Litlhaloso tse amanang le tsa thobalano, tse tloaelehileng tsa lithaka le phihlelo ea bana ba lilemong tsa bocha ka boits'oaro ba botona le botšehali: ho hlahloba mohlala o kopanetsoeng (2015)

PLoS One. 2015 Jun 18;10(6):e0127787. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127787.

Doornwaard SM1, ter Bogt TF1, Reitz E2, Van den Eijnden RJ1.

inahaneloang

Patlisiso mabapi le karolo ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e amanang le thobalano kholong ea bacha ea thobalano hangata e arotse Marang-rang le boits'oaro bo fumanehang marang-rang ho tsoa linthong tse ling tse sa amaneng le letho bophelong ba bacha, joalo ka lits'ebetso sebakeng sa lithaka. Morero oa phuputso ena e ne e le ho leka mofuta o kopaneng o hlalosang hore na o amohela joang (ke hore, ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse totobetseng ka thobalano [SEIM]) le ho sebelisana (ke hore, ts'ebeliso ea libaka tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang [SNS]) boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano bo amanang le thobalano mekhoa ea ho noha boiphihlelo ba bacha ka boits'oaro ba thobalano. Meetso ea equation ea sebopeho sa tlhaiso-leseling ea bolelele ba nako ho tsoa ho bacha ba 1,132 ba maDutch (M (lilemo) T1 = 13.95; range 11-17; 52.7% bashanyana) ba bonts'itse litlamorao tse tšoanang, tse tobileng le tse sa tobang lipakeng tsa boits'oaro bo amanang le thobalano, litloaelo tsa lithaka, le boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano. HO SEBELISA (har'a bashanyana) le ts'ebeliso ea SNS (har'a bashanyana le banana) ho hakantsoe keketseho ea maikutlo a bacha mabapi le tumello ea lithaka ka boitšoaro ba thobalano le / kapa likhakanyo tsa bona tsa lipalo tsa lithaka tse etsang thobalano. Mehopolo ena le eona e ile ea bolela esale pele keketseho ea boiphihlelo ba bacha ka boits'oaro ba thobalano qetellong ea thuto. Ts'ebeliso ea Bashemane ea Bashemane le eona e boletse esale pele ka kotloloho maemo a eketsehileng a boiphihlelo ka boits'oaro ba thobalano. Liphuputso tsena li totobatsa tlhoko ea lipatlisiso tse ngata le nts'etsopele ea boits'oaro ho khothaletsa bophelo bo botle ba thobalano ba bacha.

Selelekela

Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, sehlopha se ntseng se hola sa lipatlisiso se tsoang likarolong tse fapaneng tsa lefatše se shebile karolo ea boits'oaro bo amanang le thobalano marang-rang ho tsa bongoaneng ba bacha. Boitšoaro ba marang-rang bo amanang le thobalano bo bua ka tšebeliso ea marang-rang bakeng sa lintho tse amanang le botona kapa botšehali tse khahlisang, ho batla tlhahisoleseling, puisano, boithuto, ho iphatlalatsa, le ho itlhakisa ka cybersex [1, 2]. Boitšoaro bo joalo bo ka amohela, ba buisana ka litaba tsa thobalano ka mokhoa o le mong ho tloha ho motho ea mahareng kapa ea sebelisanang, ba nolofalletsang basebelisi ho etsa, ho aba le ho fana ka maikutlo ka litaba tsa thobalano. Mokhahlelong oa kamohelo, tšebeliso ea bacha ea lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tsa thobalano (SEIM) e amohetse tlhokomelo e khethehileng, mme palo e kholo ea lithuto li batlile ho ngola litlamorao tsa maikutlo, maikutlo le boits'oaro ba ho pepesehela thepa ena (bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona [3]). Mabapi le boits'oaro bo kopanetsoeng ba marang-rang, libaka tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang (SNS) li sa tsoa etsoa lipatlisiso e le li-platform tse nang le matla bakeng sa bacha ho theha le ho lekola mehopolo ea botona le botšehali e hohelang, le ho leka le ho supa boits'oaro ba motho ba thobalano [4-6]. Ho fapana le tšebeliso ea SEIM, ts'ebeliso ea SNS ke ketso ea boithabiso eo eseng ka ho hlakileng thobalanong; bacha ba bangata ha ba kopanele liketsong tsena ka sepheo sa ho batla ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha lithuto tse 'maloa [mohlala, 4-6] li bontšitse, ha ho sebelisoa bacha ba SNS ba ka pepesetsoa melaetsa e amanang le thobalano ke lithaka, ba kopanela puisanong ea thobalano le basebelisi ba bang, kapa ba theha le ho fana ka litaba tse amanang le thobalano ka botsona. Bopaki ho fihlela joale bo bontša hore tšebeliso ea SEIM le SNS li bolela esale pele likarolo tse fapaneng tsa bosholu ba bongoana. Tsena li kenyelletsa maikutlo a lumellang le ho kenya letsoho ho tsa thobalano [7-9], khotsofalo e fokolang le boiphihlelo ba motho ba thobalano [2, 10], ho beha leihlo le eketsehileng ka mmele oa hau le litšoantšo tsa 'mele [2, 11, 12], le boiphihlelo ba pejana le bo tsoetseng pele haholo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano [7, 8].

Leha ho le joalo, ntle le seo ba se bolelang esale pele, ha ho tsejoe haholo ka hore na mekhoa ena e amanang le thobalano e amanang le thobalano e bopa bongoana ba bongoaneng joang. Ho makatsang ke hore lithuto tse mabapi le litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete tse amanang le thobalano hangata li arotse mekhoa ea inthanete le ea inthanete ho tsoa lits'ebetsong tse ling, tse sa sebetseng bophelong ba bacha [13, 14]. Sena se fapane le mekhoa e tummeng ea tikoloho le tikoloho e fapaneng-joalo ka Bronfenbrenner's [15] Khopolo ea Tlhaho ea Tlhaho- e bonts'ang kholo ea kholo ea thobalano e le sephetho sa lits'ebetso tse ngata tse hokahanyang le tse tsamaellanang [16]. Har'a lits'ebetso tse ngata tse nang le tšusumetso bophelong ba bacha, lithaka li nkuoa e le tsa bohlokoa haholo. Nakong ea bocha, bacha ba qeta nako e ngata le metsoalle ea bona, 'me ba beha boleng bo matla litebelong le maikutlong a lithaka [17, 18]. Tumellanong le mohopolo ona, bopaki ba meta-analytic bo bontšitse hore litloaelo tsa lithaka tse mabapi le thobalano li tataisa haholo ho etsa liqeto tsa botona le botšehali. Ka ho khetheha, mehopolo ea tumello ea lithaka mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano (ke hore, litloaelo tse mpe) le maikutlo a boitšoaro ba lithaka tsa thobalano (ke hore, litekanyetso tse hlalosang) li fumanoe li bolela esale pele liketso tsa bocha tsa bongoana [19].

Ha re fuoa tumellano e ntseng e eketseha ea marang-rang le lithaka nakong ea bohlankana [17, 18, 20] le taba ea hore boits'oaro bo itseng ba inthanete-boits'oaro bo sebetsanang le tšebeliso ea SNS-bo nka bonyane karolo ea maemo a lithaka, ho bonahala ho hlokahala hore lipatlisiso li nke mokhoa o kopanetsoeng oa ho utloisisa hamolemohali hore na litsamaiso tsena li tsamaellana joang ebile li kopana ho kopanetsopeleng khokahano ea thobalano ea bacha. . Ho latela likhopolo-taba tsa bohlokoa maemong a mecha ea litaba le litlamorao tsa thaka, sepheo sa thuto ea morao-rao e ne e le ho leka mokhoa o kopanyang o hlalosang hore na mekhoa e 'meli e amanang le thobalano e amanang le thobalano (ka mantsoe, tšebeliso ea SEIM le SNS) e hokahantsoe le litloaelo tsa lithaka tse boletsoeng esale pele boiphihlelo ba bacha ba boits'oaro ba 'nete.

Mefuta e kopanyang ea boitšoaro bo amanang le botona le botšehali bo amanang le thobalano le litloaelo tse lemohuoeng tsa lithaka

Setšoantšo sa 1 e bonts'a mohlala o akaretsang oa mekhoa eo batho ba tloaetseng ho etsa thobalano le batho ba bang ba tloaetseng ho etsa thobalano marang-rang le mekhoa e bonojoang ke lithaka e ka hokahanang ho hakanya boiphihlelo ba bacha ka boits'oaro. Metsu e emetse likhopolo tse fapaneng tsa mohopolo tseo moetsi a ahiloeng ho tsona. Joalokaha ho hlakile, mohlala o hlahisa mefuta e meraro ea likamano lipakeng tsa boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano bo amanang le thobalano, mekhoa e lemohuoang ea lithaka, le boitšoaro ba thobalano: (a) litloaelano tsa motheo, (b) litlamorao tse tobileng, le (c) litlamorao tse sa tobang. Ho tse latelang, likamano tsena li tla hlalosoa e le letoto la litlhaloso tse matla.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Mefuta e kopanyang ea boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano bo amanang le thobalano, litloaelo tse bonojoang ke lithaka le boitšoaro ba thobalano.

