa likamano tsa thobalano. Mabapi le boitšoaro bo tlamang kapa bokhoba ba thobalano, Cooper, Galdbreath, le Becker [39] o tlalehile hore thobalano ea inthaneteng e ne e etsoa ke bankakarolo molemong oa ho tobana le mathata a letsatsi le letsatsi, mme lipatlisiso tse ling li hokahantse tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boits'oaro bo qobelloang [23]. Le ha liphetho tsa bangoli ka bobeli li fumanoa ho sebelisoa sampole ea batho ba baholo (+ 18), ho bohlokoa ho supa hore bocha ke nako ea bophelo e potlakileng haholo, e ka amanang haufi le seo ba se fumaneng. Ntlheng ena, Efrati le Gola [17] o netefalitse hore bacha ba hlahisang boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano (CSB) ba na le makhetlo a phahameng haholo a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [17].
Liphuputso tse 'maloa li thehile ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ts'usumetso ea eona mekhoeng ea thobalano, litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro le thobalano ea bacha.5,8,20]. Ka ha bacha ba lula ba re ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le mokhoa oa ho fumana tsebo le tlhaiso-leseling ka thobalano, ho ka utloahala ho nahana hore ts'ebeliso e joalo e ka ba le phello le tšusumetso tsebong ea bona mabapi le thobalano le litloaelo tsa bona tsa thobalano [3,20,25,27]. Ho fihlela hajoale, lingoliloeng li bonts'itse hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka ama tsebo ea bacha ka thobalano litloaelong tse joalo ka boits'oaro ba thobalano, thobalano e sa reroang le mekhoa e fapaneng ea thobalano [4]. Ho feta moo, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e na le tšusumetso ea ho ithuta ho bacha ba ka qetellang ba etsisa livideo tsa bootsoa bophelong ba 'nete, hape ba kenella liketsong tse kotsi tsa thobalano tseo ba li shebileng inthaneteng [3,13,29]. Liphuputso tse ling li bonts'itse kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bacha ba nang le keketseho e kholo ea ho se ts'oane ka bong ba bona le maikutlo a matle mabapi le tlhahlobo e sa reroang ea thobalano [26].
Ho se tsotelle le ho lumella ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe eo litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka e khothalletsang mabapi le boiphihlelo ba thobalano li na le tšusumetso e tobileng tseleng eo e emeloang le ho etsoa ka eona, ke ka hona lintlha tse ling li totobatsang hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka lebisa keketsehong ea thobalano (bosodoma), e utloisisoa e le boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate [17,33]. Ha ho nahanoa hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata e qala a le monyane haholo, ho ka nahanoa hore ha ba tobane le ts'ebeliso ena, bacha ba kanna ba ipeha kotsing ea ho etsa thobalano e sa fetoheng. Ka kutloisiso ena, ho fumanoe hore bacha ba jang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba na le maikutlo a ho lumella thobalano, litumelo le litekanyetso tse sa utloahaleng tsa thobalano, mme liphetho tse sa fetoheng li hlahile li hokahanya tšebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse bonts'ang pefo le likhato tse eketsehileng tsa boitšoaro bo mabifi ba tsa thobalano [20,25].
Phuputso e bonts'itse hore ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ka amana le ho ba le boits'oaro bo amanang le ts'oaetso le hore bosodoma bo ka lebisa liphihlelong tse kotsi, tse eketsang menyetla ea ho ba le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le kelello [19]. Mabapi le bosodoma ho bacha le lilemong tsa bocha, ho fumanoe hore ba hlahisang boitšoaro bo qobelloang ba thobalano (CSB) ba tlalehile khafetsa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li sebelisa le mesebetsi e meng e amanang le thobalano inthaneteng ho feta bacha ba nang le makhetlo a tlase a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, e totobatsang karolo ea Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro lits'oants'o tsa thobalano bocheng [17]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, phuputso ea Sweden e entsoeng le bacha ba 4026 (ba lilemo li 18) e bonts'itse hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata e amana le mathata a mangata a boits'oaro, mme ea tlaleha hore basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa ba na le takatso e kholo ea thobalano mme ba rekisitse thobalano hangata ho feta bashanyana ba bang. lilemo tse tšoanang [31].
