Ho se tšoane ka bomong ha ho fanoe ka boikutlo ba ho susumetsa batho ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tse amanang le moputso: sepheo sa ho lemala (2009)

2010 Pherekhong 1. E phatlalalitsoe ka foromo e hlophisitsoeng ea hoqetela e le:

Neuropharmacology. 2009; 56(Suppl 1): 139-148.
 

SHELLY B. FLAGEL,* HUDA AKIL,* 'me TERRY E. ROBINSON†

Moetso oa khatiso oa ho qetela oa mohatisi o fumaneha ho Neuropharmacology
Sheba lihlooho tse ling ho PMC hore Qotsa sehlooho se hatisitsoeng.

Summary

Lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li fumana mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea taolo hodima menahano le diketso tse itshetlehileng eseng ho litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi ka botsona, empa hape le likhethong tsa motho ka mong. Batho ba lemalloang, ha ba khone ho fetola menahano le liketso tsa bona hole le lithethefatsi le lintho tse ba susumetsang tse amanang le lithethefatsi. Kahoo lithahasellong tsa lithethefatsi, ho pepesetsoa libaka kapa lintho tse ling tse neng li amana le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi hangata ho hlohlelletsa ts'ebeliso e ncha ea lithethefatsi. Rona le ba bang re phatlalalitse hore litloaelo tse amanang le lithethefatsi li na le bokhoni ba ho boloka le ho tsitlallela boitšoaro bo nkang lithethefatsi ka karolo hobane ba fumana thepa e khothalletsang ka ho ithuta ka Pavlovian (susumetsang). Tabeng ea mathata a boitšoaro a phehellang, ho kenyelletsa le bokhoba, litloaelo tse joalo li ka hlahisoa ka boleng ba tšusumetso ea "" incentive salience "). Ka lebaka lena, haufinyane re se re qalile ho hlahloba ho se tšoane ho itseng ho tloaelo ea ho re sesosa sa litšusumetso tsa litheko tse bolelang meputso esale pele. Ha mekhabo e harelaneng e amahanngoa le phepelo ea lijo kapa lithethefatsi tse se nang khang, liphoofolo tse ling li tla ho eena ka potlako le ho li ts'oara le haeba e le hole le moo moputso o tla tsamaisoa teng. Liphoofolong tsena, sefika se lebelletseng moputso ka boeona se fetoha se setle, se khahlang ho se fihlela, mohlomong hobane ho hlahisoa ka ho ba bohlasoa. Liphoofolo tse hlahisang mofuta ona oa karabelo e tlisoang li bitsoa "li-trackers". Liphoofolo tse ling, "batho ba ipatileng", ha ba atamele sefutho se reriloeng esale pele, empa ha ba hlahisa tlhahiso-leseling ba ea sebakeng seo lijo li tla isoa teng ("sepheo"). Bakeng sa bao u ba batlang ba fihlelang sepheo sa bona, tefo e boletsoeng esale pele ha e khahle, hobane mohlomong ha e hlahisoe ka ho hlohlelletsoa. Re lekola tlhaiso-leseling mona e fanang ka maikutlo a hore liphapang tsena ka bomong li ka re tšusumetso ea litšusumetso tsa mekhoa e boletsoeng esale pele ea moputso li ka pepesetsa tlokotsi kapa ho hanela mathata a boitšoaro a tlamang, ho kenyeletsa le bokhoba. Ka hona, ho tla ba bohlokoa ho ithuta hore na litšebelisano tsa tikoloho, tsa bophelo le liphatsa tsa lefutso li lekola hakae hore na batho ka bomong ba nka boleng ba tšusumetso ea moputso bo boletsoeng esale pele bo tla ba joang.

Keywords: ho lemalla, ho phofa ka morao-rao, ho lata sepheo, ho thella, ho ts'oara maemo a sebaka sa Pavlovia, ho etsa lets'oao

Selelekela

Bothata bo ka sehloohong ba bongaka kalafong ea ho lemalla joala ke tšekamelo ea batho ba lemaletseng ho tsuba hape ka mor'a nako e telele kamora ho khaotsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Ebile, sephetho se lebellehang ka ho fetisisa sa tlhahlobo ea pele ea ho lemalla ke monyetla oa 90% oa ho khutla hape (DeJong, 1994), 'me sena se bakoa ke karolo ea kutloelo-bohloko ea maikutlo a amanang le lithethefatsi. Mohlala, ha batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba kopana le litloaelo tse amanang le taolo ea lithethefatsi (batho, libaka, paraphernalia, jj.) Hangata ho etsa hore ba batle lithethefatsi le / kapa ba lakatsa lithethefatsi (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona Childress et al., 1993). Lebaka le leng la hore likotsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi ho nahanoa hore li na le litlamorao ke hobane ha maikutlo a sa nke lehlakore a tikoloho a kopantsoe khafetsa le taolo ea meputso, ho kenyelletsa le lithethefatsi tse ka bang bokhoba, takatso e joalo ha e sebetse feela joalo ka baphethahatsi ba moputso o tlang, empa ka Pavlovian (khothalletso- susumetsang) ho ithuta ha ba fumana lintho tse ba susumetsang tse ba susumetsang — ba susumetsoa ke “litšusumetso tse mpe” (Berridge, 2001; Bindra, 1978; Bolles, 1972; Toate, 1986). Moelelo oa ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso e hlalosoa ke Berridge (1996) e le phetoho ea ketsahalo e bonts'ang maikutlo kapa sepheo sa ho se nke lehlakore (mohlala, cue) hore e be tšusumetso e ntle le e "batloang". Ka mantsoe a mang, ka ho ithuta ka leseli la maikutlo la Patlovian mabapi le moputso le lintho tsa bona (lintho tse bonoang, melumo le monko) li fetoloa ho ba "tse ntle, tse lakatsehang, tse khothatsang" (Berridge le Robinson, 2003). Ka lebaka leo, maemo a susumetsoang a nang le maemo a ka fetoha "limakasine tse susumetsang" (Berridge, 2001) mokhoa o khahlisang o lebileng ho bona, joalo ka maemo a tloaelo a mokhoa oa Pavlovia o lebisang meputsong le lipontšong tsa bona (bona ka tlase le Cardinal et al., 2002a). Tomie (1996) o phehile khang ea hore ha mekhoa e joalo e kenelletsoa sesebelisoa se tsamaisang sethethefatsi, joalo ka khalase e khethehileng e sebelisetsoang ho sebelisa joala kapa lipeipi tse sebelisetsoang ho tsuba koae, litsi tsena li ka khothaletsa haholo mekhoa e thata ea boits'oaro.

