Lintho tse etsang hore ho be le mekhoa e metle ea li-neural reactivity ho lithethefatsi ka ho lemala: phuputso ea lithuto tsa batho neuroimaging (2013)

Neurosci Biobehav Rev. Mongoli o ngotsoeng ka letsoho; e fumaneha ho PMC 2015 Jan 1.

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Moetso oa khatiso oa ho qetela oa mohatisi o fumaneha ho Neurosci Biobehav Rev

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Eya ho:

1. Selelekela

Bopaki bo ntseng bo hola bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi, joalo ka ha e lekantsoe le MRI (fMRI) e sebetsang, positron emission tomography (PET), le mekhoa e amanang le ts'ebetso ea morao-rao, hammoho le mekhoa ea boits'oaro le ea boikemelo, e amana haholo le mefuta ea indices ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. bokhoba ba tahi le katleho ea kalafo. Leha ho le joalo, lintlha tse etsang hore reise e sebetse hape, li lula li sa utloisisehe hantle mme maemong a mang, ts'oarelo ea ts'usumetso ea mabaka e sa hlake hantle, e fana ka phetolelo ea tsebo ena tleleniking ea bongaka. Ka hona, sepheo sa rona tlhahlobisong ena ke ho khetholla le ho tšoaea lintlha tsa mantlha tse fetolang ts'ebetso ea boko ho litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi, tse ka tsebisang lithuto tsa morao-rao tsa kemiso hammoho le moralo, khetho, le ho tsamaisana le mananeo a kalafo le a thibelo. Ho fihlela sepheo seo, re hlahlobisitse lithuto tsa fMRI le PET mabapi le ho ts'oaroa hape ka lithethefatsi ho koae, koae le ho tsubang, ka ho shebana le ho supa lintlha tse ikhethang tse fetolang ts'ebetso ena. Re qala ka ho hlalosa paradigms ea cue e sebelisitsoeng ha ho etsoa lipatlisiso tsa batho, 'me re hlahisa likarete tsa boko tse etsang hore reise ts'ebetso hape. Ka mor'a moo re tšohla lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse bonts'itsoeng ho fetola tšebetso ea cue le ho hlahloba bopaki bo ikhethileng hammoho le lipotso tse ikhethang tse amanang le ntlha ka 'ngoe. Ka lebaka la liphumano tsa morao-rao, re totobatsa bohlokoa ba taolo e hlakileng le e hlakileng ea tlhaiso-leseling ea lithethefatsi le likarabo tsa boits'oaro tse batlang li bakoang ke lithethefatsi tseo li hlahisang. Ho aha ho litlhahlobo tsa mohlala tse fetilengMasimong le Cox, 2008; Franken, 2003; Wilson et al., 2004), re fana ka mohlala o nolofalitsoeng o kenyelletsang lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa modulatory le ho fana ka boemo ba bohlokoa ba tšusumetso ea bona ea ho kopana hape ha lithethefatsi ka lebaka la basebelisi ba lithethefatsi. Re phethela ka puisano ea liphephetso tse ikhethang le tataiso ea nako e tlang.

2. Litaba tsa lithethefatsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi li boetse li fetoha le lipatlisiso tsa batho

Likarolo tse fapaneng tsa neuroimaging tse fapaneng li sebelisitsoe ho etsa lipatlisiso ka li-amanang tsa neural tsa tlatsetso ea lithethefatsi ho batho ba sebelisang lithethefatsi. Karolo e arolelanoang ea li-paradigms tsena ke hore basebelisi ba lithethefatsi ba pepesetsoa maikutlo a susumetsang a amanang le tlhekefetso ea bona. Litaba tsena tse amanang le lithethefatsi e kanna ea ba tsa pono (ho bona mantsoe, litšoantšo kapa livideo tse khutsitseng) (Janes et al., 2010b; Luijten et al., 2011), li-auditory (mohlala, ho mamela lingoloa tsa litšoantšo) (Kilts et al., 2001; Seo et al., 2011), audiosChildress et al., 1999; Garavan et al., 2000; Maas et al., 1998), tactile kapa haptic (e tšoereng paraphernalia e tsamaellanang) (Filbey et al., 2009; Wilson et al., 2013; Wilson et al., 2005; Yalachkov et al., 2013), olildory kapa gustatory (ho nkha kapa ho latsoa ntho).Claus et al., 2011; Schneider et al., 2001); khafetsa khafetsa, ho boetse ho sebelisoa mekhoa e mengata ea lithethefatsi e nang le maikutlo a mangata (mohlala, ho tsuba koae ha u ntse u shebelletse livideo tsa ho tsuba) (Brody et al., 2007; Franklin et al., 2007; Grant et al., 1996). Baithuto ba ka laeloa ho ithuta litheko tsa lithethefatsi kapa ho seng joalo, ba ka koptjoa hore ba arabe ka mafolofolo lithutong tsena. Litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi le tsona li ka hlahisoa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng mme le ka mohla u se ke oa kena ho pono ea lithuto (Childress et al., 2008). Ntle le moo, maikutlo a amanang le lithethefatsi a ka hlahisoa e le lipheo tse amanang le mosebetsi le tsepamiso ea maikutlo (Wilcox et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2011), kapa ha e le litšitiso tse sa sebetseng (Artiges et al., 2009; Due et al., 2002; Fryer et al., 2012; McClernon le al., 2005). Litaba li ka boela tsa hlokoa hore li hlokomolohe litšobotsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi tsa khothalletso e rarahaneng ha u ntse u arabela tšobong e seng e amanang le lithethefatsi ea khothalletso e tšoanang (mohlala, supa palo ea mela e otlolohileng setšoantšong ha u ntse u hlokomoloha hore na ketsahalo e bontša batho ba tsubang kapa eseng) (Luijten et al., 2011). Liphetoho tse ts'oaroang, tse sa nke lehlakore le tse sa amaneng le lithethefatsi sebakeng se tšoanang sa maikutlo hangata li sebelisoa e le tšusumetso ea taolo.

Papiso e tebileng ea kahare ho taba, e fanang ka mokhoa oa ho sebetsa hape oa neural cue, ke ka lebaka la karabelo ea neural ho litekanyetso tse amanang le lithethefatsi le karabelo ea neural ho taolo ea litheko ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi (litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi - litekanyetso tsa taolo phapanyetsano) (Chase et al., 2011; Kuhn le Gallinat, 2011). Khafetsa, papiso ea bobeli pakeng tsa sehlopha sa neacue reactivity e etsoa pakeng tsa basebelisi ba lithethefatsi le lihlooho tse amanang le taolo e sa sebeliseng (David et al., 2005; Garavan et al., 2000; Goudriaan et al., 2010; Luijten et al., 2011), kapa lipakeng tsa basebelisi ba lithethefatsi ba ts'epahalang haholo, kapa ba ts'ebeliso e tlase ea lithethefatsi (Fryer et al., 2012; Goudriaan et al., 2010; Tapert et al., 2003). Ntle le lithuto tsa ho kopana hape ha lithethefatsi ka thipa, fMRI e boetse e sebelisitsoe ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le litekanyetso tsa neural tsa takatso e matla, e laoloang ke kelelloBrody et al., 2007; Hartwell et al., 2011; Kober et al., 2010). Lithutong tsena, methati e amanang le lithethefatsi e ba liphofu tsa mantlha empa lithuto li botsoa ho laola kapa ho hatella takatso ea bona ea lithethefatsi ka lebaka la mekhoa ena e sebelisang maano a fapaneng, ka sepheo sa ho khetholla melaoana ea methapo ea kutlo le sephetho sa eona ho li-circuits tsa neural tse ka tlase. ho etsa ntho e itseng.

Mesebetsi ea liteko, moo boitšoaro bo lekanngoang teng, e lumella ho kopanya sekhahla sa ts'ebetso ea boko ka ts'ebetso ea sepheo (mohlala nako ea karabelo, sekhahla sa phoso, boits'oaro ba letlalo, jj) kapa litlaleho tse mabapi le takatso ea kelello (ho lakatsa, takatso ea lithethefatsi, valence e amanang le cue le lefutso, jj.). Litlaleho tse tlatselletsang li ka bokelloa nakong ea teko ea neuroimaging, mohlala ka mor'a teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, e fanang ka bonnete ba litekanyetso empa e na le kotsi ea hore tlhahiso ea litlatsetso tsa lithethefatsi nakong ea litekanyetso tsa litekanyetso e ka susumetsa ho baleha ho latelang ha liteko. Ntle le moo, mekhoa e ka lekanyetsoa "ntle le marang-rang," mohlala, pele ho teko, e ka fokotsang kotsi eo empa ea fokotsa bonnete ba tumellano pakeng tsa litlaleho tsa ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso ea boko.

3. Li-circuits tsa boko tse tlasa ts'ebetso ea cue drug hape

3.1. Sisteme ea Mesocorticolimbic le lipotoloho tsa boko tsa moputso, tšusumetso le boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng ho sepheo

Tšobotsi e tloaelehileng, 'me ka mokhoa o phehisanang, mokhoa o arolelanoang oa neurobiological, boholo ba haeba e se lithethefatsi tsohle tsa tlhekefetso ke hore ba eketsa khatello ea extracellular dopamine (DA) ts'ebetsong ea mesocorticolimbic, ho kenyelletsa le ventral striatum (VS), amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate ( ACC), preortal cortex (PFC), le sethopo, tse hlalositsoeng ke likhakanyo tsa dopaminergic, haholo-holo ho tsoa sebakeng sa "ventral tegmental tegmental" (VTA) (Hyman et al., 2006; Nestler, 2005). Keketseho e joalo e bakoang ke lithethefatsi ka kotloloho kapa ka kotloloho ho DA e bonts'itsoe lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa lithethefatsi tse lebisang litsamaiso tse fapaneng tsa neurotransmitter, ho kenyeletsa nicotine (acetylcholine), cocaine le amphetamine (dopamine, norepinephrine, le serotonin), heroin (opioids), matekoane (endocannabinoids). ), le joala (GABA). Mohlala, nikotine e ntlafatsa tokollo ea DA ka ho tlama ho li-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) tse fumanehang ho li-neurons tsa DA tse tsoang ho VTA ho ea ho NAc (Clarke le Pert, 1985; Deutch et al., 1987), hammoho le ho glutamatergic le Gabaergic neuron tse fetolang li-neuron tsa DA (Mansvelder et al., 2002; Wooltorton et al., 2003). Nikotine e eketsa sekhahla sa ho thunya ha li-neuron tsa VTA DA (Calabresi et al., 1989), e lebisang ho lokollotsoeng ha DA ho NAc (Imperato et al., 1986).

Le ha sisteme ea mesocorticolimbic e boetse e arabela meputsong ea tlhaho e kang lijo, metsi le thobalano, lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li etsa hore ho be le sebaka se seholo le nako e telele ea karabelo ea DA ho feta karabelo e tloaelehileng ea 'mele.Jay, 2003; Kelley, 2004; Nestler, 2005). Kahoo, lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li tšoauoa e le "ho ts'oaroa" methapo ea kutlo eo boko bo arabelang ho eona ho fana ka moputso, e behang mehopolo e amanang le moputso, 'me e kopanye likopi tsa liketso tse isang moputsong (Everitt le Robbins, 2005b; Kalivas le O'Brien, 2008). Ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse phetoang khafetsa, ho sebeletsa e le tšusumetso e sa laeloang, ho lumella litšebeletso tse amanang le lithethefatsi hore li be le tšusumetso ea karabelo ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ka hona e etsa hore DA e lokolloe le ho labalabela (Volkow et al., 2006, 2008; Wong et al., 2006). Ka lebaka leo, ho ba monyebe ha litheko tsa lithethefatsi le maemo a amanang le ona ho eketseha ha nako e ntse e feta (Robinson le Berridge, 1993), e hlahisa likamano tse khahlisang tsa 'mele le tse matla tsa maikutlo, hape e le sesosa se matla sa boits'oaro ba ho batla lithethefatsi le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi.

Ho eketseha ho joalo ha tšusumetso ea litheko tsa lithethefatsi, joalo ka ha ho bonahatsoa ke tšusumetso ea bona ho mesocorticolimbic circry, ho bontšitsoe khafetsa lithutong tsa neuroimaging tsa batho (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea meta, bona (Chase et al., 2011; Engelmann et al., 2012; Kuhn le Gallinat, 2011; Schacht et al., 2012)). Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore, ha ho bapisoa le mekhoa ea taolo e sa nkeng lehlakore, lithahasello tse amanang le lithethefatsi li etsa hore ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'ebetso kahare ho li-circoc tsa mesocorticolimbic, ho kenyeletsoa VTA, VS, amygdala, ACC, PFC, insula, le hippocampus ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi (Brody et al., 2007; Childress et al., 2008; Childress et al., 1999; Claus et al., 2011; Due et al., 2002; Franklin et al., 2007; Grüsser et al., 2004; Kilts et al., 2001; Luijten et al., 2011; Smolka et al., 2006; Volkow et al., 2006; Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010b; Yalachkov et al., 2009).

Boholo ba kutloisiso ea rona ea mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ea libaka tsa boko tse sebelisang litokollo tsa lithethefatsi ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi tsa batho li tsoa lipatlisisong tse mabapi le litumelo tsa mantlha le tseo e seng batho. Patlisiso ena e bontšitse hore ho thunya ha phasic ea li-neurons tsa DA ho tloha VTA ho ea ho VS ho bohlokoa bakeng sa maemo a boitšoaro (Tsai et al., 2009), le ts'ebetso libakeng tsena tsa boko li bonts'a boleng ba moputso bo boletsoeng esale pele ke litheko tsa khethollo (Schultz, 2007a, b; Schultz et al., 1997). Mefuta e meng ea boko e bohlokoa bakeng sa thuto e kopaneng ke amygdala le hippocampus. Amygdala le hippocampus ba bapala karolo e ikhethang lithutong tse hlophisitsoeng (Robbins et al., 2008), e bolelang hore ts'ebetso ea bona boitekong ba neuroimaging e bonts'a ts'ebetso ea litekanyetso tsa moputso tse ithutileng tsa litumelo le maemo. Karolo ea PFC, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), e arolelanang ka mokhoa o fetelletseng le PFC (VMPFC), ho lumeloa hore e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho kopanya litlatsetso tsa maikutlo, boleng ba moputso, le matšoao a homeostatic ka boemo ba hona joale le litlhoko tsa setho. , ho tataisa boits'oaro bo susumetsoang (Lucantonio et al., 2012; Schoenbaum et al., 2006; Schoenbaum et al., 2009). Patlisiso ea liphoofolo esale pele e bontšitse hore morero oa amygdala le oa OFC ho VS, le hore puisano pakeng tsa libaka tsena tse tharo e kenya letsoho ho batleng lithethefatsi ka lebaka la ho lieha ha nako e telele ho tiisitsoe ke bathusi ba maemo (Everitt le Robbins, 2005a). Kahoo, VS e fumana leseli mabapi le boleng bo felletseng ba susumetso le tšusumetso ea susumetso e tsoang ho marang-rang a pharaletseng a libaka tsa cortical le subcortical, mme e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho laola ts'ebetso ea ho qetela ea basal gangliaHaber le Knutson, 2010).