3.1.3. Tloaelo kapa Khopamiso ea Likamano tsa Botho le Thobalano
Ntle le moo, lingoliloeng tsa morao-rao li totobalitse litlamorao tsa ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka boits'oaro le tekano ea bong. Taba ea hore bacha ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa molemong oa thuto, ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke litšupiso lithutong tsa thobalano, e bohlokoa haholo. Tloaelo ena e ka kenya letsoho ho hlahiseng mekhoa ea ho etsisa, ka ho leka ho kopitsa le ho ikatisa liketsong tsa bona tsa thobalano litloaelo tsa thobalano tse ithutoang litšoantšong tsa bootsoa, mme bacha ba bang ba ka ikutloa ba hatelloa ho etsa kapa ho etsisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso bophelong ba 'nete, ka kotsi ea ho hlahisa litlamorao tse sa sebetseng bakeng sa bona kapa ba bang29].
Nts'etsopele e potlakileng ea inthanete e bile sesosa sa maemo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lefatše la marang-rang le nolofalletsa le ho thusa ho theha mefuta e mecha ea likamano tsa sechaba, ka monyetla oa ho etsa litloaelo tsa thobalano tse sa thibeloeng. Maemong a mangata, mekhoa ena ea thobalano e fumanehang marang-rang ha e khetholle, ha e tsejoe, ha e na boikemisetso, e bonolo ebile ha e fuoe boikarabello, e ka fokotsang le ho sotha kutloisiso ea thobalano le lerato, haholoholo bocheng. Tlaleho ea haufinyane e hlahisitsoeng ke Save the Children e netefalitse hore hoo e ka bang 15% ea mohlala oa bona oa bocha (14-17 ea lilemo li) o tlalehile hore khafetsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li amme likamano tsa bona tsa batho, mme 37.4% e tlalehile hore e amme likamano tsa bona tsa botho "haholo ”[13].
Ballester et al. (2014) e bonts'itse hore e 'ngoe ea litlamorao tse ntle ka ho fetesisa tsa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bacha ke tloaelo e ntseng e eketseha ea likamano, ho fetola kutloisiso ea likamano tsa sechaba, litebello, litekanyetso tsa ho li lekola, mekhoa ea litloaelo tsa thobalano, le likarolo tse ling. ea likamano tsa batho ba bang. Phuputsong ea bona, ba sebelisitse sampole ea barupeluoa ba 37 ba lilemo li 16-29, le sampole ea barupeluoa ba 19 ba lilemo li 16-22, Ballester et al. [5] o fumane hore maikutlo a mang a fetotsoeng ka ho hlaka ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bacha ke ho amohela mekhoa e kotsi ea thobalano, joalo ka thobalano ea botšehali ntle le khohlopo, balekane ba fetohang khafetsa, thobalano ea sehlopha, thobalano ea ka morao ntle le khohlopo le balekane ba fapaneng, joalo joalo.
Ntle le moo, phuputso ea haufinyane e totobalitse hore ho tloaela likamano tse haufi ho ka ba le litlamorao tse fapaneng, tseo har'a tsona li supang mathata a ntseng a eketseha ho theha le ho boloka likamano tse sebetsang le tsa thobalano, litebello tse sothehileng, tse ka lebisang ho hloleha ho hoholo ha ho sebelisana le sechaba, le maemo a futsanehileng a lefats'e tshebetso [1]. Haholo-holo tlhahlobisong ea bona, ba bontšitse hore e 'ngoe ea litlamorao tse mpe tse ka bang teng tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke hore e ka etsa hore bacha ba lumele hore ba lokela ho etsisa litloaelo tseo ba li boneng (mohlala, thobalano e sa lumellaneng, pefo liketso tsa thobalano, ho kopitsa liketso tse seng molaong tse bonoang litšoantšong tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, kapa ho etsa thobalano e kotsi e bonoang inthaneteng), ntle le tumelo e hlakileng kapa thuto mabapi le thobalano e phetseng hantle le e sireletsehileng. Qetellong, ho etsoa tlhahiso ea hore ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ho kanna ha ba le keketseho ea litloaelo tsa "hardcore", kaha bareki ba hloka tšusumetso e kholo le e mabifi ho fihlela khotsofalo kamora ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano khafetsa [1].
