Ho etsa lipatlisiso ka Likamano Tseo Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa tsa Inthanete li nang le Bacha ba 11 ho isa ho 16 (2020)

inahaneloang

Sengoliloeng sena se nka lintlha ho tsoa tlhahlobisong e kholo ea bacha ba UK ba ka bang 1,100 ba lilemo tse 11 ho isa ho 16 (ka mekhoa e tsoakaneng sampole ea mekhahlelo e meraro) mme e fana ka kakaretso ea boiphihlelo ba bona ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo inthaneteng. Sengoloa se etsa lipatlisiso ka hore na ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng ho amme batho ba li shebileng joang, le hore na ho na le moo maikutlo a bacha bao a fetotsoeng maikutlo a bona a pheta-phetoang. E phethela ka kakaretso ea liqholotso tsa leano la leano la sechaba, tsa lapeng le tsa machabeng, tse hlahisoang ke liphetho.

Phihlelo ea bongoana ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo marang-rang e eketsehile lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea lintho tse lumellang ho kenyelletsa tšebeliso e eketsehileng le phihlello ea lisebelisoa tse hokahantsoeng ke inthanete; matla a eketsehang a lisebelisoa tse tšoanang; ho sisinyeha ho eketsehang ha lisebelisoa tsa khokahano tsa Wi-Fi; kholo ea lisebelisoa tse hokahantsoeng tse hokahantsoeng tsa Wi-Fi 'me qetellong ho fumaneha habonolo le ho nolofalletsa ha batho ho fumana litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng. Sengoliloeng sena se ikemiselitse ho hlahloba hore na keketseho ea phihlello ea inthanete e lebisitse joang ponong e kholo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang; e ikemiselitse hape ho netefatsa litlamorao tsa ho pepesoa ha bana ba lilemong tsa bocha. Sengoloa se qala ka ho beha melao ea ho lahla Engelane le Wales e amanang le ho shebella le ho ba le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang tse neng li ka ba molaong haeba li ka bonoa ke batho ba lilemo tse 18 ho isa holimo. E boetse e hlahisa melao e mabapi le ho iphetola, ho tsamaisa le ho ba le litšoantšo tse hlobotseng / tse sa soothoang le / kapa tsa thobalano tsa bacha ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 18. Theknoloji e nolofalitsoeng ea Wi-Fi, e kang li-smartphones le matlapa, tse nang le matla a maholo a phatlalatso le ho sisinyeha li ntse li eketseha ho sebelisoa ke bacha ba hole le malapa a bona; hona ho nahanoa hammoho le ho phahama ha libaka tsa marang-rang tsa sechaba (SNS) le lits'ebetso tsa ho arolelana litšoantšo joalo ka Snapchat le Instagram, moo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete li lulang li atile haholoanyane.

Lintlha le lintlafatso li ile tsa hokahanngoa ho ba tlhahlobisong e hlophisitsoeng ho theha kakaretso ea boholo ba tšebeliso, le mefuta e fapaneng ea phapang ea ho ikamahanya le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang. Tlhatlhobo ea mofuta oa boitlhahlobo ba bacha ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang e hlahisoa, ke hore, seo ba se bonang, le tsela eo ba ikutloang ka eona, le hore na sena se ka fetoha joang ka ho pepesetsoa khafetsa. Sengoliloeng sena se fana ka kakaretso ea se fumaneng, e lekang ho lekola boits'oaro le maikutlo mekhoeng e meholo ea bacha 'me ha e na merero e mebe bathong ba bangata. Ha e le karolo ea mosebetsi o hlahlobang, liphetho li tloheloa feela hore li ipuelle, ho fapana le ho sebelisoa ho netefatsa kapa ho hana boemo ba morao-rao bo mabapi le tšusumetso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng ho bacha.

Kamora nako, ho arolelana litšoantšo tse iketsahallang, kapa ho romella litšoantšo tse litšila ka marang-rang ho hlahlojoa, ho kenyelletsa le lipatlisiso mabapi le seo bacha ba lilemo tse 11 ho isa ho 16 ba utloisisang mohopolo oa "ho romella litšoantšo tse litšila 'le sepheo, likhatello tse ka bang teng, le hore na bacha ba arolelane eng. litšoantšo tse hlobotseng kapa tse nang le semina tsa bona ho ba bang ba tsebahalang kapa ba sa tsejoeng. Re phethela ka puisano ea lits'ebetso tse peli tse tobaneng le melao ea sechaba.

Molemong oa sengoloa sena, bacha ba nkoa ba le lilemo tse 11 ho isa ho 17, leha bafuputsi ba bang ba mahareng ba kenyelitse bacha ba lilemo li 18 ho isa ho tse 19 mekhatlong ea bona. Bacha ba shebileng, mme ba nang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo United Kingdom, ha baa tlola melao leha e le efe ntle le hore ba shebelle kapa ba be le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo (Art 5, dikarolo tsa 63 ho isa ho 67 tsa Molao oa Tlolo ea Molao le Bojaki ka 2008). Litšoantšo tse joalo li kenyelletsa tseo bophelo ba motho bo sokeloang ho bona; tseo ho tsona motho a amanang le matsoele a hae, matsoele, kapa genitalia a ka bang le likotsi tse mpe; le maemo a necrophilia kapa ho robala le liphoofolo (Ts'ebeletso ea Ts'ebeletso ea Crown Prosecution [CPS], 2017). Leha ho le joalo, bafani ba UK ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng e kanna ea ba ba tlola molao o hlokang hore mekhatlo ea khoebo e kang ea PornHub e thibele bana ba lilemo tse ka tlase ho 18 ho fumana lintho tse joalo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha ho molaong hore bacha ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 18 ba hlahe litšoantšong tsa thobalano (Ts'ireletso ea Bacha, 1978; Molao oa Toka ea Tlolo ea Molao, 1988 s160 le Molao oa Tlolo ea Molao oa thobalano 2003, s45) moo lisebelisoa li arotsoeng e le "litšoantšo tse sa hlokeheng tsa bana. ”

Ka lebaka leo, ho etsa, ho romela, ho kenya, ho ba le thepa, ho tsamaisa, kapa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa mocha ea ka nkoang a nkoa e le thobalano ke tlolo ea molao. Bacha ba ka tlola molao haeba ba itlhahisa ka litšoantšo tsa bona kapa tsa molekane ea ka tlase ho lilemo tse 18 le / kapa ba ne ba ka romella motho e mong setšoantšo se joalo. Leha ho le joalo, tataiso e hlahisoang ke CPS e hlakisa hore ha litšoantšo li arolelanoa ka tumellano pakeng tsa bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha, mochochisi o ne a ka se ratehe haholo. Sebakeng seo, ho fanoa ka temoso mabapi le boitšoaro ba kamoso, hammoho le litataiso tsa polokeho ea bophelo le marang-rang, leha ho ntse ho sa hlake hore na ho arolelana ka tumellano ho ahloloa joang ka lekhotleng (CPS, 2018).

Pele ho li-smartphones le matlapa, bacha ba ne ba sebelisa lik'homphieutha tsa batsoali, li-laptops tsa lapeng, kapa lisebelisoa sekolong ho fihlella marang-rang (Davidson & Martellozzo, 2013). Nako e ka tlase ho lilemo tse leshome hamorao, lintho li fetohile haholo. Hoo e batlang e le Wi-Fi e uiquitous hona joale e fana ka phihlello ea inthanete ntle le lapeng le ho tsoa taolong ea batsoali. United Kingdom, batho ba 79% ba lilemo li 12 ho isa ho tse 15 ba ne ba e-na le smartphone ka selemo sa 2016 (Ofcom, 2016) mme leha bongata ba lisebelisoa li fapane ka sehlopha sa boiketlo ba sechaba, ho ne ho se na phapang e bontšitsoeng ka litefiso tsa beng ba smartphone (Hartley, 2008).

