Mecha ea litaba tsa thobalano le bongoana le bophelo bo botle (2017)

2017 Nov; 140 (Suppl 2): S162-S166. Doi: 10.1542 / peds.2016-1758X.

Collins RL1, Strasburger VC2, Brown JD3, Donnerstein E4, Lenhart A5, Ward LM6.

inahaneloang

Litaba tsa thobalano li atile haholo mecheng ea litaba tsa setso, 'me litšoantšo ha li bontše boikarabello le likotsi (mohlala, ts'ebeliso ea likhohlopo, bokhachane) tse amanang le thobalano. Ho hlahisa litaba tse joalo ho amahanngoa le liphetoho tsa maikutlo mabapi le thobalano le bong, tsoelo-pele ea pejana ho thobalano, ho ima le tšoaetso ea thobalano har'a bacha. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le tlhaiso-leseling e nyane ka bo-moderator le babuelli ba litlamorao tsena. Hape ha re tsebe hakaalo ka mecha ea phatlalatso ea dijithale, litaba tsa bona tse amanang le thobalano, le tšusumetso eo ba nang le eona ho bacha. Lintlha tse tsoang liphuputsong tse 'maloa tsa bacha ba holileng li bonts'a hore lipontšo tsa thobalano libakeng tsa litaba tsa sechaba li amana le litumelo tse thata le boits'oaro har'a ba romelang litaba tsena le har'a bashebelli. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse fumanehang marang-rang li bonahala li le thata ho bacha ho feta mehloli e meng eo e seng ea inthanete. Ha ho fanoa ka nako e ngata le e ntseng e eketseha ea bacha eo ba e qetang ba sebelisa marang-rang le boiketlo ba bona ba ho ba le tšusumetso, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling mecheng ea litaba tsa thobalano tsa dijithale. Ba etsang mosebetsi ona ba lokela ho supa litlamorao tse mpe tse ka bang teng ts'ebelisong le menyetla ea ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba thobalano ba bocha ka mecha ea phatlalatso ea dijithale. Liphuputso tsa mecha ea phatlalatso ea marang-rang le eo e seng ea marang-rang eo ho eona bafuputsi ba hlahlobang bamameli ba bacha ba litaba, ba supa lits'ebetso tse hlalosang litlamorao tsa litaba tsa thobalano ka boits'oaro, mme baokameli ba litlamorao ba hlokahala. Lithuto tse joalo li ka sebelisoa ho tsebisa mehato ea ho fokotsa litholoana tse mpe le ho eketsa litlamorao tse ntle tsa media. Baetsi ba melaoana ba lokela ho susumetsa nts'etsopele ea lits'ebetso tse joalo, ho kenyeletsoa lisebelisoa tsa ho thusa batsoali ho tseba le ho laola litšusumetso tse mpe tsa media mecheng ea bophelo bo botle ba thobalano le nts'etsopele le phatlalatso ea mananeo a ntlafalitsoeng a ho bala le ho ngola a amanang le bophelo bo botle ba thobalano.

PMID: 29093054

DOI:10.1542 / peds.2016-1758X

Naha ea hona joale

Lintho tse ngata li kenya letsoho ho holiseng menahano ea thobalano, litumelo le boits'oaro, ho kenyelletsa ho qala thobalano. E 'ngoe ke mecha ea litaba.

Litaba tsa setso le boitšoaro ba thobalano, maikutlo le liphetho

Thelevishene, lifilimi, 'mino le limakasine li na le litaba tse ngata tsa thobalano le lipuisano tse nyane tsa maikutlo, boikarabello, kapa likotsi tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea thobalano (mohlala, ho ima, tšoaetso ea thobalano, taolo ea bokhachane, le ts'ebeliso ea likhohlopo). Thobalano e hlahisoa ka mantsoe le ka liketso, batho ba buang ka thobalano eo ba kileng ba ba le eona kapa ba batla ho ba le eona, metlae e mengata haholo, keletso e tsoang limakasineng tse mabapi le mekhoa ea ho "lelekisa molekane oa hau", le lits'oantso tse bonts'ang mesebetsi e tsoang ho "ho intša" ho kopanela liphate. . Ho 2005, ho feta likarolo tse peli ho tse tharo tsa mananeo a thelevishene a ne a na le litaba tsa thobalano, empa litšoantšo tsa thobalano tse sireletsehileng li ne li sa tloaeleha.1