Ho nahanoa hore matla a susumetsang a lerato la Pavlovian, bokhoni ba bona ba ho nka motho ts'ebetsong, ke boikarabello ba bokhoni ba litumelo tse amanang le lithethefatsi (le libaka) ka bobeli ho boloka ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ha ho se na lithethefatsi (Everitt le Robbins, 2000; Schindler et al., 2002) le ho khutlisetsa boits'oaro ba ho batla lithethefatsi kapa ho oela hape nakong ea bosholu (mohlala, Kruzich et al., 2001). Le ha ho le joalo, re ka ikoahlaela haeba re sa ka ra bolela hore ho na le mekhoa e meng eo (ka ho khetheha maemo a amanang) le lithethefatsi e ka susumetsang ts'ebetso ea ho batla lithethefatsi le ho khutlela morao. Mohlala, likotsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi li ka fetoha khetho ea khethollo, "li bea ketsahalo" bakeng sa boitšoaro bo nkang lithethefatsi (Skinner, 1938). Bo-ralitima-nako ke litloaelo tse tlasa maemo kapa maemo a ka 'nang a se ke a etsa hore motho a arabe kapa a tiisa ketso, empa a sebetsa ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa ho fetola mohato o itseng oa ho arabela ho fumana moputso le / kapa ho ba teng ha likarabo tse tlasa maemo tsa Pavlovian (Holland, 1992; Rescorla, 1988; Schmajuk le Holland, 1998). Lintho tse joalo tse susumetsang li ka ba le tšusumetso e matla mokhoeng oa ho batla lithethefatsi. Ka mohlala, (Ciccocioppo et al., 2004) e tlaleha hore tšusumetso ea khethollo e amanang le a E masoha Seboka sa ho itlhokofatsa ka koae se ka etsa hore motho a be le boitšoaro bo matla ba ho batla koae ho fihlela selemo se le seng kamora boiphihlelo ba ho qetela ba koae. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, maemo a atisang ho sebeletsa ho theha ketsahalo ea ho ts'oara lithethefatsi tse nchafalitsoeng (Crombag le Shaham, 2002) hape e fetole polelo ea maikutlo a boits'oaro (Anagnostaras le Robinson, 1996; Anagnostaras et al., 2002). Ho joalo, ho pepesehela lithethefatsi ka boona (sehlooho sa lithethefatsi) ho ka sebetsa hantle ho hlahiseng phetiso / phumaneho ka karolo hobane lintlha tse sebelisang kutloisiso tse hlahisoang ke moriana li ka "beha" nako ea ho batla lithethefatsi hape, leha sena se hloka potso Ke mekhoa efe ea kelello e ileng ea lebisa ho seno sa pele, ho hula kapa ho enta. Boemo ba hore “tlhophiso e phahameng” ea maemo ana a susumetsang e ba tšusumetso ha bo utloisisoe hantle.

Likhopolo tse ngata tsa bokhoba ba tahi li hlokometse karolo ea tšusumetso e tlisoang ke Pavlovian ho hohela batho ho susumetsa tse amanang le lithethefatsi le mehloli ea lithethefatsi tse lemalloang, le ho oela hape (Di Chiara, 1998; Everitt le Robbins, 2005; Robinson le Berridge, 1993; Stewart et al., 1984; Tomie, 1996; Tomie et al., 2007), leha ho le joalo ho bile le liteko tse fokolang haholo tsa ho ithuta ka kotloloho ts'ebetso ena. Mohlaleng o mong Bona le basebetsi-'moho (Kruzich et al., 2001) e tlaleha hore litloaelo tse maemong a holimo li ka khutlisetsa boits'oaro ba ho batla lithethefatsi. Empa lithutong tse ngata tsa pele ho tleliniki ea hore na litloaelo li ka susumetsa ho batla lithethefatsi joang le ho e nka, setsoalle sa pele pakeng tsa cue le phetiso ea lithethefatsi se hlaha sebakeng sa thuto sa thupelo, moo 'mino le sethethefatsi li hlahisoang li itšetleha ka ketso. Molemong oa lithuto tsena, ka mohlala, phoofolo e tla koetlisetsoa ho hatisa mochine o le mong bakeng sa ho fumana motsoako oa lithethefatsi, o tsamaeang le tlhahiso ea setšoantšo (mohlala, leseli). Ho khutlisetsoa kahare ho cue ho ithutoa kamora nako ea ho felisoa (ha setlhare se se se sa fumanehe), mme kamora ho araba ho fana ka bokhoni ba sets'oants'o se amanang le lithethefatsi (mohlala, leseli) ho khutlisetsa boits'oaro bo batlang lithethefatsi. Kahoo, nakong ea liteko tsa ho khutlisetsa tšebetso ea bohato bo hatellang, bo neng bo hlahisa moriana le leseli, joale ho hlahisa tlhahiso ea leseli le le leng (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona Shaham le al., 2003). Cue, ka hona, e ka sebetsa e le tlatsetso ea maemo (ea bobeli), e tiisa ts'ebetso e e hlahisang. Leha ho le joalo, bathong, litloaelo tsa tikoloho tse amanang le ente ea moriana hangata li teng pele ho enta sethethefatsi — ha li hlahe ka tšohanyetso e le litholoana tsa ho sebelisa moriana. Ho feta moo, bokhobeng ba litokelo, mekhoa e hlahisang phetoho kapa ho lakatsa ka kakaretso raka liketso tsa ho fumana lithethefatsi, ha li ba latele; ka mantsoe a mang, ba sebetsa e le tšusumetso e lebisang motho ho nka khato ho e-na le ho tiisa ketso e seng e ntšitsoe (Stewart et al., 1984).

Ka hona, ho na le letlapa la tlhaiso-leseling ka litlamorao tsa litloaelo tse tlasana tsa boemo ba Pavlovia ho batho ba batlang lithethefatsi kapa ba sebelisang lithethefatsi. Boithuto bo bongata lebaleng bo kenyelletsa lits'ebetso tse etsang hore ho be thata haholo ho tseba hore na boitšoaro bo laoloa ke matlafatso (ho matlafatsa ketso e seng e etsahetse) le lits'usumetso tsa Pavlovian tse khothalletsang liketso. Phapano ena e bohlokoa hobane lits'ebetso tsa kelello le tsa neurobiological tse ka tlasa thuto ea maiketsetso li ka fapana haholo le lits'ebetso tsa Pavlovian tse fanang ka boleng ba tlhotlheletso lithutong le libakeng tse amanang le lithethefatsi (Cardinal et al., 2002a; Tomie et al., 2007). Kahoo, ha re leka ho utloisisa hore na makhoba a lithethefatsi a ka boloka boitšoaro ba ho batla lithethefatsi joang nako e telele le ha a sa sebelisoe ke moriana, le hore na a ka khutlisa joang, re hloka ho hlahloba lits'ebetso tsa mantlha tsa kelello tse re susumetsang ka tsona. letsoele (Berridge le Robinson, 2003), 'me le eona e theole likarolo tse ka tlase tsa neural. Ka lebaka lena, haufinyane re qalile ho hlahloba bokhoni ba likhakanyo tsa Pavlovian tsa ho laola boitšoaro (Flagel et al., 2008; Flagel et al., 2007; Uslaner et al., 2006), mme haholo phapang ea motho ka mong hore litloaelo tse joalo li ka susumetsa boitšoaro joang. Mosebetsi ona ke oa mantlha, empa re ts'epa hore qetellong o tla fana ka leseli tsamaisong ea kelello le likamano tsa botona le botšehali tseo litso tse amanang le lithethefatsi li fumanang matla a ho laola boitšoaro bokhobeng. Karolong e latelang re qala ho tšohla tse ling tsa lingoloa tsa nalane ea ha bafuputsi ba ithutile ka tšusumetso ea ts'usumetso ea ho lula le litšusumetso tse amanang le moputso, le hore na sena se senoloa joang ka boitšoaro, le lithuto tsa rona tsa morao-rao mabapi le phapang e fapaneng le batho ka bomong.