Boitšoaro ba marang-rang bo amanang le thobalano bo mabapi le litaba tsa mantlha (mekhatlo ea mantlha)

Ho amoheloa le ho feta hore khetho ea bacha le ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso ke ts'ebetso e sebetsang le e ts'ehetsang maemo [21]. Ho latela Media Modice Model [22, 23], khetho ea bacha ea mecha ea litaba ke sephetho sa demographic (mohlala, bong, lilemo), motho ka mong (mohlala, lithahasello, liphihlelo), le boiketlo ba sechaba (mohlala, lelapa, lithaka). Ka mantsoe a mang, khetha bacha 'me u sebelise mecha ea litaba e lumellanang le seo ba leng sona le seo ba leng bohlokoa ho sona ka nako e itseng. Sena ke nnete le ka boits'oaro ba bona ba inthaneteng. Ka ho khetheha, liphuputso li bontšitse hore ka boiphihlelo bo bongata ba thobalano, bacha ba tlaleha ho sebelisa SEIM khafetsa [7, 8, 24, 25]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bacha ba fumanoe ba sebelisa litaba tsa thobalano hangata ha ba lemoha boitšoaro ba thobalano, kapa ho pepesehela litaba tsa media tse amanang le boitšoaro ba thobalano, hore li tloaelehile kapa li ananeloe ho lithaka tsa bona [24, 26, 27]. Re ipapisitse le lintlha tsena tse fumanoeng.

Hypothesis 1a: Nakong ea motheo, bacha ba nang le boiphihlelo bo bongata bo amanang le boitšoaro ba thobalano ba tla sebelisa SEIM khafetsa.

Hypothesis 1b: Nakong ea motheo, bacha ba bonang hore lithaka tsa bona li amohela haholoanyane boitšoaro ba thobalano (ke hore, litloaelo tse mpe) le ho ba le thobalano e eketsehileng (ke hore, litekanyetso tse hlalosang) ba tla sebelisa SEIM khafetsa.

Lithuto tse matlafatsang mabapi le tšebeliso ea maikutlo a batho ba bong bo tšoanang ba tšebeliso ea SNS ha li na seoelo. Leha ho le joalo, phuputsong ea morao-rao mabapi le pontšo ea bosholu ba bongoana ho Facebook le lintlha tse amanang le pontšo e joalo, ho fumanoe hore ba bonts'ang liphatlalatso tsa thobalano ba ne ba kenelletse haholo ho Facebook ho feta balekane ba bona ba sa bontsheng. Ntle le moo, batšehetsi ba tlaleha boiphihlelo bo bongata mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano le maikutlo a matla a hore lithaka li amohela boitšoaro ba thobalano le ho etsa liketso tsa thobalano [5]. Liphumano tsena li tsamaellana le mohopolo oa hore li-SNS li ka sebetsa e le libaka tsa bohlokoa tsa ho itlhalosa ka thobalano har'a bacha.4, 6]. Ka hona, re iqapetse:

Hypothesis 1c: Ka nako ea motheo, bacha ba nang le boiphihlelo bo bongata bo amanang le boitšoaro ba thobalano ba tla qeta nako e eketsehileng ho li-SNS.

Hypothesis 1d: Ka nako ea motheo, bacha ba bonang lithaka tsa bona li amohela haholoanyane boitšoaro ba thobalano (ke hore, litloaelo tse mpe) le ho ba le thobalano e eketsehileng (ke hore, litekanyetso tse hlalosang) ba tla qeta nako e ngata ho li-SNS.

Boitšoaro ba marang-rang bo amanang le thobalano bo bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba thobalano (phello e tobileng ea I)

Mohlala oa rona oa ho kenyeletsa o nka hore boitšoaro bo amanang le botona le botšehali bo amanang le thobalano ka kotloloho le bokamoso ba boiphihlelo ba bocha ba boits'oaro bo latelang ka boitsoaro ba thobalano. Mona, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ka ho laola maemo a motheo a boiphihlelo, mohlala o beha keketseho ea nako ea ho feta ea thobalano kamora ho etsa thobalano le boitshwaro bo amanang le thobalano marang-rang. Pono ea theoretical e hlalosang kamoo boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano bo amanang le thobalano bo ka bolelang esale pele boitšoaro bo latelang ba thobalano ke Pono ea Kutloisiso ea Sechaba [28]. Ka ho khetheha, khopolo ena e tiisa hore batho ba latela mekhoa e mecha ka ho shebella boits'oaro ba batho ba bohlokoa ba behang mohlala. Boithuto bona ba ho ithuta kapa boits'oaro bo ka etsahala haholo ha (a) boits'oaro bo bonts'itsoeng bo amana le motho ea shebelletseng, (b) batho ba etsisang mohlala ba ts'oana le sebali (mohlala, bong kapa lilemo tse tšoanang), (c) mehlala e ratehang kapa maemong a phahameng, le (d) batho ba etsisang mohlala ba bonahala ba ruile molemo ka ho bonts'a boitšoaro [21, 28]. Kahoo, ka ho shebella mehlala e metle ea inthanete, bacha ba ka ithuta hore na ke litloaelo life tse khotsofatsang. Boitšoaro bo joalo ha bo hlile ha bo mothofatsoe hang-hang, empa ho e-na le hoo bo bolokoe e le mangolo a boits'oaro a ka khutlisoang le ho sebelisoa ha maemo a etsa hore [21, 29]. WMabapi le ts'ebeliso ea SEIM, maikutlo a bosholu a bonts'a hore ha bacha ba ratang thobalano ba sheba batho ba khahlisang ba natefeloa ke thobalano ntle le litlamorao tse seng kae tse mpe, ba tla bona boitšoaro bona e le bo khotsofatsang, 'me ka lebaka leo ba ikutloa ba hlohlelletse ho kopanela liketsong tsa thobalano. Kahoo, re tšelisitse:

Hypothesis 2a: Ts'ebeliso ea SEIM khafetsa e tla bolela maemo a eketsehileng a boits'oaro ka boitšoaro ba thobalano.

Ha ho bapisoa le SEIM, libaka tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang ha li hlalose hantle ka tlhaho; bacha ba sebelisang li-SNS ka hona ba ke ke ba khona ho shebella, 'me, qetellong, ba ka bonoa lipontšo tse ntle tsa boits'oaro bo khahlisang. Sebakeng seo, litloaelo tsa boits'oaro ho li-SNS li ka etsahala ka ho shebella thobalano e le sehlooho se hlahelletseng le sa boleng. Ka mantsoe a mang, haeba mehopolo ea thobalano kapa lipuisano tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano ho li-SNS li atile, li matlafatsoa (mohlala, ka litlhaloso kapa tse 'ratang'), 'me li thehiloe kapa li arolelanoa ke balekane ba lilemo, li ka eketsa litebello tse ntle tsa bacha mabapi le thobalano le khothaletsa ho kopanela liketsong tsa thobalano [6, 28, 30]. Ntle le thuto ea boithuto le mekhoa ea boits'oaro, libaka tseo marang-rang a batho ba fanang ka tsona li ka eketsa menyetla ea thobalano. Liphuputso tse fapaneng li bontšitse hore bacha ba bang ba sebelisa SNS ho phatlalatsa maikutlo a lerato le / kapa thobalano, ho qala likamano tsa lerato, kapa ho fumana balekane ba thobalano [4, 6, 31, 32]. Motheong oa mehopolo ena, re iqapetse:

Hypothesis 2b: Ts'ebeliso ea SNS khafetsa e tla bolela maemo a eketsehileng a boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano.