Bopaki bo fapaneng bo hokela ho pepesetsoa thobalano mecheng ea setso le phetoho mekhoeng ea thobalano, boits'oaro le liphetho. Lithutong tsa 21, bafuputsi ba sebelisitse data ea litlaleho tse telele ho fumana kamano e ka bang teng le litlamorao lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano le likamano tsa thobalano tsa pejana.2 Tse ntle ka ho fetesisa tse tsoang ponong ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba ke liphuputso tsa nako e telele tsa 3 tsa bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha moo bafuputsi ba fumaneng hore bacha bao mecha ea litaba e jang lijo tse nang le litaba tse ngata tsa thobalano ha ba ne ba qala ho hlahlojoa ba ne ba na le monyetla oa ho qala ho etsa thobalano ka ho latela (1-2 lilemo hamorao ).3-5 Likamano tsena li ile tsa tšoaroa kamora ho etsa accounting bakeng sa lintlha tse ling tse leshome le metso e 'meli tse amanang le mekhoa ea boralitaba le boits'oaro ba thobalano, joalo ka tumelo le ho beha leihlo ha batsoali mesebetsi ea bana le moo ba leng teng. Ho 1 ea lithuto tsena, bafuputsi ba fumane kamano lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano le boimana ba morao.6 Liphumano tsena ha li khothaletse feela hore mecha ea phatlalatso e khothalletse ts'ebetso ea thobalano empa e boetse e fana ka maikutlo a hore ketsahalo e khothalletsoang ke riskier.

Bafuputsi ba bangata ba boetse ba ngotse kamano lipakeng tsa ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa thobalano le maikutlo le tumelo. Tlhahlobo e felletseng ea lithuto tsa 32, Ward7 o phethile ka hore ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba tsa thobalano e amana le ho amohela ho feta tekano thobalanong le maikutlo a hore thobalano e atile khafetsa kapa e atile. Phuputsong e 'ngoe,8 bafuputsi ba fumane hore lijo tse fanang ka litaba tsa thobalano tse phahameng ho tsa thobalano li boletse esale pele hore ho ka ba thata ho etsa thobalano ka thobalano, litlamorao tse amanang le thobalano le litloaelo tse lemohuoang ke lithaka. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho bonahala eka mecha ea litaba ea thobalano e ka khothaletsa litumelo le maikutlo a bophelo bo botle ba thobalano. Bacha ba tlalehileng ka ho bona ketsahalo ea thelevishene e buang ka katleho ea likhohlopo ba fetotse litumelo tsa bona mabapi le hore na likhohlopo hangata li thibela ho ima.9 Phuputsong e 'ngoe, bafuputsi ba ile ba abela liithuti tsa koleche ka tšohanyetso hore li shebelle liketsahalo tsa thelevishene tse kenyelletsang litšoantšo tsa molato le boits'oaro ka ts'ebetso ea thobalano kapa liketsahalo tse tšoanang ntle le litlamorao. Bashebelli ba litlamorao tse mpe ba tlalehile maikutlo a mabe ka ho ba le thobalano pele ho lenyalo.10 Bafuputsi ba sebetsanang le ts'ebetso ba tsepamisitse maikutlo ho litlamorao e le mokhoa oa ho ntlafatsa boitšoaro ba thobalano bo amanang le bophelo ba sechaba.