Likarolo tse mahlonoko tsa ho kopanngoa hoa lithethefatsi le tšebong ea lithethefatsi, le tsona li hlahisitsoe bakeng sa ACC le ts'ebetso. ACC e etsa mesebetsi e mengata ea kelello, haholo mesebetsi e kenyeletsang taolo ea kelello, likhohlano, kapa ho lekola liphoso (mohlala, (Dosenbach et al., 2006; Garavan et al., 2002; Nee et al., 2007); empa ACC e boetse e qaptjoa ke ts'usumetso e ikhethang (mohlala, (Liu et al., 2011)), ho kenyelletsa tšusumetso e amanang le moputso empa e boetse e susumetsa e utloisang bohloko kapa e amang hampe (bakeng sa tlhahlobo mabapi le karolo e kopaneng ea sebaka sena, bona (Shackman et al., 2011)). Motheo o amahanngoa le ho hloahloa ka botebo, kapa tlhokomeliso ea litho tsa 'mele le homeostasis e kahare (bakeng sa ho hlahloba, bona (Craig, 2003)). Leha ho le joalo, ka ho tsamaisana haufi le ACC, insula le karolo e haufi ea bokapele bo haufi le eona hangata e etsoa mesebetsing e hlokang taolo ea kelello (mohlala, (Wager et al., 2005) le karabelo ea tšusumetso e kholo ea kantle (mohlala, (Liu et al., 2011)). Ka sebele, ACC le insula hangata li nkuoa e le likarolo tsa khokahano e kholo ea kholo ea boko, e fapaneng e bitsoang network ea cingulo-opercular, fronto-insular, kapa salience (Dosenbach et al., 2006; Seeley et al., 2007), mme eo ts'ebetso ea hae e ka bang ho kopanya matšoao a kahare le a kantle a maseli le ho qala ts'ebelisano lipakeng tsa marang-rang a maholo a boko ho fihlella hantle litlhoko tsa hona joale tsa taolo (Menon le Uddin, 2010; Sridharan et al., 2008; Sutherland et al., 2012).

Kameho ea phetoho e amanang le lithethefatsi ea potoloho ea mesocorticolimbic le eona e atolohela lipontšong tsa maikutlo a litakatso tsa lithethefatsi. Meputso e ntlafatsa maikutlo a khahlisang a litšebeletso tse amanang le meputso libakeng tsa boloi, tsa nakoana le tsa parietal (Likopano, 2008; Yalachkov et al., 2010). Haholo-holo, ka lebaka la litlamorao tsa bona tse matlafatsang tse kopanetsoeng ke keketseho ea DA le lipontšo tse ling tsa neurotransmitter, lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li nahanoa hore li nolofatsa ts'ebetso ea maikutlo a litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi le ho nts'etsapele mekhoa e mengata ea ho ithuta le ea plasticity (Devonshire et al., 2004; Devonshire et al., 2007). Ka mokhoa o makatsang, matlafatso e joalo e susumetsoang ke lithethefatsi ea ts'ebetso ea methapo ea lithethefatsi ke pontšo ea pele ea ts'usumetso e kholo ea litheko tsena. Ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ena e ntlafalitsoeng ea pele-pele, lipontšo tsa maikutlo tsa mekhoa ea lithethefatsi li kengoa ts'ebetsong habonolo mme li baka khethollo e matla ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi, mme litheko tsena tsa ts'ebetso li ka fetisetsoa ts'ebetsong ea ho etsa liqeto le tsamaiso ea makoloi, ho eketsa menyetla ea ho batla lithethefatsi. boits'oaro. Mechine ena e ka hlalosa karabelo e matla lithutong tsa kutlo le tse bonoang khafetsa tse bonoang lithutong tsa batho tsa neuroimaging tsa ts'ebetso ea litumelo tsa lithethefatsi (Due et al., 2002; Luijten et al., 2011; Yalachkov et al., 2010).

3.2. Sistimi ea Nigrostriatal le li-circuits tsa boko tse amanang le ho ithuta tloaelo, boiketsetso, le ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa

Tumellanong le mesocorticolimbic system e hokahanyang VTA le VS, amygdala, hippocampus, ACC, PFC, le insula, keketseho ea DA e hlahisoang ke lithethefatsi e boetse e ama e 'ngoe, e tsamaeang ka mokhoa o tšoanang oa DA: tsamaiso ea nigrostriatal. Sisteme ea nigrostriatal DA e entsoe haholo ka lipakanyo tsa DA ho tloha hoantiantia nigra (SN) ho ea ho caudate le putamen (hape e tsejoang e le dorsal striatum; DS) le globus pallidus. Meaho ena e nahanoa hore e ithuta tloaelo ebile e iketsahalla, 'me bopaki bo ntseng bo hola bo fana ka maikutlo a hore e boetse e matlafalitsoe ho arabela lithahasellong tsa lithethefatsi ha li bapisoa le tšusumetso e sa nkeng lehlakore ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi.

DS, e ithutoang haholo ka mokhoa oa pente, e ka aroloa ka mokhoa o fapaneng mme e sebetsa hantle ho dorsomedial striatum (DMS, e tsamaellanang le dorsal caudate nucleus ho batho) le dorsolateral striatum (DLS, e tsamaellanang le dorsal putamen ho batho). Le ha DMS e na le karolo e hlahelletseng ho ithuteng sephetho-sepheo sa ho ithuta le ho fumana karabo e matla (Belin et al., 2009), DLS e kentse letsoho kholisong le ponts'ong ea mekhoa. Mekhoa ea ho etsa ke sehlahisoa sa thuto ea ha u susumetsoa ke tšusumetso moo khothatso e matlafatsang likamano tsa karabelo. Leha ho le joalo, kamora boikoetliso bo pharaletseng boits'oaro ha bo lule tlasa taolo ea sepheo empa bo fetoha bo ea molemong oa tšusumetso. Kahoo, ho lekola matlafatso mothating ona oa ho ithuta ha ho na phello bakeng sa likarabo tsa boitšoaro tse seng li etsoa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng mabapi le tlhahiso ea tšebetso le ts'ebetso ea bona ea kamoso e bolokoa feela ke tlhahiso ea cue (Belin et al., 2009; Everitt le Robbins, 2005a). Phetoho ena ho tloha liketsong tse ikemiselitseng sepheo ho ea ho mekhoa e iketselitsoeng e bonts'oa ke phetoho ea taolo ea neural ea boitšoaro ho tloha ho ventral ho ea ho dorsolateral striatum (Belin et al., 2009; Everitt le Robbins, 2005a).

Liphumano tsa morao-rao li bontsitse hore mekhoa e lebisang nts'etsopele le polelo ea mekhoa e tloaetsoeng joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e rarahane ho feta kamoo ho neng ho hopotsoe pele. Mekhoa ea ho batla lithethefatsi e bonahala e sa kopanngoe ke karolo e le 'ngoe ea boko joalo ka DLS empa ho e-na le ho hokahanya pakeng tsa li-striato-nigro-striatal li-pakeng tsa VTA, VS le DS. Ka hona, li-blockade tsa DA tse kopaneng ho DLS (Vanderschuren et al., 2005) kapa likatse tse tsoang ka mahlakore a mabeli li-receptor blockade / lesapo karolong ea mantlha ea NAc (ke hore, VS) (Di Ciano le Everitt, 2001; Ito et al., 2004) ba le litlamorao tse tšoanang le phokotso ea moea o tsoang khubung ea dorsolateral striatum (Belin le Everitt, 2008; Belin et al., 2009). Volkow et al. (2006) ho tlalehiloe keketseho ea cocaine cue-e hlohlellelitsoeng ho DA ho lokolloa ka dorsal empa eseng ventral striatum. Sena se ka bonts'a glutamatergic ho e-na le ho kenella ha dopaminergic ho VS, leha lithuto tse ling li bontšitse keketseho ea dopaminergic ho NAc kamora tlhahiso ea litheko tsa lithethefatsi (Ito et al., 2000).

Boithuto bo 'maloa bo bontšitse keketseho ea ts'ebetso ea DS ho araba mekhoa ea lithethefatsi e amanang le mekhoa ea ho se nke lehlakore ea basebelisi ba lithethefatsi (Claus et al., 2011; Schacht et al., 2011; Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010b; Wilson et al., 2013). Phuputso ea morao-rao e sebelisoang hantle ho ba noang haholo tse 326 (Claus et al., 2011) e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e matlafalitsoeng ea ts'usumetso e matla ho DS, hammoho le ts'ebetso e lebelletsoeng ho VS, har'a libaka tse ling, ho arabela khahlano le litheko tse tahang tsa joala. Ts'usumetso e khothalletsoang ke cue e DS, hammoho le VS, e ne e tsitsitse ha nako e khuts'oane, joalo ka ha ho hlahlojoa matsatsi a 14 ka thoko ho batho ba itšebelisitseng joala (Schacht et al., 2011). Vollstadt-Klein le basebetsi-mmoho (2010) ba tlaleha hore ba noang haholo (5.0 ± 1.5 lino / ka letsatsi) ba bontšitse e phahameng ts'usumetso e kenelletseng kahare ho DS ha e bapisoa le ba noang bobebe ba sechaba (0.4 ± 0.4 lino / ka letsatsi), leha ba noang bobe ba bobebe ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e phahameng ea Vue le VC ha e bapisoa le ba noang haholo. Phuputsong eo, ts'ebetso ea DS ts'ebetsong ea litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi e ne e amana hantle le takatso ea lithethefatsi ho bohle ba nkang karolo, athe ts'ebetso ea VS e ne e tsamaellana hampe le takatso e joalo ea ba noang haholo. E lumellana le lipatlisiso tsa liphoofolo le litlaleho tsa lingoloa, lingoli (Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010b) o ile a fetolela liphetho ho latela phetoho ho tloha ho hedonic ea pele, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse laoloang (e kopantsoeng le VS le PFC) ho ea tsamaisong e mpe mme qetellong e sa laoloe le ho tlama tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi le ho its'etleha (mokena-lipakeng ke DS). Ntle le moo, batho ba tsubang ba itšetlehileng ka nicotine ba ileng ba tsilatsila ho leka ho tlohela ba bontšitse ts'ebetso e kholo ho DS (putamen), har'a libaka tse ling, empa eseng ho VS ha e bapisoa le batho ba tsubang ba sa tsubang (Janes et al., 2010a).

Boithuto bo 'maloa bo boetse bo totobalitse karolo ea likarolo tse ling tsa cortical le subcortical ho boits'oaro bo ikemetseng le ho rala makoloi. Li-circuits tsa DS li tsejoa ho tsamaisa le ho sebelisana le liserekisi tsa thalamic-cortical tse amehang ho rala le ho etsa likarabo tsa makoloi. Potoloho e atolositsoeng ea neural e kenyelletsa "carotort" (PMC) le motor cortex (MC), hammoho le sebaka sa tlatsetso ea makoloi (SMA) e tsejoa ho boloka le ho sebetsana le tsebo ea ketso le bokhoni ba tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa (Buxbaum et al., 2007; Calvo-Merino et al., 2005; Calvo-Merino et al., 2006; Chao le Martin, 2000; Creem-Regehr le Lee, 2005; Johnson-Frey, 2004; Johnson-Frey et al., 2005; Lewis, 2006). Lihlooho tse nang le marapo sebakeng se le seng kapa tse 'maloa tsa boko bona hangata li bontša mefuta e fapaneng ea apraxia kapa ho hlophisa bohato ka kakaretso le ho etsa mathata (Lewis, 2006). Ho feta moo, mesebetsi ea boits'oaro e etselitsoeng ho senola likarolo tsa neural tsa bokhoni ba ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa le tsebo ea ho thetsa ntho ka tloaelo li kenya tšebetsong potoloho e boletsoeng ka holimo (Grezes le Decety, 2002; Grezes et al., 2003; Yalachkov et al., 2009). Ho khahlisang ke hore liphuputso tse 'maloa li tlalehile ts'ebetso e phahameng ho marang-rang ena a boko bakeng sa litlatsetso tsa lithethefatsi ha li bapisoa le litheko tse sa nke lehlakore (Kosten et al., 2006; Smolka et al., 2006; Wagner et al., 2011; Yalachkov et al., 2009, 2010). Ho fanoa ka bokhoni ba ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ho theha motsoako oa ho fumana lithethefatsi le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, e tlang ho iketsahalla feela kamora ho itloaetsa khafetsa (Tiffany, 1990). Leha ho le joalo, lipontšo tsa neural tsa bokhoni ba ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ho PMC, MC, SMA, SPL, IPL, pMTG, ITC le cerebellum li sa tsoa hohela thahasello ea tšimo ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (Wagner et al., 2011; Yalachkov et al., 2013; Yalachkov et al., 2009, 2010; Yalachkov le Naumer, 2011).

3.3 Phapang pakeng tsa thuto ea mahareng le ea maiketsetso e amanang le methapo ea kutlo ea tlhaho

Kahoo, bopaki bo seng bo le teng bo fana ka maikutlo a hore, ho latela taolo ea ho se nke lehlakore, litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi tse ikhethileng tse hlahisitsoeng ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi li etsa hore ho eketsehe tšebetso ts'ebetsong eohle ea mesocorticolimbic, ho kenyeletsoa VTA, VS, amygdala, ACC, PFC (ho kenyelletsa OFC le DLPFC) , le hippocampus, hammoho le sensor le motor cortices (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea meta, bona (Chase et al., 2011; Engelmann et al., 2012; Kuhn le Gallinat, 2011; Schacht et al., 2012; Tang et al., 2012; Yalachkov et al., 2012)). Likarabo tsena tse hlahisitsoeng ke lithethefatsi li kanna tsa hlahisa litšoantšo tsa neural tsa boleng ba moputso oa litheko tsa lithethefatsi le mekhoa ea ts'usumetso e tataisang boitšoaro bo batlang lithethefatsi (Chase et al., 2011; Engelmann et al., 2012; Kuhn le Gallinat, 2011; Yalachkov et al., 2012). Taba ena e ts'ehetsoa ke likamano tse ntle tse tlalehiloeng khafetsa lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea libaka tsena le litekanyo tsa takatso e khothalletsoang ke lithethefatsi, leeme le lebisang tlhokomelo, ho sisinyeha ha mahlo, ho teba ha ts'epahalo, le ho khutla hape (bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa bona (Kuhn le Gallinat, 2011; Yalachkov et al., 2012)).