Marang-rang a tletse ka litaba tsa thobalano tse hlakileng, tse fumanehang habonolo, joalo ka ha a hlahlojoa, liwebsaete tse tummeng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng tsa bootsoa ka 2018, moo ho nang le likarolo tse ngata tse kang PornHub jj. E tsamaisoang ke k'hamphani ea Canada ea MindGeek, e ne e le 29th e tsebahalang haholo , mme sena ha se kenyeletse litaba tsa thobalano tse fihletsoeng ke liwebosaete tse tummeng joalo ka Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp, le Snapchat (Alexa, lilemo tse 2018). Ho hakantsoe hore palo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa banna ba lilemong tsa bocha e ka ba tse phahameng haholo ho isa ho 83% ho isa ho 100%, le 45% ho isa ho 80% bakeng sa basali, leha maqhubu a ho sheba lintho tse joalo a ka fapana ho tloha leha e le neng pele, ho isa ho letsatsi le letsatsi (Horvath et al., 2013). Liphuputso tsa morao-rao tsa Europe tse shebileng bataki libonong tsa ho qetela tsa likhoeli tse 3 ho isa ho tse tšeletseng li hlahisitse litheko tsa 6% ho isa ho 15% bakeng sa bacha bohle (Horvath et al., 2013).

Bafuputsi ba Madache Valkenburg le Peter (2006) Phuputso e fumane hore 71% ea bacha ba batona le 40% ea basali (ba lilemo li 13 ho isa ho 18) ba bone mofuta o mong oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Haufinyane tjena, Stanley le al. (2018) e shebile liphumano ho tsoa ho bacha ba 4,564 ba lilemo li 14 ho isa ho 17 linaheng tse hlano tsa European Union (EU) mme a fumana hore ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa marang-rang ho ne ho le lipakeng tsa 19% le 30%.

Mabapi le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba inthaneteng, lipatlisiso ka Bowlin (2013) e fumane hore ho ka fihla ho 60% ea melaetsa e mokhuts'oanyane ka thobalano (eo ka linako tse ling e tsejoang e le "sexts") e ka fetisoa ntle le moamoheli oa pele. Litlamorao tse ka hlahelang ngoana mabapi le setšoantšo se ka utloisa bohloko, ekaba setšoantšo se entsoe ka boeona kapa ka ho qobelloa, mme se ka tloha ho lihlong tse tebileng tsa sechaba le ho tlotloloha ho isa litabeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello esita le ho ipolaea, joalo ka Amanda ea lilemo li 15 oa Canada. Todd (Wolf, 2012). Ho na le bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha ba ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho beha menyetla ea ho beha motho kotsing ho ka ba le monyetla o moholo ho bacha, haholoholo ha maikutlo a bophelo bo phahameng a phahame (Blakemore le Robbins, 2012). Horvath et al.'s (2013) Tlhahlobo ea bopaki e bonts'a mefuta e mengata ea boits'oaro bo kotsi bo hokahantsoeng le ho shebelloa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang har'a bacha. Valkenburg le Peter (2007, 2009, 2011) o entse lithuto tse 'maloa lipakeng tsa 2007 le 2011 mabapi le hore na ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ho amme bacha joang. Liphumano tsa bona li khutsufalitsoe ho Horvath et al. (2013) ka hona: Ho pepesetsoa lifilimi tse fumanehang ka thobalano marang-rang ho ile ha lebisa ho maikutlo a basali e le lintho tsa thobalano; haeba batho ba bacha ba ne ba nka thobalano litšoantšong tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng e le tsa nnete ba ne ba tla lumela hore ho itlosa bolutu ka batho ba bong bo fapaneng ho ne ho tloaelehile ho feta ho kamanong e lerato le e tsitsitseng; qetellong, ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro marang-rang ho lebisitse ho tsietsing e kholo ea thobalano ho ngoana, ke hore, ho se hlake hantle mabapi le litumelo le litekanyetso tsa bona tsa thobalano.

Boithuto ba setso le litaba li khothalelitse khang ea hore bana ba ntse ba nyahame ho ba teng ha litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, ka lebaka la takatso e fetelletseng ea thobalano ea batho ba setso-haholoholo ka ho fana ka maikutlo a manyane ka litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea bootsoa. Bangoli ba joalo ka Brian McNair (2013) ba phehile khang ea hore mananeo a seea-le-moea-pono, 'mino, feshene le lifilimi li khathetse ke "Porno Chic." Ka sena, sengoli se hlahisitse hore maqheka a ntseng a eketseha ka ho kopanela likobo a se a pepesitse mecha ea phatlalatso e nang le "porno," e ntseng e sebelisoa le ke bana. Ka lebaka leo, sena se lebisitse ho litšoantšo tse nyarosang le tse nyarosang tse nkoang e le boemo bo tloaelehileng ba hore bana ba bo shebe ha ba ntse ba hola. Khang e boetse e ntlafatsoa ke Paasonen et al. (2007), ea ileng a pheha khang ea hore maikutlo a bana ka se tloaelehileng a khelositsoe ke “Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro” tse hlahang ka bongata mecheng ea litaba. Likhang tse tšoanang tsa McNair le Paasonen et al. (2007) li holisitsoe bakeng sa bana ho feta batho ba baholo, moo marang-rang a marang-rang a sechaba le litaba tsa ho arolelana linepe a bileng teng kahare ho phatlalatso ea ts'ebetso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​kapa ts'ebetso ea bootsoa.

Ho hlalosa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang inthaneteng

Lingoliloeng li bonts'a ho se lumellane ka litlhaloso tsa "ho romellana melaetsa kapa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka boeona 'me ke ka lebaka lena tlhaloso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa eo sengoloa sena se se fetohang. Bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao, ho ile ha hlahisoa tlhaloso e ts'oanelehang ea lilemo tse ngata e amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​'me tlhahlobo ea sefofane e ile ea hlahlojoa Mothating oa 1. E ile ea amoheloa kamora nako bakeng sa ts'ebetso eohle e etsoang:

Ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​re bolela litšoantšo le lifilimi tsa batho ba etsang thobalano kapa ba etsang thobalano marang-rang. Hona ho kenyelletsa litšoantšo tsa batho ba hlobotseng le ba hlobotseng le lifilimi tsa batho bao u ka beng u li shebelletse kapa u li jarolotse marang-rang, kapa hore motho e mong o arolelana le uena ka kotloloho kapa o u bontšitse mohala kapa khomphutha ea hau.

Sengoliloeng sena se ikemiselitse ho araba lipotso tse 'ne tse latelang tsa lipatlisiso:

  • Potso ea 1: Na ho na le phapang mekhoeng, boits'ebetsong, le ts'ebeliso ea sesebelisoa ho fihlella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo, pakeng tsa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa lilemo le bong ba bana le bacha ho shebang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo inthaneteng?
  • Potso ea 2: Maikutlo a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo tsa inthaneteng tsa bana le batho ba bacha a fetoha joang ka mor'a ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa batho ba baholo tsa inthaneteng?
  • Potso ea 3: Ho bona litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo marang-rang ho ama bana le boitšoaro ba bacha ba thobalano joang.
  • Potso ea 4: Boitšoaro ba botona le botšehali ba inthanete bo kotsing ea ho ba le bana le bacha bo susumetsoa ke ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo marang-rang joang?

Pele e ne e laetsoe ke NSPCC le OCC, 'me e entsoe ke sehlopha se tsoang Univesithing ea Middlesex, ho elella bofelong ba 2015 le mathoasong a 2016, e ne e le thuto e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea tsela eo bacha ba arabang litšoantšo tsa thobalano tseo ba li boneng inthaneteng le mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hapuoa hape ka thuso ea k'hamphani e ikhethang ea lipatlisiso e entsoeng ka lipatlisiso, 'me ba etsa litšoantšo lipapaling tsa sekolo le tsa malapa. Mehato e meng e tlatsitsoeng e nkuoe e le karolo ea mohato oa ho hira batho ho netefatsa hore polokeho le boiketlo ba bana li ka pele ho ho hloa mosebetsi (bona "Ethics").

