Likarolo tsa boko ba bocha le boikutlo ba tsona bo ikhethang bakeng sa lintho tsa ho kopanela liphate (2019)

Khokahano e sa hlakang - J Adolesc. 2019 Feb 9; 72: 10-13. Doi: 10.1016 / j.adolescence.2019.01.006.

Brown JA1, Wisco JJ2.

inahaneloang

SELELEKELA: Pakane ea tlhahlobo ena e khuts'oane ea lingoliloeng ke ho hlahloba hore na ho na le kamano pakeng tsa paradigms e ikhethang ea 'mele le boikoetliso ba kelello ba bongoana le maikutlo a eketsehang a litaba tsa thobalano.

Mekhoa: Metheo ea Phuputso ea EBSCO e ile ea batloa ka ho sebelisa mantsoe a bohlokoa a latelang: bohlankana, nts'etsopele ea bongoana ba bongoana, neuroplasticity, lisebelisoa tse tsosang takatso ea botona le botšehali, thobalano le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

LITLHAKISO: Lingoliloeng li bonts'itse likarolo tse 'maloa tsa boko ba bongoana bo fapaneng le boko bo holileng. Tsena li kenyelletsa: cortex ea pele ea pele le li-circuits tse arabelang ka ho fetesisa le tse arabelang ka ho fetesisa, nako e phahamisitsoeng ea neuroplasticity, sistimi e sebetsang ea dopamine, axis e boletsoeng ea HPA, litekanyetso tse matla tsa testosterone, le tšusumetso e ikhethang ea lihormone tsa steroid. Karabelo ea 'mele litabeng tsa thobalano e hlakotsoe. Ho na le libaka tse ngata tsa bohlokoa tse amanang le kholo ea bongoana le bosholu ba litaba tsa thobalano. Kakaretso ea mohlala e sebetsang e bapisang karabelo ea kelello ea motho e moholo le ea lilemong tsa bocha le thotloetso e ts'oanang ea thobalano e hlalositsoe.

TLHOKOMELISO: Lingoliloeng li fana ka maikutlo a hore kelello ea mocha e kanna ea ba le maikutlo a hlakileng ho tsa thobalano, empa ka lebaka la khaello ea lithuto tse matlafatsang potso ena e ke ke ea arajoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng. Ho fanoa ka litlhahiso mabapi le lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang bakeng sa ho ntšetsa pele mosebetsi lefapheng lena la kajeno.

LITLHAKISO: Bocha; Kholiso ea boko ba bongoaneng; Neuroplasticity; Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; Thobalano; Lintho tse amanang le thobalano

PMID: 30754014

DOI: 10.1016 / j.adolescence.2019.01.006

Likarolo tse ikhethang tsa boko ba bocha

Sepheo sa tlhahlobo ena e khuts'oane ea lingoliloeng ke ho lekola hore na ho na le kamano lipakeng tsa likarolo tse ikhethileng tsa "anatomical" le "physiological" tsa boko ba bocha le kutloisiso e eketsehileng litabeng tse hlakileng tsa thobalano. Lits'ebeletso tsa EBSCO Research Data li ile tsa phenyekolloa ho sebelisoa mantsoe a latelang a latelang: bocha, kholo ea boko ba bocha, neuroplasticity, lintho tse hlalosang thobalano, thobalano, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Bocha ke nako e pakeng tsa bongoana le ho ba motho e moholo e koahetsoeng ke liphetoho kholong ea 'mele, kelellong le sechabeng (Ernst, Pine, & Hardin, 2006).

Paradigms e ikhethang ea boko ba bocha e kenyelletsa tse latelang: 1) K'homphieutha e sa butsoang ea "preortal cortex" le "circuits" tsa limbic le striatal tse ikarabellang ho feta (Dumontheil, 2016; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Somerville, Hare, & Casey, 2011; Van Leijenhorst et al. , 2010; Vigil le al., 2011); 2) Nako e phahameng ea methapo ea pelo (McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Schulz & Sisk, 2006; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011); 3) Sisteme ea dopamine e fetelletseng (Andersen, Rutstein, Benzo, Hostetter, & Teicher, 1997; Ernst et al., 2005; Luciana, Wahlstrom, & White, 2010; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Wahlstrom, White, & Luciana, 2010) ; 4) Axis e tsebahalang ea HPA (Dahl & Gunnar, 2009; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Romeo, Lee, Chhua, McPherson, & McEwan, 2004; Walker, Sabuwalla, & Huot, 2004); 5) Maemo a eketsehileng a testosterone (Dorn et al., 2003; Vogel, 2008; Mayo Clinic / Mayo Medical Laboratories, 2017); 6) Tšusumetso e ikhethileng ea lihormone tsa steroid (cortisol le testosterone) kholong ea boko nakong ea bocha ba bocha (Brown & Spencer, 2013; Peper, Hulshoff Pol, Crone, Van Honk, 2011; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011).