Boitšoaro ba marang-rang bo amanang le thobalano bo boletse esale pele litloaelo tsa lithaka (litlamorao tse tobileng II)

Ho latela conceptualizations tse akaretsang tsa kholo ea kholo ea thobalano [16], re nahana hore ho nka karolo mekhoeng ea boitšoaro e amanang le thobalano e amanang le likamano tsa botona le botšehali e susumetsa mekhoa ea bacha ea ho tseba mabapi le thobalano. Litsebi li pheha khang ea hore, ka lebaka la sebapali sa hae se le seng, ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano khafetsa ho ka baka maikutlo a bacha ba lefats'e le ba potileng [21]. Mohopolo ona o thehiloe khopolong ea ho holisoa [33], e phehang khang ea hore mecha ea litaba e ts'oanang e bonts'a setšoantšo se ikhethileng le se nang leeme sa hore kamora ho pepeseha ho hoholo, ho ka fetisa tlhahisoleseling ho tsoa ho li-agency tse ling tsa botsoalle tse kang batsoali kapa lithaka. Ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, butle-butle bacha ba ka "hlaolela" kapa ba amohela litumelo tse mabapi le "lefatše la 'nete" tse lumellanang le boemeli ba litaba. Litumelo tsena li ka kenyelletsa likhopolo mabapi le ho amoheloa le ho ata ha boitšoaro ba thobalano har'a lithaka. Liphuputso tse 'maloa - tseo boholo ba tsona li sebelisitseng merero e meng - li bontšitse hore bacha ba pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano mecheng ea setso (mohlala, thelevishene, limakasine) ba fana ka likhakanyo tse holimo tsa lipalo tsa lithaka tse nang le bootsoa.34-36]. Tloaelo ena e kanna ea fetela ho bacha ba sebelisang SEIM. Haholo-holo, haeba SEIM e bonts'a thobalano e le e tloaelehileng, e monate ebile e se na kotsi, ho pepesehela eona hangata ho ka ba le maikutlo a hore boitšoaro ba thobalano bo atile ebile bo amoheleha- hore "e mong le e mong oa ho etsa"21]. Ka hona, re tšelisa:

Hypothesis 3a: Ts'ebeliso ea SEIM khafetsa e tla bolela esale pele maikutlo a hore lithaka li amohela boitšoaro ba thobalano (ke hore, litloaelo tse mpe).

Hypothesis 3b: Ts'ebeliso ea SEIM khafetsa e tla bolela litekanyetso tse eketsehang tsa lipalo tse nang le boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano (ke hore, litloaelo tse hlalosang).

Ho na le lebaka la ho lebella hore litloaelo tsa bocha tsa bonoa tsa bacha mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano le tsona li fetoha ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea SNS. Patlisiso e bontšitse hore likarolo tsa ho nka karolo ha mecha ea phatlalatso, joalo ka ho tsebahala ka mefuta ea mecha ea phatlalatso le ts'ebeliso ea 'nete, li ka susumetsa maikutlo a bacha ka makhetlo a mangata ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano [6, 37]. Ka lebaka la hore lintlha tse ngata ho li-SNS li thehiloe ke bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha, ho khetholloa le ho tsebahala e le nnete ho ka ba matla haholo ts'ebeliso ea SNS. Ka sebele, mosebetsi oa pele o bontšitse hore bacha ba tloaetse ho bona litšupiso tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le thobalano ho li-SNS e le ho bonts'a ka nepo mekhoa le boits'oaro ba bophelo ba sebele [38, 39]. Ha e kopantsoe le nako e ngata eo bacha ba e qetang ba sebelisa li-SNS [5, 30], sena se re lebisitse ho hypothesize:

Hypothesis 3c: Ts'ebeliso ea SNS khafetsa e tla bolela esale pele maikutlo a hore lithaka li amohela boitšoaro ba thobalano (ke hore, litloaelo tse mpe).

Hypothesis 3d: Ts'ebeliso ea SNS khafetsa e tla bolela esale pele litekanyetso tsa lipalo tsa lithaka tse nang le boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano (ke hore, litloaelo tse hlalosang).

Litloaelo tse fumanoeng tsa lithaka li bolela boitšoaro ba thobalano (litlamorao tse tobileng)

Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe pejana, lipatlisiso li bontšitse khafetsa hore liqeto tsa bacha tsa thobalano li susumetsoa ke litumelo tsa bona mabapi le litloaelo tse atileng tsa lithaka [19]. Ts'ebetso ena e hlalositsoe ho The Social Norms Theory [40], e bolelang hore batho ba laola boits'oaro ba bona ho latela maikutlo a bona ka se tloaelehileng, se amoheloang kapa se lebelletsoeng har'a barekisi ba bohlokoa. Tloaelo ena eo ho thoeng ke ea maemo a bophelo e sebetsa e le khatello e tloaelehileng le tebello ea sephetho ho tataisa liqeto tsa boitšoaro. Ka mantsoe a mang, bacha ba tla ithuta hore na boitšoaro ba thobalano bo amoheloa kapa / bo lebelletsoe, ka maikutlo a boitlamo ba balekane ba ho etsa boitšoaro ba thobalano. hore na boitšoaro ba thobalano bo na le moputso ka hona bo ka thusa ho qala [40, 41]. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore litloaelo tse fosahetseng le tse hlalosang li thehiloe litumelong tse ncha tsa bacha mabapi le tumello ea lithaka le ho etsa lintho tse itseng, ka hona e kanna ea ba le maikutlo a fosahetseng a litloaelo tsa lithaka tsa 'nete. Re khothatsa khang:

Hypothesis 4a: Maikutlo a makatsang ao lithaka li lumellanang le boitšoaro ba thobalano (ke hore, litloaelo tse mpe) bo tla bolela esale pele maemo a eketsehang a boits'oaro ka boitšoaro ba thobalano.

Hypothesis 4b: Litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa lithaka tse etsang boitšoaro ba thobalano (ke hore, litekanyetso tse hlalosang) li tla bolela maemo a eketsehang a boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano.

Boithuto bo batlisisang karolo ea litloaelo tse bonoang tsa lithaka ho tsa bocha tsa botona kapa botšehali bo bonts'itse hore thobalano ea bacha ea lilemong tsa bocha e amana haholo le seo ba lumelang hore lithaka tsa bona li se etsa ho fapana le seo ba lumelang hore lithaka tsa bona li amohela [13, 19]. Leha lingoliloeng tse mabapi le maemo a bophelo li sa fane ka litlhaloso tse hlakileng kapa tlhaloso ea phapano ena lipakeng tsa litloaelo tse hlalosang le tse mpe, ho khothalelitsoe hore maikutlo a boitlamo ba lithaka a ho etsa thobalano a na le karolo ea bohlokoa ea tlhahisoleseling mabapi le hore na ho amoheleha ho etsa eng. boits'oarong ba thobalano [13, 19]. Ka mantsoe a mang, bacha ba ka nahana hore lithaka tsa bona tse etsang thobalano le tsona li amohela boitšoaro bo joalo le ba ba bang ba ho etsa joalo, athe e kanna eaba ha ba tsebe ka botlalo tumello ea boitšoaro ba thobalano ho lithaka tse sa etsang thobalano. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho 'nile ha phehisanoa hore haeba litloaelo tse mpe li nkuoa e le khatello ea boiphihlelo ea ho etsa boits'oaro bo itseng (ke hore, mokhoa oo boitšoaro bo ka bonoang ka mokhoa o lebelletsoeng ke lithaka), litloaelo tse mpe li ka ba le tšusumetso ho boits'oaro ba bacha41]. Ha re fuoa litlhaloso tsena tse fapaneng, re ne re sena maikutlo a bohlokoa ka litloaelo tse mpe le litlhaloso tse boletsoeng esale pele mabapi le boemo ba bacha ba nang le boits'oaro.

Litloaelo tse nkuoang ke lithaka e le mekhoa ea ho boelana (litlamorao tse sa tobang)

Haeba li-hypotheses 3a-d le 4a + b li tšehelitsoe, litsela tsa tsona tse tsamaeang li ka kopanngoa ho theha sete ea litlamorao tse sa tobang; ka mantsoe a mang, ho tsoa boits'oarong bo amanang le botona le botšehali ba marang-rang, ka mekhoa e lemohuoang ke lithaka, ho isa maemong a latelang a boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano. Ka ho khetheha:

Hypothesis 5a: Ts'ebeliso ea SEIM khafetsa e tla lebisa maemong a boiphihlelo ba boits'oaro ba thobalano ka ho eketsa maikutlo a tumello ea lithaka ka boitšoaro ba thobalano (ke hore, litloaelo tse mpe). [Hypothesis 5c bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea SNS]

Hypothesis 5b: Ts'ebeliso ea SEIM khafetsa e tla lebisa maemong a eketsehang a boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano ka ho eketsa likhakanyo tsa lipalo tsa lithaka tsa thobalano (ke hore, litloaelo tse hlalosang). [Hypothesis 5d bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea SNS]

Bopaki ba litlamorao tse joalo tse sa tobang bo fumanoe lithutong tse batlisisang khokahano lipakeng tsa ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano mecheng ea setso le litabatabelo tsa bacha le boits'oaro ba bacha [36, 42]. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsena li sebelisitse meralo ea likarolo tse tlase kapa tsa sitoa ho laola maemo a boits'oaro ba boitšoaro ba lithaka tsa bona, bo ba sitisa ho lekola lits'ebetso tsa nakoana. Ho feta moo, tsebong ea bangoli, ha ho na lithuto tse hlahlobisitseng hore na litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea lithaka le tšebeliso ea SNS mabapi le boitšoaro bo latelang ba thobalano.