Re lokela ho hlokomela hore boits'oaro ba bacha ba botona le botšehali bo thehiloe ke thuto le tlhaiso-leseling eo ba e fumanang mme li fetotsoe ke boiphihlelo boo ba bo phelang. Ha re nahana ka taba ena, e 'ngoe ea likotsi tsa bacha ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke hore pono e sa utloahaleng ea thobalano e bonts'itsoeng litšoantšong tsa bootsoa e ka sebetsa joalo ka "moeletsi oa thobalano", ka hona ea matlafatsa tsebo e sothehileng ea hore na likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse nepahetseng li lokela ho ba eng [18].
Patlisisong ea bona, Esquit le Alvarado [18] o phethetse ka hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka ama hampe kholo ea kholo ea batho ba bong bo fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le litlamorao tse joalo ka ho ba lekhoba la ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, kholo e sa tloaelehang ea thobalano le litebello tse sa utloahaleng. mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano, le ho sotha maemo a boitšoaro bo botle ba thobalano le ho iketsetsa setšoantšo.
Ntle le moo, ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro qalong ea bocha ho ka thusa ho nts'etsapele mehopolo e sothehileng e amanang le likarolo tsa bong likamanong tsa thobalano (joalo ka ho utloisisa banna e le bong bo ka sehloohong le basali joalo ka ba ikokobelitseng kapa ntho ea thobalano), e ka khahlisang ho tloaela mafu boitšoaro ba thobalano, ho sotha likamano tsa thobalano, le ponahalo ea boits'oaro bo khahlano le tloaelo, bohloeki, kapa bo mabifi, joalo ka ha ho tla bontšoa pampiring. Tabeng ena, Stanley et al. [30] ba fumane lipatlisisong tsa bona hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa e amahanngoa le tloaelo e kholo ea ho ba le maikutlo a mabe a bong, le maemo a phahameng a ho qobella ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano le tlhekefetso, ho totobatsa kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso le khatello, tlhekefetso ea motabo le boits'oaro. joalo ka "ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano".
3.2. Litlamorao le Liphephetso tsa Forensiki tse Amanang le Tšebeliso ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Bocheng
Ntle le kamano e boletsoeng kaholimo lipakeng tsa ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le litlamorao tsa kahisano, kelellong le thobalano, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e boetse e amahanngoa le boits'oaro ba molao le botlokotsebe bo nang le tšusumetso e tobileng mokhoeng oa bohloeki. Kahoo, thuto ea hajoale e tla sekaseka tse ling tsa liqholotso le litlamorao tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bocheng, joalo ka nts'etsopele ea lipapatso tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, keketseho ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano le tlhekefetso ho bacha, 'me, qetellong, e le sesosa le litlamorao, nts'etsopele ea mefuta e mecha ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano inthaneteng e amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, joalo ka ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le boitlhopho ba inthanete.
3.2.1. Ts'ebeliso ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa le Paraphilias
Likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le nts'etsopele ea litloaelo tse mpe tsa thobalano ke tse fapaneng ebile ha li tsejoe. Mabapi le sena, Ybarra le Mitchell (2005) ba fumane botsoalle lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bocheng le ho kenella boitšoarong ba botlokotsebe, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, khatello ea maikutlo le kamano e sa sireletsehang, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bocheng e ka kenya letsoho kholisong ea paraphilias.