Ts'ebetso ea lipina

Boemong ba khale ba Pavlovian ho hlahisa polelo ea cue (khothalletso ea maemo, CS) e tsamaisana le tlhahiso ea moputso (khothalletso e se nang maemo, US), 'me ka li-coupings tse' maloa CS e tlisa karabelo e nang le maemo (CR). Lithutong tsa mantlha tsa Pavlov tse sebelisang moputso oa lijo lintja tsa hae li ne li khutsisoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng mme karabelo ho CS hangata e lekantsoeng e ne e le savation, ho fana ka ponahalo ea hore CS e tsosetse karabelo e bonolo e hlakileng e ts'oanang le karabelo e se nang meeli (UR) e hlahisitsoeng ke US. Leha ho le joalo, ha liphoofolo li lokolloa lithibelo le boitšoaro ba tsona bo bonoa, ho ile ha totobala hore se ithutileng e ne e se karabelo feela e bonolo, hobane maemong ana CS e ile ea tsosa mekhoa e rarahaneng ea boits'oaro, ho kenyelletsa boitšoaro bo kopang lijo (H. Liddell) , e sa hatisoe, e qotsitsoe ka Timberlake le Grant, 1975). Liphuputso tse ngata tse ileng tsa latela li bontšitse hore ntle le likarabo tse bonolo, li-CSlovian CSs li tsosa maikutlo a rarahaneng a maikutlo le a susumetsang a ka hlahang ka mekhoa e fapaneng (Rescorla, 1988). Kahoo, ha liphoofolo li lokolohile ho phela tikolohong ea tsona hangata ho bonoa hore CR e na le tšekamelo ea pele ea CS (cue kapa "sign") e lateloang ke mokhoa o lebileng ho eona, le ho kopanela khafetsa le eona (Brown le Jenkins, 1968; Hearst le Jenkins, 1974). Ka kopanelo likarabo tsena tse lebisitsoeng ho CS li ne li bitsoa "tracking track", hobane boits'oaro bo ne bo lebisitsoe ho cue, kapa "letšoao", le neng le boletse moputso pele. Ho makatsang ke hore, ho latela lets'oao hoa ntlafala le ha ho sa hlokahale letho hore liphoofolo li fumane moputso; ka mantsoe a mang, ha ho liketso tse matlafatsoang. (Hlokomela hore lentsoe "autoshaping" hangata le sebelisoa ho hlalosa tshebetso e hlahisang mofuta ona oa mokhoa oa ho tloaela maemo oa Pavlovian, leha ho le joalo "ho intlafatsa" ho hlile ho fosahetse hobane ts'ebetsong ea Pavlovian ha ho karabelo e matlafatsoang kapa "sebopeho"; Hearst le Jenkins, 1974).

Ka ho hlakola bokaholimo ba setšoantšo sa CR ho ipapisitse le mefuta, le mofuta oa CS le US. Ho ile ha hlokomeloa pele hore hangata ho na le ho tšoana ho makatsang pakeng tsa mekhoa ea boits'oaro e amehang ho jang moputso le e lebisitsoeng ho CS. Lithutong tsa hae le lintja le moputso oa lijo Setereke sa Pavlov (1932) e re, "… phoofolo e ka nyeka lebone la motlakase [CS], kapa ea bonahala e nka moea molomong oa eona, kapa ho ja molumo ... e nyeka molomo mme e etsa lerata la ho hlafuna ka meno a hae joalokaha eka ke taba ea eona. ho ba le lijo ka bolona ”(leq. 95). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, haeba tlhahiso ea mokoloto e lateloa hang-hang ke karabelo e ikemetseng ea pellet ea lijo, likhoto tse ling li tla atamela 'me hangata li tšoare le ho tsikitlanya meno joalokaha eka ke lijo ka boeona.Davey le Cleland, 1982). Ha maeba a pepesetsoa lebone la senotlolo (CS) le kentsoeng ka metsi (US) a bonts'a mokhoa o ikhethang oa koloi (o felletseng ka mokokotlo oa gullet) o lebisitsoeng ho khanya. Mokhoa ona oa boits'oaro o fapane le karabelo e hlahang ea maebana a latela li-pair tsa moputso oa lijo (Jenkins le Moore, 1973;; bona hape http://go.owu.edu/~deswartz/introduction.html). Ho makatsang ke hore ha CS e kopantsoe le monyetla oa ho phela le mosali (US), likoekoe tsa banna ba MajapaneCoturnix japonica) tla tlasa maemo a itseng, e tla tla le ho phela ka ntho e sa pheleng ea CS (Kokal et al., 2004, bona hape Burns le Domjan, 1996; Burns le Domjan, 2001).