bong

Tse ling tsa lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa mokhoeng oa rona oa ho kopanya li kanna tsa itšetleha ka bong ba bacha. Ka kakaretso hoa ananeloa hore bashanyana le banana ba lilemong tsa bocha ba kopanngoa le lingoloa tse fapaneng tsa thobalano. Ts'ebelisano ena e amanang le bong ka kotloloho e angoa haholo ke ketsahalo e hlalosoang e le "tekanyetso ea thobalano e habeli," e bolelang ho amoheloa ha melaoana e hlalosang khahleho ea thobalano empa boinyenyefatso ba thobalano bakeng sa banana, ha bo ntse bo rorisa boitlamo ba thobalano le tumello bakeng sa bashanyana [43-45]. Tekanyetso ea thobalano e ka lebisa litumelong tse loantšanang mabapi le mekhoa e atileng mabapi le likamano tsa botona le botšehali, moo ho lebeletsoeng ho kopanela liphate ho bashanyana empa ho sa amoheloeng banana.46]. Melaetsa e fapaneng ea setsoalle le eona e ka ama mefuta ea boits'oaro ba inthaneteng eo bashanyana le banana ba kenang ho eona, le tsela eo ba sebetsanang le ho araba litaba tsa media [22, 23, 47]. Mohlala, ho hlahisitsoe hore bashanyana ba na le monyetla oa ho sebelisa SEIM mme ba ka susumetsoa haholo ke litaba tsa eona hobane SEIM e bonts'a thobalano ka tsela eo bashanyana ba ka amoheloang sechabeng, athe hangata e fapana le mangolo a bophelo a setsoalleng a banana.48]. Ka lebaka la liphapang tsena tse ka bang teng pakeng tsa botona le botšehali, re lekile mofuta oa rona oa kopanyo bakeng sa bashanyana le banana ka thoko.

Method

barupeluoa ba

Lintlha tsa thupelo ena li ile tsa bokelloa e le karolo ea Project STARS, morero oa lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele mabapi le kholo ea lerato le thobalano ea bacha ba maDutch. Mohlala o bonolo oa bacha ba sehlopheng sa botšelela ho isa ho ba leshome o ile oa lateloa ke maqhubu a mane, 'me a ba le likhoeli tse tšeletseng pakeng tsa maqhubu. Leqhubu la litekanyetso tsa pele (T1) e ne e tšoaretsoe Fall of 2011. Sampole e telele e ne e kenyelletsa barupeluoa ba 1,297 (bashanyana ba 53.3%). Bakeng sa thuto ea hona joale, ke baithuti ba sehlopha sa bosupa ho isa ho leshome feela (n = 1,132) li kenyellelitsoe ha lenane la lipotso bakeng sa baithuti ba sehlopha sa botšelela le ne le se na mehopolo eohle e fuputsoeng. Ho T1, mohlala ona (bashanyana ba 52.7%) o ne a le lilemo tse pakeng tsa 13.95 (SD = 1.18; mefuta ea 11-17). Boholo ba barupeluoa (79.2%) ba ne ba e-na le semelo sa Madache (ka boeena le batsoali ka bobeli ba hlahetseng Netherlands); 11.0% e ne e na le semelo se seng sa Bophirimela (ka boeena kapa motsoali ea hlahetseng Europe, US, Canada, Australia, kapa New-Zealand), 'me 9.8% e ne e le semelo se seng sa Bophirimela (ka boeena kapa motsoali ea hlahetseng naheng ea Afrika, Bochabela bo Hare, Asia , kapa naha ea Amerika Boroa-Amerika. Bacha ba ngolisitsoe litsing tse fapaneng tsa thuto, ba na le 40% ho ea ho mananeo a thuto ea mosebetsi oa matsoho le 60% lithutong tsa koleche kapa univesithi.

Ka lebaka la ho ba sieo ha sekolo ka letsatsi la tekanyo le ho fuoa mangolo ha liithuti tse 'maloa tsa leshome kamora T2, ba bang ba karolo ea rona ba ne ba sa khone ho qeta lipotso tsohle tse 'ne. Bakeng sa barupeluoa ba 1,132, 815 (72.0%) e fane ka data ho maqhubu ohle a mane. Ho T1, T2, T3, le T4, palo ea bankakarolo e ne e le 1,066 (94.2%), 1,047 (92.5%), 1,010 (89.2%), le 925 (81.7%), ka ho latellana. Ha ho bapisoa le barupeluoa ba qetileng lipotso tsohle tsa lipotso, barupeluoa ba fosoang ke leqhubu le le leng kapa ho feta e ne e le bashanyana hangata, χ² (1, N = 1,132) = 10.21, p = .001, kholo, t(503.21) = -6.71, p <.001, ba ngolisitse maemong a tlase a thuto, χ² (1, N = 1,065) = 66.80, p <.001, mme khafetsa e ne e na le semelo se seng sa Bophirima, χ² (1, N = 1,132) = 12.55, p <.001. Ho feta moo, ba tlalehile maemo a holimo a ts'ebeliso ea SEIM, t(314.96) = -5.00, p <.001, litloaelo tsa lithaka tse kotsi le tse hlalosang, tkotsi(363.54) = -8.55, p <.001 ka ho latellana te hlalosang(342.64) = -8.26, p <.001, le boiphihlelo ba thobalano, t(295.59) = -8.04, p <.001, qalong ea thuto. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore ts'ebetso ea rona ea tlhaiso-leseling (tlhaiso-leseling e felletseng e ka ba teng, mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho sebetsana le data e lahlehileng) e kenyelletsa linyeoe tse nang le data e haellang ka mokhoa o itseng; ka hona, liphetho tsa rona li ipapisitse le sampole e felletseng [49].

Tsamaiso

Bacha ba hapiloe likolong tse litoropong tse kholo le bomasepala ba banyenyane ho pholletsa le Netherlands. Likolo li ile tsa atameloa ka mokhoa o sa reroang, empa li khethiloe ka sepheo ho tsoa libakeng tse fapaneng tsa Netherlands. Likolo tse nang le thahasello li ile tsa eteloa ke bafuputsi bakeng sa seboka sa botho le mosuoe-hlooho, nakong eo lipheo le lithuto li ileng tsa hlahisoa le ho hlalosoa. Qetellong, likolo tse 'ne tsa sekondari li ile tsa lumela ho nka karolo. Lihlooho tsa sekolo le bafuputsi ba entse qeto ea hore na ho tla khethoa lithuto life sekolong.

Pele ho tekanyo ea pele, bacha le batsoali ba bona ba ile ba amohela mangolo, libukana le lifofane tse hlalosang sepheo sa thuto le monyetla oa ho hana kapa ho emisa ho nka karolo nako efe kapa efe. Batsoali ba ne ba ka khutlisa liforomo tse saenneng tse bonts'a hore ngoana oa bona ha a lumelloa ho nka karolo ho ithuteng (6.9% ea batsoali ba atamelang ba entse joalo). Bacha ba nang le tumello ea motsoali ea sa tsebeng letho ba netefalitsoe nako e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea litekanyo hore ho nka karolo ho ithaopa ka boithatelo le hore ba ka khutlela ka tlelaseng ea bona haeba ba sa rate ho nka karolo ho ithuteng (0.1% ba entse joalo).

Ka nako e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, bacha ba ne ba qeta ho phethela lipotso tse hlalosoang ka komporo ea Sedache sekolong ka linako tse tloaelehileng tsa sekolo. Bafuputsi le bathusi ba lipatlisiso ba koetlisitsoeng ba ne ba le teng ho hlokomela pokello ea data (ke hore, hlahisa moralo le ts'ebetso, ho araba lipotso, le ho netefatsa sephiri se phahameng ho matichere le baithuti ba bang). Matichere a ne a le sieo ka sehlopheng nakong ea pokello ea data. Lekunutu la likarabo le ne le netefalitsoe, joalo ka khetho ea ho emisa ho nka karolo neng kapa neng. Bacha ba amohetse litifikeiti tsa mpho ea buka ea litekanyetso tse ntseng li eketseha ka mor'a tlhaiso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e phethiloeng. Ho ile ha hlahisoa protocol ea boitšoaro e loketseng haeba barupeluoa ba ka ba le mathata kapa lipotso mabapi le litaba tse ithutoang. Boto ea melao ea boitšoaro ea Setsi sa Saense ea Boiketlo ba Sechaba le Boitšoaro ba Univesithi ea Utrecht e amohetse mekhoa eohle ea ho ithuta le tumello.