Keketseho e ts'oanang ea ts'ebetso ea neural ha ho arajoa mekhoa ea lithethefatsi e bontšitsoe ka har'a mokhoa o ts'oanang oa nigrostriatal oa DA. Sistimi ea nigrostriatal e bohlokoa ho tloaelo ea ho ithuta le phetoho ho tloha ho laoloang ho ea ho boits'oaro bo itlhommeng pele, 'me ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi e khothalletsang ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi maemong a sa ts'oaneng, e sebelisang lithethefatsi e ts'epahetse ho tlalehiloe lithethefatsi tse fapaneng tsa tlhekefetso (Claus et al., 2011; Schacht et al., 2011; Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010b; Wilson et al., 2013). Ntle le libaka tse tlasa subcortical, litsi tsa lithethefatsi tse hlahisitsoeng ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi li kenella lipotolohong tsa cortical tse tsamaisang ho rala le ho etsa lintho, tsebo ea ts'ebetso, le bokhoni ba ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa, tse akaretsang PMC, MC, SMA, SPL, IPL, pMTG, ITC le cerebellum (Kosten et al., 2006; Smolka et al., 2006; Wagner et al., 2011; Yalachkov et al., 2009, 2010). Ntle le moo, likarabo likarolong tsena li hokahanngoa le botebo ba ts'epahalo le boholo ba likarabo tsa boits'oaro ho lithahasello tsa lithethefatsi (Smolka et al., 2006; Yalachkov et al., 2009). Litlhokomeliso tsena li fetoletsoe e le bopaki ba hore, ntle le moputso, mekhoa e tataisang le e tataisang, litokelo tsa lithethefatsi li ka baka tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka ho kenya tšebetsong litsebo tse tsamaellanang le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi (Yalachkov et al., 2009).

Le ha ho le joalo, ho fapana hoa lipakeng le ho ithuta ka hare ho litekanyetso tsa karabelo ea boko lithutong tsa lithethefatsi ho teng, ho fana ka maikutlo a ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ka mabaka a mang. Sena ha se makatse, hobane ho kopana ha lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi ke ntho e rarahaneng, 'me ka hona e ka khona ho fetoloa ke palo e kholo ea lintlha tse ikhethileng le tse ikhethileng hammoho le litšebelisano tsa bona. Leha ho le joalo, sepheo sa bohlokoa ke ho kopanya tsebo eo e seng e le teng ea lintlha tse joalo tsa modulatory le tšusumetso ea bona ho likarabo tsa neural ho li-cue tsa lingaka tse sebelisang lithethefatsi, ho haha ​​mefuteng e teng (Masimong le Cox, 2008; Franken, 2003; Wilson et al., 2004). Litlhahlobo tse 'maloa tse fetileng le tlhahlobo ea meta ea ho sebetsa hape ka maqhubu a neural li phatlalalitsoe (Chase et al., 2011; Engelmann et al., 2012; Kuhn le Gallinat, 2011; Schacht et al., 2012; Sinha le Li, 2007; Tang et al., 2012; Yalachkov et al., 2012) empa hangata e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho palo e nyane ea lintho tse fanang ka maikutlo a ho itšehla thajana, ebang ho builoe ka ho khetheha (ke hore, mofuta oa setšoantšo sa lithethefatsi) kapa motho ka ho khetheha (ke hore, boemo ba kalafo), ka lebaka la khaello ea bopaki ba liteko mabapi le liketso le tšebelisano ea mabaka a mangata a modulatory karabong ea boko ho ts'ehetso ea lithethefatsi. Morero oa rona e ne e le ho aha le ho holisa liteko tsena tse fetileng ho fihlela mohlala o hlakileng haholoanyane, ho kenyelletsa lintlha tse ngata tse ikhethang tse ikhethang tse ithutoang tse amanang le neural cue reactivity. Ho fihlela sepheo seo, re lekola bopaki mabapi le lintlha tse bonts'itsoeng ho leka ho hlophisa ho sebetsa hoa lintho tsa 'mele ka har'a lingoliloeng tsa motho tse amanang le tlhaloganyo: bolelele le matla a tšebeliso le mehato ea bokhoba ba ho lemalla, ho lakatsa, le ho khutla / sephetho sa kalafo (karolo ea 4.1) ; boemo ba hajoale ba kalafo le ho fumaneha ha lithethefatsi / tebello (karolo 4.2); matšoao a ho ithiba le ho ikhula (karolo ea 4.3); maikutlo a fetohang le bolelele ba tlhahiso ea litlolo tsa lithethefatsi (karolo ea 4.4); molawana o hlakileng le o sa hlokeheng oa ts'ebetso ea cue drug hape (karolo ea 4.5); le ho pepesetsoa ha khatello ea maikutlo (karolo 4.6). Haha ka litlhahlobo tse fetileng tsa moaho ka sehlooho (Masimong le Cox, 2008; Franken, 2003; Wilson et al., 2004), ebe re akaretsa lintlha tsena ka mohlala o bobebe o kenyelletsang lintlha tsa mantlha tsa phetoho mme re fana ka maemo a tlatsetso a phello ea bona e amanang le tšebeliso ea litloaelo tsa lithethefatsi tsa neural (karolo ea 5). Re phethela ka puisano ea liphephetso tse ikhethang, litlhahiso tsa mekhoa ea morao-rao ea patlisiso, le bohlokoa ba lipatlisiso tsena le lipatlisiso tse ka bang teng lipatlisisong tse mabapi le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho fetolela lipatlisiso le kalafo le thibelo tliliniking (karolo ea 6).

Morero oa tlhahlobo ena hape ke ho hohela tlhokomelo ea lebaleng ho palo e ntseng e eketseha e bontšitsoeng e ama likarabo tsa boko ho litheko tse amanang le lithethefatsi. Re na le tšepo ea hore sena se tla khothaletsa bafuputsi ho lekola le ho tlaleha lintlha tse ngata tse lekiloeng hore li ka etsahala. Ho kenyelletsa moo, re lekile ho totobatsa tlhoko ea bobeli le phephetso e kholo ea ho laola le ho laola lintho tse tsebahalang tse fetolang ts'ebetso ea cue le ts'ebelisano ea bona lipatlisisong tse tlang.

4. Lintho tse fetolang ts'ebetso ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi

4.1 Bokhoba ba ho lemalla, ho lakatsa, le sephetho sa kalafo

Bohlokoa ba tleliniki ea ho nchafala hoa lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi bo ngoloa hantle ke lithuto tsa boitšoaro (Masimong le Cox, 2008). Ho sebelisa tloaelo ea lithethefatsi ho tsamaisana le lithethefatsi ho amahanngoa le, 'me maemong a mang ho nahanoa ka litekanyetso tse' maloa tsa kliniki ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho its'etleha, ho kenyelletsa bolelele le matla a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ho teba ha lithethefatsi, kotsi ea ho khutla, sephetho sa kalafo, le mathata a amanang le ts'ebeliso ea meriana. Leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho hlakisoa hore tataiso ea tšusumetso, kapa sesosa le phello, ha e hlake. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi e ka lebisa ho matlafatseng e matla ea lithethefatsi le ho qobelloa ho tsoela pele ho sebelisa le ho potlakisa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, leha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho eketsa tloaelo ea neural ho litloaelo tsa lithethefatsi kahare ho mesocorticolimbic le nigrostriatal system, hammoho le lipotolohong tsa maikutlo le tsa makoloi, ho ka baka tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi khafetsa. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe lits'ebetso tsena tse peli li sebetsa tumellanong ea bokhoba ba tahi: ho nka lithethefatsi khafetsa ho eketsa ho ikamahanya le litloaelo tsa lithethefatsi, ha ho boela hoa eketseha hoa tloaelo litekong tsa lithethefatsi ho khothaletsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, e lebisang ho potoloha e mpe ea ts'ebeliso e ntseng e eketseha le ts'ebeliso.

4.1.1 Bokhoba ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, bolelele le boholo ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi

Liphuputso tse 'maloa tse entsoeng ka mokhoa oa ho hlapolla li tlalehiloe ka kamano lipakeng tsa ho ikamahanya le boko ho litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi le mehato ea khatello ea bokhoba ba batho ba tsubang, ba noang joala le ba sebelisang koae.

Cocaine

Kamano e nepahetseng pakeng tsa likarabo tse susumetsoang ke cS ho DS le DS, le ho teba ha lithethefatsi (joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe le Addiction Severity Index le Cocaine Selection Severity Assessment Scale) ho bakuli ba itšetlehileng ka koae ho bontšitsoe ka PET (Volkow et al., 2006). Ntle le moo, phuputso ea fMRI e bontsitse hypoactivations ea caudal-dorsal ACC ea bona ho latela tšenyo ea bona ea koae, hoo ts'ebeliso ea khafetsa ea koae e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea matla ea cCAine e matlafalitsoeng (Goldstein et al., 2009). Leha ho le joalo, sena e ne e le 'nete feela bakeng sa likhebo tse sa nke lehlakore le maemo a sa putsoeng empa eseng bakeng sa tšusumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi le maemo a moputso, e leng se lumellanang le tumellano e ntlafalitsoeng ea litšekamelo tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa litumeliso tsa lithethefatsi ka litšenyehelo tsa maloetse a hlahisoang ke ao e seng lithethefatsi- stimuli e amanang (Goldstein et al., 2009).

Ho tsuba koae

Botebo ba temallo ea bokoali ba nicotine, joalo ka ha bo hlahlojoa le Teko ea Fagerström ea Depotence ea Nikotine (FTND), bo bonts'itsoe hore bo amana hantle le ts'ebetso e bakiloeng ke ho tsuba ea Vue / SN, DS, globus pallidus, ACC, OFC, cortex ea nakoana. precuneus (McClernon le al., 2008; Smolka et al., 2006; Yalachkov et al., 2013; Yalachkov et al., 2009). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho tlalehiloe kamano e mpe ea bana bakeng sa amygdala (Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010a) le li-disclations tse nepahetseng le tse mpe tse nang le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea cue-ikiwa li hlahisitse VS, insula, parahippocampal gyrus / hippocampus, cerebellum, occipital cortex, cortices tse tlase le tse phahameng tsa parietal, PMC, MC, le gyrus e bohareng ba bohareng (Artiges et al., 2009; Cousijn et al., 2012; Filbey et al., 2008; Filbey et al., 2009; Franklin et al., 2011; McClernon le al., 2008; Smolka et al., 2006; Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010a; Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010b; Yalachkov et al., 2009).

ho noa joala

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho teba ha bokhoba ba joala, joalo ka ha ho lekiloe le Alcohol Use Disorder Id chizication Test (AUDIT), ho bonts'itsoe hore e amana hantle le likarabo tse tlisitsoeng ke joala ho VS, DS, VTA / SN, OFC, le MPFC (Filbey et al., 2008). Haufinyane tjena, lithutong tse kholo (Claus et al., 2011), bokhoba ba ho lemalla joala joala bo ne bo amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e tlisoang ke cue-insure, DS, PCC, gyrus ea pele-pele, precuneus, cuneus, gia pusopocampal, thalamus le FG. Thutong e tlatselletsang ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho a priori likarolo tse hlalositsoeng tsa boko ba libaka (ROIs), bokhoba ba ho lemalla bo ne bo boetse bo amahanngoa le karabelo ea NAc, DLPFC, OFC, ACC, le karabelo ea amygdala litabeng tsa joala. Phuputsong ena, bolelele ba tšebeliso ea joala (lilemong tsa ho nooa) bo ne bo amahanngoa hantle le ts'usumetso ea cueus le coreneus lithutong tse bohlale tsa voxel, hammoho le ts'ebetso ea cue e thehiloeng ho NAc le DLPFC ho li-ROI tlhahlobo.Claus et al., 2011). Ihssen le basebetsi mmoho (Ihssen et al., 2011) ba arohantseng lino tse tahang tse tsoang ho lino tse tahang motheong oa mekhoa ea bona ea karabo ea boko ho litekanyetso tsa joala le likhakanyo tse amanang le taba eo (mohlala, litšoantšo tse bonts'ang lintho tse amanang le likarolo tsa bophelo tseo barupeluoa ba li bontšitseng tse amanang le lipelaelo tsa bona tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa hona joale, joalo ka likamano , lichelete le mosebetsi, kapa thuto le koetliso). Ba noang haholo ba bontšitse karabelo e matla ho litekanyetso tsa joala ho insula le NAc, hammoho le likarabo tse fokolisitsoeng ho litekanyetso tse amanang le ho tšoenyeha ho IFG, tse amanang le lino tse bobebe. Ntle le moo, matla a tšebeliso ea joala (lino-mapholi / khoeli) a ne a lumellana hantle le likarabo tse khothatsang tsa joala ho IFG, ACC / SMA, cuneus, precuneus, le PCC (Tapert et al., 2003).

4.1.2 Phello hape

Cocaine

Ho khutlela morao ho ts'ebeliso e mpe ea koae ho ne ho amahanngoa le karabelo e eketsehileng ho lithahasello tse amanang le koae ka mokhatlong oa sensort cortex, MC, le PCC (Kosten et al., 2006). Karabelo e phahameng haholo ea PCC litloaelong tse amanang le koae le eona e khetholotse bakuli ba khutlelang ho koae ho bao ba sa kang ba (Kosten et al., 2006). Phuputso e 'ngoe ea FMRI e bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso e amanang le lehloeo e amanang le leeme ka har'a dorsal ACC joalo ka ha e lekantsoe le mosebetsi oa cocaine Stroop ho bakuli ba ts'ehetsoeng ke koae nakong ea beke ea bona ea pele kalafo ea detoxification e ne e le ponelo-pele ea bohlokoa ea matsatsi a ts'ebeliso ea koae nakong ea ho latela-likhoeli tse 3 (Marhe et al., 2013).