Bongata ba bangoli ba supa hore botsoalle lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le paraphilias ha bo tobile, mme ba totobatsa hore ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e kanna ea ba mokhoa oa ho sibolla, ho tsosa le / kapa ho mpefatsa paraphilia ea mantlha le e sa ntlafatsoang [9]. Ka kutloisiso ena, lipatlisiso li fumane hore ho pepeseha ho hoholo le pejana ho litaba tsa thobalano, ho na le monyetla o moholo oa ho ba le paraphilias [10]. Kahoo, li-paraphilias tse atisang ho amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke voyeurism le exhibitionism [9,10]. Voyeurism, joalo ka papiso ea maikutlo, e amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tseo motho a shebellang litaba tsa thobalano ka tsona, empa hape ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e fa moetsi monyetla oa ho shebella litaba tse sa kang tsa nkuoa ka sepheo sa ho etsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho fepa litoro tsa bona tsa bochaba [9]. Ho feta moo, kamano lipakeng tsa lipontšo le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ea hlaka ha re bona hore baphatlalatsi ba phihlello ba tlameha ho bonts'a litho tsa bona tsa thobalano inthaneteng ka li-webcam kapa ba rekote litaba tse amanang le thobalano le ho li kenya inthaneteng [9].
Kamora nako, leha ho sa khonehe ho theha kamano e otlolohileng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le nts'etsopele ea lingoloa tse ling, ho hlakile hore ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro "tse thata" kapa litaba tse mabifi ho ka thusa ho nts'etsapele paraphilias, joalo ka tlhekefetso ea thobalano. kapa pedophilia, hape, ho khothaletsa le ho mpefatsa takatso ea ho etsa boits'oaro ba botlokotsebe sebakeng sa 'mele (joalo ka litlhaselo tsa thobalano kapa pederasty) kapa sebakeng se fumanehang (joalo ka ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano kapa boitlhopho ka inthanete) [9]. Ntle le moo, lingoliloeng tse ling li bontšitse hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e latela butle-butle ho latela lilemo tsa ts'ebeliso. Liphuputso tsena li nkiloe sampong ea batho ba baholo, empa e totobalitse hore batho ba qalileng ho hlahisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro maemong a pele ba bontšitse monyetla o phahameng oa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sa tloaelehang le tse ling hamorao, ho fapana le ba neng ba pepesehetse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka boomo lilemo tsa boqheku [40]. Ho tsoa liphethong tsena, ho ka nahanoa hore haeba ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho amana le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hamorao ho batho ba baholo, pejana ho pepeseha hona ho qala tšusumetso e kholo ho moreki, ho bolelang hore haeba ho itlhahisa ka boomo ho qala bocheng, litlamorao tsa ho pepeseha kapele joalo li ka ba kholo le ho feta tse fumanoang ho batho ba baholo.
3.2.2. Tlhekefetso ea thobalano le tlhekefetso
Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, Sánchez le Iruarrizaga [9] e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ka khothaletsa le ho tsamaisa ts'ebetso ea litlolo tsa molao tsa thobalano hobane e ka kenya letsoho ho hlophiseng boitšoaro bo itseng bo mabifi likamanong tsa thobalano. Phuputso e entsoeng haufinyane le bacha ba Spain e fumane hore 72% ea sampole e nkile hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tseo ba li jeleng li le mabifi [13], 'me ho fumanoe liphetho tse sa fetoheng tse hokahanyang ts'ebeliso ea bocha ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse bonts'ang pefo e nang le boits'oaro bo matla ba thobalano [25]. Ntle le moo, lipatlisiso tse fapaneng li fumane khokahano e tiileng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bana le keketseho ea litlhaselo tsa thobalano, haholo ho bana ba jang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro [14,41]. Ka kutloisiso ena, Ybarra et al. [41] o ile a etsa thuto ea nako e telele le bacha ba 1588 (ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 14 le 19) mme a bona hore bana ba banyenyane ba neng ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba na le menyetla e fetang e ts'eletseng ea ho etsa boitšoaro bo mabifi.
Phuputso e entsoeng ke Ybarra le Mitchell [35] o fumane hore, ho banna bohle ba hlahisang likotsi tsa ho bontša boits'oaro bo mabifi, bao khafetsa ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba na le menyetla e fetang ea ho hlekefetsa motho e mong ka thobalano ho feta banna ba sa sebeliseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa. Ho feta moo, tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng tsa haufinyane e totobalitse kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tlhekefetso ea thobalano ho bacha [3].