Blakemore le basebetsi-'moho le bona ba entse hore tšimo e ntlafatsoe ke boko ba lilemong tsa bocha 'me e hlalositse hore lilemo tsa bocha li lokela ho nkoa e le nako e utloisang bohloko ka lebaka la ho hlophisa boko bo hlollang bo etsoang (Blakemore, 2012). Likarolo tsa boko tse fetohang phetoho e kholo nakong ea bocha li kenyelletsa taolo ea kahare, ho pota-pota ka bongata le ho rera (Blakemore, 2012).

Blakemore le Robbins (2012) ba hokahanya bocha le ho nka liqeto tse kotsi mme ba supa tšobotsi ena ho karohano lipakeng tsa nts'etsopele e potlakileng, e ts'oanang ea taolo ea tšusumetso le taetso ea karabelo nakong ea bocha ha e bapisoa le nts'etsopele ea tsamaiso ea moputso, eo hangata e arabelang haholo Meputso bocha.

Lintho tse amanang le thobalano

Lintho tse pepesitsoeng tse amanang le thobalano li kenya letsoho ho amygdala ea limbic system (Ferretti et al., 2005; Karama et al., 2002; Redoute et al., 2000; Walter et al., 2008). Ts'ebetso ea amygdala ka mokhoa o qalang e latela tse latelang: 1) hypothalamus e kenya tšebetsong methapo ea kutlo le lesapo la mokokotlo e qalang karohano e utloisang bohloko ea tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo e hlahisang tokollo ea epinephrine le norepinephrine; 2) hypothalamus e hlohlelletsa tšoelesa ea pituitary, e hlahisang ho lokolloa ha cortisol ka hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, le tlhahiso ea testosterone ka axothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis (Viau, 2002); 3) li-nucleus accumbens li butsoa ka dopamine. Bakeng sa tlhahlobo e felletseng ea amygdala le lits'oants'o tsa eona le tsamaiso ea mekhoa ea somatic bona Mirolli, Mannella, le Baldassarre (2010). Ts'ebetso ea cortex ea pele e fokotsehile, mme ts'ebetso ea basal ganglia e eketseha ka lebaka la ho lokolloa ha li-neurotransmitters (Arnsten, 2009; Hanson et al., 2012; Radley, 2005).

Ts'ebeliso ea khafetsa le khafetsa ea libaka tsa marang-rang tsa bootsoa li ne li amahanngoa haholo le tlhekefetso ea sechaba har'a bacha ba Bagerike (Tsitsika et al., 2009). Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e kentse letsoho ho liehisa litheolelo, kapa tloaelo ea motho ea ho theola litholoana tsa nako e tlang molemong oa meputso ea hanghang (Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016). Negash le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba sebelisitse sampole e neng e le lilemo li 19 le 20, tseo mongoli a li totobalitseng li ntse li nkuoa e le bacha. Ba pheta-pheta hore mehlala ea bona e ne e sa tlalehe hore ke basebelisi ba lemalloang kapa ba qobelloang, empa liphetoho li ntse li bonts'oa.

Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e hokahane le tšusumetso le methapo ea pelo ea sistimi ea moputso oa mesolimbic dopaminergic (Hilton, 2013). Litekanyetso tsa MRI li fumane kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa lihora tse tlalehiloeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka beke le bophahamo ba litaba tse bohlooho ka khokahano e nepahetseng ea caudate le ts'ebetso le dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Kuhn & Gallinat, 2014). Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka ba sesosa sa lefu lena la methapo ea pelo, empa maemo a etsang hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e be le moputso o moholo a ke ke a qheleloa ka thoko.

Kakaretso ea mohlala oa ho sebetsa

Re fana ka kakaretso ea mohlala oa ho sebetsa, re nahanne ka li-paradigms tse ikhethang tsa boko ba bacha le litšoaneleho tsa boitsebiso ba ho kopanela liphate. Ho kopana ha libaka tse ka sehloohong tse amanang le bokooa bo ikhethang ba bocha le lintho tse hlalosang thobalano ke habohlokoa.

Ha a pepesetsoa lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano, ts'usumetso ea amygdala le axis ea HPA e tla matlafatsoa ho mocha, ha e bapisoa le motho e moholo. Sena se ka lebisa tlhokomelong e hlakileng ea cortex ea pele le ntlafatso ea ts'ebetso ea basal ganglia ho mocha. Boemo bona, ka hona, bo ne bo tla beha ts'ebetsong ts'ebetso ea phethahatso, e kenyeletsang ho thibela le ho ithiba, le ho matlafatsa ho se ts'oanehe. Hobane boko ba mocha bo ntse bo hola, bo thusa haholo ho neuroplasticity. K'homphieutheng ea "prefrontal" e "sa tsamaee", ka puo ea tšoantšetso, e khannela rewiring e poteletseng e ratang nts'etsopele ea subcortical. Haeba ho se leka-lekane ha methapo ea pelo ho ntse ho tsoela pele ha nako e ntse e feta, sena se ka baka potoloho e fokolang ea cortical molemong oa potoloho e matla haholo ea subcortical, e ka lebisang mocha hore a tsoele pele ho ikhotsofatsa le ho se tsotelle. Mokokotlo oa lilemong tsa bocha o bokellana, kapa setsi sa boithabiso bokong, e ka ba le tšusumetso e fetelletseng ha e bapisoa le motho e moholo. Maemo a eketsehang a dopamine a ka fetolela maikutlong a ekelitsoeng a amanang le dopamine, joalo ka monyaka le takatso (Berridge, 2006; Volkow, 2006).