Ho tsuba koae

Ha ho bapisoa le batho ba tsubang ba sa tsubeng, ba tsubang bao ka mor'a moo ba ileng ba tsilatsila boitekong ba bona ba ho tlohela, ba bonts'a karabelo e phahameng ea ho tlohela litšebeletso tse amanang le ho tsuba, PFC (ho kenyeletsoa le DLPFC), PCC, gase la parahippocampal, thalamus, putamen, le cerebellum, ka ts'ebetso e eketsehileng e fumanoeng mothating o sa tsitsang oa ACC, amygdala, MC, PMC, portetal cortex e tlase, le occipital cortex (Janes et al., 2010a). Thutong ena, karabelo ea pele ea ho khaotsa ho tsuba litheko tsa ho tsuba ka bo eona e bile ponelo-pele ea bohlokoa ea ho khutlisoa hape boits'ebetsong ba khethollo ea mosebetsi ho bapisa ba tsubang le ba tsubang.

ho noa joala

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, liphuputso tse peli li fumane hore lino tse tahang tse tlohelang joala hape tse ileng tsa khutla kamorao ho moo li bonts'a karabelo e fapaneng ea boko ho li-ccols ho feta ba ileng ba sala ba sa tlohele: Phuputso e le 'ngoe e bonts'itse kamano pakeng tsa ho khutla le karabelo e eketsehang litabeng tsa joala ho ACC / MPFC le DS (Grüsser et al., 2004), ha e 'ngoe e bonts'a kamano pakeng tsa ho khutlela bothateng le karabelo e fokolisitsoeng ea VTA le VS (Beck et al., 2012). Phuputso e le 'ngoe (Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2011) e tlaleha hore bakuli ba joala ba bonts'a ho fokotseha hoa ts'ebetso ea VS ho lits'ebeletso tsa joala kamora thupelo ea libeke tse 3 ea ho pepeseha hoa seneke ka mor'a libeke tse tharo (kamora ho qeta nako e telele, le ho kenyelletsa thuto ea bophelo bo botle le kalafo e tšehetsang) ha e bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo ea lino tse tahang. (ea entseng khaello e telele ea ho tsamaisa lihlahisoa tsa marang-rang mme a amohela thuto ea bophelo bo botle le kalafo e tšehetsang, empa e se thupelo ea ho felisoa hoa senokoane). Phuputsong ena, ROI e hlahloba e boetse e bonts'a ho fokotseha ho amanang le kalafo karabong ea DS litekatsong tsa joala ho bakuli bohle ba kopaneng ho latela tlhahlobo ea kalafo ea kalafo, leha ho sena liphapang tsa ts'usumetso ea cue-pele le kamora kalafo e fumanoeng voxel- hlahlobisisa ka bohlale. Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, thutong e ngoe (Schneider et al., 2001), bakuli ba joala ba bontšitse phokotso ea likarabo tse tlisoang ke joala ho amygdala, hippocampus, le cerebellum kamora kalafo ea psychopharmacological, e amanang le ho hlahlojoa ha kalafo pele ho kalafo.

4.1.3 Takatso ea boithati

Boithuto ba morao-rao ba boithuto ba morao-rao ba thuto ea morao-rao ea lithethefatsi bo ile ba lekola kamano e lipakeng tsa litakatso tsa boits'oaro le karabelo ea neural ho litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi ho pholletsa le lithethefatsi tse 'maloa tsa tlhekefetso mme ba totobatsa bohlokoa ba likarabo tse ipatileng tsa takatso le litlhare tsa bona tsa kelello (Chase et al., 2011).

Cocaine

Takatso ea ho itšireletsa ha koae e fumaneha e lumellana hantle le karabelo e khothatsang ea cue ho libaka tse 'maloa tsa cortical le subcortical, ho kenyelletsa le insula (Bonson et al., 2002; Kilts et al., 2001; Wang et al., 1999ACC ()Maas et al., 1998), OFC (Bonson et al., 2002DLPFC ()Bonson et al., 2002; Grant et al., 1996; Kilts et al., 2001; Maas et al., 1998), DS (Volkow et al., 2006), amygdala (Bonson et al., 2002; Grant et al., 1996, thalamus (Kilts et al., 2001, FG (Kilts et al., 2001), gyrus ea nakoana (Kilts et al., 2001), le cerebellum (Grant et al., 1996; Kilts et al., 2001). Litokellano tse mpe li tlalehiloe ka subcallosal cortex (Kilts et al., 2001) le, re sa lebella, ka har'a insula (Kilts et al., 2001).

Ho tsuba koae

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, takatso ea ho tsuba ea ho itlhahisa e tsuba e fumanoe e lumellana hantle le karabelo e susumetsang ea cue ka har'a sethala (Brody et al., 2002; Luijten et al., 2011), phutha (Luijten et al., 2011ACC ()McClernon le al., 2009DLPFC ()Brody et al., 2002; Franklin et al., 2007), OFC (Brody et al., 2002DMPFC (McClernon le al., 2009VLPFC (Goudriaan et al., 2010PCC (Franklin et al., 2007), amygdala (Goudriaan et al., 2010sensorimotor cortex (Brody et al., 2002), le SMA (McClernon le al., 2009). Liphuputso tsa morao-rao tsa meta-analytic neuroimaging tsa ts'ebetso ea cue bothateng ba bokhoba ba nicotine (Kuhn le Gallinat, 2011; Tang et al., 2012) e fumane likamano tse ntle lipakeng tsa mosebetsi o ipatileng oa ho lakatsa le takatso ea bohlasoa kahara insula, ACC, DLPFC, IFG, PCC, precuneus, parahippocampus, angular gyrus, le cerebellum. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, liteko tsa khokahano lipakeng tsa takatso ea koae le ho tsuba tse hlahisoang ke VS, ho kenyelletsa le NAc, li hlahisitse litholoana tse fapaneng, ka likamano tse mpe tse peli (McClernon le al., 2008) le likhokahano tse se nang thusoDavid et al., 2005) tse tlalehiloeng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho fokotseha ha litakatso tsa koae tse ipolelang ka lebaka la taolo ea kelello ho ile ha lumellana hantle le ho fokotseha ha karabelo ea VS e khothalletsang batho ba tsubang (Kober et al., 2010), e fana ka tlhahiso ea kopanyo e ntle mme mohlomong le kamano ea mabaka.

ho noa joala

Tumellanong le se kaholimo, ho ipolelang ho lakatsa joala kapa takatso ea joala ho kopantsoe hantle le likarabo tse tlisitsoeng ke joala ho VS / NAc (Myrick et al., 2004; Seo et al., 2011; Hlakola et al., 2007), DS (Seo et al., 2011ACC ()Myrick et al., 2004MPFC (Fryer et al., 2012), OFC (Filbey et al., 2008; Myrick et al., 2004DLPFC ()Park et al., 2007), gyri ea pele le ea pele (Park et al., 2007; Tapert et al., 2003, FG (Park et al., 2007; Tapert et al., 2003), gyrus ea lipuo tse ling (Park et al., 2007; Tapert et al., 2003))Park et al., 2007), gyrus ea nakoana (Park et al., 2007), le cerebellum (Fryer et al., 2012) bathong ba nang le tahi ea tšebeliso ea joala, empa eseng lithutong tsa taolo (lino tse noang). Tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea meta (Kuhn le Gallinat, 2011) o fumane kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa tse ipolelang tsa ho lakatsa le ho tsosa takatso ho VS, DS, gorus ea pele ho nako, paracentral lobule, cortex ea parietal, le gyrus ea lingual. Tlhahlobo e 'ngoe ea metaSchacht et al., 2012) e boetse e supa khokahano e ntle le ho lakatsa ho VS, hammoho le ho fokotseha ho amanang le kalafo ho karabelo ea VS, empa u hlokometse hore hangata liphetho tsa thuto ka seng li nkiloe tlhahlobisong ea limbic ROI. Bopaki bo hokahanyang ho lakatsa ho itlhahisa ka joala le ts'ebetso e tlisoang ke joala libakeng tse kenang le tse sa tlisoang ke ACC ho batho ba itšebelisang joala bo tsoakiloe haholo, ha lithuto tse ling li fana ka litlaleho tse nepahetsengFryer et al., 2012; Tapert et al., 2004), e netefalitsoe tlhahlobisong ea meta (Kuhn le Gallinat, 2011). Le ha ho le joalo, melaetsa e mebe le eona e tlalehiloe (Tapert et al., 2003).

4.2 Boemo ba hona joale ba kalafo le ho fumaneha hoa lithethefatsi / tebello

Bohlokoa ba ho tlohela boitšoaro le boemo ba hajoale ba batlang kalafo e le mabaka a susumetsang ho nchafala hoa kelello litekong tsa lithethefatsi ho kile ha phetoa khang (Wilson et al., 2004) hape e tšehelitsoe ke tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea metaChase et al., 2011). Seabo sa ho fumaneha ha lithethefatsi le tebello ea hau joaloka ntho e ikemetseng ea ho feto-fetoha ketso ea neural cue e boetse e bontšitsoe (Wertz le Sayette, 2001b). Ho kenyelletsa moo, ho fumaneha ha lithethefatsi le ho lebella ho lebella ho khutlisetsa bonyane tšusumetso ea ho se be teng le boemo ba ho batla kalafo ho reuralction ea neural cue (Wertz le Sayette, 2001a, b; Wilson et al., 2004).

Ho shebana le PFC, Wilson le basebetsi mmoho (Wilson et al., 2004) e hlahlobile lithuto tse 18 tsa FMRI le PET tsa ho sebetsa hape ka lithethefatsi, 'me ea fihlela qeto ea hore lits'ebeletso tse amanang le lithethefatsi li kenya letsoho DLPFC le (ka mokhoa o fapaneng haholo) oa OFC bathong ba sebelisang lithethefatsi ka matla mme ba sa batle kalafo ka nako ea thuto, empa eseng ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi ba batlang kalafo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Hayashi le basebetsi mmoho ba fumane hore ha lisakerete li fumaneha hanghang, takatso e matla ea ho ts'oasa e ne e le kholoanyane (Hayashi et al., 2013). Sebelisa fMRI, bangoli ba bonts'itse hore leseli mabapi le fumaneha ka lithethefatsi tse kahare ho nakoana le kenyelelitsoe ho DLPFC. Ntle le moo, takatso e matla e hlahisoang ke ho fumaneha ha koae e ile ea fokotsoa ke ho tsitsisa DLPFC butle ka ts'usumetso ea matla a boloi. Kahoo, DLPFC e bonahala e le bohlokoa haholo ho theheng le ho fetoheng lipontšo tsa boleng bo thehiloeng tsebong ea motho ea ho fumaneha ha lithethefatsi (Hayashi et al., 2013).

Cocaine

O lumellana le se hlokometsoeng ke Wilson et al. (2004), lithuto tsa ba sebelisang koae eseng batla kalafo e tlalehiloeng ts'ebetso e amanang le lithethefatsi ho DLPFC le / kapa OFC (Garavan et al., 2000; Grant et al., 1996; Maas et al., 1998; Wang et al., 1999; Wilcox et al., 2011), athe lithuto tsa batlang kalafo basebelisi ba koae ha ba fumane ts'ebetso e joalo (Childress et al., 1999; Kilts et al., 2001; Kosten et al., 2006; Wexler et al., 2001). Ntle le moo, ho basebelisi ba cocaine ba mafolofolo, ho ile ha fumanoa lipeisano tse ntle lipakeng tsa takatso ea boits'oaro le ts'ebetso e khothalletsoang ea cue ho DLPFC (Bonson et al., 2002; Grant et al., 1996; Maas et al., 1998) le OFC (Bonson et al., 2002). Ho tse ling tsa lithuto tsa basebelisi ba koae ba sebetsang, lithuto li ile tsa bolelloa hore li lebelle ho fihlella koae ha e qeta ho ithuta (Grant et al., 1996), athe lithutong tse ling ha ho khothaletsoe ho fumaneha ha lithethefatsi joalo (Garavan et al., 2000; Maas et al., 1998; Wang et al., 1999), leha tebello ea lithethefatsi e kanna ea ba e ntse e le teng. Ho fapana le hoo, lithutong tsa basebelisi ba koae ba batlang kalafo, ha ho litlhahiso tsa ho fumaneha ha lithethefatsi 'me, ka phehisano, ha ho na tebello ea lithethefatsi e neng e le teng (Childress et al., 1999; Kilts et al., 2001; Wexler et al., 2001).

Ka hona, ho na le monyetla oa hore litlamorao tsa boemo ba kalafo ho karabelo ea neural ho litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi li arolelanoe ka mokhoa o fokolang ka ho fumaneha ha lithethefatsi tse ngata le / kapa tebello ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho basebelisi ba sa sebetseng, bao e seng kalafo ha ba bapisoa le ba batlang kalafo. Ho feta moo, phuputso ea morao-rao (Prisciandaro et al., 2012) ka ho toba a bapisa karabelo ea neural ho mekhoa e amanang le lithethefatsi ho batho ba batlang kalafo - ka ts'ebeliso e matla ba sebelisang koae, ba ileng ba tlaleha ka tšusumetso ea bona ea ho fetola ts'ebeliso ea koae. E lumellanang le Wilson le basebetsi-mmoho (2004), Phuputso ena e fumane hore lithuto tse fumanehang kalafong ea kantle ho nako li na le karabelo e tlase litabeng tse amanang le koae ka DLPFC ebile li tlohetsoe ke CC ho feta ba sebelisang koae ka matla (Prisciandaro et al., 2012). Ntle le moo, lithuto tse tlalehileng khothaletso e phahameng ea ho fetola ts'ebeliso ea koae li bile le karabelo e tlase ho litumelo tse amanang le koae libakeng tse 'maloa tsa pele, tsa boloi, tsa nakoana le tse amanang le cortical, ho kenyelletsa le karabelo e tlase ka letsohong le letšehali la DLPFC ba khothaletse ho nka mehato e lebisang phetohong e ntle ea ts'ebeliso ea bona.