Litaba tsa setso, Bongoli ba Thobalano ea Thobalano le Thibelo ea Thobalano

Mecha ea litaba ea setso le eona e bonahala e susumetsa "lingoloa tsa thobalano" tsa bacha, kapa e arolelanang litumelo tsa maemo a sechaba mabapi le kamoo batho ba lokelang ho etsa liketsong tsa thobalano. Lingoloa tsena li bohlokoa ka botsona hape li ka susumetsa bophelo bo botle ba thobalano, thabo, ho beha kotsi le ho se sebetse. Ka har'a mecha ea litaba ea Amerika Leboea, sengoloa se matla sa thobalano se lebelletse banna ho etsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali, ho beha thobalano le thabo ho maikutlo, ho tšoara basali joalo ka thobalano, le ho lahla maikutlo a bosodoma kapa boits'oaro ba "basali". Basali ba lebelletsoe ho beha meeli ea ho etsa thobalano, ho etsa thobalano le batho ba bang, ho sebelisa 'mele ea bona le ho shebahala ho hohela banna, ho beha maikutlo le boitlamo ba ho etsa thobalano le ho fokotsa takatso ea bona.11 Ho pepesetsoa hangata mecha ea litaba ea setso ho amana le ts'ehetso ea maikutlo ana le maikutlo a fosahetseng ka basali.7

Litšoantšo tse hlahisang basali ka thobalano li hlaha ho 52% ea lipapatso tsa limakasine, 59% ea livideo tsa 'mino, le 32% ea mantsoe a' mino a litsebi tsa banna.7 Liphuputso tse fetang tsa 100 li senotse likhokahanyo lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela batho ba bacha ho dikahare tse ikhethileng le boits'oaro ba bona ba basali kapa ho ikemela.7 Bao ba pepesitsoeng litšoantšong tse hlakileng ba mamelleha kapa ba lumellana le tlhekefetso ea thobalano, litumelo tsa thobalano tse hlekefetsang, litšōmo tsa tlhekefetso, litšomo tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano le bana, le tlhekefetso ea motho ho feta barupeluoa ntle le tšenyo ena mme ba na le ho se khotsofale ha mmele, ho bonahala ba tšoenyehile, le litumelo tse senyehileng tsa ho ja.7

Liperesente tse mashome a mabeli a metso e supileng tsa lipapali tsa video tse thathamisitsoeng ke Bacha li na le lihlooho tsa thobalano.12 Ho pepesehela litaba tsena ho hokahane le menahano e mengata ea ho ba le thobalano, ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano le ho leka kapa ho qeta peto har'a bacha 14 ho 21.13

Basali ba hlahisoa ka tlase ho lipapali tsa video, mme ha ba le teng, ba na le monyetla o moholo ho feta banna ho bontšoa ka ponahalo ea thobalano kapa ka liaparo tse senolang ka tsa thobalano.7 Batho ba pepesetsoang basali ba kopanelang liphate lipapaling tsa video ba bontša hore ba amohela lipale tse kholo tsa peto le ho mamella tlhekefetso ea thobalano ho feta batho ba bang.7 Ho bapala papali ea video e le sebapali sa botšehali ho bonahala ho fella ka ts'ebetso e tlase le maikutlo a sa rateheng mabapi le bokhoni ba basali ba ho lemoha.14

Media Media: Mohloli o mocha oa litaba tsa thobalano le likamano tsa batho

Ha re bapisoa le litaba tsa setso tsa thobalano, ha re tsebe letho ka mecha ea litaba ea sechaba, litaba tsa bona tse amanang le thobalano le hore na ba ka susumetsa bacha joang.2 Facebook e lula e le sethala sa media se sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa United States, 'moho le 71% ea lilemo tsa bocha 13 ho 17 e sebelisang sebaka seo sa marang-rang.15 Ho tloha 2012, ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso ea litaba tsa sechaba ke bacha e tšoailoe ke mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea li-platform, tse nang le bacha ba bangata ba bokanang sehlekehleke sa libaka tse fapaneng le lits'ebetso tseo ba li etsang khafetsa, ho kenyelletsa Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter le tse ling. ho etsa lipatlisiso ka phello ea liwebosaete tsa marang-rang tseo ho leng thata ho feta.16

