Tlhahiso: Koleche ea Amerika ea lingaka e bua ka likotsi tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bakuli ba bacha.
NAKO E MONG: Ho fumaneha le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho se ho atile hohle bathong ba baholo le bacha. Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e amahanngoa le litholoana tse ngata tse mpe tsa maikutlo, kelello le 'mele.
Tsena li kenyelletsa sekhahla se eketsehang sa khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, boits'oaro le boits'oaro bo mabifi, lilemo tse nyane tsa thobalano, bohlola, kotsi e eketsehileng ea ho ima ha bacha, le pono e fosahetseng ea likamano lipakeng tsa banna le basali. Bakeng sa batho ba baholo, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li baka menyetla e eketsehileng ea tlhalo eo le eona e leng kotsi ho bana. American College of Pediatricians e khothalletsa litsebi tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo ho buisana le bakuli le malapa a bona ka likotsi tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho fana ka lisebelisoa ho sireletsa bana hore ba se ke ba shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho phekola batho ba nang le litlamorao tse mpe.
Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka hlalosoa e le "pontšo ea boitšoaro bo litšila (pontso ea thobalano litšoantšong kapa sengolong) e etselitsoeng ho baka thabo ea thobalano" ho bashebelli.1 Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng ho bile le keketseho e kholo litabeng tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang ho batho ba baholo le bana. Tšebeliso e tloaelehileng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e atile hobane e ea fumaneha, e theko e tlase ebile ha e tsejoe. E ea fumaneha hobane ke likonopo tse 'maloa feela ho Internet. E theko e tlaase hobane libaka tse ngata tsa inthanete li fana ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mahala ho hohela bashebelli libakeng tsa bona tsa marang-rang. Liwebosaete tse ling li romella livideo tsa batho ba bang 'me ha li lefelle sebali sephethephethe sa webo. Ha e tsejoe hobane e ka bonoa boinotšing lapeng la motho. Ha ho sa na tlhoko ea ho etela lebenkele la libuka tsa batho ba baholo kapa lebala la liketsahalo la XXX la lehae.
Le ha lekhetho le lekantsoeng leo indasteri ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li le hlahisang naheng ena ha le tsejoe, tšebeletso ea lifilimi ea inthanete Co Convention Eyes e hakanyetsa lekhetho la 2012 US hore le ka ba limilione tse likete tsa $ 8.2 Ho hakanngoa hore ho tloha 2007, lekhetho le theohile ka 50%3, empa phokotso ena e kanna ea ba teng ka lebaka la ho fumaneha ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng eseng ho fokotseha ka botlalo ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka 2008, feme ea inthanete le ea ho bapatsa Ho joalo e tlaleha hore marang-rang a 40,634 a lefatše a phatlalalitse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.4
Ke Mang ea Sebelisang Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa le Hore Hobaneng Bakhachane ba Lokela ho Ela hloko
Patlisiso ea 2014 Barna Group e senotse lintlha tse latelang tsa palo ea batho mabapi le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke batho ba baholo ba Amerika:5
Har'a banna ba 18-30 ba lilemo li, 79% ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hang ka khoeli mme 63% e shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse kholo ho feta hanngoe ka beke.
Har'a banna ba 31-49 ba lilemo li, 67% ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hang ka khoeli mme 38% e shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse kholo ho feta hanngoe ka beke.
Har'a banna ba 50-68 ba lilemo li, 49% ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hang ka khoeli mme 25% e shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse kholo ho feta hanngoe ka beke.
Har'a basali ba 18-30 ea basali, 34% e shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hang ka khoeli mme 19% e shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata ho feta hanngoe ka beke.
Har'a basali ba 31-49 ea basali, 16% e shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hang ka khoeli mme 8% e shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse kholo ho feta hanngoe ka beke.
Har'a basali ba 50-68 ea basali, 5% e shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hang ka khoeli mme 0% e shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse kholo ho feta hanngoe ka beke.