Ho tsuba koae

Ho feto-fetoha ha mokhoa o tšoanang oa ho ts'oaroa hoa lithethefatsi ho PFC ho tlalehiloe ho batho ba tsubang ba batlang meriana. Ka ho khetheha, batho ba tsubang ba neng ba sa batle kalafo ka nako ea thuto ba bonts'itse keketseho ea mosebetsi ho DLPFC (David et al., 2005; Due et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2011) le OFC (David et al., 2005; Franklin et al., 2007) ho mekhoa e amanang le ho tsuba. Ntle le moo, ho batho ba tsubang ba sebetsang, takatso ea ho itlaleha e ne e lumellana hantle le ts'ebetso e tsosang takatso ea ho tsuba ho DLPFC (Brody et al., 2002; Franklin et al., 2007) le OFC (Brody et al., 2002). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho batho ba batlang batho ba tsubang, hangata ha ho na ts'usumetso e tlisoang ke cue-DLPFC kapa OFC (Brody et al., 2007; Westbrook et al., 2011), leha ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea OFC ea ho tsuba e batla ho batho ba batlang kalafo e boetse e tlalehiloe (Franklin et al., 2007; Hartwell et al., 2011). Ntle le moo, thetso ea tekanyetso ea tebello ea lithethefatsi ka mokhoa o ts'oanang e boetse e hlophisa ho busetsoa ha PFC litsing tsa lithethefatsi ho batho ba tsubang ba sebetsang (McBride et al., 2006; Wilson et al., 2005). Lithutong tsena, batho ba tsubang ba ne ba abeloa ho tsuba koae nakong ea thuto kapa qetellong ea thuto (sehlopha se lebelletseng), kapa ho qeta lihora tse 'maloa ka mor'a hore thuto e phetheloe (sehlopha se sa lebelloang). E lumellana le Wilson et al. (Wilson et al., 2004), batho ba tsubang ba neng ba lebelletse ho tsubella ho tsubang haufinyane ba bontšitse ts'ebetso e kholo ho linaha tse peli tsa DLPFC ho litloaelo tse amanang le ho tsuba ka lebaka la ho se nke lehlakore, ha ba bapisoa le ba neng ba sa lebella phihlello e joalo (McBride et al., 2006; Wilson et al., 2005). Holim'a moo, McBride et al. (2006) e bonts'itse hore karabelo ea DLPFC ho mekhoa ea ho tsuba e ne e amana hantle le litakatso tsa batho ba tsubang ba neng ba lebelletse ho tsuba, empa ba ne ba sa lumellane le ho lakatsa batho ba tsubang ba neng ba sa lebella ho fumana koae. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bopaki ba tšusumetso e matla ea tšusumetso ea ts'ebetso ea ho tsuba ea koae hape ka OFC e ne e tsoakiloe haholo, le thuto e le 'ngoe (McBride et al., 2006) ho tlaleha ho fokotseha ha medical OFC, athe lipatlisiso tse ling (Wilson et al., 2005) e tlaleha ho fokotseha ha morao ho OFC empa keketseho e nyane ho medial OFC, sehlopheng sa tebello ha e bapisoa le sehlopha se sa lebelloang.

ho noa joala

Mohopolo oa hore karabelo ea PFC litlamong tsa lithethefatsi o fetoloa ka maemo a kalafo o ts'ehetsoa ka mokhoa o fokolang ke lithuto tse inahaneloang tsa batho ba noang joala. Litloaelo tse amanang le joala li ile tsa eketsa tšebetso ea DLPFC le OFC lithutong tse sa batloeng joala tse hlokang kalafo (George et al., 2001; Myrick et al., 2004; Tapert et al., 2003), empa hangata eseng ho ba batlang kalafo (Braus et al., 2001; Grüsser et al., 2004; Schneider et al., 2001); Leha ts'ebetso ea DLPFC le OFC ho litloaelo tse amanang le joala e tlalehiloe hape ho lino tse tahang tse noang joala li batla kalafo (Hlakola et al., 2002). Ntle le moo, ho lino tse tahang tse sa batleng kalafo ka nako ea thuto, khokahano e ntle e fumanoe lipakeng tsa litakatso tsa joala tse ipolelang le likarabo tse tlositsoeng ho OFC (Myrick et al., 2004). Ehlile, tlhahlobo ea morao-rao e kholo ea fMRI (Claus et al., 2011) ea reactivity ea lino tse tahang e kenyelletse lisampuli tse batlang kalafo le tse sa batleng kalafo (leha ho ne ho se na lithuto tse sebelisang kalafo nakong ea ho hlahlojoa). Thutong ena, joala bo matlafatsang bo khahlisoa ke lero le hlahisitseng karolo e kopaneng ea OFC empa eseng DLPFC. Likarolo tse ling tse hlahisoang ke mekhoa ea tatso ea joala li kenyelletsa ho kenella ka hare ho naha, striatum, thalamus, medial frontal cortex (e kenyeletsang ACC, DMPFC, le SMA), hammoho le brainstem le cerebellum. Ka ho sa lebelloang, 'me ho fapana le Wilson et al. (2004), ba batlang kalafo ba bontšitse a e kholoanyane Karabelo ho DLPFC ea leqeleng ho tatso ea joala ho fapana le ba sa batlang kalafo (Claus et al., 2011). Ho fumana sena ho khahla ka ho khetheha hobane, haeba ho na le joala, makhopho a khafetsa a ka sebetsa e le litekanyetso tse amoheloang le ho tsamaisoa ha lithethefatsi ntle le tumello.

Phuputso ea morao-rao ea meta (Chase et al., 2011) phapang e fapaneng ea neural ho litloaelo tsa lithethefatsi lipakeng tsa basebelisi ba neng ba sa batle kalafo le ba batlang kalafo ho pholletsa le lithethefatsi tse 'maloa tsa tlhekefetso. Thutisong ena ea meta, ts'ebetso e bakiloeng ke lithethefatsi ho VS e ile ea bonoa ka ts'epahalo ho basebelisi ba mafolofolo le ba batlang kalafo (Chase et al., 2011). Ka karolo e itseng ea tšehetso ea Tlhahiso ke Wilson et al. (2004), karabelo ea OFC (le ha e se DLPFC) ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e bonts'oa feela ho basebelisi ba sa sebetseng, ba sa batlang kalafo, athe karabelo ea amygdala ho lits'ebeliso tsa lithethefatsi e mpa e fumanoe ho ba batlang kalafo, leha phapang ea ts'ebetso lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli e entse ha e fihle bohlokoa (Chase et al., 2011; Yalachkov et al., 2012).

4.3 Matšoao a ho tlohela mosebetsi le ho tlohela

Ho ipholla litho le matšoao a amanang le ho ikhula (ho kenyelletsa ho se tsikinyehe, ho tšoenyeha kapa khatello ea maikutlo, ho tsepamisa mohopolo, ho ferekana ha koloi, ho ferekanya takatso ea lijo le boroko, le liphetoho tsa sekhahla sa pelo, khatello ea mali le mocheso oa 'mele) le tsona li ka fetolela ho fetoha hoa tlhaho ho litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi. Ho lakatsa sethethefatsi ka linako tse ling ho nkoa e le sesupo sa ho khaotsa lithethefatsi. Ebile, ho batla lithethefatsi nakong ea ha motho a khaotsa ho tsuba ho tlositsoe ho bonyane karolo e susumetsoang ke ho fokotsa matšoao a fosahetseng a tlisoang (ho matlafatsa hampe), leha ho tsejoa hape hore litloaelo tse amanang le lithethefatsi li ka khutlisa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le kamora ho tlohela nako e telele. le ha ho se na matšoao a ho tlohela. Kahoo, re ne re ka lebella hore ho ila le ho ba teng ha matšoao a bang teng ho ka baka litakatso tsa bobeli tsa lithethefatsi le boiketsetso ho litloaelo tsa lithethefatsi, athe ho hloka botsitso le ho ba sieo ha matšoao a ho tlosoa ho ka fokotsa ho lakatsa le ho etsa lintho ka boomo hape (David et al., 2007; McClernon le al., 2005; McClernon le al., 2008).

Boithuto bo 'maloa bo ile ba hlahloba phello ea ho khaotsa ho tsuba ka ho tsuba hape ka ho tsubang. McClernon le basebetsi-'moho (2005) o ile a bapisa ka kotloloho ts'ebetso ea neural le masapo a tsubang sehlopheng se le seng sa batho ba tsubang ba itšetlehang ka nicotine habeli: hang kamora ad libitum ho tsuba (ho satiety boemo) le hang ka mor'a ho tlohela ho tsuba bosiu bo le bong. Hohle maemo a ho natefeloa le ho tlohela ho tsuba, ho tsuba ho amanang le mekhoa e sa nkeng lehlakore ho kentse ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ACC le PFC (gorus e phahameng ea pele), ho se na phapang lipakeng tsa likarolo (le ha karabelo ea ho se nke lehlakore e fokotsehile thalmus, dorsal ACC, le ho kenella ka mokhoa o hlakileng. mmuso o amanang le mmuso o hlekefelitsoeng)McClernon le al., 2005). Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho ne ho lebelletsoe, takatso ea ho ipolelisa e ile ea eketseha maemong a ho tila a amanang le boemo bo satied, 'me liphetoho tsena tse susumetsang takatso ea ho tlohela lintho li ne li tsamaellana hantle le likarabo tse hlahisitsoeng ke ho tsuba tse tlatselitsoeng ho DLPFC (bohare ba bohare bo bohareng), IFG, ka pele-pele. gyrus, ventral le dorsal ACC, le thalamus (McClernon le al., 2005). Phuputso e 'ngoe (David et al., 2007) hape a lekola litlamorao tsa ho tlohela ho tsuba bosiu bo le bong mme a fumana ho fokotseha ha karabelo e tlisoang ke ho tsuba e tlisoang ke VS / NAc e amanang le boemo bo nyahamisang. E holisa bolelele ba ho khaotsa ho qeta lihora tse 24, McClernon et al. (2009) e bontšitse hore ho tlohela ho tsuba ho eketsa ho lakatsa, ho eketseha hoa likotsi, tlala, matšoao a khaello ea motho, le ho khaotsa tloaelo, le ho fokotsa ho ts'oana le ho ts'oaroa ke motho ea tsubang ka ho tsubang. E amanang le ho satiety, ho tlohela ho tsuba ka lihora tse 24 ho ekelitse likarabo tse bakang ho ts'oara ho PFC (holimo pele gyrus), bongaka bo phahameng ba parietal, PCC, occipital cortex, gyri ea pele le morao, le caudate, athe libaka ha li bontše ho fokotseha ha tlhoko-kholo ea ho tsuba. karabelo ho motho ea amanang le boemo bo feteletseng boemong ba ho satioa (McClernon le al., 2009).

Janes le basebetsi-mmoho (2009) ba ile ba bapisa ho busetsoa hoa neural le ho tsuba li-group tsa batho ba tsubang ba itšebelisang le nicotine pele ho teko ea ho tlohela le kamora ho qeta nako e telele (~ matsatsi a 50). Ho hlakile hore batho ba tsubang thutong ena ba ne ba sebelisa patch ea nicotine ea transdermal mme ba ne ba lumelloa ho e tlatselletsa ka nicotine gum le lozenges, e le karolo ea teko ea bongaka. Phuputso ena e fumane hore ho khaotsa ho tsuba ho ne ho hokahana le keketseho ea likarabo tse tlisoang ke ho tsuba ka mokokotlong oa caudate, ACC, PFC (ho kenyeletsoa DLPFC le IFG), le gyrus ea pele, hammoho le literekeng tsa nakoana. mabapi le tlhahlobo ea pele ho ho tlohela. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, karabelo ea ho khaotsa ho tsuba ka hippocampus e ile ea fokotseha kamora ho khaotsa ho ts'oaroa ho amanang le tlhahlobo ea pele ho nako. Qetellong, tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea meta (Engelmann et al., 2012) e bonts'itse hore likarabo tsa neural ho mekhoa ea ho tsubela ho DLPFC le occipital cortex li fumanoe ka ts'epahalo ho batho ba tsubang / ba khaoletsang ho tsuba ba amanang le batho ba sa tsubeng.

Kameho ea ho khaotsa ho se sebelisoe hoa marang-rang litloaelong tsa lithethefatsi e boetse e hlahlojoa ho basebelisi ba joala. Phuputso ea morao-rao (Fryer et al., 2012) a bapisa lihlopha tse tharo tsa lino tse tahang tsa nako e le 'ngoe (lino tse noang hona joale, tse noang nako e telele), le ba lemaletseng bophelo bo botle (le batho ba noang joala), mme a tlaleha hore batho ba tlohelang nako e telele ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ho bahanyetsi ba amanang le joala ba amanang le ba sa nkeng lehlakore. libakeng tsa ACC tsa dorsal le tsa IPL, ha li bapisoa le bareki ba morao-rao le ba sejoale-joale.

4.4 Senseory modality le bolelele ba tlhahiso ea litlolo tsa lithethefatsi

Mekhoa e metle ea maikutlo e ka boela ea susumetsa boiphetetso ba boits'oaro le bokong ka bo bona. Liteko tsa boits'oaro li bonts'itse phapang e teng lipapatsong tsa litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi ho etsa hore boitšoaro le maikutlo a kelello li fetohe ho latela maikutlo a kelello (Johnson et al., 1998; Reid et al., 2006; Shadel et al., 2001; Wray et al., 2011). Mohlala, phuputso ea morao-rao ea fMRI e bontšitse hore ho tsuba ho ts'oaroa haptic ho kenya ts'ebetsong DS ka matla ho feta litšobotsi tse bonoang tsa ho tsuba (Yalachkov et al., 2013). Thutong ena, khetho ea haptic ho feta ea ho tsuba e bonoang e amana hantle le ho teba ha ts'epo e itšetlehileng ka nicotine (bona le 4.1.1) ka kotloloho ea parietal cortex, somatosensory cortex, FG, cortex e fokolang ea nakoana, cerebellum, hippocampus / parahippocampu , le SMA.

Khopolo ea hore maikutlo a feto-fetohang a fetolang likarabo tsa boko ho litheko tsa lithethefatsi e 'nile ea ntlafatsoa hape ke tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea meta ho kenyelletsa le tlhaiso-leseling e tsoang ho lithuto tse 44 tse sebetsang tsa neuroimaging ka kakaretso ea barupeluoa ba 1168 (Yalachkov et al., 2012). Lisebelisoa tse bonoang li sebelisoa habonolo litekong, hobane litekanyetso tsa nehelano ea tsona li ka fetoloa habonolo, mohlala, mmala o felletseng kapa sekala se putsoa, ​​bolelele ba tlhahiso, le sebaka se skrineng. Lisebelisoa tse bonoang le tsona li theko e tlase ebile li ka sebelisoa khafetsa. Ho fapana le moo, ho hira mekhoa ea haptic (mohlala, lisakerete) ho thata haholo, hobane bolelele ba tsona le sebaka seo li hlahisoang ho sona li thata haholo ho li laola, 'me li tlameha ho nkeloa sebaka ke motho e mong le e mong ea nkang karolo. Litekong tsa fMRI, tlhoko ea haptic e boetse e tlameha ho ba e sa ferromagnetic, mme ho ama li-haptic cices ho amana le ho sisinyeha ha hlooho ha ho bapisoa le ho shebella lifilimi kapa litšoantšo kapa ho mamela lingoloa tsa litšoantšo. Ntle le moo, motho ea lekang o hloka ho ba teng ka phapusing ea scanner e le hore a tsebe ho tsosa takatso ea sehlooho. Litloaelo tse mpe tsa boitšoaro bo botle le tse patehileng li hlahisa mathata a tsona. Lits'oants'o tsa lithethefatsi tsa mefuta e mengata li ka hlahisa likarabo tse matla tsa boko ho feta mefuta e tloahelehileng ea lithethefatsi tse sebelisoang, le likhohlano tsa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa neural cacacacate le covariates tsa bongaka (mohlala, ho lakatsa) ho tlalehiloe khafetsa bakeng sa multisensory ho feta litheko tse bonoang ho MC, insula, le PCC .