Mehato

Boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano (T1 le T4)

Ho lekola boiphihlelo ba bacha ka boitšoaro ba thobalano, barupeluoa qalong ba ile ba botsoa lipotso tse peli: "Na o se o kile oa suna French?" Le "Na o kile oa robala le motho e mong? Ka thobalano re bolela tsohle ho tloha ho ama kapa ho hatella thobalano, ”(0 = Che, 1 = Ee). Ba bonts'itseng Ee ho potso ea bobeli ba fumane lipotso tse latelang mabapi le boiphihlelo ba bona ka boits'oaro bo fapaneng ba thobalano: ho ts'oara ka sephiri kapa ho ts'oaroa, ho etsa kapa ho amohela thobalano ea matsoho, ho etsa kapa ho amohela thobalano ea molomo, le ho nyanyana kapa ho nyanyana (0 = Che, 1 = Ee). Lintho tsa bootsoa le tsa thobalano li ne li kopantsoe ho fapana ho lekanya boemo ba bocha ba bocha ka boitšoaro ba thobalano, ho tloha ho 0 = Ha ba na boiphihlelo ka mekhoa eohle e mehlano ho ea 5 = Boiphihlelo ka boits'oaro bo hlano (Cronbach's αT1 = .78; αT4 = .86).

Boitšoaro ba marang-rang bo amanang le thobalano (T1)

Sebelisa SEIM. E ipapisitse le lipatlisiso mabapi le mantsoe a lipotso tse thata [50], tšebeliso ea bacha ea SEIM ea bacha e ile ea hlahlojoa ka tsela e latelang: "Bacha ba bangata ka linako tse ling ba sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng. Re ka thabela ho tseba hore na sena se joang bakeng sa hau. U sebelisa marang-rang hangata hakae ho sheba sebaka sa marang-rang sa bootsoa (webosaete e nang le litšoantšo kapa lifilimi tse bonts'ang lihlong kapa batho ba etsang thobalano)? ”Likarolo tsa karabo ea ntho ena e ne e le 1 = Le ka mohla, 2 = Ka tlase ho hanngoe ka selemo, 3 = Nako e ka tlase ho hanngoe ka khoeli, 4 = E le 'ngoe ho isa ho makhetlo a mararo ka khoeli, 5 = Hang kapa habeli ka beke, 6 = makhetlo a mararo ka beke kapa ho feta.

Ts'ebeliso ea SNS. Ts'ebeliso ea bacha lilemong tsa SNS e lekantsoe ka ho botsa barupeluoa hore na ba qeta nako e kae letsatsi le leng le le leng sebakeng sa bona sa marang-rang se sebelisoang haholo marang-rang. Mefuta ea likarabo e ne e le 0 = Ha se setho sa SNS, 1 = Ka tlase ho metsotso ea 15, 2 = 15-30 metsotso, 3 = 30-60 metsotso, 4 = 1-2 lihora, 5 = 3 = 4 Lihora tsa 6.

Litloaelo tse fumanoeng tsa lithaka (T1 le T3)

Tloaelo ea tloaelo e mpe. Maikutlo a bacha lilemong mabapi le tumello ea lithaka tsa bona mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano a lekantsoe ka mofuta o fetotsoeng oa ntho e neng e sebelisoa pele ho lekola tumello ea botsoali ea boitšoaro ba thobalano [51]. Ntho ena e baletsoe: "Metsoalle ea ka ea hlooho ea khomo e lumela hore bashanyana le banana ba lilemo tsa rona ha baa lokela ho etsa thobalano", e filoe lintlha tse tšeletseng (1 = Ha se 'nete, 6 = Ke' nete e phethahetseng). Lipalo li ile tsa khutlisoa, e le hore lintlha tse phahameng li bontšitse hore bacha ba bona lithaka tsa bona li amohela haholoanyane boits'oaro ba thobalano.

Litloaelo tse hlalosang. Maikutlo a bacha lilemong a boiphihlelo ba lithaka tsa bona mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano a ile a lekanngoa ka lintho tse tharo tse amanang le karolo ea metsoalle eo bacha ba nahanang hore ba na le boiphihlelo ka ho aka ha Sefora, ho kopanela likobo le maemo a bosiu bo le bong [52,53], e filoe lintlha tse tšeletseng (1 = Ha ho na metsoalle ea ka, 2 = Ke metsoalle ea ka e fokolang feela, 3 = Ka tlase ho halofo ea metsoalle ea ka, 4 = Ho feta halofo ea metsoalle ea ka, 5 = Hoo e ka bang kaofela ha metsoalle ea ka) metsoalle, 6 = Metsoalle eohle ea ka). Letšoao le kopaneng le thehiloe ka ho phetola lintlha ho lintho tsena (αT1 = .72; αT3 = .73).

Leano la ho sekaseka

Moetso oa conceptual o hlahisitsoeng ho Setšoantšo sa 1 e ile ea lekoa ho sebelisa mohlala oa sebopeho sa tikoloho ho Mplus (Version 7.2; [54]). Re hakantse mefuta e 'meli, e' ngoe e kenyelletsa ts'ebeliso ea SEIM mme e le 'ngoe e kenyeletsa tšebeliso ea SNS. Boitšoaro ba marang-rang bo amanang le thobalano bo ile ba lekanyetsoa ho basement (T1); litloaelo le boiphihlelo ba lithaka tse lemohuoang ka thobalano li ile tsa lekanngoa molemong oa mantlha le 12 (T3) le 18 (T4) likhoeli tse latelang, ka ho latellana. Ka tsela ena, phetoho ea nako e telele ea litloaelo tsa lithaka le boitšoaro ba thobalano kamora ho kopanela liketsong tse amanang le thobalano tse amanang le thobalano li ka hlahlojoa. Age e kentsoe mefuteng e le phetoho ea taolo mme mehlala e ne e lekantsoe bakeng sa bashanyana le banana ka thoko.

Re sebelisitse mokhoa oa bootstrap ho hakanya mehlala kaha sena se fokotsa mathata ka tlhahlobo ea bohlokoa ha ho tlosoa melao ea tloaelo [55] -E ketsahalo e tloaelehileng lipatlisisong tsa thobalano. Re fumane disampole tsa bootNap tsa 1,000 mme ra sekaseka 95% khafetsa khafetsa kholiseho ea likhakanyo bakeng sa litlamorao tsohle. Haeba nako le nako ha e kenyelletsa zero ea boleng, phello e lekantsoeng e bohlokoa. Re nkile phello e le ea bohlokoa ha feela ka bobeli ba eona p-value le nako ea eona ea ho nepisa leeme la 95% li bontšitse phapang e kholo ea lipalo ho tloha zero. Mefuta e lumellanang ea Model e ile ea hlahlojoa le Comparative Fit Index (CFI) le Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). Li-CFIs tse kholo ho feta .90 le RMSEAs tse ka tlase ho .08 li ile tsa nkuoa e le bopaki ba sebopeho se lekaneng sa mohlala [56].

Ho sekaseka hore na tšebeliso ea SEIM ea bacha lilemong tsa bocha le tšebeliso ea SNS li boletsoe esale pele, ka maikutlo a eketsehang a tumello ea lithaka le ts'ebetso, maemo a eketsehang a boiphihlelo ka boitsoaro ba thobalano (H5), re lekotse bohlokoa ba litlamorao tse sa tobang tse hlahisitsoeng ka sehlahisoa-sa-coefficients mokhoa [54, 57].

Results

Litlhaloso le litlhahlobo tsa pele

Lipalo-leseling tse hlalosang mantsoe a bohlokoa li hlahisitsoe ho Lethathamo 1. Boitšoaro ba marang-rang bo amanang le thobalano bo fapane haholo ho bashanyana le banana: bashanyana ba tlaleha tšebeliso ea SEIM khafetsa ho feta banana, athe banana ba qeta nako e ngata ka letsatsi ho SNSs. Mabapi le litloaelo tse bonoang ke lithaka, bashanyana ba fumanoe ba tlaleha maikutlo a matla a hore lithaka li amohela le ho etsa boitšoaro ba thobalano ho feta banana, ka bobeli1) le ho 12 ea ho latela likhoeli (T3). Ka Pairwise t Liteko li bontšitse hape hore bakeng sa bashanyana le banana 'litloaelo tsena tsa lithaka li eketsehile haholo nakong ea khoeli ea 12 (bashanyana: tkotsi(474) = -10.63, p <.001, te hlalosang(413) = -4.96, p <.001; banana: tkotsi(453) = -8.80, p <.001, te hlalosang(417) = -6.99, p <.001). Mekhahlelo ea mantlha ea boiphihlelo ka boits'oaro ba thobalano e ne e batla e phahame ho bashanyana ha e bapisoa le banana; leha ho le joalo, phapang ena e ne e se e sa bonahale ho T4. Joalokaha ho lebelletsoe, boemo ba bashanyana le ba banana ba nang le boits'oaro ba thobalano bo ile ba eketseha nakong ea khoeli ea 18 pakeng tsa T1 le T4 (bashanyana: t(434) = -9.69, p <.001; banana: t(437) = -10.44, p <.001). Lethathamo 2 e bonts'a khokahano ea khokahano ea lintho tse fetotsoeng mohlaleng o kopanyang. Joalokaha tafole ena e bontša, boitšoaro ba marang-rang bo amanang le thobalano, litloaelo tsa lithaka, le boiphihlelo ka tsa thobalano li ne li amana hantle (ntle le tšebeliso ea banana ba SEIM le T.3 litloaelo tse mpe).