Lintlha tsa palo ea batho li ts'oana le lihlopheng tsa bacha. Sengoloa sa 2008 ho Tlaleho ea Patlisiso ea Bacha e senotse hore 67% ea bahlankana le 49% ea basali ba bacha ba fumane litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li amoheleha.6 Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bakeng sa bana le bacha ho se ho atile hohle. Phuputsong ea 2010 ea baithuti ba Lenyesemane ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 14 ho isa ho 16, hoo e ka bang motho a le mong ho ba bararo o boletse hore ho qala ho bona litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete ho ne ho le lilemo li 10 kapa ka tlase.7 Phuputsong ea 2011, 31% ea bashemane ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ile ba lumela ho etela libaka tsa marang-rang tse neng li reretsoe ho ba Adult Feela.8 Tlhahlobo e kholo ea bacha ba Amerika e senotse hore 51% ea ba batona le 32% ea basali ba ipolela hore ba kile ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lekhetlo la pele pele ba le lilemo tsa 13.9 Phuputsong e 'ngoe ea Australia ea 2012 ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, banna bao e neng e le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata ba boletse hore ponahalo ea bona ea pele e ne e le lipakeng tsa 11 ho isa lilemong tsa 13.10 Liphumano tse tšoanang li tlalehiloe thutong ea 2009 ho Journal ea Bophelo ba Bacha e fumane hore 85% ea ba batona ba lilemong tsa bocha le 50% ea ba batona ba lilemong tsa bocha ba pepesitsoe litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.11 Ho hlakile hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li se li atile sechabeng sa mehleng ea Amerika. Patlisiso, leha ho le joalo, e qala feela ho hlakisa tšusumetso ea eona ho bana, bacha le ho batho ba baholo.
Bana ba sekolo sa sehlopha ka linako tse ling ba pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka tšohanyetso ha ba sheba lintho tse ling inthaneteng.12 Ba ka boela ba kopana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa motsoali kapa tsa motho ea haufi haholo.13 Batho ba hlekefetsang ka thobalano ba pepesitse bana ka boomo litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka morero oa ho koetlisa bana bakeng sa tlhekefetso ea thobalano.14 Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro lilemong tsena tse ngata hangata ho fella ka ho tšoenyeha ho ngoana.15 Bana ba boetse ba tlaleha maikutlo a ho nyatsuoa, ho tsitsipana, ho soaba, ho halefa, ho tšoha le ho hlonama ka mor'a ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.16 Bana bana ba ka ba le matšoao ohle a khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo. Ba ka 'na ba ameha haholo ka ho etsa liketso tsa batho ba baholo tsa thobalano tseo ba li boneng,' me sena se ka ba tšitiso le ho ferekanya lithaka tsa ngoana tse bonang kapa tse hlasetsoeng ke boitšoaro bona. Bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse leshome le metso e 'meli ba shebileng litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba na le menyetla e mengata ea ho hlekefetsa lithaka tsa bona ka thobalano.17 Ka kakaretso, bana ba pepesetsoeng litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ba kotsing ea ho ba le boits'oaro bo bongata bo fosahetseng le psychopathology.
Litlamorao tsa Phatlalatso ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa le Ts'ebeliso
Liphello tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha le ho batho ba baholo li tlalehiloe letotong la lithuto tse entsoeng ke Dolf Zillman le Jennings Bryant lilemong tsa bo-1980. Ho na le lintlha tse 'maloa tse etsang hore lithuto tsa Zillman / Bryant li hlokomelehe. Taba ea mantlha, ba ne ba laoloa ke lithuto tse hlophisitsoeng tse sebetsanang le ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho fapana le lipatlisiso tse bonolo mabapi le ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo. Taba ea bobeli, li ne li etsoa pele ho mehla ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng, ka hona, barupeluoa ba kanna ba ba le monyetla o monyane oa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha li bapisoa le batho ba baholo ba baholo kajeno. Lithuto tsena li ne li kenyelletsa ho hira baithuti ba koleche le bao e seng ba koleche ho tsoa sechabeng. Bafo ba sehlopha sa liteko ba ile ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka nako ea libeke tse tšeletseng, ha sehlopha sa taolo se ne se pepeselitsoe lifilimi le thelevishene tse tloaelehileng ka nako e tšoanang. Kamora moo, barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa letoto la lipotso ho lekola maikutlo a bona mabapi le litaba tsa kamano le malapa.18
Ho hlokometsoe tse latelang mabapi le batho ba baholo ba bacha ba pepesitsoeng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha ba bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo:19,20
- Bafo ba banna ba bontšitse ho hlonama ho basali ho eketsehileng.
- Batho bao ho buuoang ka bona ba ne ba nka tlolo ea molao ea peto e se kotsi.
- Litaba li ne li amohela haholoanyane liketso tsa thobalano tseo e seng tsa lenyalo le liketso tse sa kopaneng tsa thobalano tse joalo ka thobalano e tsoang ka molomo le ka morao.