Karolo e 'ngoe ea teko e ka susumetsang ho nchafala ha cue ke bolelele ba tlhahiso ea tšusumetso. Tlhahlobo ea meta-patlisiso e amanang le methapo ea kutlo ea motho ea tsubang e boetse e bonts'a hore nako e khutšoane (≤ 5 sec) e hlahisitsoeng mererong e amanang le ketsahalo e hlahisitse likarabo tse tšepahalang ho "bilital FG" ho feta litšitiso tsa nako e telele (≥ 18 sec) e hlahisitsoeng e koetsoe meralo (Engelmann et al., 2012). Ha ho na libaka tsa boko tse bonts'itseng likarabo tse tšepahalang haholoanyane bakeng sa nako e telele ha li bapisoa le likhahla tsa nakoana.

Ebile, esita le litheko tsa lithethefatsi tse hlahisoang bakeng sa nako e khuts'oane joalo li lula ka tlase ho monyako oa pono mme ha ho mohla ho nahanoang ka letsoalo le letle, li kenya ts'ebetso ea li-circuits tsa neural tse tlisoang ke ho etsa ntho e ncha hape. Mohlala, likhechana tse amanang le koae li hlahisitsoe ka nako ea li-msec tse 33, kahoo lithuto li ne li sa khone ho li tseba, tsa fumana tšebetso e phahameng literekeng tsa amygdala, VS, ventral pallidum, insula, lipalo tsa nakoana, le OFC, ha li bapisoa le litheko tse tlase tsa (Childress et al., 2008). Ho khahlisang le ho feta e bile pono ea hore ts'ebetso ea "ho sa tsebe letho" ea "ventral pallidum" le amygdala e ne e amana hantle le tšusumetso e ntle ea morao-rao mabapi le tšusumetso e telele, e lemohileng ka letsoalo la litekanyetso tse ts'oanang tsa tlhahlobo ea boits'oaro e latelang. Leha ho le joalo, thutong ea fMRI e sebelisang paradigm ea morao-rao, karabelo ea BOLD ho amygdala e fokotsehile ha batho ba tsubang ba shebella empa ba sa lemohe tšusumetso e amanang le ho tsuba e hlahisitsoeng bakeng sa li-msec tse 33, leha ho sa fumanoe phapang e kholo sehlopheng se sa tsubang (Zhang et al., 2009).

Leha ho le joalo, tšusumetso ea nako ea tlhahiso ea litlatsetso ea litlhare e ka amana le potso ea mofuta oa moralo oa fMRI (o amanang le ketsahalo kapa o thibetsoeng) o loketseng haholoanyane ho lekola boteng ba cue ho lemalla (bakeng sa lipuisano, bona hape (Yang et al., 2011)). Monyetla oa meralo e amanang le fMRI e amanang le ketsahalo ke hore ba lumella ho hlahlojoa ha likarabo tsa hemodynamic ho litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa lithethefatsi. Ntle le moo, meralong e amanang le ketsahalo, likarabo tse sa nepahalang li ka hlahlobisisoa ka thoko kapa tsa lahloa, e leng ho eketsang bohlokoa ba sekaseka. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, meralo e koetsoeng hangata e fana ka matšoao a matla a fMRI a qosa ka mokhoa oa nakoana likarabo tsa hemodynamic likarolong tse fapaneng tsa lithethefatsi ka har'a block. Kahoo, menyetla ea meralo e koetsoeng ke hore li fana ka maikutlo a maholo mme ka hona monyetla o moholo oa ho bona litlamorao tsa thahasello, haholo likarolong tsa boko moo litlamorao tsena li ka bang bonolo haholoanyane.

Mohlala, Bühler le basebetsi mmoho (Bühler et al., 2008) e fuputse phello ea moralo oa fMRI ho likarabo tsa neural ho litlatsetso tse mpe ho banna ba phetseng hantle ka ho bapisa ka kotloloho moralo o amanang le ketsahalo (nako ea khothatso ea 0.75 sec ka ketsahalo e ngoe le moralo o koetsoeng (kakaretso ea nako ea block ea 19.8 sec). Phuputsong eo, moralo o amanang le ketsahalo o hlahisa karabelo e phahameng ho feta ea sebopeho se koetsoeng ho SMA le li-cortices tse qotsitsoeng, athe moralo o koetsoeng o hlahisitse ts'ebeliso e mpe ea semelo ho feta moralo o amanang le ketsahalo eo pele. le post-central gyri, IPC / SPC, le libaka tsa occipital. Ho latela tsebo eohle ea rona, ha ho thuto e bapisitseng ka kotlolloho lits'ebetso tse amanang le liketsahalo tse thibetsoeng ke ketsahalo tse amanang le liketsahalo tsa tlatsetso ea lithethefatsi.

Kamora nako, leha e sa sebetse hantle, ho busetsoa hape ka neac ho litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi ho ka boela ha susumetsoa ke tekanyo ea boikemisetso ba litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi, ke hore, haeba litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi li etsoa ho mong le e mong ea nkang karolo kapa che (mohlala, lets'oao le leng le le leng la setho sa setho sa koae sa koae kapa ea lino tse tahang, ho e-na le ho tsuba tse tšoanang le tse tloaelehileng tse sebelisoang bakeng sa barupeluoa bohle. Polelo esale pele e ka re likotsi tsa lithethefatsi tse ikemetseng li lokela ho etsa hore ho be le karabelo e kholo ho feta litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi tse tšoanang, le ha maikutlo ana a sa tšepahale.

Taba e amanang e amana le khetho ea taolo e lokelang ho bapisoa le litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi litlhahlobisong tsa neuroimaging. Lintho tsena tse laoloang li fapana ka litakatso tse joalo ka lijo tse hlahisoang ka mokhoa o hlakileng, empa li hlahisa phapang e sa hlaka hantle (mohlala, (Tang et al., 2012)) - ho litheko tse sa amaneng le lithethefatsi tse sa amaneng le lithethefatsi joalo ka lintho tse etsahalang letsatsi le letsatsi, tse hlahisang phello e kholo empa ka litšenyehelo tse ka bang tsa theko e fokotsehileng. Habohlokoa, ho ts'oaroa hantle ha tšusumetso ea khothalletso ea lithethefatsi (mohlala, ka har'a litaba, ho tsosa takatso, tloaelo) ho bohlokoa ho khetholla litlamorao tse amanang le lithethefatsi. Le ha hona ho bolela tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo e kholo e ke keng ea qojoa ea tlhahlobo e kholo ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo mme e eketsa nako le boiteko bo hlokahalang molemong oa thuto, e boetse e netefatsa bonnete ba se fumanoeng. Khetho e thusang haholo ke ho nahana ka ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tse tsosang takatso ea ho tsuba le taolo, tse 'nileng tsa lekoa bakeng sa liparamente tsa bohlokoa, joalo ka International Ho Tsuba Litšoantšo Series (Gilbert le Rabinovich, 2006). Thutong ena ea ts'usumetso ho ena le mekhoa ea ho tsuba le balekane ba bona ba lekantsoe haholo molemong oa bokhukhuni, bophahamo, bo tsosang takatso, le khothaletso ea ho tsuba, 'me ba sebelisitsoe lithutong tse' maloa tsa ho khutla hoa cue (mohlala, David et al., 2007; Yalachkov et al., 2009; Westbrook et al., 2011)(Zhang et al., 2011). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho sebelisa sehlahlo se seng se ntse se le teng ho ka baka meeli lipotsong tsa liteko tse lokelang ho botsoa. Kahoo, haeba motho a batla ho leka buka e ncha kapa litlatsetso tse ikhethang mabapi le mekhoa ea ho khutlisa (mohlala, karabelo ho litšoantšo tsa batho ba tsubang vs. litšoantšo tsa ho tsuba paraphernalia feela), motho a ka tlameha ho sebelisa, 'me mohlomong a nts'etsapele le ho leka, setaele ea bohloeki. Mokhoa o khahlisang o sebelisitsoe ke Conklin le basebetsi mmoho (Conklin et al., 2010), ea laetseng batho ba tsubang hore ba nke litšoantšo tsa tikoloho eo ba e etsang ba sa tsube, e tla sebelisoa e le ho tsuba le ho laola litheko. Ka lebaka leo, maikutlo a susumetsang a amanang le lithethefatsi le a sa amanang le lithethefatsi (a sa jeleng lehlakore kapa a laoloang) a ne a etselitsoe motho haholo, a eketsa bonnete ba tlholeho ea litekanyo tse latelang tsa cue-reactivity.

4.5 Taolo e hlakileng le e hlakileng ea ts'ebetso ea litlatsetso tsa lithethefatsi

Likhopolo tsa hona joale tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi li hlahisa hore, ka tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le lits'ebetso tse amanang le DA maemong a mesocorticolimbic le nigrostriatal, mekhoa e amanang le lithethefatsi e fumana. ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetsoe ba fang matla a ho tsosa takatso le litakatso tsa lithethefatsi (Robinson le Berridge, 1993). Ts'ebetsong, litheko tsa lithethefatsi le tsona lia fumaneha tlhokomeliso e hlokolosi, e bonahatsoang e le leeme le matla la temoso ea litakatso tsa lithethefatsi ho batho ba itšebelisang lithethefatsi ((Masimong le Cox, 2008; Franken, 2003); bona hape (Hahn et al., 2007)). Ka mekhoa e kopaneng ea ts'ebetso ea tlhokomelo le ts'usumetso e kopaneng, lithethefatsi li supa lits'oants'o tsa kelello, kelello, le lits'ebetso tsa ho hopola mme li hlahisa boemo ba ho ikemisetsa ho tsamaea bakeng sa boits'oaro bo batlang lithethefatsi (Franken, 2003). Ho latela pono ena, likhopolo tsa morao-rao tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi li totobatsa tlatsetso ea taolo e sa bonahaleng ea kelello kapa ts'ebetso e phahameng litekong tse lemallang le tlholehong ho tloha ho ts'ebeliso e mpe ea taolo ea lithethefatsi ho ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Bechara, 2005; Feil et al., 2010; Goldstein le Volkow, 2011; Jentsch le Taylor, 1999; Volkow et al., 2003). Kahoo, re ka lebella hore maano le litabatabelo tsa mosebetsi li reretsoe ho fetola (kapa ho laola) tlhokomeliso ea tlhokomeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi, ebang li hlalositsoe ka mokhoa o hlakileng kapa ka mokhoa o hlakileng.

4.5.1 Taolo e hlakileng ea likarabo tse khothalletsoang ke lithethefatsi

Liphuputso tse 'maloa tsa FMRI li ile tsa hlahloba phello ea molao o hlakileng oa taolo ea litakatso tse ts'oanang le karabo ea karabo ea kelello ho likaroloana tse amanang le ho tsuba (tse tsubang)Brody et al., 2007; Hartwell et al., 2011; Kober et al., 2010; Westbrook et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2012). Thutong ka Brody le basebetsi-mmoho (2007), batho ba tsubang ba itšetlehileng ka nicotine, ba batlang kalafo (empa ba se ba sa thibele) ba shebang livideo tse amanang le ho tsuba 'me ba laetsoe hore ba itumelle ho tsuba koae kapa ho hanela ho lakatsa. Batho bohle ba tsubang ba ile ba tsuba koae hang-hang pele ba e fumana. Papiso e tobileng ea maemo ana a mabeli e senotse hore ho hanela takatso ea takatso ho ne ho amana le ts'ebetso e eketsehang ho ACC, MPFC, PCC, le precuneus, hammoho le mosebetsi o fokotsehileng sebakeng sa cuneus, le libaka tsa sepakapakeng, tsa nakoana le tsa parietali, tse amanang le boemo ba takatso. (Brody et al., 2007). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho phapang e kholo ea ho lakatsa ho ipolelang e fumanoeng pakeng tsa maemo a ho hanela le a ho lakatsa. Keketseho ea tšebetso ea dorsal ACC e ile ea bonts'oa ha batho ba tsubang ba sebelisa tlhahlobo ea kelello hape ha ba bapisoa le ho ts'oara mekhoa ea ho tsuba e fapaneng (lithibelo tsa mebala e fapaneng e amanang le menyetla e fapaneng ea ho hapa pakete ea koae), le phokotso ea litakatso tsa boitsibiso e ne e amana haholo le tšebetso ea dorsal ACC nakong ea boemo bocha ba ho bapisoa le boemo ba ho tsepamisa maikutlo (Zhao et al., 2012). Kober le basebetsi-mmoho (2010) ba koetlisitsoeng ba tsubang ho laola litakatso tsa bona tse bakiloeng ke ho tsuba ka ho nahanisisa ka litlamorao tsa nako e telele tsa ho tsuba ("hamorao"), ho fapana le ho sheba litlamorao tsa ho tsuba ("hona joale"). Litekong tsa molawana, batho ba tsubang ba bonts'a likarabo tse eketsehileng ho DMPFC, DLPFC, le VLPFC, hammoho le likarabo tse fokotsehileng ho VS, amygdala, Agengen, Agen, le VTA, litšoantšong tse amanang le ho tsuba, tse amanang le maemo a ho lakatsa. Ho feta moo, takatso ea ho ipolelisa e fokotsehile maemong a taolo ha e bapisoa le boemo ba ho lakatsa, mme phokotso ena ea ho lakatsa e ile ea hokahanngoa le ho eketseha ha DLPFC mme VS ea fokotseha ha e arabela mats'oao a ho tsuba, mme VS e fokotseha ho fokotsa litlamorao tsa ho eketseha ha DLPFC ho tlalehaKober et al., 2010).

Phokotso ho karabelo e ncha ea ACC le litakatsong tse ipolelang li bonts'itsoe le ho ba tsubang ba batlang kalafo ha ba shebella likotsi tsa ho tsuba ka tlhokomelo e kholo ha li bapisoa le ho shebella feela (Westbrook et al., 2011). Phuputsong ena, ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho ile ha sebetsa e le leano le hlakileng la melaoana, ka hore batho ba tsubang ba laetsoe ho shebana le likarabo tsa bona litšoantšong ha ba sa ahlole karabo leha e le efe ea likarabo tsena, ho fapana le ho ikemisetsa ho fokotsa takatso ea bona (Westbrook et al., 2011). Re sebelisa litšoantšo tse amanang le ho tsuba, Hartwell le basebetsi-mmoho (2011) ba laetse ba tsubang ba ts'ehetsang nicotine, ba batlang kalafo ho hanela takatso e matla ea ho sebelisa leano leo ba le fumaneng le thuso. Batho ba tsubang ba ile ba sebelisa maano a mangata, ho kenyelletsa ho nahana ka litlamorao tse bohloko tsa ho tsuba, kapa ho ba le melemo e tlisoang ke ho khaotsa, le ho itšilafatsa, 'me joalo ka sehlopha ba atlehile ho fokotsa litakatso tsa bona maemong a ho hanyetsa. Ho batho ba tsubang ba sebelisang mokhoa oa ho itšilafatsa, keketseho ea karabelo ea IFG le OFC litloaelong tsa ho tsuba e ile ea bonoa (empa ha ho na sebaka se fokotsehang) se amanang le boemo ba ho lakatsa (Hartwell et al., 2011). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse amanang le melaoana tse tataisang kapa ho fokotseha ha likarabo tse fuoeng tse hlahisitsoeng ke ho tsuba ho fumanoe lits'ebetsong tsohle tse sebelisitsoeng, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore maano a fapaneng a taolo ea kelello a ka kopanya likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boko (Hartwell et al., 2011).