Lethathamo 1 

Lipalopalo tse Hlalosang bakeng sa Liphetoho tsa Bohlokoa ho Model e Kopaneng bakeng sa Bashemane le Banana.
Lethathamo 2 

Litabatabelo tsa Pearson lipakeng tsa Li-variables tsa bohlokoa ho Model e Kopaneng bakeng sa Bashemane le Banana.

Tlhahlobo ea sebopeho se kopanyang

Mefuta ea rona ea pele e ne e sa bontše ho lekana ho lekana (ke hore, li-RMSEAs kaofela> .10). Tlhahlobo ea li-indices tsa ntlafatso e senotse hore litsela tse ling tse peli li tlameha ho kenyeletsoa mefuteng e le hore li lekane lintlha. Ka ho khetheha, ho eketsa litsela ho tloha ho (1) T1 boitšoaro ba thobalano ho T3 litloaelo tse hlalosang le (2) T1 litloaelo tse hlalosang ho T3 litloaelo tse mpe li hlahisitse mefuta e nang le li-fit, li-CFIs ≥ .99; RMSEAs ≤ .08. Mefuta ea ho qetela ea ts'ebeliso ea SEIM le SNS e hlahisoa ho Lifolakha Figs22 'me Le3,3, ka ho latellana. Ho hatisa sephetho sa thahasello e kholo, lipalo tsena li hlahisa li-coefficients feela bakeng sa likamano tse hlalositsoeng le ho hlalosoa ka neano. Litlamorao tse tsoang ho li-covariates (lilemo le maemo a motheo a litloaelo tsa lithaka le boitšoaro ba thobalano) ho lintlha tsa bohlokoa ha li kenyelletsoe ho tsoa ho setšoantšo, joalo ka mekhatlo e setseng e tšoanang. Litsela tsena li ne li ntle ebile li bohlokoa haholo, ntle le: (a) lilemo tse nang le ts'ebeliso ea SEIM (banana), (b) lilemo tse nang le tšebeliso ea SNS (bashanyana le banana), (c) lilemo ho T3 litloaelo tse hlalosang (bashanyana), (d) lilemo ho T4 boits'oaro ba thobalano (bashanyana le banana); litlamorao tse seng tsa bohlokoa li tsoa ho B = 0.03 (β = .02) ho B = 0.09 (β = .08). Mefuta e kopaneng e ikarabelletse 59% le 61% ea phapang e teng maemong a bashanyana ka boits'oaro ba thobalano le 50% le 51% ea phapang e teng maemong a banana le boits'oaro ba thobalano.

Setšoantšo sa 2 

Mohlala o hakantsoeng oa ts'ebeliso ea SEIM.
Setšoantšo sa 3 

Mohlala o hakantsoeng oa tšebeliso ea SNS.

Mekha ea motheo

Joalokaha ho boletsoe esale pele ho Hypothesis 1a, bacha ba nang le boiphihlelo ba mantlha ba boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano ba tlaleha ts'ebeliso ea SEIM hangata (bashanyana: B = 0.92, β = .43, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.71, 1.15]; banana: B = 0.10, β = .23, p = .008, bc 95% CI [0.03, 0.18]). Ntle le moo, tumellanong le Hypothesis 1b, bacha ba tlalehileng ba bangata ba neng ba tlaleha tumello ea lithaka le ho etsa thobalano qalong ea thuto ba ne ba sebelisa SEIM khafetsa (bashanyana: Bkotsi = 1.43, β = .46, p <.001, bc 95% CI [1.18, 1.69], Be hlalosang = 0.89, β = .43, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.70, 1.08]; banana: Bkotsi = 0.10, β = .14, p = .002, bc 95% CI [0.05, 0.18], Be hlalosang = 0.07, β = .15, p = .002, bc 95% CI [0.03, 0.11]). Mekhoa e ts'oanang e fumanoe ts'ebeliso ea SNS, e netefatsang Hypothesis 1c (bashanyana: B = 0.49, β = .26, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.30, 0.68]; banana: B = 0.34, β = .24, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.21, 0.50]) le Hypothesis 1d (bashanyana: Bkotsi = 0.63, β = .23, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.38, 0.87], Be hlalosang = 0.54, β = .29, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.37, 0.69]; banana: Bkotsi = 0.59, β = .25, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.35, 0.81], Be hlalosang = 0.54, β = .37, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.41, 0.70]).

Litlamorao

Hypothesis 2a e boletse hore tšebeliso ea SEIM khafetsa e tla bolela esale pele maemo a eketsehileng a boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano. Khopolo-taba ena e ne e lokela ho lahloa (bashanyana: B = 0.08, β = .08, p = .120, bc 95% CI [-0.03, 0.17]; banana: B = 0.10, β = .03, p = .647, bc 95% CI [-0.36, 0.46]). Hypothesis 2b, e bolela esale pele hore tšebeliso ea SNS khafetsa e tla lebisa maemong a eketsehang a boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano, e fumane tšehetso bakeng sa bashanyana (bashanyana: B = 0.16, β = .14, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.08, 0.23]; banana: B = 0.08, β = .07, p = .099, bc 95% CI [-0.02, 0.17]). Ts'ebeliso ea SNS khafetsa e boleloa e eketseha boemong ba bashanyana ba nang le boits'oaro ba thobalano 18 likhoeli hamorao.

Hypotheses 3a le 3b li boletse esale pele hore tšebeliso ea SEIM khafetsa e tla eketsa maikutlo a bacha ao lithaka li a amohelang le ho etsa boitšoaro ba thobalano. Litlamorao tsena tsa nako e telele li ile tsa fumanoa hantle, haholo ho bashanyana feela (bashanyana: Bkotsi = 0.10, β = .10, p = .020, bc 95% CI [0.10, 0.18], Be hlalosang = 0.08, β = .10, p = .028, bc 95% CI [0.01, 0.15]; banana: Bkotsi = -0.15, β = -.04, p = .425, bc 95% CI [-0.56, 0.20], Be hlalosang = -0.09, β = -.04, p = .479, bc 95% CI [-0.32, 0.21]). Hypotheses 3c le 3d, tse boletseng esale pele hore tšebeliso ea SNS khafetsa e tla eketsa maikutlo a bacha a hore lithaka li a amohela le ho etsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano. Ka ho khetheha, li-SNS tsa bashanyana li sebelisa keketseho e boletsoeng esale pele ea maemo a bona a kotsi le a hlalosang 12 likhoeli tse 'maloa hamorao, athe SNS ea banana e sebelisa e hakantsoe e eketseha moetlong oa bona oa ho lematsa, empa ka mokhoa o makatsang litloaelong tsa bona tse hlalosang (bashanyana: Bkotsi = 0.17, β = .14, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.08, 0.25], Be hlalosang = 0.08, β = .10, p = .010, bc 95% CI [0.02, 0.15]; banana: Bkotsi = 0.15, β = .12, p = .003, bc 95% CI [0.05, 0.25], Be hlalosang = 0.07, β = .09, p = .051, bc 95% CI [0.00, 0.15]).

Joalo ka ha ho lebelletsoe ho Hypotheses 4a le 4b, litloaelo tse lemohuoang tsa lithaka mabapi le thobalano li hlile tsa bolela boiphihlelo ba bacha ba boitšoaro ba thobalano. Bakeng sa bashanyana, maikutlo a matla a hore lithaka li kopanela thobalanong li boletse esale pele maemo a eketsehileng a boits'oaro ka boitšoaro ba thobalano likhoeling tse tšeletseng hamorao (Be hlalosang = 0.29, β = .23, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.17, 0.45]); leha ho le joalo, litlamorao tsa litloaelo tsa boits'oaro ho boits'oaro bo latelang ba thobalano ha lia fihlela bohlokoa (Bkotsi = 0.05, β = .05, p = .211, bc 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13]). Bakeng sa banana, maikutlo a matla ao lithaka li a amohelang le ho etsa thobalano a boletse esale pele boiphihlelo bo eketsehileng ba boits'oaro ba thobalano likhoeling tse tšeletseng hamorao (Bkotsi = 0.16, β = .19, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.09, 0.25], Be hlalosang = 0.18, β = .13, p = .022, bc 95% CI [0.03, 0.35]). (Litekanyetso tsena li nkiloe mefuteng ea SNS; likhakanyo tse tsoang mohlaleng oa SEIM li ka fapana hanyane empa ha li fetole sephetho.)