- Bafo ba ile ba khahloa haholo ke mefuta e litšila ea bootsoa le ho feta.
- Batho bao ho buuoang ka bona ba ne ba ka re ba sa khotsofalle molekane oa bona oa thobalano.
- Litaba li ne li amohela bofebe ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali kamanong.
- Batho ba neng ba nka lenyalo e le la bohlokoa haholo 'me ba ne ba ka khona ho lumela lenyalo ka makhetlo a mabeli.
- Banna ba bile le takatso e fokotsehileng ea bana, mme basali ba bile le takatso e fokotsehileng ea ho ba le morali.
- Lintho li bontšitse kamohelo e mpe ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba basali.
Ho na le bopaki ba hore ho amohela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa sechabeng ho baka mathata a ikhethang ho basali. Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka baka maikutlo a mabifi le a mabifi ho basali. Banna ba jang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba na le monyetla oa ho amohela likhopolo-taba tsa peto, e leng hore basali ba baka peto kapa ba natefeloa ke peto kapa tlhekefetso ea thobalano.21,22 Ho na le bopaki bo matla ba hore ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho amahanngoa le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate ho bacha23 le banna ba baholo.24 Ho tloaelehile hore lifilimi tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li pepesetse mabifi a banna le basali ka mantsoe le liketso tsa thobalano tse nyenyefatsang basali haholo.25 Ho bacha, ho shebella liwebosaete tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano ho ekelitse monyetla oa ho ba le balekane ba fetang bonngoe likhoeling tse tharo tse fetileng le bakeng sa ho sebelisa joala le lithethefatsi nakong ea thobalano.26 Ntho e sa tsoa etsahala ea ho romella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea bacha lilemong tsa bocha (ho romella lifoto tse tsosang takatso ka thobalano, litšoantšo, melaetsa ea selefouno kapa e-mail ka sesebelisoa sa selefouno) e amana le ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.27 Bakeng sa basali, ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ka fella ka ho hlekefetsoa ka motabo ke monna e motona. Sena se totobala ka keketseho ea ho nka karolo ho tsa thobalano ea ka morao ke basali ba shebileng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa leha ho na le tlhaiso-leseling eo basali ba bangata ba nkang hore ha e monate ka thobalano ea ka morao.28
Ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ke taba e hlahang eo litsebi tsa kelello li sa tsoa qala ho ithuta. Sengoloa sa morao-rao sa lipatlisiso se ho JAMA Psychiatry e bonts'a hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amana le palo e fokotsehileng ea boko ho striatum e nepahetseng, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea striatum e theohileng, le ts'ebetso e tlase ea ts'ebetso ho cortex ea pele.29 Sengoloa se bontšitse hore ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amahanngoa le bophahamo bo bonyenyane ba taba ho bashebelli, mme e amahanngoa le ho nyenyefatsa karabelo ea boko linthong tse tsosang takatso. Liphetoho tsena tsa methapo ea boko ba basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha li hlahise bothata empa li ts'oana le liphetoho tse bonoang bokong ba batho ba lemaletseng koae, joala le methamphetamine, mme mokhatlo ona ke tsela e 'ngoe hape eo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisang liipone ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse lemalloang. .30 Tlhahisoleseling ena ea mahlale e lumellana le se fumanoeng patlisisong ea Australia ea 2012 ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse bonts'ang 20% ea basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa ba ratile thabo ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka ho ba haufi le motho oa nnete.31 Ho bona hore batho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka bongata e le lekhoba la bona la ts'ebetso ea thobalano le ho lahleheloa ke thahasello ho basali ba nnete ho na le litlamorao tse mpe likamanong le sechabeng ka kakaretso.
Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisoang ke bacha le batho ba baholo hangata li lebisa ho pono e fosahetseng ka thobalano le karolo ea eona ho matlafatseng likamano tse ntle tsa batho. Lits'oants'o tse mpe tsena li kenyelletsa maikutlo a fetelletseng a ho ata ha thobalano sechabeng, tumelo ea hore thobalano e litšila e tloaelehile, le tumelo ea hore ho ithiba thobalano ha ho a loka.32 Maikutlo ana a kanna a etsa hore ho be thata le ho feta ho bacha ho theha likamano tse tšoarellang le ba bong bo fapaneng, tse tla qetella li bakela matšoenyeho a mangata, khatello ea maikutlo le ho se khotsofale ha bophelo ka kakaretso.33
Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li na le litlamorao tse mpe manyalong le ho nyalaneng nako e telele, ho li etsa hore li be kotsing ea tlhalo kapa qhalano, 'me sena se ba le litlamorao tse mpe tsa bophelo ho bana ba amehang.34 Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tikolohong ea lenyalo e fumaneha ho monna feela; Mosali ha a nka karolo karolo ea hae, 'me a amohela tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka linako tse ling kapa a sa tsebe ka botlalo hore monna o sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.35 Basali ba nang le banna kapa balekane ba bona ba shebang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ikutloa ba ekiloe. Basali ba bona litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le mokhoa oa ho hanyetsa basali ka thobalano. Ha basali ba sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tseo balekane ba bona ba li bonang ba ka ba le boitšepo bo tlase, maikutlo a ho se tšoanelehe, mme ba qala ho ikutloa ba sa ratehe ka thobalano.36 Ha mosali a hlokomela monna oa hae kapa mohlankana oa hae a sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, ho hobe le ho feta hore mosali a be le likamano tse mpe ho feta tekano le ho nyenyefatsa boemo ba hae ba thobalano.37 Sena se etsahala hobane karolo e kholo ea bashebelli ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e tla ba khetho ea lefats'e la litoro tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mabapi le liketso tsa bona tsa thobalano le balekane ba bona.38 Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka tiisa mohopolo oa taolo ea monna ho mosali mme li ka eketsa boits'oaro bo mabifi le bo mabifi ho basali.39,40 Ho 2002, American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers e tlalehile hore 56% ea tlhalo eohle e kenyelletsa motho a le mong ea nang le takatso e fetelletseng ea libaka tsa marang-rang tsa bootsoa.41 Banna ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le basali ba lumelang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba kotsing e kholo ea ho amohela ho se tšepahale lenyalong42 eo qetellong e sitisang malapa.
fihlela qeto e
Bana ba na le litlamorao tse ngata tse mpe ka lebaka la ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa sechabeng sa sejoale-joale. Litholoana tsena tse mpe li kenyelletsa pherekano ea kelello le merusu bakeng sa ngoana ea lilemong tsa ho kena sekolo, ho kenyeletsoa boits'oaro le boits'oaro bo mabifi. Ka lebaka la ho ba kotsi ho bana, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha lia lokela ho sebelisoa e le sesebelisoa sa ho ruta bana thobalano. Bakeng sa bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha le ho batho ba baholo, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ruta pale e fosahetseng mabapi le thobalano le kamoo banna le basali ba thehang likamano tse nepahetseng tsa thobalano. Sena se thatafalletsa bahlankana le baroetsana ho theha likamano tsa 'nete le tse tsitsitseng. Ho batsoali, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li baka karohano ho fella ka boleng bo nyane ba lenyalo le ho eketsa menyetla ea tlhalo le karohano e seng e tlalehiloe e le kotsi ho bana.
Lingaka tsa bana li lokela ho hlomelloa ho buisana le batsoali ka bobeli hore na hobaneng ho thibela ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bana le ho batsoali. Hobane marang-rang ke ona mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, likhomphutha tsa lapeng li lokela ho ba libakeng tsa sechaba (eseng ka phapusing ea ngoana), hape li na le lisebelisoa tsa ho sefa le ho lekola marang-rang ho fokotsa ho pepeseha. Ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea taolo ea batsoali le litsamaiso tsa ho sefa tse fumanehang ho batsoali, 'me barekisi ba bang ba software ba fana ka ho sefa le ho lekola lifono tse bohlale tseo e seng e le mahlale a mantlha a sebelisoang ke bacha ho kena marang-rang. Hape, ho na le lits'ebeletso tsa software tse fanang ka bokhoni ba ho theha likamano tsa boikarabello molemong oa ho eketsa katleho ea ho itokolla bokhobeng ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lingaka tsa bana le bafani ba tlhokomelo ea bophelo ba bana ba lokela ho utloisisa litlamorao tse mpe tse bakoang ke ts'ebeliso e atileng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bana ba kajeno le ho batsoali ba bona le hore na ba ka thusa joang ho emisa tšusumetso e senyang malapeng.
Sengoli sa mantlha: L. David Perry, MD, FCP
October 2015
American College of Pediatrician ke mokhatlo oa naha oa bongaka o nang le lengolo la bongaka le litsebi tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle tse sebetsanang le tlhokomelo ea masea, bana le bacha. Morero oa koleche ke ho thusa bana bohle ho fihlella bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le maikutlo le bophelo bo botle.