Taba ea hore tlhahiso ea CS hangata e lebisa ho CR e ts'oanang le boits'oaro bo khahlisang ka moputso ka boeona (mohlala, boitšoaro bo khothalletsang) e lebisitse mohopolong oa hore CS e sebetsa e le ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro ho US - "susumetso ea ts'usumetso" (Pavlov, 1927; Staddon le Simmelhag, 1971). Leha sena se lumellana le mohopolo oo CS e nkang thepa ea moputso, nakong e fetileng ba bang ba pheha khang ea hore boitšoaro bo joalo ke sesupo sa boemo ba sensorimotor ho se na lits'ebetso tsa ts'usumetso (bona Berridge, 2001). Leha ho le joalo, joale rea tseba hore li-CS tse tsosetsang maikutlo ana a ntlafatsang li fumana thepa ea mantlha ea tšusumetso (Berridge, 2001; Cardinal et al., 2002a): (1) ba na le bokhoni ba ho ba khahlisa ka mokhoa o bonts'itsoeng ke mokhoa oa maemo a ts'ebetso oa Pavlovian kapa boits'oaro ba lets'oao (mohlala, Flagel et al., 2008; Hearst le Jenkins, 1974; Peterson et al., 1972); (2) ba ka matlafatsa liketso tse tsoelang pele tsa ts'ebetso, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke sephetho sa phetiso ea Pavlovian-to-ala (mohlala, Dickinson et al., 2000; Lovibond, 1983; Wyvell le Berridge, 2000); hape (3) ba ka tiisa ho ithuta ha liketso tse ncha tsa sesebelisoa; ka mantsoe a mang, ba ka sebetsa e le bathusi ba maemo (mohlala, Di Ciano le Everitt, 2004; Williams le Dunn, 1991). Ho feta moo, ho na le mehlala e mengata e bontšang hore sebopeho sa CR se susumetsoa ke mofuta oa CS (bona Holland, 1977), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore boits'oaro ba ho latela melao ha bo hlahisoe ka tšusumetso e bonolo. Mohlala, sebopeho sa CR ho CS se bolelang esale pele lijo se fapane haholo haeba CS e le lever, kapa rat e phela, kapa setene sa patsi (Timberlake le Grant, 1975). Kahoo, CR e hlahelletseng e nahanoa e bonts'a ts'ebetso ea lits'ebetso tse rarahaneng tse tataisitsoeng tse tlas'a taolo ea lintlha tse 'maloa, ho kenyelletsa sebopeho sa US le CS (Buzsaki, 1982; Davey et al., 1984; Jenkins le Moore, 1973; Moore, 1973; Timberlake le Lucas, 1985).

Ketsahalo e makatsang ea ho latela melao e bontšitse hantle meputso ea tlhaho e sebelisoang joalo ka US (bakeng sa tlhahlobo Boakes, 1977; Hearst le Jenkins, 1974; Tomie et al., 1989) 'me ho na le mehlala e mengata moo litloaelo tse amanang le moputso li hohelang li sa khahliso hoo li hlahisang boitšoaro bo bonahalang bo le bobe le ho phehella.Boakes et al., 1978; Breland le Breland, 1961; Hearst le Jenkins, 1974; Williams le Williams, 1969). Mohlala oa khale o bitsoang "boitšoaro bo bobe ba lintho tse phelang" (Breland le Breland, 1961, 1966), li-raccoon li ile tsa koetlisetsoa ho beha chelete ea tšepe ea mapolanka ka slot bakeng sa ho fumana moputso oa lijo. Qaletso ea marang-rang e ne e etsa mosebetsi ona ntle le ho tsilatsila, empa ka ho ikoetlisa hape ho ne ho bonahala e sa khone ho tlohela chelete, e qeta metsotso e 'maloa e e ts'oara ka thata ka liphokojoe tsa eona — ekare e ntse e leka ho hloekisa chelete sejana sa lijo —'me o kenya chelete ea eona ka makhetlo-khetlo empa oe hula ntle a sa e lokolla. Chelete ea tšepe ka boeona e ne e bonahala e e-na le tšusumetso e ntle haholo, kaha li-raccoon li ne li le leqe ho li tlohela, le hoja ho e ts'oara ho liehisa kapa ho bile ho thibetse ho fumana lijo tsa nnete. Mohlala o mong o khahlisang, o bitsoang "e mpe" Hearst le Jenkins (1974), ea neng a penta leseli la senotlolo qetellong e 'ngoe ea lebokose le lelelele ka ho tlisa moputso oa lijo qetellong e' ngoe. Le ha ho ne ho sa hlokahale karabelo ea ho fumana lijo, maeba a ile a qala ho atamela le ho pepeta lebone la senotlolo, leha ho etsa joalo ho ne ho ba sitisa ho fumana lijo, tse neng li fumaneha pheletsong e 'ngoe ea lebokose ka nako e lekanyelitsoeng feela. Boitšoaro bona bo ile ba phehella ho sa tsotellehe taba ea hore hangata lithuto li ne li lapa haholo. Motho o ne a ka lebella hore haeba maeba a ne a ka tlohela ho araba CS e hole (mme ka lebaka leo a fumana le ho nka moputso) ba tla etsa joalo. Mokhoa ona o totobetseng oa ho arabela o ts'oana le o bonoang ke ho lemalla ho re o ts'oaroa ke tšusumetso e hlahisitsoeng ke boiphihlelo ba nakong e fetileng mme o bonahala o ikemetse ka boikemisetso.Tomie, 1996). Ntle le moo, ho haella ha taolo ea thibelo (ke hore, boitšoaro bo bobe) ho bonahala liphoofolong tse sa ts'oaneng ka mokhoa o hlakileng ke tšobotsi e hlalosang ho ts'oaroa hape ho hokahanya boits'oaro bona le boits'oaro bo bobebe le mathata a mang a taolo (Tomie, 1996; Tomie et al., 1998).

Boithuto bo hlalositsoeng ka holimo bo lumellana le ba bang ba 'maloa ba bonts'itseng hore tsela eo u e latelang ka lets'oao ha e bakoe ke "ho matlafatsoa ka phoso" karabelo mme e phehellang leha e lebisa tahlehelong (bona. Gamzu le Williams, 1971; Killeen, 2003; Lajoie le Bindra, 1976; Timberlake le Lucas, 1985). Leha ho na le liphumano tsena, bafuputsi ba bang ba belaetse karolo ea lits'ebetso tsa Pavlovian (stimulus-susumetsang) ts'ebetsong ea ho latela melao mme ba boletse hore boitšoaro bo joalo bo ka bakoa ke ts'ebetso ea karabelo (mohlala, bona Farwell le Ayres, 1979; Locurto et al., 1976; Locurto, 1981; Myerson et al., 1979; Sanabria et al., 2006; Li-Wessels, 1974). Mohlala, kamora koetliso ea ho itlosa bolutu moo litoeba li qapileng CR-tracking tracking, Locurto le basebetsi-'moho (1976) fetisetsa liphoofolo ka kemiso ea ho siea. Lenaneong lena haeba liphoofolo li ka ikopanya le CS-lever moputso oa lijo o thibetsoe. Liphuputso tse fetileng li khothalelitse hore maemong ana maeba a ntse a tsoela pele ho ikopanya le leseli la senotlolo sa CS, leha e le ka tekanyo e tlase, e ileng ea nkuoa e le bopaki ba hore boitšoaro bo ne bo sa laoloe ke ts'ebetso ea karabelo (mohlala, Williams le Williams, 1969). Ka papiso, Locurto et al. (1976) e tlaleha hore tlasa maemo ana likhoto li emisitse ho ikopanya le CS-lever, tseo ba li nkileng ho bonts'a hore boitšoaro bo kopantsoe ke ho matlafatsoa ha karabelo. Leha ho le joalo, esita le thutong ena ea morao-rao ho na le bopaki bo hlakileng ba hore CS-lever e bolokile thepa ea eona ea boiketlo ea Pavlovian hobane Locurto le basebetsi-'moho (1976) e boetse e tlaleha hore topography ea karabo ea maemo a fapaneng e fapana ho latela kemiso ea tšehetso (ke hore, autoshaping vs. omission). Pele o theha kemiso ea ho siea, CR e ne e kenyelletsa mokhoa oa ho bua le lever le ho ikopanya le eona (ke hore, ho iketla le ho e loma). Nakong ea kemiso ea ho tlohela, liphoofolo li ile tsa tsoela pele ho atamela le ho bonts'a mokhoa oa lipatlisiso (ke hore, ho fofa) tse lebisitsoeng ho CS-lever, empa ba emisa feela ho ikopanya le eona ka mmele. Liphumano tsena li bonts'a hore le tlasa maemo a sieo CS-lever e ntse e tsoela pele ho ba le thepa ea tšusumetso - likhoto li ile tsa tsoela pele ho li atamela le ho lebisa tlhokomelo ea tsona ho tsona, mme seo ba ithutileng sona ke ho qoba ho ikopanya le eona ka kotloloho. Ba ile ba patela khokahano ea "terminal" lenaneng la boits'oaro bo neng bo kentse CRV ea Pavlovian (bona hape Stiers le Silberberg, 1974). Kahoo, le datha tsena li tsamaisana le sephetho sa hore CR-tracking tracking (mokhoa) e itšetlehileng ka thuto ea Pavlovian mme e se karabelo ea karabelo, mme e boetse e bontša bokhoni ba litekanyetso tsa Pavlovian tsa ho boloka boits'oaro le ha ho se karabelo ea karabelo.