Mabapi le tlhekefetso ea thobalano e bakiloeng ke ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ke Bonino et al. [14] ka mohlala oa bacha ba Mataliana ba bontšitseng hore ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho amana le ho hlekefetsa molekane kapa ho qobella motho e mong ho boloka likamano tsa botona le botšehali. Ho feta moo, thuto e entsoeng ke Ybarra et al., [41] o fumane hore ketso ea tlhekefetso ea motabo e amana le ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse mabifi tsa bootsoa empa eseng le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse se nang pefo Ho feta moo, Stanley et al. [30] o entse thuto ka sampole e nang le bacha ba 4564 ba lilemo li 14-17 mme a fumana hore ketso ea bashanyana ea ho qobelloa ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano le tlhekefetso e amana haholo le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng.
Kamora nako, mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tlhekefetso ea thobalano, Bonino et al. [14] mohlaleng oa bona oa bacha ba Mataliana ba fumane hore banana ba jeleng litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba na le menyetla e mengata ea ho ba bahlaseluoa ba tlhekefetso ea thobalano ho feta banana ba neng ba sa ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro.
3.2.3. Ho romela litšoantšo tse litšila ka selefouno le mefuta e meng ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano inthaneteng
Nts'etsopele e potlakileng ea mahlale a macha le puisano hanghang ka inthanete e tlisitse nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e mecha ea likamano tsa sechaba. Mefuta e meng ea likamano tsa sechaba ha e kotsi ebile ha e na litlamorao tse mpe; leha ho le joalo, tikoloho ea inthanete e ka kenyelletsa likotsi tse ka nolofalletsang nts'etsopele ea mefuta e mecha ea tlhekefetso ea marang-rang, e seng thobalano le thobalano. Kahoo, tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke bacha e 'nile ea amahanngoa le mofuta o mocha oa likamano tsa thobalano inthaneteng tse tsejoang e le ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano [8]. Ho romela melaetsa e litšila ke ho romela, ho amohela kapa ho romella melaetsa e litšila ea ho kopanela liphate, litšoantšo kapa livideo ka lisebelisoa tsa elektronike, haholo-holo liselefouno. Lingoliloeng tse fetileng li fumane hore bankakarolo ba romellanang litšoantšo tse litšila ba ne ba amohela maikutlo a mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mme ba ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho feta ba sa kang ba etsa boitšoaro bo litšila. Ntlheng ena, lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ka mohlala oa bacha ba Europe ba 4564 li fumane hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng ho amana le monyetla o eketsehang haholo oa hore bashanyana ba romelle litšoantšo / melaetsa ea thobalano hoo e ka bang linaheng tsohle tse ithutoang [30], tumellanong le tlaleho e sa tsoa phatlalatsoa mabapi le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa har'a bacha ba Spain [13]. Phuputso e entsoeng ke Save the Children e hlahlobile bacha ba 1680 ba lilemo li 14-17 mme e fumane hore 20.2% ea bacha ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba arolelane litaba tsa thobalano bonyane hanngoe, mme ba tlaleha phapang e kholo ea ho romellana melaetsa ka litšoantšo tsa thobalano le bareki bao e seng bareki, le bareki ba kenang khafetsa mokhoeng oa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano ho feta bao e seng bareki [13]. Ho feta moo, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e amana haholo le ho ikopanya le batho ba sa tsejoeng inthaneteng molemong oa thobalano, e leng boitšoaro bo kotsi bo ka lebisang mefuteng e meng ea tlhekefetso, joalo ka boitlhopho ba inthaneteng, ho qobelloa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano, kapa tlhekefetso ea thobalano42]. Phuputso e sa tsoa hlahisoa ke Save the Children e tlaleha hore 17% ea bacha ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba kile ba ikopanya le motho ea sa tsejoeng inthaneteng molemong oa thobalano, le hore 1.6% ea bankakarolo ba jang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba tlalehile khafetsa ba ikopanya le motho ea sa tsejoeng inthaneteng molemong oa thobalano [13].
Ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno ho baka likotsi tse ngata ho bacha, joalo ka ho ba phofu ea ho hasanya litaba tsa thobalano ntle le tumello kapa ho hatelloa kapa ho qobelloa ho romella litaba tsa thobalano [43]. Ntle le moo, ka lebaka la boitlamo ba ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le phatlalatso e sa lumellaneng ea litaba tsa thobalano, batho ba amehang mekhoeng ena ea boitšoaro ba ka fetoha liphofu tsa bompoli ba marang-rang, ho hlekefetsoa ka motabo ka thobalano, ho arohana le batho ba bang, hape, maemong a bana, le bona e ka ba liphofu tsa boitlhopho ba marang-rang. [43]. Ho etsa litšoantšo tse litšila ka thobalano ho na le kotsi e 'ngoe hape ho bana, hobane litaba tse amanang le thobalano li ka nkuoa e le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana,' me bacha ba qala ho iketsetsa le ho aba litšoantšo tsa bona tsa bootsoa [44]. Ntle le moo, lipatlisiso li fumane kamano lipakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le tlhekefetso ea balekane ba thobalano har'a bacha, ka liphetho tse bonts'ang hore banana ba kileng ba ba lehlatsipa la tlhekefetso ea thobalano (ba qobelloa kapa ba hatelloa) ba na le monyetla o moholo oa hore ba rometse setšoantšo sa thobalano ho feta ba neng ba sa e bile mahlatsipa a tlhekefetso ea motabo [34].
Boitšoaro le mekhoa ena ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano inthaneteng e hokahantsoe ke bangoli ba bangata ho litlamorao tsa psychopathological [43]. Van Ouytsel, Van Gool, Ponnet le Walrave [45] e amanang le ho etsa boitšoaro bo litšila bo romellanang melaetsa e litšila le khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, ha Dake, Price, Maziarz le Ward [46] o fumane kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa ho romela melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno le maemo a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo le menahano ea ho ipolaea. Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho etsa litšoantšo tse litšila ka thobalano ke boitšoaro bo kotsi, bo amanang le ho hlekefetsoa ka marang-rang, kaha ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho ba le karolo e phahameng ea ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano ho ka hlahisa menyetla ea ho ba lehlatsipa la boitlhopho ba inthanete [47].
Lintlha tse boletsoeng kaholimo li bonts'a le ho paka kamano e teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bana le mefuta e mecha ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano inthaneteng, joalo ka ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano, ho hlekefetsoa ka marang-rang, thobalano le boitlhopho ba inthaneteng. Ho feta moo, e tiisa kamano lipakeng tsa phetoho ea maikutlo le matšoao a kelello, e totobatsa bohlokoa ba tlhahlobo e nepahetseng ea liketsahalo tse fapaneng ts'ebetsong ea forensiki [42,43].
4. Puisano le Liphetho
Nts'etsopele ea kelello ea bacha le boiketlo ba batho ba ntse ba etsa liphetoho tsa bohlokoa ka lebaka la ho senyeha ha mahlale a bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi, 'me litšebelisano tsa bona tse ngata li se li falletse lefatšeng la inthanete. Lefatšeng lena le lecha le tsebahalang ka marang-rang, bacha ba na le monyetla oa ho fumana mefuta eohle ea litaba, ho kenyeletsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ka lipatlisiso tse bonts'ang hore nako ea ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano inthaneteng Spain e ka ba lilemo tse 8, 'me ts'ebeliso e akaretsang e qala ka 13-14. lilemo tse [1]. Ka kutloisiso ena, phihlello e se nang moeli ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki e nolofalelitse mokhoa o mocha oa ho fihlella le ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bocheng tse ka bang le tšusumetso e kholo kholong ea bona ea thobalano le tekano ea bong likamanong, ka ponahalo e latelang ea liphetoho tsa thobalano le litlamorao tsa bohloeki.
Mabapi le litlamorao tse fumanoeng ts'ebelisong ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bocheng, liphuputso li bonts'a litšobotsi tsa tlhaho tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (ho potlaka le phihlello) li matlafatsa paradigm ea bokhoba ba tahi, e hlahisang ts'ebetso e ts'oanang le ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi, ka litsela tse arolelanoeng tsa methapo ea kutlo, e lebisang ho litlamorao tse sa sebetseng, joalo ka liphetoho tsa methapo ea pelo le likotsi tsa thobalano ho batho ba nang le temallo [33,38]. Ho feta moo, ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro qalong e ka ba sesosa sa ho hlaolela boitšoaro bo hlephileng; haele hantle, tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke boits'oaro bo tlalehiloeng khafetsa [28]. Ka kutloisiso ena, lipatlisiso li fumane hore ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le liketso tse amanang le thobalano inthaneteng li amahanngoa le boits'oaro bo qobelloang ba thobalano bocheng, mme ts'ebeliso ea khafetsa ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e amahanngoa le mathata a mangata a boits'oaro, ho totobatsa karolo eo tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e fetolang boits'oaro bo bacha [17,31].