Resources
- Software ea Filting ea inthanete: Mahlo a selekane, Mobicip, Net Nanny, Screen Retriever, le ts'ireletso ea webo ea K9
- Litšoantšo tse ntle Lisebelisoa tse mpe: Ho paka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka bana ba kajeno ka Kristen Jenson le Gail Poyner
- bellok.com
- provenmen.org
- bnatshiokh.com
References
[1] www.merriam-webster.com/diction/pornography E fumaneha 6 / 4 / 15
[2] www.co templeeyes.com/2012/06/01/how-big-is-the-pornographic-industry-in-the-united-states/ E fumaneha 6 / 4 / 15
[3] Paul M. Barrett, "Rephabliki e ncha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa," Bloomberg Businessweek, la June 21,2012, http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/58466-the-new-republic-of-porn E fumaneha 6 / 4 / 15
[4] Bill Tancer, Tobetsa: Ke eng eo batho ba limilione ba e etsang inthaneteng le hore na ke hobaneng ho le bohlokoa (New York: Hyperion, 2008). www.co templeeyes.com/pornstats/ E fumaneha 4 / 10 / 15
[5] www.provenmen.org/2014pornsurvey/pornography-use-and-ddiction E fumaneha 6 / 2 / 15
[6] Carroll, J., Padilla-Walker, L., Olson, C., Barry, C., Madsen, S., Ho amohela le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka Generation XXX. Tlaleho ea Patlisiso ea Bacha. Moq. 23, che. 1. Pherekhong 2008, pp.6-30.
[7] www.psychologies.co.uk/parliament-inarcherates-online-porn E fumaneha 6 / 23 / 15
[8] www.gfi.com/documents/GFIanuel20_2011_parent_teen_internet_safety_report_june.pdf E fumaneha 6 / 24 / 15
[9] Michele Leahy, Univesithi ea porn: Seo Baithuti ba Koleche ba Se bolelang Ka Thobalano ka Khampaseng (Chicago: Northfield Publishing, 2009).
[10] Katie Szittner, "Boithuto bo pepesa lefatše le sephiring la bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa," Sydney.edu. Mots'eanong 10, 2012. http://sydney.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=9176
[11] Braun-Courville, D. le Rojas, M., Phatlalatso ea Liwebsaete tse Totobalitsoeng ka Thobalano le Maikutlo a Bacha a Thobalano le Behaviors, Journal ea Bophelo ba Bacha, 45 (2009) maq. 156-162.
[12] Moroallo, Michel. Likotsi Tsa Ponahatso ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa ho Bana le Bacha. Tlhahlobo ea Tlhekefetso ea Bana. 2009 Vol. 18: 384-400.
[13] Ibid.
[14] Ibid.
[15] Ibid.
[16] Manning, Jill. Kameho ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa tsa Inthanete ka Lenyalo le Lelapa: Tlhahlobo ea Patlisiso. Ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate le ho qobelloa 2006, 13: 131-165.
[17] Ibid.
[18] Zillman, D., Bryant, J., Liphello tsa Nako e Telele ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa ho Litekanyetso tsa Lelapa. Tlaleho ea Litaba tsa Lelapa, Moq. 9 No. 4, la December 1988, maq. 518-544.
[19] Ibid
[20] Manning, Jill. Tšusumetso ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng ka Lenyalo le Lelapa: Tlhahlobo ea Patlisiso. Ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate le ho qobelloa 2006, 13: 131-165.
[21] Moroallo, Michael. Likotsi Tsa Ponahatso ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa ho Bana le Bacha. Tlhahlobo ea Tlhekefetso ea Bana. 2009 Vol. 18: 384-400.
[22] Manning, Jill. Kameho ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa tsa Inthanete ka Lenyalo le Lelapa: Tlhahlobo ea Patlisiso. Ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate le ho qobelloa 2006, 13: 131-165.
[23] Ybarra, M., Mitchell, K., Hamburger, M., Diener-West, M., le Leaf, P. X-Rated Material le Perpetration ea Ho Kopanela Liphate Thobalong Bathong le Banana: Na ho na le Khokahano? Boitšoaro bo Matla Moq. 37 maq. 1-18 (2011)
[24] Hald, G., Malmuth, N., le Yuen, C. Litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea botona le botšehali tse tšehetsang tlhekefetso khahlanong le Basali: Ho Boela Kamano ho Lithuto tse E Seng Teko, Boitšoaro bo Matla Moq. 36, 2010, maq. 1065-1086.