Moralo oa mekato e meraro o kopaneng o sebelisitsoe le bacha ba 1,072 ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 11 ho isa ho tse 16 ba kentsoeng United Kingdom. Likenke tsa lilemo tse tharo li sebelisitsoe tlhaisong ea tlhaiso-leseling ea mesebetsi ea masimong bakeng sa barupeluoa: 11 ho isa ho 12, 13 ho isa ho 14, le 15 ho isa ho 16. Tekanyo e kholo, e lekanyelitsoeng, tlhahlobo ea marang-rang (Mothati oa 2), e ne e felisitsoe ke li-forum tsa maemo a marang-rang le lihlopha tsa tsepamiso Karolong ea 1 le ea 3 (Creswell, 2009). Moralo ona o ne o akaretsa lintlha ka bomong tse phethiloeng, tse akaretsang, tse tlatselletsoang ke botebo le boiphihlelo ba boiphihlelo ba bocha, bo shebaneng lipuisanong tsa sehlopha sa marang-rang (Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2005). Mehato e meraro ea lipatlisiso e kentse e latelang:

  • Mothati oa 1: Sethala sa lipuisano tse fumanehang marang-rang le lihlopha tse 'ne tsa ho tsepamisa maikutlo marang-rang, tse tšoaroang le bacha ba 34. Lihlopha tsena li ne li arotsoe ka lilemo, empa eseng ka bong (basali ba 18, banna ba 16).
  • Mothati oa 2: Patlisiso e sa tsejoeng marang-rang, e nang le likarolo le boleng, e kentsoe tšebetsong lichabeng tse 'ne tsa UK. Bacha ba sekete le leshome le metso e supileng ba qalile tlhahlobo, ha ba 1,001 ba kenyelelitsoe litlhahlobisong tsa ho qetela bao ba 472 (47%) e neng e le banna, 522, (52%) e le basali, mme ba supileng (1%) ba sa ka ba supa ka mokhoa oa binary. Mohlala oa ho qetela e ne e le moemeli oa bana ba lilemo tse 11 ho isa ho tse 16 ho latela maemo a moruo, morabe le bong.
  • Mothati oa 3: Ho ile ha etsoa lihlopha tse tšeletseng tsa ho tsepamisa maikutlo inthaneteng; lihlopha tsena li arotsoe ka lilemo le bong mme li bile le barupeluoa ba 40 (basali ba 21, banna ba 19).

Lisebelisoa le Ts'ebetso

Ho bile le phapang e ikhethileng ea lilemo eo ho eona lipotso tse ling tse makatsang li neng li sa sebelisoe le barupeluoa ba bacha lilemong (lilemo tse 11 ho ea ho 12) mme puo e ne e bolokoa e lekane lilemo.

Patlisiso e sebelisitse mokhoa oa Delphi pakeng tsa mekhahlelo ena e meraro, moo ho fumanoeng mohato o le mong le ho netefalitsoeng — ho latela ts'epo ea data le ka ho bapisoa le lingoliloeng - ke sehlopha sa lipatlisiso, ebe se sebetsa sethaleng se latelang potoloho (Hsu & Sandford, 2007). Ka hona, methati ea 2 le ea 3 li hlahisitse karolo ea tlhahlobo ea maiketsetso thutong (Denzin, 2012).

Lintlha tse tlalehiloeng sehloohong sena li nts'itsoe le ho hlahlojoa mehatong eohle e meraro ea lipatlisiso. Li-group tsa 1 le 3 tsa tsepamiso li ile tsa sebelisoa inthaneteng, tsa hlahisa mongolo oa mantsoe a ngotsoeng ka tlase. Liphetho tsa sehlopha tse tsepameng li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa ts'ebetso e tsoakaneng ea ho kenella kahare ea ho hlahloba, ho bapisa khafetsa, le tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling ea litaba (Braun le Clarke, 2006; Smith le Firth, 2011).

Ethics

Mehato e meraro ea lipatlisiso e amohetsoe ke komiti ea melao ea melao ea boitšoaro ea University of Middlesex University mme e lumellana le tataiso ea litekanyetso tsa Mokhatlo oa Brithani oa Sechaba sa Borithane. Mothati o hlokolosi oa ts'ireletso o ile oa amoheloa, ho nka bohato ba ho itšireletsa moo ts'ireletso ea bana e kenyeletsang ts'ireletso le thibelo ea kotsi ha e ntse e qoba bosholu bo sa hlokahaleng.

Ha ho lintlha tse bonts'ang motho ka mong tse bokelitsoeng phuputsong 'me barupeluoa lipuisanong tsa marang-rang / lihlopha tsa tsepamiso li sebelisitse mabitso a pele feela (ebang ke a bona kapa lebitso le ipitsitseng). Ba ne ba nyahame ka matla ho fana ka lintlha tsa botho. Pampiri ea Boitsebiso e nkang karolo (PIS) e ile ea fuoa bacha bohle ba nkang karolo phuputsong eo, ho bahlokomeli ba bona ba mantlha, sekolo le bahlokomeli ba liheke. Haeba bacha le bona ba lumetse ho nka karolo lipatlisisong, tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le thuto, mokhoa oa ho lumela, ho tlosa, le mekhoa ea ts'ireletso e ile ea phetoa pele ba nka karolo.

Babuelli ba nkang karolo sethaleng sa marang-rang / lihlopha tsa tsepamiso ba ile ba hopotsoa qalong ea thuto ka 'ngoe hore ba ka tlohela sethala sa inthanete ka nako efe kapa efe. Phuputsong e fumanehang marang-rang, karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e kenyelletsa khetho ea "ho tsoa," e ka qhaloang ka nako efe kapa efe, 'me ea lebisa leqephe la ho ntša chelete le nang le tlhaiso-leseling bakeng sa mekhatlo e loketseng ea tšehetso.

Karolo ena e phenyekolla se fumaneng mosebetsi oa tšimo libakeng tse latelang tsa bohlokoa: Tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso e ts'oaroa ho tlaleha boholo ba pono ea bacha lilemong tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng (United Kingdom) ka nako ea lilemo tse 11 ho isa ho 12, 13 ho isa ho 14, le 15 ho isa ho 16, le phapang ea bong pakeng tsa mekhahlelo ena; lenane la lisebelisoa leo bacha ba arabelang ho lona ba le sebelisang ho bona kapa ho fihlella boitsebiso; ho nahanisisa ka karabelo ea ba arabelang ha ba qala ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang; le karabelo ea bona e fetohang ha ba e bona hamorao bophelong ba bona le maikutlo a ba arabelang ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng. Mehato e tšoanelehang e ile ea hlahisoa ho fana ka leseli la hore na ho bona litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo marang-rang ho amme boitšoaro ba bacha kapa ho fetola maikutlo a bona ka boitšoaro ba batho bao ba ka nyalanang le bona, hangata ho ea ka pono e fapaneng.

Kamora nako, patlisiso e ile ea lekola boholo ba boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano marang-rang ke ba arabelang, le hore na sena se susumetsoa ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng tse neng li kile tsa bonoa pele.

Kakaretso ea Bacha e shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng United Kingdom

Phuputso e fumane hore 48% (n = 476) o ne a bone litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang, 'me 52% e ne e sena (n = 525). Ha ba le sehlopha sa ba arabileng, ba ne ba le menyetla ea ho bona litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (65% ea 15-16; 46% ea 13- 14, le 28% ea 11- 12). Ho na le phetoho e hlakileng e hlahang, e nang le 46% (n = 248) ea bana ba lilemo li 11 ho isa ho 16 ba neng ba kile ba bona litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng (n = 476) ho pepesetsoa eona ka lilemo tse 14.

Ho batho ba 476 ba arabetseng ba neng ba bone litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang, 34% (n = 161) ho tlalehiloe hore o e bona hanngoe ka beke kapa ho feta. Ke bacha ba 19 (4%) feela ba neng ba kopana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa letsatsi le letsatsi. Barupeluoa ba 476 ba boetse ba tlaleha hore ba bone thepa ea pele ka lisebelisoa tse latelang: 38% ho tsoa khomphuteng e nkehang (Laptop, iPad, Notebook, jj); 33% ho tsoa ho sesebelisoa se tšoaretsoeng ka letsoho (mohlala, iPhone, Android, smartphone ea Windows, Blackberry, jj); 24% e tsoang khomphuteng ea komporo (Mac, PC, joalo-joalo); 2% ho tsoa ho sesebelisoa sa papali (mohlala, Xbox, PlayStation, Nintendo, jj); athe 3% ha e rate ho bua. Tlas'a halofo ea sampole (476/48%) o ne a bone litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang, 'me ho tsona, 47% (n = 209) e tlaleha hore e e batlile ka mafolofolo, e siea halofo hape e ne e bone lintho tse joalo ntle le ho e batla ka tieo: e fumane ka boithatelo, ka mohlala, pop-up e sa batleheng, kapa ka ho e bonts'a / e e romelletse motho e mong.