Liphuputso tse 'maloa li thehile ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ts'usumetso ea eona litabeng tsa thobalano, litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro le thobalano ho bacha.5,8,20]. Kaha bacha ba lula ba re ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le tsela ea ho fumana tsebo le litaba tsa thobalano, ho ka utloahala ho nahana hore ts'ebeliso e joalo e ka ba le phello le tšusumetso tsebong ea bona mabapi le thobalano le litloaelo tsa bona tsa thobalano tse latelang. boitšoaro, thobalano e tsoileng tseleng, le mekhoa e fapaneng ea thobalano [3,4,20,25,27]. Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka ba le phello ho bacha ba qetellang ba etsisa livideo tsa bootsoa bophelong ba 'nete, hape ba etsa liketso tse kotsi tsa thobalano tseo ba li shebileng inthaneteng [3,13,29].
Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amana haholo le tloaelo ea ho ba le maikutlo a mabe a bong [1,30]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bosodoma le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka lebisa mekhoeng e sa bolokehang le e kotsi ea thobalano mme li amahanngoa le keketseho e mpe ea mathata a maikutlo le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Ka kakaretso, lipatlisiso li fumane hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka kenya letsoho moetlong kapa khopamisong ea likamano tsa batho le tsa thobalano le ho emisa boits'oaro ba thobalano, e leng sesosa sa kotsi bakeng sa kholo e ntle ea motho. Ho etsoa tlhahiso ea hore ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ho kanna ha ba le keketseho ea litloaelo tsa "hardcore", kaha bareki ba hloka tšusumetso e kholo le e mabifi ho fihlella khotsofalo kamora ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano khafetsa [1]. Ka kutloisiso ena, ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore bacha ba ja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, hara tse ling, molemong oa thuto, ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke litšupiso lithutong tsa thobalano, mme sena se ka kenya letsoho ho hlahiseng mekhoa ea ho etsisa. Bacha ba kanna ba ikutloa ba hatelloa ho etsa kapa ho etsisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bophelong ba 'nete, ka kotsi ea ho hlahisa litlamorao tse sa sebetseng ho bona kapa ho ba bang [29].
Ha ho nahanoa ka litlamorao tsa bohloeki tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bocheng, lithuto li bontšitse kamano le nts'etsopele ea paraphilias, joalo ka voyeurism le exhibitionism, mme ka kutloisiso ena, ho hlokometsoe hore pejana ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano, ho na le monyetla oa hore bacha ba ka qetella ba bonahatsa paraphilia. Ntle le moo, ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro "tse thata" kapa litaba tse mabifi tsa thobalano ho ka tsosa nts'etsopele ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano le thobalano, hape ho matlafatsa takatso ea ho etsa boits'oaro bo itseng, nameng le ho25]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lipatlisiso li bonts'itse khokahano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le kotsi e eketsehileng ea ho hlekefetsoa le tlhekefetso ea thobalano; liphetho li bontša hore ts'ebeliso e kholo ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e eketsa menyetla ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano ho banna mme e eketsa menyetla ea ho ba lehlatsipa la tlhekefetso ea thobalano ho basali [14,35]. Mabapi le mefuta ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano inthaneteng, tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bocheng e amana le ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno, mme tlhekefetso ena e ka fetisetsoa mekhoeng e meng e mecha ea boitšoaro, joalo ka phatlalatso e sa lumellaneng ea litaba tsa thobalano, tlhekefetso ea marang-rang, thobalano le boitlhopho ka inthanete. Liphuputso tsa morao-rao li totobalitse hore mocha a le mong ho ba bahlano ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro o arolelitse litaba tsa thobalano, 'me phapang e kholo e fumanoe ho boitšoaro bo litšila pakeng tsa ba shebellang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ba sa li shebeng.30]. Ho feta moo, tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e amana haholo le ho ikopanya le batho ba sa tsejoeng inthaneteng molemong oa thobalano, e leng boitšoaro bo kotsi bo ka lebisang mefuteng e meng ea tlhekefetso, joalo ka boitlhopho ba inthaneteng, ho qobelloa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano, kapa tlhekefetso ea motabo e amanang le litšoantšo [42].