Ho lateloa ke lipina tse amanang le lithethefatsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi

Tomie (1996) e ne e le e 'ngoe ea tsa pele ho hlalosa ho tšoana ho teng lipakeng tsa mokhoa oa ho latela ts'ebetso ea matšoao a Pavlovian le matšoao a tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi,' me lilemong tsa morao tjena bafuputsi ba tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi ba se ba qalile ho hlahlobisisa kamano ena (Flagel et al., 2008; Flagel et al., 2006; Newlin, 2002; Tomie et al., 2007). Leha ho le joalo ho sa ntse ho e-na le lithuto tse fokolang haholo mabapi le hore na lithahasello tse amanang le lithethefatsi li ts'ehetsa CR-tracking ea CR (Cunningham le Patel, 2007; Kearns et al., 2006; Krank et al., 2008; Uslaner et al., 2006). Kannete, tlhahlobisong ea 2005 ea Everitt le Robbins e hlokometse hantle (leq. 1482), "ho ka nahanoa hore mokhoa oa Pavlovian o kenella ka mokhoa o fosahetseng ho hohela batho mehloling ea batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi tse lemalloang ... joalo ka ha ho khothaletsoa khopolong ea bohloka ea ho lemalla. Leha ho le joalo… mokhoa oa ho sebelisa thekiso ea CS ea lithethefatsi… o ntse o sa bonts'oa ka mokhoa o hlakileng lithutong tsa laboratori… leha… [e] bonahala habonolo liphoofolong tse arabelang meputso ea tlhaho. Mohlomong… tšusumetso ea boitšoaro ea li-CS e amanang le lithethefatsi le matlafatso a tlholeho e fapana haholo ntlheng ena ”. Khopolo ena qalong e ne e tšehelitsoe ke tlaleho eo likhoto li e etsang eseng atamela li-crete tse katiloeng tse tsamaisitsoeng ka ho tsamaisoa ha koae ea koae (Kearns le Weiss, 2004). Haeba ke 'nete hore "lithethefatsi le litlatsetso tsa tlholeho li fapana haholo ntlheng ena" likhopolo tse ngata tsa temallo li ka hloka ntlafatso e tebileng.

Leha ho le joalo, hajoale ho na le litlaleho tse 'maloa tsa hore liphoofolo li atamela mekhoa e mebe e amanang le tlhabollo ea lithethefatsi (Cunningham le Patel, 2007; Krank et al., 2008; Uslaner et al., 2006). Mohlala, Amerika e na le ethanol / saccharin e tsoang ka molomo.Krank, 2003; Tomie, 2001; Tomie et al., 2003) kapa tharollo ea amphetamine / saccharin (Tomie, 2001) e ka ts'ehetsa boits'oaro ba ho latela melao. Kameho e 'ngoe ka lithuto tsena ke monyetla oa hore e ne e le tharollo e monate ho fapana le joala bo tšehetsang mokhoa, leha ho bile le liteko tsa ho laola phapang ena. Haufinyane tjena, Krank le basebetsi-'moho (2008) ka ho hloka boithati o bonts'itse bokhoni ba cane ea "ethanol-paired cue" e bobebe ho tsosa boits'oaro ba lets'oao ka likhoto ba sebelisa tharollo ea ethanol e sa US. Ntle le moo, morao-rao mokhoa oa maemo oa Pavlovian ho setšoantšo sa sefahleho se amanang le ente ea intanol e sa tsoa bontšoa ha litoeba li sebelisa mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng oa boikhethelo ba sebaka seo ho nahanoang ho bonahatsa boitšoaro ba ho latela (Cunningham le Patel, 2007). Kamora nako, setšoantšo sa amanang le ethanol se amanang le ethanol se bontšitsoe hore se hlahise litlamorao tsa phetisetso ea mohala oa Pavlovian (Corbit le Janak, 2007).

Ho tsebo ea rona thuto ea pele ho bonts'a hore tsamaiso ea iv ea sethethefatsi e ka ts'ehetsa ho ts'oara lets'oao la discrete e entsoe ka Uslaner et al. (2006). Boitekong bona 8 sec sec ea leudi e bonesitsoeng e ka khutlisetsoang (CS) e ne e pentiloe ka karabelo-e ikemetseng Ho tlisoa ka ente e kenang ea koae (US). Li-pair tse robeli tsa CS-US li hlahisitsoe lenaneong le karohano e sa fetoheng ea liteko tsa tlhahlobo le moelelo oa 900 sec. Ka mekhahlelo e mengata ea loto le likhoto tsa "cocaine" li qalile ho buisana le mofepisi ka mokhoa o tšepahalang le kapele, athe likhoto tse amohetseng pseudorandom (ke hore, li sa lefelloe) litlhahiso tsa CS-US ha li a ka tsa etsa joalo. Liphumano tsena li fapane le tse tlalehiloeng ke Kearns and Weiss (2004), mme re hakanya hore liphetho tsena tse sa lumellaneng li bakoa ke phapang ea mekhoa (ho bona lintlha Uslaner et al., 2006). Kearns and Weiss (2004) e sebelisitse nako e khuts'oane ea liteko tsa nako e telele, 'me litlhahiso tsa CS-US li etsahala ka kakaretso sekhethong se seng le se seng sa 90. Ha ho bapisoa le moputso oa lijo, litla-morao tsa kutlo le tse ling tsa cocaine li phehella nako e telele ho feta 90 sec. Ka hona hoa etsahala hore litlamorao tsa ts'oaetso ea lithethefatsi tse fetileng li ne li ntse li fumaneha ho li-pair tsa CS-US tse ileng tsa latela, ho etsa hore ho be thata ho likhoto ho amahanya liketsahalo tsena. Ka 'nete, Uslaner le basebetsi mmoho (2006) e sebelisitse ka katleho nako e telele ea liteko tsa 900 sec feela kamora ho hloleha ho bona boits'oaro ba ho latela melao ka linako tse khutšoane tsa liteko.