Bashemane ba bangata (56%) ba tlaleha hore ba bone litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho feta banana (40%). Ho ne ho e-na le karohano ea bong pakeng tsa banna ba batšehali ba batlang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka inthanete, ka 59% (n = 155/264) ea banna ba tlalehang ba etsa joalo, empa ke 25% feela (n = 53/210) ea basali; le 6% (n = 28 /n = 1,001) ba khetha ho se bue.

Phapang e ka bang teng pakeng tsa botona le botšehali litekanyetsong tsa ho batla litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e ile ea boela ea bonoa nakong ea lihlopha tsa maikutlo. Liphetho tsa boleng ho tsoa Karolong ea 1 le ea 3 li tsamaisana le tlhaiso-leseling ea bohlokoa (ho tsoa lenaneong la lipotso la Stage 1 XNUMX) e boletsoeng ka holimo. Mohlala, karabo e tloaelehileng e fanoeng ke babuelli ba banna ke hore ba batlile ba batla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka inthanete:

Le metsoalle joalo ka metlae. (Monna, 14)

Ee, kaofela re a tseba. (Monna, 13)

Leha ho le joalo, ha ho le ea mong oa banana bao ea ileng a bua joalo.

Likarabo tsa Bacha

Phapang pakeng tsa karabelo ea ho shebella pele le likarabo tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng har'a batho ba 476 ba neng ba e bone pele le ba 227 ba tlalehileng hore ba ntse ba e shebile e ngotsoe ka har'a Lisebelisoa tsa 1 'me 2.

 

Lethathamo

Tafole 1. Maikutlo a Hona joale.

 

Tafole 1. Maikutlo a Hona joale.

 

Lethathamo

Tafole 2. Maikutlo a Pele.

 

Tafole 2. Maikutlo a Pele.

Pele u fetolela liphumano tsena ho ea pele, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela palo e tlase ea bacha ba ntseng ba tsoela pele ho bona litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho ba tlalehileng ba ntse ba bona litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​bohelehele bo ile ba theoha joalo ka karabelo ho tloha ho 41% ho isa ho 30%. Sena se ka hlaloseha ha bacha ba tloaelana le thobalano. Litlamorao tse ling li tsoakane haholo 'me li fetoha haholo lipakeng tsa pono ea pele le maikutlo a hona joale. Bakeng sa litlamorao tse mpe, "ho makala" ho theohile ho tloha ho 27% ho isa ho 8%; “Ferekane,” 24% ho isa 4%; "Nyonyehang," 23% ho 13%; "Letsoalo," 21% ho isa ho 15%; "Bokuli," 11% ho isa ho 7%; "Ho tšoha," 11% ho isa ho 3%; le "ho teneha," 6% ho isa ho 3%.

Litlamorao tse mpe tse entsoeng ke lipatlisiso li matlafalitsoe ke mantsoe a latelang a Mothating oa 1 le 3:

Ka linako tse ling [ke ikutloa ke hloname — ka linako tse ling ho lokile. (Monna, 13)

Ho se tšohe hantle ka lebaka la tsela eo ba etsang lintho ka eona livideong. (Monna, 14)

E fosahetse bakeng sa ho e shebella. Joalo ka ne ke sa tšoanela hore ebe kea e bona. (Mosali, 14)

Liphumano tse joalo li ka hlalosoa ka mekhoa e mengata. Taba ea pele, bacha ba bang ba neng ba e-na le karabelo e mpe ha ba qala ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ba nka mehato e meng ea ho se e bone hape (mme ka hona ba ka se hlahe data ea morao-rao ea ho shebella). Taba ea bobeli, ba bang ba kanna ba hlonepha lintho tse nyonyehang tsa thobalano tseo ba li bonang, kapa ba kanna ba ba le matla a ho tšehetsa litšobotsi tse mpe tsa thobalano. Mehopolo ena e kanna ea se khetholohe ka bobeli. Tse ling tsa lipolelo tsa bacha lilemong tsa sethaleng / lihlopha tsa tsepamiso li ka bonahala li tšehetsa likeletso tsena:

Ehlile e fapane. Pele, e ka be e ile ea 'makatsa empa ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea thobalano le litaba tsa thobalano mecheng ea phatlalatso le livideo tsa mmino, ke se ke hanyetsa mokhoa ona, ha ke utloe ke mo hloile kapa ke o bulela. (Mosali, 13-14)

Nako ea pele e ne e makatsa - Ke ne ke hlile ke sa tsebe hore na ke nahane eng. Empa joale e se e tloaelehile; thobalano ha e ts'oanehe joalo. (Monna, 1-13)

Qalong, ke ne ke sa kholoe hore ke ntho e tloaelehileng ho e shebella, balekane ba ka ba buile ka ho e shebella kahoo ha ke utloe bohloko ho e shebella hona joale. (Male, 15-16)

Lisebelisoa tsa 1 'me 2 hape e bonts'e karabelo e ntle ho litaba tse hlakileng tse fumanehang marang-rang, kapa bonyane karabelo e ka tsamaellanang haholo le phetisetso ea thobalano, mohlala, "e fetohile" e tsoetse pele ho tloha ho 17% ho isa ho 49%; "Nyakallo," 11% ho isa 23%; "Thabo," 5% ho 19%; qetellong ke "li-sexy", 4% ho isa ho 16%. Tlhahlobong ea pele, tsena ke liphetoho tse bohlokoa tsa lipalo, mohlala, ho bapisa "ho buloa" ho shebiloeng ha pele le "ho butsoeng" ho ntse ho supa hore bacha ba 55 ba sa kang ba tlaleha hore ba buloa qalong ba e tlaleha ka ho tsoela pele ho shebella, χ2(1, N = 227) = 44.16, p <.01, Phi = .44. Leha ho le joalo, tekong ea phapang lipakeng tsa ba arabelitsoeng bakeng sa pono ea hajoale, ho ile ha hlaka hape hore 207 ea bacha bao ba neng ba sa buloa qalong ha ba ka ba tlaleha hore ba ntse ba bona litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​phapang e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa, χ2(1, N = 476) = 43.12, p <.01, Phi = .30. Ka mantsoe a mang, bacha ba bangata ba sa kang ba tlaleha hore ba buletsoe ba qoba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho fapana le ho li thabela.

Babuelli ba ile ba botsoa ho lekola boholo ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng tseo ba li boneng, mabapi le maikutlo / lihlopha tse 14 tse fapaneng, ba sebelisa tekanyo ea likert-5 point. Liphetho ka kakaretso li fapane haholo. Mohlala, karabelo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ke "e sa utloahaleng," ha ba 49% ba boletse hore ba lumellane le tlhahlobo ena; empa lipolelo tse ling tseo boholo ba bacha ba lumellaneng ka tsona, li kenyelletsa hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li "tsosa" (47%), "lia tšosa" (46%) le "lia thabisa" (40%). Ho bohlokoa ho hopola hore ha ho le e 'ngoe ea mekhahlelo ena e ikhethileng ka bobeli le hore ho ka etsahala hore mocha a tsose le ho tšoenyeha ka dikahare tsa batho ba baholo tseo a li bonang.

Tlhokomeliso e tebileng e hlokahalang bakeng sa bacha ba bang ho hanela litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng e kanna ea fetisoa ke data eo bashebelli ba mashome a robeli a metso e robeli ba boneng "litaba e le bohlanya" le 36% e "qabola." Lipalo tsena ka bobeli li fana ka karabelo e kang "e nyonyehang / e feto-fetolang" 34%, "e tšosa" 30%, kapa "e khopisang" 23% le 21% e e bitsa "ho tena." Leha ho le joalo, matšoenyeho a banana mabapi le hore na bashanyana ba khetholoha pakeng tsa litoro tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng le 'nete ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa batho ba baholo le tsona li hlakile ho tsoa lipolelong tse latelang tse nkiloeng ho tsoa lihlopheng tse lebisang tlhokomelo:

E ruta batho ka thobalano le hore na ho joang ho ba le eona — empa ke nahana hore e ruta batho kutloisiso e fosahetseng ea thobalano — seo re se bonang livideong tsena ha se se etsahalang bophelong ba nnete. (Mosali, 14)

Ho joalo, 'me ba ka ithuta lintho tse mpe joalo ka ho shebella thobalano ea anal mme ke moo bashanyana ba bang ba ka lebellang thobalano ea anal le balekane ba bona. (Mosali, 13)