Qetellong, ts'ebeliso e ntseng e hola ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bocheng e kenyelletsa likotsi tse ikhethang le se boleloang ke kholo ea maikutlo le thobalano ea bocha, ho kenya letsoho ho hlahiseng mekhoa e mecha ea botlokotsebe le mefuta ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano inthaneteng. Ka kakaretso, liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ena ea nalane li totobatsa tšusumetso eo ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ka bang le eona kholisong e phetseng hantle ea sechaba le maikutlo ho bacha, haholo ha ts'ebeliso ea litaba tse hlakileng tsa thobalano e etsahala maemong a pele a kholo ea bocha. Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka boomo ho ka ama boitšoaro ba bacha hampe ka ho tsamaisa ts'oaetso ea bosodoma le ho kenya letsoho ho tsoetseng pele ha mekhoa ea ho se lekane ha bong likamanong tsa thobalano le maikutlo. Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso ea pele ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e hokahantsoe le litlamorao tse 'maloa tsa bohloeki, joalo ka keketseho ea li-paraphilias le keketseho ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano le inthaneteng le inthaneteng le tlhekefetso, eo le eona e ka bang le phello e mpe ntlafatsong ea bacha. Mekhoa ea ho etsa lipatlisiso nakong e tlang e lokela ho lekola phello ea 'nete, hanghang, le bokamoso ba litaba tse hlahisitsoeng le liphephetso, hape le ho theha meralo e khethehileng ea thibelo, ho lemoha le ho kenella e lebisitsoeng ho lihlopha tse tlokotsing.
sheba mefokolo ea
Phuputso ena e entsoe joalo ka tlhaiso-leseling ea nalane ho supa lipatlisiso tse matla le tse sa amaneng le maikutlo tse amanang le kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bacha le litlamorao tsa kahisano, thobalano le kelello le litlamorao tse ling tsa bohloeki, tse nolofalletsang mokhoa oa pele le ho lekanyetsa boemo ba potso le liphephetso tsa kelello le bohloeki mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bocheng. Boithuto bo tsoelang pele le bo tebileng ba sehlooho se hlahisitsoeng bo lokela ho etsoa ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng oa ho lekola, ka hona, liphetho tse hlahisitsoeng thutong li lokela ho akaretsoa ka hloko. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore khatelo-pele ea mahlale a morao-rao e bolela hore lingoliloeng tse lebaleng lena li ngotsoe ka potlako haholo 'me lipampiri tsa selemo sa 2012 le pejana li kanna tsa se bontshe setšoantšo sa hajoale ka botlalo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore lithuto tse ngata tse hlahlojoang ha li hlahise mofuta oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisitsoeng lipatlisisong tsa bona (batho ba bong bo fapaneng, basali ba basali, basali, jj.), 'Me, lithuto tse entseng, li hlahlobile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa feela. Liphuputso tse ling li lokela ho lekola litlamorao tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bacha.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
Khopolo-taba, AMG le AB-G .; mokhoa, AMG le AB-G .; ho ngola-boitokisetso ba pele ba moralo, AB-G .; ho ngola-ho lekola le ho hlophisa, AMG Bangoli bohle ba balile mme ba lumellane le mofuta o hatisitsoeng oa sengoloa seo.
dithuso tsa ditjhelete
Patlisiso ena ha ea ka ea fumana chelete ea lichelete.
Polelo ea Boto ea Tlhahlobo ea Setheo
Ha e sebetse.
Polelo ea tumello e tsebisitsoeng
Ha e sebetse.
Likhohlano tsa Thahasello
Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.
;