Phuputsong e ikemetseng (e sa phatlalatsoang) u sebelisa mela e khethiloeng ea bredStead et al., 2006), haufinyane re fumane hore liphoofolo tse saenneng pina ea CS e amanang le moputso oa lijo le tsona li saena ho CS e nang le koae ea koae; athe li-trackers ha li etse joalo. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore liphapang tsa motho ka mong taolong ea boitšoaro ka litekanyetso tsa meputso ea lijo li ka sebetsa le meputsong ea lithethefatsi. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela, leha ho le joalo, hore topography ea CR e hlahang e fapane haholo ha cocaine vs. lijo li sebelisoa e le CS. Ha k'hok'heine e sebelisoa joalo ka ha liphoofolo tsa Amerika li sa kopane le lever, empa bonts'a mokhoa o hlakileng oa ho latela lever o lateloang ke mokhoa le tlhahlobo haufi le lever e atolositsoeng.Uslaner et al., 2006), e ts'oanang le CR e bonoang ha ho sebelisoa maikutlo a motlakase a intracranial joalo ka US (Peterson, 1975; Peterson et al., 1972; Phillips le al., 1981; Wilkie le McDonald, 1978).

Boemo ba sebaka se ikhethileng se bapisoang le lets'oao

Le ha ho na le lithuto tse fokolang haholo tse sebelisang mekhoa ea ho ithusa ka mokhoa oa boikhathollo e le mokhoa oa ho ithuta likarolo tse susumetsang tsa boiketlo ba maemo a Pavlovian, ho joalo, ho na le lithuto tse ngata tse sebelisang mokhoa o fapaneng — boikhethelo ba sebaka (CPP). Boemong bona taolo ea lithethefatsi e seng e nang le khokahano e entsoe ka ho kenngoa molemong o itseng (sebakeng), le letsoai le le leng, 'me ka letsatsi la teko liphoofolo li khona ho kena libakeng tseo ka bobeli. Liphoofolo ho thoe li bonts'a CPP haeba e qeta nako e eketsehileng maemong a aparetsoeng ke lithethefatsi (bakeng sa tlhahlobo bona Bardo le Bevins, 2000). Sebaka se ikhethileng se atisang ho hlalosoa e le mofuta oa mokhoa o atamelaneng oa Pavlovian moo tikoloho e kengoang ke lithethefatsi ho nahanoang hore e fumane thepa e khothalletsang ebe e hohela, ka hona liphoofolo li "huleloa" ho eona (Carr et al., 1989). CPP e bile e hlalositsoe e le "mokhoa o thata oa ho itlosa bolutu" (Newlin, 1992). Le ha ho le joalo, sebopeho sa ts'ebetso ea kelello se lebisang ho CPP sea thatafatsa (bona Cunningham et al., 2006). Le ha thuto ea pele ho CPP e kanna ea kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea Pavlovian, boitšoaro ka letsatsi la teko e kanna ea se ke ea bonts'a mokhoa oa maemo oa Pavlovian (McAlonan et al., 1993; Bosoeu, 1996; White et al., 2005). Ka mohlala, Cunningham et al. (2006) o fumane CPP e sebelisang tšusumetso ea ho fifala lefifing, mme a pheha khang ea hore CPP e kanna ea se be ka lebaka la mokhoa oa maemo oa Pavlovian hobane liphoofolo li ne li sa khone ho bona tshusumetso e loketseng ho tloha hole ebe ka hona e hohela. Ba pheha khang ea hore CPP e bakiloe ke ho matlafatsoa ha maemo. Kahoo, ha ho nahanoa ka ho fetoleloa ha CPP mokhoa o nepahetseng haholoanyane oa ho ithuta "ho hohela" oa maemo a leholimo a Pavlovian e kanna ea ipha matla. Karolong e setseng ea pampiri ena re tla shebana le lithuto tse tsoang laboratoring ea rona, le tse ling, tse sibollotseng liphapang tse fapaneng le moo maemo a ts'usumetso ea Pavlovian a fumanang thepa ea ts'usumetso eo re ka reng e ka re tlatsetsa tlokotsing ea ho lemalla.

Phapang e fapaneng motho ka mong mabapi le tšusumetso ea ho hlohlelletsoa hoa litšusumetso tse amanang le moputso: lets'oao-lets'oa vs. sepheo

Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, ha setšoantšo sa discrete (CS) se hlahisoa khafetsa hammoho le ho tlisoa ha moputso (US) likarabo tse fapaneng li ka hlaha tse lumellanang kamanong ena (CRs), 'me topallo ea CR e its'etleha ho lintlha tse 'maloa, ho kenyelletsa mofuta le mofuta oa phoofolo (Boakes, 1977; Kearns et al., 2006; Kemenes le Benjamin, 1989; Nilsson et al., 2008; Purdy et al., 1999), mofuta oa CS le US (Burns le Domjan, 1996; Davey le Cleland, 1982; Davey et al., 1984; Domjan et al., 1988; Holland, 1977; Jenkins le Moore, 1973; Peterson et al., 1972; Schwam le Gamzu, 1975; Timberlake le Grant, 1975; Wasserman, 1973), likhahla tsa nakoana le tsa nakoana lipakeng tsa CS le US (Brown et al., 1993; Costa le Boakes, 2007; Holland, 1980a; Silva et al., 1992; Timberlake le Lucas, 1985), boiphihlelo ba nakong e fetileng le CS kapa US (Boughner le Papini, 2003; Engberg et al., 1972; Gamzu le Williams, 1971) le boemo ba phoofolo bo tsamaeang ka hareBerridge, 2001; Boakes, 1977; Davey le Cleland, 1982; Toate, 1986; Zamble et al., 1985; Zener, 1937). Ha li tsamaisoa hammoho, lintlha tsena kaofela li kenya letsoho mofuteng oa tšusumetso ea phoofolo mme ka hona li ama boemo boo CS e fumanang thepa ea matla a susumetsang (Lajoie le Bindra, 1976).