Ho ke ho hlokomeloe hore lihlopha tse tsepamisitse maikutlo li fane ka bopaki bo fokolang ba ho bona, kapa ho utloa, tsa boitšoaro bo tšoenyang bo etsahalang. Ke moetsalibe a le mong feela ea ileng a bontša seo

Motsoalle e mong oa ka o se a qalile ho tšoara basali joalo ka ha a bona livideong, eseng tse kholo. (Monna, 13)

Ho Behaviors

Leha ho ne ho na le bopaki bo fokolang bo hlakileng mabapi le boiphihlelo ba menahano e makatsang, mohopolo oa hore lintho tse bonoang litšoantšong tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka lekoa, o ile oa hlaha khafetsa nakong ea lihlopha tsa tsepamiso ea inthanete le lihlopha tsa khale (13-14; 15-16). Ha u botsoa hore na ho ka ba le likotsi life ka ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng:

Batho ba ka leka lintho tse ka lebisang kotsi. (Monna, 13)

Batho ba tla leka ho etsisa seo ba se bonang. (Mosali, 11)

E fana ka pono e sa utloahaleng mabapi le thobalano mme mebele ea rona e re etsa hore re itlhokomele 'me re ipotse hore na ke hobane'ng ha' mele e sa ntlafatsoe joalo ka seo re se bonang inthaneteng. (Mosali, 13)

Liphetho tsena li boetse li hlahile liphatlalatsong tsa marang-rang tse fanoeng Lisebelisoa tsa 3 'me 4.

 

Lethathamo

Tafole 3. Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang marang-rang li mphile likhopolo mabapi le mefuta ea thobalano ho leka.

 

Tafole 3. Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang marang-rang li mphile likhopolo mabapi le mefuta ea thobalano ho leka.

 

Lethathamo

Tafole 4. Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang marang-rang li mphile likhopolo mabapi le mefuta ea thobalano ho leka ka bong.

 

Tafole 4. Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang marang-rang li mphile likhopolo mabapi le mefuta ea thobalano ho leka ka bong.

Ho fapana ka litekanyetso tsa bohlokoa tsa lilemo ho fumanoe ha ho arabeloa potso, "Na litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng tseo u li boneng li u file maikutlo mabapi le mefuta ea thobalano eo u batlang ho e leka?" Ho ba arabetseng ba 437, ba 90 ho sehlopha sa lilemo tse 15 ho isa ho 16 (42%) ba tlalehileng hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng li ba file menahano ea ho batla ho etsa liketso tsa thobalano; Ba 58 ba sehlopha sa lilemo tse 13 ho isa ho tse 14 (39%) le ba 15 ba sehlopha sa lilemo tse 11 ho isa ho tse 12 (21%). Sena se kanna sa amana le monyetla o moholo oa ts'ebetso ea thobalano ha ba fihla lilemong tsa tumello, leha ho le joalo ka lihlopha tsohle tsa lilemo, bacha ba bangata ha baa ka ba amohela mohopolo ona ho feta ba neng ba lumellane le ona.

Ka mokhoa o ikhethang lipalo tsa bong tsa bong le tsona li fumanoe ho araba potso e le 'ngoe. Ba bang ba ba bang ba ba mashome a mararo a metso e mehlano ba ba mashome a mararo a metso e mehlano ba batho ba batona, ba bapileng le basali ba 44 bao ho builoeng ka bona ba hlalosang hore na litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng tseo ba li boneng li ba fa maikutlo a mabapi le mefuta ea thobalano eo ba batlang ho e leka. Hape, ho bohlale ho ba hlokolosi ha u toloka taba ena, haholoholo ha karolo ea bong ho qala kapa ho etsa liketso tsa thobalano e ka bapaloa mona, ka bobeli mabapi le litumelo tsa bacha le kamoo sena se senotsoeng lipatlisiso.

Liphetho tsa sehlopha tse lebisitsoeng ho tsoa mohatong oa 3 li ne li lumellana haholo le lintlha tsena. Ha batho ba arabetseng banna ba botsoa hore na ba tseba motho e mong le e mong ea kileng a leka ntho eo ba e boneng ho litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete, ba boletse,

Ho joalo. O ile a leka lintho tse thata-joaloka ho tlama betheng le ho otla. (Monna, 13)

Ee, ba lekile ho ba le thobalano. (Monna, 14)

Ha potso e fetoha ea botho ("Na litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li kile tsa etsa hore u nahane ka ho leka ntho eo u e boneng?"), Ba bangata ba arabang ba hanne, ntle le mekhelo e fokolang haholo:

Nako le nako, ee. (Monna, 13)

E entse hore ke nahane empa ke sa e khone. (Mosali, 13)

Haeba 'na le molekane oa ka re e rata re entse ho feta empa ha e mong oa rona a sa e rate re ne re sa tsoelepele. (Male, 15-16)

Ha a botsoa sethaleng sa tlhahlobo ea bobeli ea marang-rang, haeba ho bona litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang ho ne ho na le ". . . entse hore ke lumele seo basali e lokela ho etsa lintho ka tsela e itseng nakong ea thobalano, ”ho likarabo tse 393: 16% ea bana ba lilemo tse 15 ho isa ho 16 ba lumellane / ba lumellane ka matla, ha 24% ea bana ba lilemo li 13 ho isa ho tse 14 ba entse joalo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, 54% ea bana ba lilemo tse 15 ho isa ho 16 ha ba lumellane ka botlalo le polelo eo, le 40% ea bana ba lilemo li 13 ho isa ho tse 14. Ha ho botsoa potso ea hore na ho bona litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang ho na le ". . . e entse hore ke lumele hore banna ba lokela ho etsa lintho ka tsela e itseng nakong ea thobalano ”: 18% ea bana ba lilemo tse 15 ho isa ho 16 ba lumellane / ba lumellane ka matla, ha 23% ea bana ba lilemo li 13 ho isa ho 14 ba etsa joalo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, 54% ea bana ba lilemo li 15 ho isa ho 16 ha ba lumellane ka botlalo le polelo eo, le 40% ea bana ba lilemo li 13 ho isa ho tse 14 (hape, 393 ba arabetse).

Lintho tsena tse fumanoeng li fana ka bopaki ba hore bacha ba bang ba hapile mehopolo ea bootsoa marang-rang mabapi le boitšoaro ba banna le basali ba lebelloang nakong ea thobalano. Seo data e ke keng ea re bolella sona ke hore na mehopolo eo ba e kopang e amana le litaba tse bolokehileng, tsa ho nahanela, tsa thobalano le motho ea amohelang; kapa ho hlekefetsa, ho hlekefetsa, mabifi, ho hlekefetsa, tlhekefetso le thobalano e ka bang kotsi kapa e seng molaong. Le mona, re ke ke ra tseba hore na mehopolo ea bona e tla fetoha ka boiphihlelo. Leha ho le joalo, e lumellana le lintlha tse fanoeng pejana mabapi le ho shebella khafetsa, cohort ea khale (15-16) o ne a lumela hore tšusumetso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng mabapi le ho hlahisa maikutlo a bona mabapi le tsela eo banna le basali ba lokelang ho itshwara ka nako ya thobalano e fokotsehileng, ka ,8% bakeng sa boits'oaro ba basali. le −5% bakeng sa banna.

Barupeluoa sethaleng sa inthanete le lihlopha tsa tsepamiso li ile tsa hlahisa maikutlo le matšoenyeho a mangata ka hore ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang ho ka ama likhopolo tsa bacha ba karolo e tloaelehileng / e amohelehang ea monna le mosali likamanong tsa thobalano:

Ua bona ho etsahalang ka porno ebile o batla o tšoenyeha ka likamano tsa batho ba bang mme sena se beha hore ke se ke ka ba le likamano tsa kamoso kaha e le banna ba laoloang haholo ebile e seng ba maikutlo a lerato kapa ba ho ts'epa - kapa ho holisa likamano tse ntle. (Mosali, 13)

Ho tla u hatella hore u etse lintho tseo u sa phutholoheng ho tsona. (Mosali, 14)

Ba (bashanyana) ba fetoha motho ea fapaneng —'me ba qala ho nahana hore ho lokile ho etsa le ho itshwara ka tsela tse joalo. Tsela eo ba buang le ba bang le eona ea fetoha. Ha ba sheba ngoanana feela ba nahana ka ntho e le 'ngoe-e seng tsela eo basali ba lokelang ho talingoa ka eona. (Monna, 14)

Bacha ba Arolelana ka Thobalano ka Litaba tsa Thobalano Inthaneteng

Bosholu ba marang-rang ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo fumaneha habonolo le ka lebelo leo ka lona motho a ka iketselitseng le ho arolelana lintho. Bacha ba bangata mohlaleng ona ba ne ba sa amohela kapa ho romela lingoliloeng tse hlakileng; le ha ho le joalo, 26% (258 / 1,001) ea ba arabileng ba ne ba fumane litšoantšo tsa marang-rang tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa / marang-rang, ebang ba li kopile kapa che. Karolo e tlase haholo e tlalehiloe hore ba kile ba romella motho e mong litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho batho ba bang, 4% (40/918), leha bafuputsi ba ne ba tseba hore "barekisi" ba bang ba ka ba leqe ho amohela sena ho feta "baamoheli."