Bafuputsi ba sa tsoa qala ho fumana hore na lipatlisiso tse boletsoeng ka holimo li senola kamano lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela mecha ea litaba tsa thobalano le tsoelo-pele ea ts'ebetso ea thobalano e atisang ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea mecha ea litaba ea thobalano. Phuputso e 'ngoe e senotse hore ho itlhalosa ka ho kopanela liphate mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba ho amana le boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho etsa thobalano le batho bao eseng ka thobalano.17 Patlisiso ea morao-rao eo a bileng le eona le bacha ba maDutch e senotse hore ho pepesetsoa maikutlo a hae a tsoang mecheng ea litaba tsa boithabiso le ho arolelana litšoantšo tsa hae tsa bongaka kapa lisebelisoa li ne li amana hantle le tumelo ea bacha ea hore ho bohlokoa ho ba “ea tsoang thobalanong” (ea bohlasoa, ea hlaha, ea tsietsang , le ho fana ka maikutlo a hore motho o teng ka thobalano).18 Bangoli ba thuto e tšoanang ba bontšitse hore ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa boithati tse amanang le boithati ka mokhoa o sa amaneng le boikemisetso ba ho etsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela likobo hobane ho ile ha eketsa pono e ntle ea bacha ea lithaka tse neng li etsa boitšoaro bo joalo.18

Ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba ea sechaba e boetse e bonahala e amana le boitlami, lihlong tsa 'mele le ho fokotseha hoa ts'ebeliso ea thobalano.7 Phuputso e 'ngoe e bontša hore mecha ea litaba ea sechaba e susumetsa bacha ba kenang likamanong tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali ka ho "hlakisa meeli lipakeng tsa balekane ba ratanang." Mecha ea litaba ea sechaba e ne e sebelisetsoa ho lekola kapa ho laola molekane, ho bua ka bohale le molekane, ho fokotsa monyetla oa ho iphumanela, le bakeng sa ho ikopanya hape kamora ketsahalo e mabifi kapa karohano.19

Leha bafuputsi ba bangata ba ithutang litaba tsa thobalano ba tsepamisitse maikutlo ho litlamorao tse mpe tsa ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso, bokhoni bo ikhethileng ba litaba tsa sechaba ho fihlella palo e kholo ea bacha ka tlhahisoleseling ea ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba thobalano ha bo lahleheloe ke mekhatlo e nang le sepheo sena. Bangoli ba phuputso ea morao-rao ba fumane hore 10% ea bacha ba fumana lintlha tse ngata tsa bophelo bo botle ho tsoa mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba le 23% e fumana bonyane tse ling ho tsoa ho mecha ea litaba ea sechaba; 18% e batlisitse maloetse a tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano marang-rang.20

Ho romella litšoantšo

Ho romellana melaetsa ka melaetsa e litšila ho kenyelletsa phapanyetsano ea litaba tsa thobalano (mongolo kapa litšoantšo) ka mehala ea cellular kapa marang-rang. Lits'oants'o tsa ho romella melaetsa ea litšoantšo tsa marang-rang ho bacha li fapana ho mefuta ea ho ithuta, mehlala ea mohlala, le litlhaloso tsa polelo.21 Mohlaleng oa boemeli ba naha oa bocha, tekanyo ea ho romela litšoantšo tsa botona kapa botšehali ke 5% ho 7%.22,23 Hoo e ka bang 7% ho 15% ba amohetse sext.22,24 Ho romellana melaetsa ka litšoantšo tse litšila ho romellana melaetsa e ka ba karolo e hlahelletseng ea ho hlahloba bacha le ho itlhakisa ka thobalano.23 Hangata ke karolo ea kamano e teng kapa e tsoetseng pele ea lerato. Ho romellana litšoantšo tse litšila ka selefouno ho boetse ho amahanngoa le likotsi tse itseng. Ka linako tse ling e hatelloa kapa e qobelloa.25 Ho kopanela liphate ka linako tse ling ho fetisetsoa ho motho oa boraro e le mokhoa oa bompoli kapa boiphetetso.26 Bacha ba romellang thobalano ka linako tse ling ba qosoa ka melao ea thobalano ea bana.26 Kamora nako eo, ho romellana litšoantšo tse litšila ka inthanete ho kopantsoe le sehlopha sa boitšoaro ba bacha ba kotsing ea ho kena bohlankaneng, ho kenyeletsoa thobalano, ho beha likotsi tsa thobalano le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi,23 Ho fana ka maikutlo a tlhoko ea phokotso ea ho fokotsa kotsi le bacha ba romellang melaetsa e litšila.

Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa tsa Inthanete: Taba e Khethehileng

Mahlale a macha a atolositse bacha ho fihlella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang marang-rang li fapana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa nakong e fetileng ka litsela tse ling tsa bohlokoa.27 Litaba tse fumanehang marang-rang li lula li "bulehile" ebile li ea nkeha, li lumella ho kena ka nako efe kapa efe le sebakeng se seng le se seng. E ka ba e kopanetsoeng 'me ea tšoareha haholoanyane, kahoo ho na le monyetla o eketsehileng oa ho ithuta le nako ea ho pepesa. Mefuta e feteletseng ea lintho tse mabifi kapa tsa thobalano e atile haholo inthaneteng ho feta mecheng e meng e tsebahalang.27 Ho nka karolo ke sephiri ebile ha ho tsejoe, e leng ho lumellang bana le bacha ho batla lisebelisoa tseo ba neng ba ke ke ba li batla mecheng ea setso. Qetellong, ho pepesetsoa litaba mecheng ea marang-rang ho thata haholo ho batsoali ho beha leihlo ho feta ho pepesetsoa litaba ha u le libakeng tsa setso. Lipatlisiso tsa naha le tsa machabeng li senola hore ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro marang-rang ho tloaelehile ho bashanyana eseng ntho e tloaelehileng har'a banana. Ka har'a United States, 42% ea 10 ho isa lilemong tsa 17 li bone litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang, ha 27% e re li shebile lisebelisoa tse joalo ka boomo.27 Tlhahlobo ea 15 ho bana ba lilemo tsa 18 e fumane 54% ea bashanyana le 17% ea banana ba amohetsoeng ho shebella ka boomo.27

Patlisiso e tlang

Boithuto boo ho bona bafuputsi ba talimang bamameli ba bacha ba media, ba shebisisa mekhoa e ka hlalosang litla-morao tsa litaba tsa thobalano ka boits'oaro, le ho sheba mecha ea litaba ea sechaba e ea hlokahala.

Bafuputsi ba lokela ho supa baokameli ba tšepahalang ba litlamorao tse ka sebelisoang ho rala kapa ho shebana le lits'ebetso, ho kenyeletsoa litšobotsi tsa bocha tse kang boemo ba kholo, morabe le litšobotsi tsa litaba tsa thobalano. Basebelisi bohle ba mecha ea litaba ba ke ke ba atamela litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano ka bokhoni bo ts'oanang ba kutloisiso kapa thahasello joaloka ba bang. Lintlha tsa nts'etsopele li lokela ho tsotelloa le ho lekoa joalo ka batsamaisi ba litlamorao ha re ntse re lekola hore na ts'ebeliso le litaba tsa media li ama hakae litumelo le boits'oaro ba bana le bacha. Rea tseba hore bana ba banyenyane (<lilemo tse 7-8) ba na le bothata ba ho khetholla pakeng tsa se etsahalang skrineng le se ka etsahalang bophelong ba 'nete. Ho nka bokhoni ba ho sebetsana le ts'ebeliso ea kelello ho tla ba bohlokoa ha re ntse re utloisisa haholoanyane ka seo le kamoo bana ba ithutang ka thobalano ho tsoa mecheng ea litaba. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, kholo ea 'mele, maikutlo a batho le kholo ea kelello e ka ama botsitso le ts'ebetso ea litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano,28 joalo ka ha ho qala ho ba le maikutlo a botona kapa a botšehali. Kholiso ea bongo e sa felletseng e qobella bacha ho etsa boitšoaro bo kotsi mme e ka ama boemo ba litaba tsa thobalano bo batlang le ho nka bohato ho bona.