Leha ho le joalo, leha a koetlisoa tlas'a maemo a tšoanang ho ka ba le phapang e kholo ea motho ka mong sebopeho sa CR. Ho tsebo ea rona, Zener (1937) E ne e le la pele la ho hlalosa ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng liphapang tse joalo ka bomong ha liphoofolo li ne li koetlisetsoa ho sebelisa mekhoa ea maemo a khale ea Pavlovian. Zener (1937) Pair e lla ka tšepe le phepelo ea lijo, empa ho fapana le boholo ba eona Pavlov's (1932) Liteko tsa mantlha lintja lithutong tsa Zener li ne li sa thibeloa. Sena ha se senole feela ho rarahana ha li-CRs tse hlahang, empa le liphapang tse kholo tsa batho ka bomong. Zener (1937) e tlaleha hore kamora ho koetlisa lintja tse ling li ile tsa arabela ho CS ka "ho sheba tšepe pele" li lateloa ke "ho lula li le teng ... phaneleng ea lijo ...", athe tse ling li bonts'itse "motsamao o fokolang empa o tiileng oa ho atamela tlhabollo e nang le maemo ... ka ho khutlisetsa morao boemong ba ho ja ”, tatelano e hlalositsoeng ke Zener e le" ketsahalo e makatsang "(leq. 391). Ho ntse ho na le lintja tse ling tse kolobelitsoeng, li sheba morao le morao lipakeng tsa tšepe le pan ea lijo.

Phapang e le 'ngoe ho li-topography tsa li-CR tse hlahisitsoeng ke tšusumetso ea lijo tse sa lebelloang ha ea ka ea fumana tlhokomelo e eketsehileng ho fihlela 1977 ha Boakes a hlalosa phapang e ts'oanang ea litšoelesa. Boakes (1977) o sebelisitse mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho itlosa bolutu o kenyelletsang leseli le bokhuts'oane la lever hang-hang ho lateloa ke phumants'o e se nang khang ea pellet ea lijo. O tlaleha hore nakong ea nehelano ea CS likhoto tse ling li ile tsa atamela 'me tsa ikopanya lever' me tsa ea thekeng ea lijo kamora CS offset, e ts'oanang le e neng e hlalositsoe pele (Hearst le Jenkins, 1974). Leha ho le joalo, holim 'a nehelano ea CS likhoto tse ling li ile tsa ea sebakeng seo lijo li tla isoa teng,' me ka nako ea CS li ile tsa sebetsa morethetho o mong hape. Boakes (1977), joalo ka ba mo peleng (Hearst le Jenkins, 1974), e bitsitsoeng mokhoa oa ho tsosa moferefere oa CS (kapa sign) "lets'oao”Hape, molemong oa ho etsa lipehelo, ho buuoa ka mokhoa o khelohileng oa CS sebakeng seo lijo li tla isoa teng"Morero, ”'Me re tla tsoela pele ho sebelisa poleloana mona. Ho khahlisang, menyetla ea ho lateloa ha lets'oao kapa ho ts'oara sepheo e ne e le tlama maemong a teng ha letlooa le bonesitsoeng (CS) le fokotseha ha lijo (US) li tlosoa kapa li hlahisoa ka mokhoa o sa lebelloang mabapi le CS (Boakes, 1977). Boakes (1977) e boetse e fumane hore liphetoho mokhoeng oa ho matlafatsoa li ka ama haholo karabelo ea boitšoaro bo hlahileng. Ho isa lijo halofong ea liteko feela ho ne ho sebetsa hantle ho hlahisa CR-track tracking ho feta ha lijo li ne li tlisoa tekong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, e leng se ileng sa eketsa CR. Ho fetola boemo ba phokotso ea lijo lithutong ho bile le phello e fokolang, empa e lekanngoang (Boakes, 1977).

Ha ho fanoa ka bohlokoa bo bonts'itsoeng lits'ebetsong tsa maemo a tlase a Pavlovia taolong ea boitšoaro, le tlatsong ea litheko - sehlooho e bile sehlooho sa lithuto tse ngata le litlhahlobo (mohlala, Cardinal et al., 2002a; Letsatsi le Carelli, 2007; Tomie, 1996; Tomie et al., 2007- -Koa makatsa hore ebe ho bile le lithuto tse fokolang tse bapisang ka kotloloho ho bapisa tlhaiso-leseling ka li-CR ho tloha lithutong tsa pele ka Zener (1937) 'me Boakes (1977). Tlhaloso e le 'ngoe ea sena e ka ba' nete ea hore lithutong tse ngata tsa mokhoa o atileng oa Pavlovian maemo a sebelisitsoeng ka bobeli ha a lumelle tlhahlobo e ts'oanang ea ho latedisa lipina le ho etsa sepheo, kapa ho rata nts'etsopele ea e 'ngoe ea li-CR tse peli (ntle le mekhelo. bona Burns le Domjan, 1996; Nilsson et al., 2008). Leha ho le joalo, ho bile le lithuto tse 'maloa ka maemo a ratang ho latela tlhaiso-leseling ea sepheo sa lets'oao. Mohlala, ho sebelisa likhoto, Davey, Cleland le basebetsi mmoho (Cleland le Davey, 1983; Davey le Cleland, 1982; Davey et al., 1981) e tlaleha hore ho etsa lipatlisiso hoa lets'oa ho etsahala ho hlohlelletsa lintho tse sa bonahaleng tse khabisitsoeng ka moputso oa lijo, empa eseng ho CSiz e fumanehang habonolo. Karabelo e atisang ho ba teng ea tšusumetso ea tlhaiso-leseling ke ho lata lipakanyo, ka boits'oaro bo fokolang bo isitsoeng ho CS. Ho boetse ho thehiloe hore ho eketsa sebaka sa nakoana kapa sekhahla pakeng tsa CS le US ho fella ka ho fokotseha ha karabo ea ho latela lipontšo le keketseho ea karabelo ea ho latela sepheo (Brown et al., 1993; Costa le Boakes, 2007; Holland, 1980a, b; Silva et al., 1992).

Le ha ho bile le lipatlisiso mabapi le maemo a lebisang ho nts'etsopele ea letšoao la ho latela sepheo sa letšoao la ho latela sepheo sa CR, ha ho e-so tsekoe hloko likhethong tse fapaneng le tekanyo ea ho ntlafatsa mofuta o le mong kapa CR e 'ngoe. Re nahana hore ena e ka ba sebaka sa bohlokoa sa ho ithuta hobane se fana ka mokhoa oa ho lekola phapang e le 'ngoe ka tekanyo ea ho hlahisa boleng bo khothalletsang melemo e boletsoeng esale pele ea meputso. Tomie et al. (2000) e tlaleha liphapang tsa motho ka mong mabapi le ts'ebetso ea lever Press CR (ke hore, tekanyo ea ho saena) ho sebelisa paradigm ea autoshaping mme a fumana liphetoho tse amanang le khatello ea khatello ea corticosterone le maemo a mesolimbic a monoamines. Ka ho khetheha, Tomie (2000) fumana batho bao ba bonts'eng karabo e atolositsoeng ea ho latela lets'oao hape e ne e le maemo a phahameng a corticosterone ea morao-rao (bona hape Setšoantšo sa 4 ka tlase) le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa "dopamine" le "DOPAC" ka har'a li-nucleus tse bokellaneng, phetoho e tlase ea DOPAC / DA ho Caudate putamen, le maemo a tlase a 5-HIAA le 5-HIAA / 5-HT. ). Tomie le basebetsi-'moho (2000) o ile a etsa qeto ea hore boemo ba methapo ea kutlo bo hlahang ho likhoto tse neng li ka khona ho saena habonolo ba arolelana likarolo tse itseng tsa ho ba kotsing ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. Tomie (1998) e boetse e tlaleha hore likhoto tse sebetsang ka mokhoa o tiileng oa ho latela lets'oao li ka ba kotsing, hobane ho lekantsoe ke tloaelo ea ho khetha meputso e menyane kapele ho feta meputso e meholo e liehileng.