Babali ba hopotsoa hore lifoto tsa thobalano le tse sa hlakang kapa tse sa koaeloang ka botlalo tsa bacha ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 18 ha li molaong ho ba le ho amohela, ho romela kapa ho amohela United Kingdom, leha e se hangata molao oa CPS oa ho qosa linyeoe tsena bakeng sa bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha (CPS, 2018). Leha ho le joalo, "ho romella melaetsa e litšila 'e fetohile ntho e' ngoe ea mokhoa oa phatlalatso o hlahisitsoeng ke lipolelo tse tsoang ho mapolesa a kang,

Ha re sebetsa le bacha, re fumana hore ho romellana litšoantšo tse litšila ho romellana melaetsa ho ntse ho eketseha ho ikutloa joalo ka tloaelo ho latela boitšoaro bohlopheng sa bona. (Weale, 2015)

Nakong ea lihlopha tsa ho tsepamisa maikutlo marang-rang, bacha ba neng ba fana ka maikutlo ba ne ba bonahala ba toloka “ho romellana melaetsa e litšila” joalo ka ho ngola le ho arolelana melaetsa e hlakileng le batho bao ba ba tsebang, ho fapana le ho romela litšoantšo tsa batho ba bang, kapa tsa 'mele ea bona ka botlalo kapa karolo ea bonaJaishankar, 2009). Ho hlile ho phehisanoa hore bacha ba sebelisa lebitso le fapaneng ka ho felletseng bakeng sa lintho tse bonoang, ho fapana le molaetsa oa mongolo, ho kenyelletsa "dodgy-pix," "nude," kapa "nude-selfies" (Weale, 2015).

Phuputso ea marang-rang ea Stage 2 e senotse hore bacha ba bangata ha ba a ka ba theha kapa ba romela litšoantšo tse ikemetseng mme seo ba se fumaneng se ts'ehetsoa ke lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tse entsoeng linaheng tse tharo tsa EU le bacha.Webster et al., 2014). Thutong ea hajoale, bashanyana le banana ba 135 ba tlaleha ho iketsetsa litšoantšo tsa bona (13% ea ba 948 ba ileng ba araba) mme ba 27 (3% ea ba arabileng) ba ne ba ipatile litšoantšo tsa bona ba hlobotse. Taba e kholo le ho feta ke hore ke batho ba fetang halofo feela ba hlahisang litšoantšo tse hlobotseng kapa tse nang le seminari (74/135 kapa 55%) ba neng ba li arolelane, ka ho bonts'a litšoantšo tsa motho e mong, kapa ba fetisetsa litšoantšo tseo inthaneteng ho motho a le mong kapa ho feta.

Ba tlalehang ba nkile setšoantšo se hlobotseng ka botlalo ba thehiloe tlasa 3% ea sampole eo kaofela (27 / 1,001) mme sena ha se bolele hore ba ile ba arolelana litšoantšo. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo e boetse e botsa ba arabelang ke hobane'ng ha ba iketselitse litšoantšo tse hlobotseng le tse seminate? Liperesente tse mashome a tšeletseng a metso e robong (93/135) ba tlaleha hore ba batla ho etsa joalo, leha 20% (27/135) ba sa ka ba etsa joalo. Palo ena ea morao-rao e kanna ea ba tšireletso e sireletsehileng, e nang le litšoantšo tse ts'oaroang kapa tse hlano tsa balekane ba lilemong tsa bocha, ho bonahala eka li fumana khatello e itseng kapa khatello ea ka ntle.

Bacha ba bang ba mashome a mane a metso e robeli ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ileng ba nka lifoto tsa bona ba sa hlobola kapa ba iketselitse litšoantšo ka boqhetseke (36/49), ba tlaleha hore ba kopiloe ho bonts'a motho e mong litšoantšo tsena inthaneteng. Ha ba botsoa hore na ba tseba motho eo ba mo bonts'itseng litšoantšo, 135% ea ba neng ba arolelana litšoantšo (61/30) ba ile ba re ba li tseba, 'me li bonts'a hore boholo ba litšoantšo tsena li lula li le tikolohong ea mohoebi oa ngoana ea hlahisang bana, kapa mohlankana / moratuoa, bonyane qalong. Leha ho le joalo, bacha ba 49 (25 ea sampole) ba boletse hore ba rometse setšoantšo sa bona ba etsang ketso ea thobalano ho motho ea amanang le marang-rang, e leng ntho e tebileng haholo ho latela se ka etsahalang setšoantšong le ho feta. ka bophara.

Ha ba botsoa hore na ba arabang ba kile ba bona litšoantšo tsa 'mele o hlobotseng kapa karolo e haufi ea motho eo ba mo tsebang, 73 (8% ea ba ileng ba araba) ba bone setšoantšo se joalo sa motsoalle ea haufi, 15% (144/961) a bone seo ea motho eo ke mo tloaetseng, 3% (31/961) ba bone litšoantšo tsa balekane ba bona, le 8% (77/961) ea motho eo ba mo tsebang e le motho feela ea ikopantseng le inthanete. Libakeng tsa marang-rang / lihlopheng tse shebaneng le bacha, bacha ba bangata ba bonahala ba fana ka bopaki ba hore ho na le lintlha tse mpe tse tlisoang ke ho romella "selfie" e le 'ngoe inthaneteng:

Karabo ea hau e tla senyeha. (Monna, 14)

Ba ne ba ka e boloka. 'Me tlolo ea eona e seng molaong e khethiloe e le ho arolelana litšoantšo tse litšila tse ts'oaroang ke bana haeba e le uena ea ka tlase ho lilemo tse 18 le haeba e le uena. (Monna, 13)

Ha u na taolo ea eona hang ha e rometsoe. (Mosali, 13)

Haeba u e romella ho motho a le mong — sekolo sohle se tla be se se bone ka le hlahlamang. (Mosali, 16)

Liphumano tsena ho tsoa mehatong ea rona e meraro ea ts'ebetso ea ho ba bacha ba UK ba lilemo li 11 ho isa ho 16 li ka bapisoa le tse tsoang liphuputsong tse kholo tse sa tsoa phatlalatsoa tsa tlhaiso ea bana le taelo ea ts'ireletso ea inthanete (CEOP), ea fumaneng hore 34% ea ba arabelitsoeng ba 2,315 ba lilemo li 14 ho isa ho. 24 e ne e rometse litšoantšo tsa bona tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali ho motho eo ba ratanang le eena, le hore 52% e fumane setšoantšo se ts'oanang ho motho ea ba rometseng, banna ba bona ho 55% le basali ka 45%. Ha lintlha tsena li ne li hlophisitsoe ho kenyelletsa bana ba lilemo tse 14 ho isa ho tse 17, lipalo tse lumellanang e ne e le 26% ba neng ba rometse setšoantšo, athe 48% e ne e amohetse e mong oa ba romellangMcGeeney le Hanson, 2017).

Litšusumetso tsa bacha ho nka le ho romella litšoantšo tsa litho tsa bona tsa mmele ka thobalano / litho tsa 'mele ea bona li rarahane ebile li ka kenyelletsa motsoako oa litšusumetso tse ngata tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa khotsofatso ea thobalano ka ho kopana ka thobalano inthaneteng; thetso, eo ho eona motho e moholo a ka beng a sebelisa avatar ho etsa litšoantšo tsa bongoaneng tse ka lebisang ho "sextern," joalo ka taba ea Amanda Todd (Wolf, 2012). Litšoantšo tse swatch hape ke leqheka le tsebahalang la baroetsana ba marang-rang, lets'olong la bona la ho kopana le sepheo sa bona sa ho etsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano ea bana thobalanong le bana (CSA) (Martellozzo & Jane, 2017). Bacha ba bang ba kanna ba inehela lipontšong tsa botona le botšehali ka marang-rang, 'me sepheo se atileng haholo ke phapanyetsano ea “boinotšing” ea boithati ba balekane ba semmuso / seminude le balekane ba ikemiselitseng balekane (Martellozzo & Jane, 2017).