Bacha ba fokolang ba ka angoa hanyane ke maikutlo a itseng a media.29 Ho ithuta ho eketsehileng ka khethollo ea morabe le ea bochaba ho ka thusa ho khetholla mekhoa ea ho khothaletsa ho inehela ho litšusumetso tse mpe tsa mecha ea litaba ho bacha bohle.

Ts'usumetso ea mecha ea litaba mabapi le kholo ea thobalano le bophelo bo botle e ka ba e ntle, 'me ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ngata ho tsebahala (1) mekhoa ea ho hohela bacha ho (le ho etsa bacha ho theha) lintlha tse khothatsang le (2) lipapatso tse bontshang boholo ba kotsi kapa ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle le boiketlo.

Ho bohlokoa hore bangoli ba lithuto tsa nako e tlang ba lekanyetse lits'oants'o mabapi le bonnete ba tlholeho mabapi le ts'ebetso ea tlhaho, mohlomong ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e fapaneng (mohlala, liteko tsa laboratori le lipatlisiso tsa likarolo tse ling) kapa ka ho sebelisa meralo e kenyelletsang tekano ena ka tlhaho (mohlala. , liteko tsa tlhaho, lithuto tsa liteko tsa nakoana tsa likarabo tsa nakoana ho pepesoa, kapa lipatlisiso tse telele tsa sampole tsa baemeli).

Litlhahiso

Baoki le Bahlahisi

Baoki ba lokela ho latela litlhahiso tse tsoang polelong ea melao ea American Academy of Pediatrics mabapi le thobalano, thibelo ea bokhachane, le boralitaba.30

Baetsi ba Molao

Baetsi ba maano ba lokela ho etsa tse latelang:

  • ruta batsoali ka matla a mecha ea litaba tsa thobalano;

  • fana ka lisebelisoa ho thusa batsoali ho lemoha litaba tsa thobalano tse nang le mathata, ho ba fa matla a ho fokotsa monyetla oa ho pepesa bana ba bona le ho theha litaba tse joalo, le ho ba thusa ho buisana ka tšusumetso ea bona le bana ba bona;

  • tataisa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa baetsi ba litaba kapa sethala le bafuputsi ba boralitaba kapa litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ho fokotsa litšoantšo tse hlahisang mathata le ho eketsa melaetsa e metle mabapi le thobalano le thobalano;

  • ho ntshetsa pele ntshetsopele ya maano a maiketsetso, a thehiloeng hodima bopaki a nkang ho tseba ho bala ka media ho feta ka phapusing; le

  • hlohlelletsa lipatlisiso moo ho hlahlojoang mefuta e mecha ea mecha ea litaba ea thobalano, ho kenyelletsoa le mecha ea litaba ea sechaba le tšusumetso ea bona bophelong ba bacha.

Baetsi ba Molao le Baruti

Baetsi ba melao le matichere ba lokela ho etsa tse latelang:

  • tsetela ho nts'etsopele e tsoelang pele le ho hasanya li-curricula tsa litaba tsa litaba tsa media le

  • etsa hore puisano ea mecha ea litaba ea thobalano le tšusumetso ea eona e be karolo ea bohlokoa ea thuto ea bophelo bo botle le thobalano likolong.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

  • E amohetse April 19, 2017.
  • Mangolo a aterese ho Rebecca L. Collins, PhD, RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St, Santa Monica, CA 90407. Lengolo-tsoibila: [imeile e sirelelitsoe]

  • TLHOHONOLOFATSO EA MALI: Bangoli ba bontšitse hore ha ba na likamano tsa lichelete tse amanang le sengoloa sena ho se senola.

  • CHELETE: Tlatsetso ena e khethehileng e reng, "Bana, Bacha, le Lits'oants'o: Seo re se Tsebang le Seo re se hlokang ho Ithuta," se ile sa khoneha ka ts'ehetso ea lichelete ea Bana le Lits'oants'o: Setsi sa Digital Media le Nts'etsopele ea Bana.

  • TLHALOSO EA MOTSOALLE: Bangoli ba bontšitse hore ha ba na likhohlano tse ka bang teng tsa menyetla ea ho hlahisa.

References

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