Volkow le basebetsi mmoho (Volkow et al., 2010) o sebelisitse livideo tse amanang le PET le cocaine ho hlahloba liphetoho methapong ea tsoekere ea bokong nakong ea kelello e thibelang takatso ea batho ba sebelisang koae. Ba hlekefetsang Cocaine ba tlaleha keketseho ea takatso e kholo ea cue-inhibition in nothibition empa eseng maemong a ho ba le ts'oaetso ea kutlo e amanang le motheo le ho se be le litumelo tsa lithethefatsi tse hlahisitsoeng. Sena se ne se tsamaisana le karabelo e fokotsehileng litabeng tsa koae ka OFC le NAc ha ka mokhoa o hlakileng o thibela mong ka bona ea labalabelang boemo ba ho se thibele letho, leha phokotso ea OFC kapa NAc e sa amane le liphetoho tsa ho lakatsa. Leha ho le joalo, phokotso ea karabelo ea NAc e ne e tsamaellana hampe le karabelo ea IFG ha e thibela takatso e matla ea cue. Ho fapana le lithuto tsa fMRI tsa batho ba tsubang (Brody et al., 2007; Hartwell et al., 2011; Kober et al., 2010; Zhao et al., 2012), Volkow le basebetsi mmoho (2010) ha hoa tlaleha libaka tsa boko moo metabolism e lekantsoeng le PET e neng e le phahame ha bahlaseli ba koae ba ne ba leka ho thibela litakatso tsa bona tsa lithethefatsi tse hlahisitsoeng ke cueine ha li bapisoa le boemo ba ho se thibele letho, mohlomong le maemo a fapaneng haholo a nako ea mekhoa e 'meli ea neuroimaging.

4.5.2 Melaoana e felletseng: Litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi joalo ka lipheo tsa mosebetsi le lithibelo tsa mesebetsi

Ntle le maano a hlakileng a molao, ts'ebetso ea boko ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi le eona e ka khona ho fetoloa ka ho qhekelloa ho sa tsotelleng ha tlhaho ho mosebetsi o fanoeng. Ebile, ho phehisanoe hore boholo ba ha e se litumellano tsohle tsa lithethefatsi tse sebelisang lithethefatsi tse hlokang hore ho be le melao e itseng e hlakileng mabapi le likarabo tse fanoeng ke lithethefatsi.Hartwell et al., 2011), kaha barupeluoa ba lula sehatsetsing 'me ba phethela mosebetsi ho e-na le ho latela tloaelo ea bona ea ho batla le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi (mohlomong ntle le paradigms moo ba sebelisang lithethefatsi ba amohelang lithethefatsi). Haholo, ha ho bapisoa le litheko tsa lithethefatsi tse hlahisitsoeng e le sepheo sa tlhokomelo e amehang bakeng sa mosebetsi, litheko tsa lithethefatsi tse hlahisoang e le li-discriter tse sa sebetseng li ka hlahisa tekanyo e fapaneng ea karabelo libakeng tse tšoanang tsa boko, kapa mokhoa o fapaneng oa karabelo ea boko ka ho felletseng.

Boholo ba lipatlisiso tse ngata tse ncha tsa ho khutla hoa lithethefatsi hape, litokelo tsa lithethefatsi li hlahisitsoe e le lipheo tsa tlhokomelo tse amehang bakeng sa mosebetsi. Mohlala, lithutong tsa ho pheta-pheta hape ka lino tse tahang, litabatabelo tse amanang le joala e bile liphofu tsa mesebetsi (le lipehelo tsa tlhokomelo) likarolong tse fapaneng tsa maikutlo, ho kenyelletsa le lintlha tse senang maikutlo tsa joala (ho nooa joala bo isitsoeng molomong) (Claus et al., 2011; Filbey et al., 2008), terata e kholo e lateloang ke litso tse bonoang (senwelo se lateloang ke litšoantšo tsa lino tse tahang) (George et al., 2001; Myrick et al., 2008; Park et al., 2007)Dager et al., 2012; Grüsser et al., 2004; Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010b), kapa likhoele tsa bokhabane (bo isitsoe ka linkong) (Schneider et al., 2001). Leha ho le joalo, palo e kholo ea lithuto e sebelisitse litheko tsa lithethefatsi tse bonahalang li sa sitisoe ke letho (Artiges et al., 2009; Due et al., 2002; Fryer et al., 2012; Luijten et al., 2011; McClernon le al., 2005) ho fapana le lipehelo tse amanang le mosebetsi. Boholo, liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba khelosoang ke lithethefatsi ba ka kenya letsoho libaka tse tšoanang le mesebetsi e amanang le lithethefatsi le sepheo sa tlhokomelo ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi. Mohlala, thutong e sebelisang litšitiso tsa ho tsuba -Luijten et al., 2011), ba tsubang ba bonts'itse keketseho ea mesebetsi ea ACC ea dorsal ho batho ba tsubang (litšoantšo tsa batho ba tsubang) ha li bapisoa le tsela e fapaneng ea taolo (litšoantšo tsa batho ba sa tsubeng), ba amanang le bankakarolo ba sa tsubeng; kaholimo ho moo, phetoho ea litakatso tse ipolelang lipakeng tsa maemo a khethollo e ne e tsamaellana hantle le karabelo ea batho ba tsubang ba tsubang le ba tsubang ba tsubang. Empa taba ea bohlokoa ke hore tsebong ea rona, ha ho thuto e entsoeng ka neano e qalang ka kotloloho le litlamorao tsa litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi tse hlahisoang joalo ka sepheo sa mesebetsi le ba sitisang mosebetsi sehlopheng se le seng sa basebelisi ba lithethefatsi, mme papiso e joalo e lula e le sepheo sa bohlokoa bakeng sa lithuto tsa nako e tlang.

4.7 Ponaletso ea khatello ea maikutlo

Ho pepeseha khatello ea khatello ea maikutlo ho tsejoa ho hokahana le lits'ebetso tse amanang le lithethefatsi e le sesosa se matla sa ho lakatsa le ho oela hape boits'ebetsong ba ho sebelisa lithethefatsi kamora ho tila (bakeng sa litlhahlobo, bona (Koob, 2008; Sinha, 2008). Likhatello tsa khatello ea maikutlo le mekhoa e amanang le lithethefatsi le eona e kentse karolo e akaretsang ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko, ho kenyeletsoa le mesocorticolimbic system (bakeng sa ho lekola, bona (Sinha le Li, 2007)). Ka hona, ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo ho ka lebelloa ho ama ho fetoha hoa tlhaho ho litloaelo tsa basebelisi ba lithethefatsi. Tumellanong le pono ena, ha mosebetsi oa ho tsuba o boetse o latela khatello ea kelello le kelello (Montreal Imaging Stress Task), batho ba tsubang ba bonts'a likarabo tse ngata ho livideo tse amanang le ho tsuba (video e laolang livideo) ho "caudate nenus", MPFC, PCC / precuneus , dorsomedial thalamus, le hippocampus, e amanang le karolo e arohaneng ea ho hlahlojoa eo ho eona ho ileng ha hlahlojoa ketso ea ho tsuba ka mor'a mosebetsi o seng oa khatello ea maikutlo (Dagher et al., 2009). Ntle le moo, ho ile ha fumanoa khokahano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa khubu ea methapo nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo le ts'ebetso e amanang le lithethefatsi ho MPFC, ACC, caudate, PCC, dorsomedial thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, le libaka tsa pono tsa mantlha le tsa kopano.Dagher et al., 2009). Re sebelisa mokhoa o fapaneng, boithuto ho batho ba noang joala bo bongata bo fumane ho lumellana ho nepahetseng lipakeng tsa matšoao a sithabetsang le likarabo tsa neural ho litlatsetso tsa joala ka har'a infula, cingate, striatum, thalamus, le VTA, le lipakeng tsa matšoao a ho tšoenyeha le karabelo ea neural ho likotsi tse tahang tsa joala ho insula, cingulate, striatum, thalamus, IFG, le DLPFC, li amanang le taolo ea taolo (Feldstein Ewing et al., 2010).

5. E lebisa mofuta oa bohlokoa oa ho kopana ka morao ho tloaelo litabeng tsa lithethefatsi

Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe likarolong tse kaholimo, lingoliloeng tse ntlafalitsoeng ke batho li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho sebetsa ka morao ho litloaelo tsa lithethefatsi ho fetoloa ke lintlha tse 'maloa tse ikhethileng le tse ikhethileng. Ntle le moo, lintlha tsena li kanna tsa ba le litlamorao tsa bobeli le tse kopaneng, leha ho le joalo hore tataiso le boholo ba modumo ona ha li utloisisoe hantle kamehla. Ho tsamaisa tsoelo-pele e lebisang kutloisisong e joalo, re hlahisa tafole e akaretsang lintho tseo re li fumaneng (bona Lethathamo 1) le ho bontša mohlala o lekang ho kopanya lintlha tse hlahlojoang kaholimo, le tse neng li tlalehiloe hore li tla thusa ho sebelisa tloaelo ea lithethefatsi bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (bona Setšoantšo sa 1). Moetso ona o nolofalitsoe haholo, ka bobeli mabapi le lintlha tse kopanetsoeng mme haholo-holo mabapi le likarolo tse ka morao tsa tlatsetso ea lithethefatsi, tse kopantsoeng hammoho. Leha ho le joalo, e ka sebetsa e le ntlha ea bohlokoa ea ho qala kholo ea mefuta e rarahaneng le e ikhethang.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Mohlala o nolofalitsoeng oa lintlha tse ikhethileng le tse ikhethileng tse susumetsang ho kopana hoa morao hoa litloaelo tsa lithethefatsi ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi. Ha ho bapisoa le ho laola li-cue, litlatsetso tsa lithethefatsi hangata li tsosa likarabo libakeng tse 'maloa ka har'a mesolimbic, mesocortical, le nigrostriatal ...
Lethathamo 1 

Lintlha tse feto-fetisang ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi tse matlafatsang maemong a boko hangata li bonoa haholo lithutong tsa cue-reactivity.

Mabapi le lintlha tse ikhethileng, re shebana le lintlha tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea hajoale le ea bophelo bohle, ho kenyelletsa boemo ba kalafo ba hona joale, bolelele le matla a tšebeliso, ho teba ha lithethefatsi, bolelele ba ho ithiba le ho teba ha ho khaotsa. Ka lebaka la likhokahano tse ngotsoeng hantle lipakeng tsa ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo le ho oela hape, re boetse re kenyelletsa ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo joalo ka ntho e ikhethileng e fapaneng e le 'ngoe e fetolang ts'ebetso ea neural cue litabeng tsa lithethefatsi. Re boela re fana ka maikutlo a hore, har'a lintlha tse ikhethileng, boemo ba kalafo ba hona joale, ho teba ha lithethefatsi, le bolelele le tšebeliso ea tšebeliso li ka ba le tšusumetso e kholo le e matla ho feta lintlha tse ling (joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke lebokose le teteaneng mohlaleng). Kahoo, maemo a hajoale a kalafo, ho teba ha lithethefatsi, le / kapa bolelele le tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso li ka koala kapa ho pepesa litlamorao tsa lintlha tse ling joalo ka bolelele ba ho se sebetse, maikutlo a feto-fetohang a litakatso tsa lithethefatsi, kapa molao o hlakileng oa karabelo e khahlisang. Mabapi le lintlha tse ikhethang tse ithutoang mohlaleng o reriloeng, re kenyelletsa ho fumaneha ha lithethefatsi, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo le bolelele ba tlhahiso ea litheko tsa lithethefatsi, le taolo e hlakileng le e hlakileng ea karabelo e hlahisitsoeng ka hloko. Mokhahlelong ona, re nka ho fumaneha ha lithethefatsi e le ntho e matla kapa e matla haholo e ka bakang litlamorao tsa mabaka a mang, joalo ka melao e hlakileng e hlakileng. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore lintlha tse ikhethang ka ho khetheha le tse ithutoang li ka sebelisana 'moho ka mefuta e fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa ntlha e le' ngoe ka karohano kapa ka botlalo e kopanyang litlamorao tsa ntlha e ngoe.

Tataiso le boholo ba litlamorao tse kholo le tse kopaneng tsa lintlha tse itseng mabapi le ho kopana hoa morao-rao ho litheko tsa lithethefatsi ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi li ke ke tsa boleloa esale pele, haholo-holo ka lebaka la khaello ea bopaki ba liteko. Leha ho le joalo, re beha hore bolelele le matla a tšebeliso le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi maemong a ikhethileng ka bobeli li ka ba le phello e matla literekeng tse khutšoane tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi, ha li bapisoa le lintlha tse ling. Lebaka ke hobane litumelo tsa lithethefatsi li lumeloa ho baka boitšoaro ba ho batla lithethefatsi bonyane karolo e itseng motheong oa thuto e kopaneng, ho kenyelletsa maemo a boemo ba pele kapa a Pavlovian le a sebetsang. Kahoo, bolelele le botebo ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi li ka nkoa e le leseli la bolelele le botebo ba thuto e joalo, ka thuto e telele le e matla e lebisang ho maikemelo a matla a neural a karabelo ea cue-and , ka ho latellana. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bokhoba ba tahi bo ka nkoa e le sesupo sa matla a ho ithuta a kopantseng ao a thehang boits'ebetso ba ho batla lithethefatsi. Ntle le moo, le ha mehato e 'meli e sa aroloe haholo ho basebelisi ba sa boima le ba sa itšetleheng ka eona, bolelele le matla a tšebeliso hangata a lumellana hantle maemong a phahameng a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, ho ts'ehetsa maikutlo a hore a bonahatsana ho feta mekhoa ea neural.