Litlamorao

Motheong oa liphumano tse kaholimo, re lekotse litsela tse tharo tse fapaneng tseo ka tsona boits'oaro bo amanang le thobalano bo amanang le thobalano bo ka eketsang boiphihlelo ba bacha ka boits'oaro ba thobalano. Bakeng sa tsela ea pele, e neng e emetse phello ea tšebeliso ea bashanyana ea SEIM ho tsa thobalano tse latelang ka litloaelo tse hlalosang, phello e sa tobang ha ea ka ea fihlela bohlokoa (B = 0.02, β = .03, p = .066, bc 95% CI [0.00, 0.06]). Leha ho le joalo, tseleng ea bobeli, e emelang phello ea tšebeliso ea SNS ea bashanyana ka boitšoaro ba thobalano ka mekhoa e hlalositsoeng, phello e sa tobang e ile ea bonahala e le bohlokoa (B = 0.03, β = .02, p = .031, bc 95% CI [0.01, 0.05]). Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, sephetho sa tsela ea boraro, e kenyang matla a tšebeliso ea SNS ea banana thobalanong ka litloaelo tse mpe, se bontšitse tšusumetso e kholo e sa tobang (B = 0.03, β = .02, p = .018, bc 95% CI [0.01, 0.05]). Kahoo, tumellanong le Hypotheses 5c le 5d, ts'ebeliso ea SNS e boletse esale pele maemo a boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano ka ho eketsa maikutlo a hore lithaka li etsa boitšoaro ba thobalano har'a bashanyana le maikutlo a hore lithaka li amohela boitšoaro ba thobalano har'a banana.

Puisano

Boithuto ba hajoale bo ikemiselitse ho nka mokhoa o kopanetsoeng oa ho utloisisa hantle hore na boits'oaro bo amanang le thobalano bo amanang le thobalano le lithahasello tsa lithaka li amana joang le ho kopanya ho bopa bocha ba bacha ba thobalano. Ka ho khetheha, re lekile mofuta oa bohlokoa o hlalosang hore na ho amohela (ho re, tšebeliso ea SEIM) le ho sebelisana (ho re, tšebeliso ea SNS) boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano marang-rang bo hokahantsoe le litloaelo tse lemohuoeng tsa lithaka tsa ho bolela boemo ba bocha ba boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano.

Seo re se fumaneng se kentse letsoho ho lingoliloeng mabapi le karolo ea boitšoaro bo amanang le botona le botšehali bo amanang le botona le botšehali ho nts'etsopele ea bacha ba thobalano ka mekhoa e mengata. Taba ea mantlha, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore boits'oaro ba marang-rang bo amanang le thobalano bo hlile bo hokahana le lits'ebetso tse amanang le thobalano sebakeng sa lithaka. Ka ho khetheha, bacha ba neng ba sebelisa SEIM khafetsa ebile ba qetile nako e ngata ho li-SNS le bona ba ne ba khona ho bona hore lithaka tsa bona li amohela boitšoaro ba thobalano (ka mantsoe a mang, mekhoa e hlalosang). Ho feta moo, boitšoaro ba marang-rang ba bacha ka bobeli ba amanang le thobalano le litloaelo tsa bona tsa lithaka li ne li amahanngoa ka nako e le 'ngoe le boiphihlelo bo holimo ba boits'oaro.

Tlatsetso ea bobeli ea seo re se fumaneng ke hore ba bontša litsela tse fapaneng tseo ka tsona boitshwaro bo amanang le thobalano bo amanang le thobalano bo bolelang esale pele boiphihlelo ba bacha ka boitšoaro ba thobalano. Mohlala oa rona o bonts'itse hore har'a bashanyana, nako e eketsehileng e sebelisitsoeng ho SNSs e boletse ka kotloloho menyetla ea boiphihlelo ka boits'oaro ba thobalano 18 likhoeli hamorao. Tšusumetso ena e tobileng ha ea ka ea fumanoa bakeng sa banana, leha a fumane hore ka kakaretso banana ba tlaleha ts'ebeliso ea SNS khafetsa. Ho feta moo, ha ho litlamorao tse tobileng tsa tšebeliso ea bacha ea SEIM ea bacha lilemong tsa boiphihlelo ba bona bo latelang ka boitšoaro ba thobalano bo fumanoeng. Le ha ho le joalo, boits'oaro bo amanang le thobalano bo amanang le thobalano bo boletsoe esale pele keketseho ea boemo ba bacha ba boits'oaro ka ho ama maikutlo a bona a tloaelo ea lithaka mabapi le thobalano. Ka ho khetheha, bashanyana ba neng ba sebelisa SEIM khafetsa ebile ba qetile nako e ngata ho li-SNS ba bontšitse ho eketseha ha nako litumelong tsa bona tsa hore lithaka li amohela boitšoaro ba thobalano le litekanyetsong tsa bona tsa lipalo tsa lithaka tsa thobalano. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, banana ba ileng ba qeta nako e ngata ho li-SNS ba tlaleha keketseho ea maikutlo a bona a kamohelo ea lithaka mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano (le ka boomo ka tekanyo ea bona ea lipalo tsa lithaka tsa thobalano). Maikutlo ana (ke hore, litloaelo tse hlalosang tsa bashanyana, litloaelo tse mpe le tse hlalosang bakeng sa banana), le tsona, li boletse maemo a eketsehang a boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano. Leha likhakanyo tsa lintlha tsa litlamorao tse sa tobang li ne li le nyane (ebile li sa bohlokoa maemong a ts'ebeliso ea SEIM ea bashanyana le tšebeliso ea SNS ea banana ka mekhoa e hlalosang), thLintho tse fumanoeng li bonts'a hore boitšoaro ba marang-rang bo amohelang le bo kopanetsoeng bo amanang le thobalano bo na le monyetla oa ho fetola maikutlo a bacha ka se tloaelehileng le se amoheloang, mohlomong se bakang khatello e matla ea / le sephetho se nepahetseng sa ho etsa thobalano. [40]. Kahoo, boithuto ba rona bo tiisa likhopolo tsa theolelo ea Cultivation Theory and Social Norms Khopolo ea hore ho etsa liqeto tsa thobalano e susumetsoa haholo ke boits'oaro bo tloahelehileng, le hore mecha ea litaba e ka bopa maikutlo a bohlokoa ao [19, 33, 40]. Ho feta moo, seo re se fumaneng se thehiloe lipatlisisong tse fetileng tse bonts'ang hore ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba thobalano ba bacha ka ho fetola maikutlo a bona ka litloaelo tsa thobalano tsa lithaka [36, 42]. Haholo-holo, seo re se fumaneng se fana ka maikutlo a hore sena e ka ba 'nete haholo bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea SNS - boitšoaro bo atisang ho ba botsoalle ho feta thobalanong' me ka lebaka leo, ba tiisa tlhokeho ea ho kopanya mekhoa e mengata e susumetsang kholong ea thobalano ea bacha.

Tlatsetso ea boraro ea seo re se fumaneng ke hore ba totobatsa phapang e fapaneng ea bong ka tsela eo boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano bo amanang le thobalano bo ka lematsang boitšoaro bo latelang ba thobalano. Pele, ho fapana le bashanyana, tšebeliso ea SEIM ea banana e ne e sa amane le liphetoho nako le nako mehopolong ea bona ea litloaelo tsa lithaka mabapi le thobalano.. Phumano ena e ka bonts'a ho pepeseha ho tlase ha banana ho SEIM, e ka bang e sa lekaneng ho hlaolela maikutlo mabapi le ho amohela le ho ata ha boitšoaro ba thobalano [21, 33]. Mohlomong banana ba sebelisang SEIM ba ba le maikutlo a "boits'oaro bo fosahetseng", ke hore, ba lumela hore ts'ebeliso ea bona ea SEIM e hlophisehile ebile ha e khethollehe ho lithaka tsa bona tsa basali [58]. Hobane ba inka ba kheloha, ba kanna ba ba tlase ho amahanya litšoantšo tsa SEIM tsa thobalano le nnete ea bona le ea lithaka. Ho tsebiso e amanang, ho haella ha litlamorao ho banana ho ka hlalosoa ho latela mofuta oa SEIM. Ka mantsoe a mang, SEIM e bonts'a likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa banna o ka lumellanang le litokomane tse fumanehang tsa thobalano ho bashanyana (ke hore, boitšepo ba thobalano), leha ho le joalo e ka fapana le mangolo a teng bakeng sa banana (ke hore, boitlhompho ba thobalano, banana joalo ka baballi ba liheke;43-45]). Banana ba ka hloka ho sebelisa SEIM khafetsa e le hore ba qete mangolo ana a teng le ho fetola litumelo tsa bona tse seng li le teng. Taba ea bobeli, liphumano tsa rona li bonts'a hore litloaelo tse fapaneng tsa lithaka li ka ba le tšusumetso litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea SNS ea bashanyana le banana ho boiphihlelo ba bona bo latelang ka boitšoaro ba thobalano. Leha SNS ea bashanyana e sebelisa mefuta e fapaneng ea boits'oaro ba lithaka, e ne e le keketseho ea lipalo tsa lipalo tsa lithaka tsa thobalano tse ileng tsa bolela esale pele hore keketseho ea maemo a bona a boits'oaro. Ho fapana le moo, SNS ea banana e sebelisitse litekanyetso tse eketsehileng tsa boitsoaro ka ho eketsa tumelo ea bona mabapi le tumello ea lithaka ka thobalano. Phapang ena e bonahala e bonts'a mangolo a bosholu ba ho kopanela liphate ao ho ona (dis) tumello ea thobalano e leng sehlooho se seholo ho banana, athe boikemisetso ba ho etsa thobalano bo hatelloa bakeng sa bashanyana [46]. IT hape e hlahisa lipotso tsa bohlokoa ka litaba tse ikhethileng tseo bashanyana le banana ba pepesitsoeng ho tsona SNS. Mohlala, ho ka etsahala hore banana ba kopane le maikutlo a nepahetseng a amanang le thobalano ho li-SNS, tse ba lumellang hore ba phutholohe ho ithuta thobalano ea bona. Ka nako e ts'oanang, phello e matla ea tšebeliso ea SNS ea banana maemong a bona a hlalosoang e hloka tlhahlobo e eketsehileng, haholo-holo ha ba elelloa karolo ea bona ea boitlamo ba bonoetsana ba banana. Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena li supa lits'ebetso tse bonts'ang tšusumetso ea mecha ea litaba le bohlokoa ba ho hlahloba (bong) melaetsa e ikhethang eo bacha ba e thehang, ba e romelle, mme ba pepesetsoa ha ba etsa boits'oaro bo amohelang ho kopanela liphate bo amanang le thobalano [2].