Lisosa tsena tsohle tse ka bang kotsi ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba inthaneteng bo amanang le thobalano, e ka ba mabaka a kang thekiso ea li-smartphones tsa mehleng ena, tšusumetso ea mecha ea litaba le setso, le monyetla oa hore bacha ba kenngoe lefatšeng la mecha ea phatlalatso e ncha ea marang-rang. e kanna ea apareloa ke "Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa," kapa "Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa" (Allen & Carmody, 2012; McNair, 2013; Paasonen et al., 2007). Ho boetse ho na le monahano o atileng haholo mecheng ea litaba ea boholo ba batho ba baholo le bacha ba lulang “sechabeng sa boithati” ba ratang ho hlonepha ntho e ngoe le e ngoe le ho beha sephetho inthaneteng. Ofcom e hatisitse data ea lipatlisiso e bonts'a hore 31% ea batho ba baholo ba nkile bonyane selfie ka 2014, ha 10% e amohetse ho nka bonyane 10 ka beke (Mokhatlo oa Boralitaba, 2015). Karolo ea khatello / ho qobelloa ho tsoa ho bashanyana / likharebe ho romella litšoantšo tse iketsahalitsoeng tsa thobalano le tsona li hloka ho ananeloa ts'ebetsong ena, hammoho le ho romella litšoantšo ka boithatelo kapa ka bolotsana, thetso le mashano a tsoang ho moamoheli ea ikemiselitseng.

Litlamorao tsa Leano La Sechaba Borithane

Joalokaha lipatlisiso li bontšitse, ho pepesehela litaba tse hlakileng ho ka lematsa bana le pono ea bacha ka thobalano, likamano tse ntle le hore na ba talima 'mele ea bona joang. Nakong ea thuto ena, bana ba bang le batho ba bacha ba ile ba botsa ka ho hlaka thuso le tšehetso, ebang ke ka thuto le / kapa mokhoa o mong oa ho thibela phihlello ea lisebelisoa tse sa hlokahaleng. Ka hona ha ho na pelaelo hore melao e meng e matla ea hlokahala ho sireletsa bana le bacha ho fihlella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng.

United Kingdom, 'Muso o phatlalalitse merero ea ho thibela bacha ho fumana litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang ka ho kenya ts'ebetso ea netefatso ea Age (AV). Motheo oa molao oa sena o ne o le ho Karolo ea Boraro ea Karolo ea Boraro ea Molao oa Moruo oa Digital, oa 2017 (DCMS, 2016). Boto ea Brithani ea Boikhathollo ba lifilimi (BBFC), e fanang ka litifikeiti tsa lilemo bakeng sa lifilimi, e ne e le mokhatlo o khethiloeng ho sebetsa joalo ka molaoli oa puso e ncha. Ho ne ho lebelletsoe hore leano le lecha le tla sebetsa haholo ka barekisi ba litefo le baphatlalatsi ba ts'osetsang ho khaola litšebelisano tsohle le libaka tse sa tsamaellaneng; mohlala, bahatisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba hanne ho hlahisa netefatso ea lilemo, empa BBFC e ne e na le matla a setseng a ho qobella bafani ba phihlello ho thibela phihlello ka tsela e tšoanang le eo ba etsang libaka tse tsebahalang hore li na le lisebelisoa tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano ea bana (Tempterton, 2016.

Ena e ka be e bile "lets'oao la boitšoaro bo bobe" la inthanete lefats'eng empa, motsotsong oa ho qetela, 'Muso o phatlalalitse hore ts'ebetso ea netefatso ea lilemo bakeng sa libaka tsa bootsoa e tla lieha, mohlomong ka nako e sa lekanyetsoang (Metsi, 2019). Ho fihlela ntlheng ena, mmuso oa UK o ne o se o sebelisitse li- milione tse peli ho tlohela ho etsa ts'ebetso e liehang (Hern, 2019). Leha ho le joalo, ha a fana ka molaetsa ona, Nicky Morgan MP (eo hona joale e leng Baroness), Mongoli oa Naha bakeng sa Digital, Setso, Media le Lipapali, o boletse hore ponong e ncha le e atolositsoeng ea mmuso sebakeng sena, o lebelletse tse latelang:

UK e ba moetapele oa lefats'e nts'etsopele ea mahlale a polokeho ea inthaneteng le ho etsa bonnete ba hore lik'hamphani tsa mefuta eohle li fumana, le ho amohela, tharollo ea ho ntlafatsa tšireletseho ea basebelisi ba tsona. Sena se kenyelletsa lisebelisoa tsa netefatso ea lilemo mme re lebelletse hore ba tsoelepele ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho sireletseng bana inthaneteng. (Johnston, 2019)

Leha ho lieha ho nyahamisa, empa ho bohlokoa hore modus operandi e sebelisoang ho sireletsa bana le batho ba banyenyane ho pepesong e sa hlokahaleng e sebetsa ka nepo. Taba ena e tla rarolloa ka tlas'a 'muso o moholo oa inthanete ea' Muso oa UK, eo joale e seng e koalehile lipuisano (Gov.co.uk, 2019):

Ho fapana le moo, mmuso o tla shebana le mehato ea ho sireletsa bana ho Pampiri e Ntle e Hlahang ea Marang-rang. Sena se lebelletsoe ho hlahisa mochini o mocha oa marang-rang, o tla etsa mosebetsi oa tlhokomelo ho liwebosaete tsohle le mecha ea litaba ea sechaba — eseng feela libaka tsa bootsoa.

Ho feta moo, kenyelletso e tlang ea likamano tse qobelloang tsa likamano le thuto ea thobalano (RSE) likolong tsohle England le Wales bakeng sa thobalano le polokeho ea dijithale (ho tloha ka Loetse 2020), tlasa Molao oa Bana le Boiketlo ba Sechaba, 2017, li ka ntlafatsa tokiso. ea bacha lilemong tsa ha ba bona lintho tse amanang le thobalano marang-rang. Le ha ho le joalo, molao ona ha o bue ka ho hlaka litabeng tsa marang-rang, empa ho ts'epahetse hore likolo li tla bua ka taba ena. Ntle le moo, Sehlopha sa UK sa Khokahano ea Tšireletso ea Marang-rang ea UK (UKCCIS) se hlahisitse litaelo tse hlakileng ho thusa le ho thusa likolo ho nts'etsapele leano la polokeho ea inthaneteng, ka ho sebelisa mokhoa o kenyelletsang batsoali le sechaba se pharaletseng (UKCCIS, 2017). Ho boetse ho na le indasteri e tloaelehileng ea Phatlalatso e Phethahetseng ea Batho (PAS no1296) e ntlafalitsoeng ke Digital Policy Alliance (Vigras, 2016), mabapi le seo e ka bang “se nang le kahlolo e molemo” eo ka eona likhoebo li ka fanang ka netefatso e joalo. Leha ho le joalo, maemo a ntse a tlameha ho kenngwa tšebetsong ka molao.

Leano la mmuso la polokeho ea inthanete (2018) Green Paper e phatlalalitse tlhahlobo e tlalehileng ka Mots'eanong 2018. Sena se hlahisitse karabelo e potlakileng: Ea pele, melao e mecha ea polokeho ea inthanete e lokela ho thehoa ho etsa bonnete ba hore United Kingdom ke sebaka se sireletsehileng ho feta lefats'e ho ba inthaneteng; ea bobeli, karabelo ea bona puisanong ea Leano la Tšireletso ea inthanete; mme ea boraro, mmuso o ne o lokela ho sebelisana le indasteri, liphallelo, le sechaba ho White Pampiri. Pampiri ena e Tala ea Harms ea inthaneteng e se e koaletse moqoqo, 'me merero ea leano la mmuso oa UK, e ipapisitse le liphumano tsa eona, e emetse. Nchafatso ea ho qetela phatlalatsong e tlang e phatlalalitsoe ka Phuptjane 2019 (Gov.co.uk, 2019).