Libaka tsa boko tse sebetsoang ka matla ke litlhare tsa lithethefatsi lithutong tse nang le tšebeliso e telele ea lithethefatsi ho kenyelletsa ACC, PCC, DLPFC, MPFC le OFC, hammoho le DS, VTA, SMA, le thalamus (Volkow et al., 2006; Smolka et al., 2006; Yalachkov et al., 2009; Artiges et al., 2009; Cousijn et al., 2012; Filbey et al., 2008; Filbey et al., 2009; Franklin et al., 2011; McClernon le al., 2008; Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010a; Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010b; Claus et al., 2011; Ihssen et al., 2011; Tapert et al., 2003). Sena se tsebahala haholo ka koae le joala empa litlaleho tse tšoanang li tlalehiloe ka lebaka la koae. Ntle le moo, DS ke eona feela sebaka sa boko seo ho nang le likamano tse ntle pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea matla le ts'ebelisano ea cue bakeng sa lintho tsohle tse tharo tse totobalitsoeng tlhahlobisong ena. Likamano lipakeng tsa cue-elicited ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko le ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi li boetse li bontšitsoe libakeng tse ling tsa boko empa litlaleho tsena li kopantsoe, li bonts'a khokahano e ntle le e fosahetseng. Ntle le moo, phuputso ea morao-rao e bonts'itse hore ka lebaka la ho teba ha nicotine ho itšetleha haholo ka khethollo bakeng sa mekhoa e mebe ea ho tsubang ho DS le eona e eketseha ho batang.Yalachkov et al., 2013), e bonts'a tsela eo ho busetsoa morao hoa tloaelo litekeng tsa lithethefatsi sebakeng se itseng ho ka fetoloang ka tšebelisano ea lintlha tse ngata.

Re boela re fana ka maikutlo a hore boemo ba kalafo bo teng hona joale le ho fumaneha ha lithethefatsi ho ka etsahala hore li fetole reactivity ea neural cue ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi, ha e bapisoa le lintlha tse ling. Boemo ba kalafo ba hona joale le ho fumaneha ha lithethefatsi ho bopa maemo a boemo ba litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi, tse ka tsamaellanang kapa tsa se ka tsa sebetsa hantle le lithahasello tsa lithethefatsi. Maemong a kopaneng, litokelo tsa lithethefatsi li lokela ho hlalosoa e le melaoana e "sebetsang" kapa e "sebetsang", ke hore, lintlha tse bonts'ang monyetla oa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi. Le ha ho le joalo, maemong a sa sebetseng, litloaelo tse tšoanang tsa lithethefatsi li ne li ke ke tsa hlalosoa li sebetsa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, hobane taba e ne e tla hlalosoa e le ho thibela ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi hona joale le haufinyane. Boemo ba sehlooho ba motho ea sebelisang lithethefatsi tse sebetsang, ha a sa batla kalafo kapa hona ho leka ho tlohela, e ka ba moelelo oa botle ba litokelo tsa lithethefatsi; joalo ka pono ea sehlooho ea hore o tla fihlella moriana nakong ea liteko kapa nakoana kamora moo. Karabelo ea neural ho litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi moqoqong o sebelisang ka mafolofolo, thutong e lumellang tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse haufi, e lokela ho bonts'a tebello le boitokisetso ba ho etsa boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho sebelisa lithethefatsi; ka hona, karabelo ena ea neural e lokela ho ba matla ho feta haeba ts'ebeliso e joalo ea lithethefatsi e sa lebelloa. Sentsory modality le bolelele ba tlhahiso bo ka eketsa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng bonnete ba litheko tsa lithethefatsi tse hlahisitsoeng. Haholoholo, ha ho bapisoa le litloaelo tse bonolo tsa pono, litloaelo tsa multisensory li ka nkuoa li le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea tlhaho, 'me li etsa hore karabelo e kholo ea neural, hobane li hlile li nchafatsa litlhare tsa lithethefatsi tse kopaneng le ho ithuta lefatšeng la' nete.

Ho ka fanoa feela ka li-hypotheses tsa "tentative" mabapi le tšusumetso ea maano a hlakileng a ho laola melao le litlolo tse hlakileng mabapi le ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi hape ka bobeli mabapi le likarabo tsa neural le ho latela sephetho sa boitšoaro. Phephetso e 'ngoe ke ho khetholla ho kopanngoa hoa lentsoe la neural cue ka karolo ea mananeo a neural a litsamaiso tsa taolo, haholoholo mabapi le likarabo tsa neural ho PFC le amygdala. Ka kakaretso, molawana o atlehileng o hlakileng kapa o hlakileng (joalo ka ha o bontšoa ke phokotso ea ho lakatsa kapa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi) o lokela ho tsebahatsa likarolo tsena tsa ho ikamahanya le maemo mokhoeng oa lithethefatsi tse ka lebisang ho, kapa ho tsamaisa, ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ha ho ntse ho ntlafatsa karabelo ea neural bokong libaka tse tsamaisang taolo ea kelello le melao ea boitšoaro. Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, re boetse re fana ka mabaka a hore melaoana e hlakileng le e sa phethahalang e kanna ea ba matla ho feta lintho tse kang tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi kapa boemo ba kalafo ba hona joale, 'me phello ea bona e ka koaloa kapa ea felisoa ntle le ha maemo a lintlha tsena a matla a laolehile hamolemo kapa a laolehile ka nepo bakeng sa . Bolelele ba ho ithiba le ho teba ha lintlha tsa ho khaotsa ho ka ba tlasa liphallelo tse tšoanang. Ntle le moo, tšusumetso ea bona ho reaction ea neural cue, le ts'ebelisano ea bona le lintlha tse ling, li ka fapana ho latela moriana o itseng (mohlala, joala le koae le koae).

Kamora nako, ho pepesoa ha khatello ea maikutlo (ntho e ikhethileng mohlaleng oa rona) ho reretsoe ho hlahisa mokhoa o fapaneng oa ho feto-fetoha ha maemo oa melao e hlakileng le e hlakileng: e leng, keketseho ea likarabo tsa neural tse amanang le ho lakatsa le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, le phokotso likarabo tsa neural karabelo ea ho laola boitšoaro. Ho hlakile hore re khethile ho hlahisa boemo ba khatello ea maikutlo joalo ka ntho e ikhethileng mohlaleng oa rona, empa hape e ka ba ntlha e ikhethileng e ithutoang ke mohlahlobi. Ebile, ka lebaka la bohlokoa bo tlalehiloeng ba khatello ea maikutlo ho oeleng hape, mahlale a ho leka ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le khatello ea maikutlo mabapi le ho khutlisetsoa hoa lithethefatsi ka neural e ka ba thuto e ngata. Patlisiso e joalo e kanna ea hloa libaka tse peli tse arohaneng tse ngata tsa patlisiso: e 'ngoe e mabapi le takatso ea ho etsa lintho tse amanang le lithethefatsi) le molaoana, le tse ling tse amanang le ho ts'oaroa hoa chate (joalo ka ho pheta-pheta) le ts'ebetso ea ona. Ntle le moo, phello ea ho pepesetsoa ha khatello ea maikutlo ho bonoeng ke neural cac reactivity literekeng tsa lithethefatsi e kanna ea fetoloa ke liphapang tsa motho a le mong tsa khatello ea maikutlo.

Ka kakaretso, tsebo ea rona mabapi le tšusumetso ea lintlha tse itseng mabapi le ho sebetsa hape ka cue (le ka keketseho ea sephetho sa kalafo le kotsi ea ho oela hape) e ntse e sa phethahala. Sena se sebetsa haholo ho litlamorao tse sebetsang tsa lintlha tse ngata. Mohlala, basebelisi ba matla haholo ba ka tlaleha litakatso tse phahameng ho feta basebelisi ba bobebe - empa maemong a itseng eseng ho ba bang. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, batho ba batlang kalafo ba ka ba le ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea kelello le ts'ebetso ea sechaba (mohlala, haeba ba na le monyetla oa ho khaotsa) ho feta ba batlang kalafo-kapa se fapaneng e ka ba 'nete (mohlala, haeba ba batlang kalafo ba itšetleha haholo mme ba sa arabe ho kalafo pele). Joalokaha ho tšohliloe ka holimo, ntho e le 'ngoe ea modulatory e ka ba e koahelang, ea ntlafatsa, kapa ea ka fetola litlamorao tsa ntho e ngoe. Haholo-holo, lintlha tse peli tse boletsoeng — sephetho sa kalafo le boemo ba kalafo — li ​​arohane empa li amana, leha ho le joalo, li ka sebetsa ka ho kopana ha lithethefatsi ka mekhoa e fapaneng e fapaneng. Ke 'nete hore kamano e pakeng tsa lintlha tsena tse peli, le tšebelisano ea tsona mohlaleng oa cue, ha li utloisisoe hantle. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisisong tsa rona re bontšitse hore boemo ba ho batla kalafo (joalo ka leseli la tšusumetso kapa qeto ea ho tlohela) bo amana haholo le tšebeliso ea cue reacaction e amanang le tšebeliso e sebetsang; empa hara batho ba batlang kalafo, batho ba sa atleheng boitekong ba bona ba ho tlohela ba ka bonts'a ho sebetsa hape ho feta ba atlehileng (mohlomong ka lebaka la karohano).

Leha ho le joalo, leha phephetso e le matla, re lumela hore ke tšebelisano e joalo ea lintlha tse fapaneng tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (bokong le boits'oarong) tseo re hlokang ho li hlahloba le ho li hlakola e le ho tseba lits'ebetso le maemo a ka khonang. ebe o tobisoa hantle ke liphekolo.

6. Liphephetso tse ikhethang le tataiso ea nako e tlang

Ho kopana hape ka Neural litlamong tsa lithethefatsi ho khothalelitsoe e le ponahatso ea mantlha ea lits'ebetso tsa bokhoba 'me e ka ba letšoao le matla la bokhoba ba tahi, sephetho sa kalafo, le kotsi ea ho oela hape. Leha ho le joalo, phapang e batsi ea lingoliloeng tse fumanehang khafetsa mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e boetse e sitisitse phetolelo ea tsebo ena ho tsebahatsa lefu lena, kalafo le thibelo. Phapang ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho sebetsa ka morao ho neural cue ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi ho ka fetoloa ka mabaka a mang, ho kenyelletsa lintlha tse ikhethileng le tse ikhethileng. Re lumela hore tlhaiso-leseling ea motheo oa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi le karolo ea eona ea boits'ebetso bo matla le liphetho tsa kalafo li itšetleha ka bokhoni ba rona ba ho aha le ho leka meetso e kopanyang e ikarabellang bakeng sa tšusumetso ea lintlha tsena le ts'ebelisano ea tsona ho karabelo ea neural litabeng tsa lithethefatsi. ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi.

Bohlokoa ho aheng mefuta e joalo e tla ba meralo e lekolang lipatlisiso tse ngata (le litšebelisano tsa bona) le kahare ho barupeluoa ba tšoanang, ba sebelisang meralo e felletseng ea lithuto le sebopeho se felletseng, neng kapa neng ha ho khonahala. Ke 'nete hore liphuputso tse matla joalo, tse ngata, tse phetoang khafetsa li hlahisa mathata a maholo esita le ho batho ba phetseng hantle,' me liphephetso tsena li nyahamisa le ho feta batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Re lebelletse hore mekhoa ea boits'oaro le sephetho sa tleliniki li tla tsoela pele ho sebetsa e le sesupo sa bohlokoa ho fetoheng sephetho le ho bonts'a phello ea nnete ea lefats'e le bohlokoa ba ho kopana hoa morao-rao ho lithahasello tsa lithethefatsi ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi. Kamora nako, lithuto tse sebelisang li-pharmacological agents, ho hlohlelletsa matla a khoheli, neurofeedback, le mekhoa e meng ea ho feto-fetoha le ho laola mekhoa ea boko, li tla ba bohlokoa ho hlakisa likamano tsa motheo tse hlahisang litlamorao tse kholo le tse kopaneng tsa tšebeliso ea neural cue ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi. Khabareng, tsebo ea maiketsetso, ea ho qhekella e hapiloeng ke meetso e joalo e netefalitsoeng e ke ke ea eketsa kutloisisong ea rona ea mahlale a mantlha ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, empa e tla bebofatsa tsoelo-pele e lebisang mererong e sebetsang ea kalafo le ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea methapo. bakeng sa mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi.

​ 

Lintlha-khōlō Tsa

  • Reacuction ea tlhaho bakeng sa koae, koae le litheko tsa koae li fetoloa ke:
  • Boemo ba kalafo, bolelele le matla a ts'ebeliso, bokhoba ba ho lemalla, bokhoba
  • Khatello ea maikutlo, ho fumaneha ha lithethefatsi, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo le bolelele ba tlhahiso ea lintlha
  • Molao o hlakileng o hlakileng
  • Lintho tsena li na le litlamorao tsa bobeli ebile li kopane

Liteboho

AJJ le EAS li ts'ehetsoa ke Setsi sa Naha sa Ts'ebetso ea Tlhokahalo ea Dithethefatsi (NIDA-IRP). MJN, JK le YY ba tšehelitsoe ke Hessisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur (LOEWE Forschungsschwerpunkt Neuronale Koordination Frankfurt).

khutsufalitsoeng

ACCcortex e ka pele ea cingulate
AMYamygdala
AuditTeko ea Boitsebahatso ba Ts'ebeliso ea Tahi
CERcerebellum
DAdopamine
DLPFCdorsolateral prefrontal cortex
DMPFCdorsomedial preortal cortex
DSdorsal striatum
DMSdorsomedial striatum
DLSdorsolateral striatum
FGfusiform gyrus
FG / VCfusiform gyrus / sebopeho sa pono
fMRIlitšoantšo tse sebetsang ka matla a motlakase
FTNDTeko ea Fagerström bakeng sa ho tetebela hoa Nikotine
HIPP / PHhippocampus / parahippocampal gyrus
IFGgyrus e ka tlase
INSe leng sehlekehleke
IPC / SPCinferior / parietal cortex e phahameng
ITCcortex ea maemo a tlase
MCkoloi cortex
MPFCkhetho ea lipere tsa libaka
NAcnucleus accumbens
OFCorbitofrontal cortex
PCCmorao o motle oa lik'hemik'hale
PETpositron emission tomography
PFCprefrontal cortex
PMCpele ho nako
pMTGposterior e khutsoanyane ea nakoana ea moea
Roisebaka sa khahleho
SCkortex e kaalo
sma kakaksebaka sa tlatsetso ea makoloi
SNsubstantia nigra
TS'OLOThalamus
VLPFCventortateral pele ho li-cortex
VMPFCtlhahiso ea li-ventromedial prefteal cortex
VSventral striatum
VTAsebaka sa ventral tegmental
 

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

Boitlhotlhollo ba Mohoeletsi: Ena ke faele ea PDF ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o sa amoheloang o amoheletsoeng bakeng sa ho hatisoa. Joaloka tšebeletso ho bareki ba rona re fana ka phetolelo ena ea pele ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o tla ba le ho kopitsa, ho kenya lihlopha le ho hlahloba bopaki bo hlahang pele o hatisoa ka mokhoa oa oona oa ho qetela. Ka kopo hlokomela hore nakong ea mekhoa ea tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa e ka fumanoa e ka amang litaba, le litsebiso tsohle tsa molao tse sebetsang koranteng e amanang le eona.

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