Leha ho na le menehelo ena ea bohlokoa, mefokolo e meng ea moralo oa rona oa ho ithuta e lokela ho hlokomeloa. Taba ea pele, le ha mohlala oa rona oa bolelele o re nolofalelitse ho lekola likhopolo tse tsoang mohopolong oa tlhaiso-leseling, thuto ea temo le maikutlo a setso mabapi le tatelano ea nakoana eo boitšoaro ba marang-rang ba bacha bo amanang le thobalano, litloaelo tse lemohuoang tsa lithaka, le boitšoaro ba thobalano bo amanang, mekhoa e meng ea tšusumetso e ka ba teng. Mohlala, nako e setseng pakeng tsa tekanyo ea boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano e amanang le thobalano le boemo ba bocha ba boithuto ba botona le botšehali thutong ea rona e kanna ea ba e kholo haholo ho khetholla litlamorao tse tobileng lipakeng tsa maele ana. Taba ea bobeli, ha re na tlhahisoleseling mabapi le litaba tsa bacha ba ileng ba pepesetsoa ha ba etsa boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano marang-rang. Ho utloisisa ka nepo hobaneng boitšoaro ba marang-rang bo amanang le thobalano bo amana le liphetoho litloaelong tsa lithaka 'me qetellong, le keketseho ea boitšoaro ba thobalano, ho hlokahala hore ho hlahlojoe mofuta oa melaetsa eo bacha ba kopanang le eona inthaneteng. Leha re na le bopaki bo lumellanang ba litaba tsa bong ba thobalano ho SEIM [59], tsebo e joalo ha e fumanehe ha ho tluoa ka melaetsa ho li-SNS. Ho bohlokoa ntlheng ena ho boetse ho nahanela merero e fapaneng ea li-SNS tse fapaneng. Li-SNS tsa morao-rao tse tsoetseng pele joalo ka Grindr le Tinder li shebiloe haholo ho fumana baratani le balekane ba thobalano, ka hona e ka fapana ka mokhoa o fapaneng le litloaelo tsa bolekane le boits'oaro ba thobalano. Taba ea boraro, thuto ea rona e tsepamisitse ts'ebeliso ea SEIM le ts'ebeliso ea SNS joalo ka matšoao a boitšoaro ba marang-rang ba bacha bo amanang le thobalano. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho holisa seo re se fumaneng ka ho leka mehlala e kopaneng le boits'oaro bo bong bo fumanehang marang-rang, bo kang ho batla litaba tsa thobalano le cybersex. Boithuto ba nako e tlang bo boetse bo lokela ho hlahloba hore na boits'oaro ba marang-rang bo amanang le thobalano bo hokahana joang le ho sebelisana le likarolo tse ling tsa tšusumetso, joalo ka boits'oaro le tsamaiso ea lelapa, ha ba bolela esale pele kholiseho ea thobalano ea bacha. Ho latela tse ling, litsebi tse tsoang litsong tsa media le tsa likamano tsa lithaka li pheha khang ea hore mecha ea litaba le litlamorao li na le maemo - hore bacha ba bang ba ka tšenyo ea tšusumetso ea bona ho feta ba bang [60, 61]. Ho tsebisa le ho tataisa matsapa a ho thibela le ho kenella, lipatlisiso li lokela ho ikemisetsa ho khetholla lintlha tse ntlafatsang kapa li bontshang litlamorao tsa litaba tsa mecha ea litaba kapa litloaelo tsa lithaka ho tsa thobalano tsa bacha. Taba ea bone, re ile ra lekanya litloaelo tsa lithaka mabapi le likamano tsa botona le botšehali har'a metsoalle ea bacha lilemong tsa bocha. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho hlahloba hore na kholiso ea thobalano ea lilemong tsa bocha e amana ka mokhoa o fapaneng le litloaelo tse lemohuoang har'a mefuta e fapaneng ea lithaka, ho kenyelletsa le batho ba baholo lilemong ka kakaretso, lithaka tsa maemo a holimo, lithaka tse hole le marang-rang, bongata, le balekane ba lerato kapa ba thobalano [60]. Ya bohlano, re ile ra lekanya likhopolo mohlaleng oa rona o kopanyang re sebelisa litlaleho tsa bocha. Leha mokhoa ona e ntse e le mokhoa o tloaelehileng haholo oa ho bokella datha mabapi le thobalano, ho tsebahala hore bacha ba ka tlatselletsa liphihlelo tsa bona tsa thobalano kapa tšebeliso e amanang le thobalano, ka lebaka la ho tšaba lihlong, ho se amoheloe, kapa likotlo tsa sechaba [62]. Qetellong, liphetho tsa rona li ipapisitse le mohlala o bonolo Netherlands. Hore na litholoana tsa rona li ka akaretsoa joang ho batho ba bang ba lilemong tsa bocha ho hloka hore ho etsoe lipatlisiso tse ling.

fihlela qeto e

Khōlo ea thobalano ea bacha ke ntho e rarahaneng e susumetsoang ke litsamaiso tse ngata tse hokahaneng. Har'a lits'ebetso tsena tse ngata tsa tšusumetso, Marang-rang le lithaka li bapala karolo e ikhethang bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba bacha; leha ho le joalo lipatlisiso mabapi le kholo ea bongoana ea lilemong tsa bocha li ithutile lits'ebetso tsena hammoho. Phuputso e entsoeng hajoale e lekotse mohlala o kopantseng hore na ho amohela (ho bolelang, tšebeliso ea SEIM) le ho kenella (ho re, tšebeliso ea SNS) boits'oaro ba marang-rang bo amanang le thobalano bo hokahantsoe le litloaelo tse lemohuoeng tsa lithaka tsa ho bolela boemo ba bocha ba boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano. Seo re se fumaneng se bonts'a hore mefuta ka bobeli ea boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano e amanang le thobalano e na le monyetla oa ho fetola maikutlo a bacha mabapi le se tloaelehileng le se amoheloang, mohlomong se hlahisang khatello e tloaelehileng le / kapa tebello e ntle ea ho etsa boitšoaro ba thobalano. Kahoo, ba totobatsa tlhoko ea mokhoa oa machaba oa ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le kholo ea bongoana. Ho feta moo, seo re se fumaneng se ka tataisa liteko tsa ho thibela le ho kenella tse ikemiselitseng ho khothaletsa bophelo ba thobalano ba bacha. Boiteko bo joalo ha boa lokela ho shebana feela le ho ruta bacha mokhoa oa ho toloka le ho beha sethaleng sa inthanete, empa hape le ho nts'etsapele litsebo tse reretsoeng ho fokotsa ho thulana le maemo a tloaelo.

Tlhaloso ea lithuso

Lintlha tsa thupelo ea morao-rao li ile tsa bokelloa e le karolo ea boithuto bo boholo bo telele bo neng bo etsoa Netherlands bo bitsoang "Project STARS" (Lithuto mabapi le Likamano tsa Likamano tsa Bacha le Thobalano), e tšehelitsoeng ke Mokhatlo oa Dutch bakeng sa Patlisiso ea Saense (NWO; http://www.nwo.nl) le Letlole la Patlo ea Saense ea Thobalano (FWOSl http://www.fwos.nl) [GrO Grant no. 431-99-018]. Bafani ba lichelete ba ne ba sena karolo morerong oa ho ithuta, ho bokella data le ho hlahlobisisa, qeto ea ho phatlalatsa, kapa ho hlophisa sengoloa.

References

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