Liphello tsa machabeng

Taba ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e sebetsanoang le melao e sa hlokeng netefatso ea lilemo e boetse e ntlafatsoa ke TOR1 (The Onion Browser) le mekhoa e tšoanang (mohlala, Virtual Private Networks [VPNs]) ho fihlella ka boomo "marang-rang a lefifi .."2 Bacha ba batlang ho fumana lits'ebeletso tsa dijithale, ho kenyelletsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ntle le ho lefa kapa ho netefatsa lilemo tsa bona, ba ka sebelisa mekhoa e lumellang monyetla oa ho fihlella liwebosaete tse ka 'nang tsa fana ka lithethefatsi tse seng molaong, litšoantšo tsa CSA, ho robala le liphoofolo kapa lithunya, joalo-joalo. hlaha. (Chen, 2011). Ho hlahisa litaba tse mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang sekolong, joalo ka karolo ea likamano kapa thuto ea ho ba moahi, ka tlase ho tefo ea ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba thobalano le polokeho ea marang-rang, ho ka thibela likotsi tse ngata ho bacha ka ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling le thuto ka sehlooho se lumellanang hantle le lilemo, 'me seo ha se tlohele bacha ho theha maano a ho sebetsana ka katleho le mathata.

Kamora nako, re hlahisa taba ea "Bacha" Litokelo tsa ho fumana leseli le felletseng la thuto mabapi le mathata a mangata le likotsi tse teng mabapi le kamano ea bona le batho ba baholo ba inthaneteng, e le karolo ea sepheo sa bona sa polokeho ea marang-rang, polokeho, sephiri sa dijithale le bophelo bo botle. . Litlhoko tsa bacha tsa thuto e ntle ea likamano tsa thuto le ntlafatso ea tsebo ea dijithale, hohle moo ba lulang, li ka ba le tšusumetso e mpe ka litšitiso tse joalo ka litaba tsa kharikhulamo ea RSE; ho hana ha likolo tse ling ho ruta ka boitšoaro ba thobalano kapa likamano tse ling ho hang; bokgoni ba boithuto ba matichere / baetlisi ba khethetsoeng ho fana ka litaba tse ncha; kapa hore na batsoali ba ka tlosa bacha ba bona ka mabaka a bolumeli kapa a boitšoaro ho tloha moo ba leng teng hona joale. Kahoo ho na le tlhoko ea ho lekants'a litokelo tsa botsoali le mesebetsi ea ho lokisetsa bacha bophelo ba bona ba kamoso, ho ba lumella ho rua molemo lithutong tse mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba dijithale, polokeho, tšireletseho le bophelo ba thobalano.

Meeli ea seta ya data

Meeli e fokolang ho data e behiloeng e ne e bonahala. Taba ea pele, ho ile ha nkuoa qeto ea ho mema bacha feela ba lilemo tse 11 ho isa ho tse 16. Ba lilemo li leshome le metso e robeli ha ba qheleloa ka thoko ha lilemo tsa tumello United Kingdom li le 18 mme sena se ne se nkuoa e le mokhoa o ba khethileng, ka molao le ka ka boiphihlelo ho feta ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 16. Bana ba lilemo tse ka tlase ho 16 ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko kaha ena ke sebaka sa ho kena sekolong sa sekondari le litekanyetso tse ling tsa boits'oaro le mekhoa e tlisoang ke lipatlisiso tse joalo le bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha li ne li se li sa fihlelle boholo le lisebelisoa tsa morero ona. Kamora nako, lebaka le neng le tlameha ho hlokomeloa ke hore lipalo tse lekanang tsa bacha ba tsoang Northern Ireland ha ba fihlelloe sampole, ka lebaka la ho tsilatsila ha balebeli ba liheke ho kenella.

Batho ba bangata lefats'eng ba ne ba labalabela ho bona hore na “porno ea inthanete” e nang le Age Verifying e tla sebetsa joang, ho e etsisa le ho e ntlafatsa. Ho putlama ha eona ka botlalo United Kingdom, ka tahlehelo e lekanang ea nako, chelete le botumo, ho siea potso e tebileng ea hore na bacha ba ka sireletsoa joang tšosong ea kotsi ea marang-rang, linthong tse ling tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete, tse bulehileng lipotso. Patlisiso mabapi le mokhoa o atlehang oa ho fihlela sepheo sena, ha e ntse e lekanya litlhoko tsa ho fana ka thuto e nepahetseng ea thobalano le thuto ea kamano, ka bophelo bo botle ba dijithale, polokeho, le tlhaiso-leseling, e bile taba e ka sehloohong ho bohle ba batlang ho sireletsa bana ho hola. maqhubu a kotsi ea marang-rang.

Re amohela basebetsi mmoho le rona Dr. Miranda Horvath, Co-PI oa lipatlisiso le Dr. Rodolfo Leyva bakeng sa thuso ea bona ho projeke ena kaofela. Re leboha Ngaka Miranda Horvath le Dr. Rodolfo Leyva ka menehelo ea bona lipatlisisong tsena.

Phatlalatso ea Likhohlano
Sengoli se phatlalalitse hore ha ho likhohlano tse ka bang teng mabapi le lipatlisiso, bongoli le / kapa phatlalatso ea sengoloa sena.

dithuso tsa ditjhelete
Sengoli se senotse ho amohela tšehetso e latelang ea lichelete bakeng sa lipatlisiso, bongoli le / kapa phatlalatso ea sengoloa sena: Patlisiso ena e tšehelitsoe ke NSPCC le Ofisi ea Khomishene ea Bana (OCC) bakeng sa England.

Boemo bo amohelehang
Patlisiso e entsoe ho latela melao ea boitšoaro ea Mokhatlo oa Brithani oa Sociological le ho lumellana le komiti ea melao ea boitšoaro ea Lefapha la Psychology.

Li-iDC tsa ORCID
Andrew Monaghan  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8811-6910

Joanna Adler  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2973-8503

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Peter, J., Valkenburg, PM (2006). Ho pepesehela bacha lilemong tsa bootsoa linthong tse amanang le thobalano le maikutlo a boithabiso mabapi le thobalano. Tlaleho ea Khokahano, 56 (4), 639-660. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260801994238
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Mongoli Biographies

Elena Martellozzo ke setlokotsebe Univesithing ea Middlesex mme o ikamahanya le boitšoaro ba basodoma, ts'ebeliso ea bona ea inthanete le polokeho ea bana. O sebelitse haholo le bana le batho ba bacha, bakotuli ba tebileng le lingaka ka lilemo tse fetang 15. Mosebetsi oa hae o kenyelletsa ho hlahloba bana le bacha boits'oarong le menyetla ea hae inthaneteng, ho hlahlojoa ha bootsoa, ​​ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano marang-rang le tloaelo ea mapolesa sebakeng sa tlhekefetso ea thobalano le bana inthaneteng.

Andrew Monaghan ke setlokotsebe Univesithing ea Middlesex mme tikoloho ea hae ea boiphihlelo ke litšoantšo tse iqapetsoeng, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng le likotsi tsa inthanete. Hajoale o ntse a sebetsa joalo ka mofuputsi oa postdoctoral ka Morero oa Horizon 2020, patlisiso e batsi ea EU e etsang lipatlisiso ka lisosa tsa bokhukhuni ba machabeng le botlokotsebe bo hlophisitsoeng.

Julia Davidson ke moprofesa oa botlokotsebe Univesithing ea East London. Ke e mong oa litsebi tse hloahloa tsa United Kingdom mabapi le tlhekefetso ea bana inthaneteng le khopolong e kholo. O laetse palo e kholo ea lipatlisiso tsa naha le tsa machabeng tse nkileng lilemo tse 25.

Joanna Adler ke moprofesa oa thuto ea kelello Univesithing ea Hertfordshire. O sebetsa haufi le litsebi le ba nkang karolo ho kenya letsoho toka ea botlokotsebe le sechaba. O entse lipatlisiso le boikoetliso libakeng tsa sechaba, tsa poraefete, le tsa boithaopo, hammoho le basebetsi mmoho le bona sekolong sa Bophelo le Thuto le Sekolo sa Molao. Ka kopanelo, ba hlahisitse mosebetsi o thusang, o nang le tšusumetso ebile o ts'ehelitsoe ke boithuto bo matla lithutong.