[25] Bridges, A., Wosnitzer, R., E., Sun, C., le Liberman, R. Aggression le Boitšoaro ba Botona le Botšehali ho Livideo tsa Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse Haretseng: Tlhatlhobo ea Litaba. Pefo khahlanong le Basali 16 (10) 2010, maq. 1065-1086.
[26] Braun-Courville, D. le Rojas, M., Phatlalatso ea Liwebsaete tse Totobalitsoeng ka Thobalano le Maikutlo a Bacha a Thobalano le Behaviors, Journal ea Bophelo ba Bacha, 45 (2009) maq. 156-162.
[27] Van Ouytsel, J., Ponnett, K., le Walrave, M., Litloaelano Pakeng tsa Bacha ba Ho Sebelisa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa le LiVideo Tsa 'Mino le Ho Beha Menahano ea Bona ka Litaba. Cyberpsychology, boitšoaro, le marang-rang a sechaba Moq. 17, No. 12, 2014, maq. 772-778.
[28] Tyden, T., Olsson, S., le Haggstrom-Nordin, E., ts'ebeliso e ntlafalitsoeng ea lithibela-mafu, maikutlo a ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, le ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano har'a baithuti ba univesithi ea basali, Litaba tsa Bophelo ba Basali, Moq. 11, che. 2 Tlhakubele / Mphalane 2001, maq .87-94.
[29] Kuhn, S., Gallinat, J. Sebopeho sa Brain le khokahano e amanang le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, JAMA Psychiatry, Mots'eanong, 2014.
[30] Ibid
[31] Katie Szittner, "Boithuto bo senola lefats'e la lekunutu la bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa", Sydney.edu. May 10, 2012. http://sydney.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=9176 E fumaneha 6 / 14 / 15
[32] Zillman, D., Bryant, J., Liphello tsa Nako e Telele ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa ho Litekanyetso tsa Lelapa. Tlaleho ea Litaba tsa Lelapa, Moq. 9 No. 4, la December 1988, maq. 518-544.
[33] Michele Leahy, Univesithi ea porn: Seo Baithuti ba Koleche ba Se bolelang Ka Thobalano ka Khampaseng (Chicago: Northfield Publishing, 2009).
[34] www.acpeds.org/the-college-speaks/position-statations/parenting-issues/the-impact-of-family-structure-on-the-health-of- watoto-effects-of-divorce E fumaneha 3 / 10 / 15
[35] Manning, Jill. Tšusumetso ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng ka Lenyalo le Lelapa: Tlhahlobo ea Patlisiso. Ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate le ho qobelloa 2006, 13: 131-165.
[36] Stewart, DN, Szymanski, DM, Litlaleho tsa Basali ba Bacha ba Banyalani ba Litšoantšiso tsa Bootsoa ba Bona ba Basali e le Correlate ea Boithati ba Bona, Boleng ba Kamano, le Khotsofalo ea Thobalano. Mesebetsi ea thobalano, May 6, 2012. 67: 257-271.
[37] Ibid
[38] Manning, Jill. Tšusumetso ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng ka Lenyalo le Lelapa: Tlhahlobo ea Patlisiso. Ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate le ho qobelloa 2006, 13: 131-165.
[39] Zillman, D., Bryant, J., Liphello tsa Nako e Telele ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa ho Litekanyetso tsa Lelapa. Tlaleho ea Litaba tsa Lelapa, Moq. 9 No. 4, la December 1988, maq. 518-544.
[40] Manning, Jill. Tšusumetso ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng ka Lenyalo le Lelapa: Tlhahlobo ea Patlisiso. Ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate le ho qobelloa 2006, 13: 131-165.
[41] Jonathan Dedmon, "Na marang-rang a mabe ka lenyalo la hau? Litaba tse fumanehang marang-rang, libaka tsa bootsoa li bapala karolo e kholo ho tlhalo. ”Ho phatlalatsoa ke baqolotsi ba litaba ho tsoa Dilenshnieder Group, Inc., Nov. 14, 2002. http://prnewswire.com/news-releases/is-the-internet-bad-for-your-marriage-online-affairs-pornographic-sites-playing-greater-role-in-divorces-76826727.html E fumaneha 6 / 9 / 15
[42] Carroll, J., Padilla-Walker, L., Olson, C., Barry, C., Madsen, S., Ho amohela le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka Generation XXX. Tlaleho ea Patlisiso ea Bacha. Moq. 23, che. 1. Pherekhong 2008, maq. 6-30.
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