Ka lebaka la ho phahama ha testosterone nakong ea bokhachane, boemo ba eona le bona bo ne bo tla eketsoa ha bo bapisoa le motho e moholo. Keketseho ena ea testosterone e ka lebisa mekhoeng e phahameng ea mabifi (Banks & Dabbs, 1996; Goetz et al., 2014; Nelson, Leibenluft, McClure, & Pine, 2005; Schulz & Sisk, 2006) le tebello ea thobalano (Amstislavskaya & Popova, 2004; Bonilla – Jaime, Vazquez-Palacios, Arteaga-Silva, & Retana-Marquez, 2006; Exton et al., 1999; Redoute et al., 2000; Stoleru et al., 1999;).

Ka lebaka la fensetere ea mokhatlo ea ntlafatso nakong ea bocha, cortisol le testosterone li ka ba le tšusumetso e ikhethang mokhatlong o hlophisitsoeng oa boko kapa ts'ebetsong ea tlhaho ea lipotoloho tse fapaneng tsa methapo. Phello ena e ke ke ea fumanoa ho motho e moholo hobane fensetere ena e hlophisitsoeng ea mokhatlo e koetsoe. Ho pepesehela cortisol khafetsa ho na le monyetla, nakong ea tlhophiso ea bocha, ho khanna methapo ea pelo e lebisang ho ts'ebetsong ts'ebetso ea kelello le ho khona ho imeloa kelellong le ha motho e moholo (McEwen, 2004; Tsoory & Richter-Levin, 2006; Tsoory, 2008; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; 2010). Ho tiea ha kamora ea bokhachane ea amygdala, bonyane ka karolo e 'ngoe, ho latela boholo ba ponahalo ea testosterone nakong ea fensetere ea bohlokoa ea kholo ea bocha (De Lorme, Schulz, Salas-Ramirez, & Sisk, 2012; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013; Neufang et al., 2009; Sarkey, Azcoitia, Garcia- Segura, Garcia-Ovejero, le DonCarlos, 2008). Amygdala e matla e hokahane le maemo a phahameng a maikutlo le boits'oaro bo sotlehileng (Amaral, 2003; Lorberbaum et al., 2004; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013).

Puisano le tataiso ea nako e tlang

Pampiri ena e ne e batla ho qala moqoqo oa borutehi: Na bacha ba ka khona ho ameha haholo ka lintho tse hlalosang thobalano ka lebaka la ho hlaka le ho hlaka hoa kelello ea bongoana? Lingoloa tsa hajoale li bonts'a hore kelello ea bongoana e kanna ea ba le maikutlo a hlakileng ka thobalano, empa ka lebaka la khaello ea lithuto tse matlafatsang potso ena e ke ke ea arajoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng. Phephetso ea ho sebetsa ka ho nahanisisa ka litekanyetso tse nepahetseng tsa lithuto tse laoloang hape ke tšitiso ea bohlokoa, leha e le hantle, ebile e le tšitiso ea tsoelo-pele ea mahlale lefapheng lena.

Ha re qala, re khothaletsa ho etsa lithuto tsa palo ea batho ba sebelisang lipatlisiso tsa tlhahlobo tse botsang litloaelo tsa boits'oaro pele ho pepesetsoa lintho tse amanang le thobalano le kamora ho pepesetsoa maemo a fapaneng. Lipatlisiso li ka fuoa batsoali ho netefatsa hore na kamano ea motsoali le ngoana ke karolo ea bohlokoa ho phepo e ntle ea ngoana (le tšebetso ea sekolo).

Mokhoa o mong oa ho etsa lipatlisiso oo u ka nahanang ka ona ke karolo ea theknoloji e le monyetla oa hore bacha ba buleloe lintho tse amanang le thobalano. Kaha tšebeliso ea sebele ea mecha ea litaba ea sechaba e ka lateloa mme ea bapisoa le ts'ebeliso eo u e sebelisang, lipatlisiso tse botsang barupeluoa ho itlhahloba ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a bona le ho pepesehela litaba tse amanang le thobalano e ka ba thuto e tsoileng matsoho e lokelang ho etsoa.

Khabareng, tlatsetso e kholo lefapheng lena e ka ba thuto e nkang nako e telele e ka kenyelletsang ho latela sehlopha sa bana ho fihlela lilemong tsa bocha le ho ba motho e moholo ea nang le nalane ea bongaka ea bongaka le ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ea 'mele le ea kelello ho tsoa lenaneong le hlophisitsoeng khafetsa la ts'ebetso, le / kapa ho nahana ka PET.

Ho theha lithuto tse hlokolosi, tsa boitšoaro bo botle ho etsa lipatlisiso ka phello ea ho pepesetsoa hoa litšoantšo tsa thobalano bokong ba bongoana ke bohato bo hlokahalang ho utloisisa phapang ea liphihlelo tsa batho ba baholo ka lintho tse amanang le thobalano.

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