Setšoantšo sa 4 

Karabelo ea Corticosterone pele le kamora seboka sa pele sa ho itlosa bolutu. Lintlha li hlahisoa e le litekanyetso tse matla tsa corticosterone (Cort) (ng / ml) EM SEM pele ho koetliso (Pele; kapa maemo a basal) hang hang ka mor'a seboka sa pele sa thupelo (Post). ...

Mosebetsi oa Tomie oa ho batla tšebeliso ea melaoana mabapi le lijo le litloaelo tse amanang le ethanol, le hore na boitšoaro bona bo ka kenya letsoho joang katolosong ea tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, o re khothalelitse hore re qale ho hlahloba phapang ea motho ka mong. Lithuto tsa rona tsa pele li ne li shebile ho nts'etsapele mekhoa ea ho ithuta mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ho sebetsa ka terata ka mokhoa o matla oa ho tlisa k'hok'heine (Uslaner et al., 2006). Le ha ho le joalo, ka ho etsa joalo re boetse re etsa lithuto re sebelisa lijo e le moputso, 'me lithutong tsena re bone liphapang tse kholo ho CR tse hlahang kamora ho fana ka tlhahiso ea mohiri ka phumants'oa ea lijo (Flagel et al., 2008; Flagel et al., 2007), joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ke Boakes (1977). Ka bokhutšoanyane, lithutong tsa rona ho hlahisitsoe leal e khantšitsoeng (CS) bakeng sa 8 sec, 'me hang kamora hore e khutlisetsoe pellet ea lijo tse nang le linate tse ngata (US) e kenngoa setsing se haufi se haufi le 2.5 cm ho tloha sebakeng sa CS-lever . Ho tsamaisoa ha moputso ho ikemetse ka nqa ea boitšoaro ba phoofolo (ke hore, ha ho ketso e hlakileng e matlafatsoang). Seboka se le seng se na le li-pair tsa 25 CS-US tse hlahisitsoeng kemisong e sa fetoheng ea 90 sec, mme seboka se le seng (≈40 min) se tšoaroa ka letsatsi. Likhoto ha li felisoe lijo empa kaofela li sebelisa lisebelisoa tsohle tse tlisoang ke lijo. Tlas'a maemo ana, re sebelisa sampole ea litoeba tse fumanehang khoebong ea Sprague-Dawley, re fumane hore liphoofolo li ka aroloa ka bongata ka lihlopha tse tharo ho latela karabelo e hlahang. Hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro ea likhoto (batho ba sa tsebeng letho ka tsona) ba tla ka mokhoa o ikhethileng 'me ba kenella ka cheseho sefapanong se rerang moputso (CS-lever; bona Litšoantšo 1A, 2A, 2C 'me Le3) .3). Lenane le le leng la karabelo ena ea ho batla letšoao ke palo ea makhetlo ao rat e sithabetsang motho ea lemaletseng (Setšoantšo sa 2C) eo hangata e e etsang ka ho e utloisisa le ho e tsikitlanya (Setšoantšo sa 1A). Ha letlooa le khutlisoa, liphoofolo tsena li tloha hang-hang ho ea lata pellet ea lijo. Hoo e batlang e le karolo e 'ngoe ea boraro ea likhoto (balateli-ba-sepheo) ha ba atamele CS e bolelang esale pele moputso (Setšoantšo sa 3), empa ho fapana le hoo, ha ba hlahisa CS-lever ba ithuta ho ea setsing sa lijo kapele mme ba tla ho kenya linkong tsa bona khafetsa ha ba ntse ba emetse ho tlisoa ha moputso (bona Litšoantšo 1B, 2B le 2D). Karolo e le 'ngoe ea likhoto tse setseng (sehlopha se mahareng) ha e bonts'e tšobotsi e hlakileng ea ho latela kapa ho ts'oara sepheo, empa e tlohe lipakeng tsa cue le sepheo (bona Litšoantšo 2 'me And3; 3; Flagel et al., 2008;; bona hape Boakes, 1977; Zener, 1937). Liphoofolo tsohle, ho sa tsotelehe CR ea tsona, li khutlisa le ho ja litlatsetso tsohle tsa lijo le boits'oaro ba tsona nakong e sa lekanyetsoang li tšoana hantle. Kahoo, ho latela lets'oao le ho latela sepheo ho latela maemo a tlhahlobo ea letlooa (CS). Ho feta moo, haeba tlhahiso-leseling ea CS-lever e hlakile eseng e kopantsoeng le phepelo ea lijo, empa e etsahala ka mokhoa o sa reroang, leha e le mokhoa oa ho ts'oara lipontšo kapa ho ts'oara sepheo sa CR (data e sa phatlalatsoang).

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Liforeimi tsa moemeli tse tsoang videotape ea Rate e kenelletseng ho (A) letšoao la ho latela lets'oao la CR kapa (B) CR. CR-tracking CR e lebisitsoe ho CS-lever (ka letsohong le letšehali la seamohelo sa lijo) 'me e na le ho ts'oara le ho tsikitlanya meno ka lever. The ...
Setšoantšo sa 2 

Ts'ebetso ea lets'oao le mokhoa oa ho latela sepheo. Lirata li ne li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse tharo ho latela palo ea bona ea 'khatiso ea khatiso' nakong ea lithuto tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa16. Lesakana le letšo le emela karolo ea boraro ea liphoofolo e atlehileng haholo ...
Setšoantšo sa 3 

Phapang lipakeng tsa monyetla oa ho ba haufi le lever vs. haufi le senoelo sa lijo (ke hore, phapang ea senoelo sa lever; bona Boakes, 1977; Flagel et al., 2008). Joalo ka Setšoantšo sa 2, mekoloko e metšo e emela li-track-trackers (ST; n = 14), mekoloko e bulehileng e emela li-track-trackers ...

Leha phapang e le 'ngoe e bonahala le kamora letsatsi la pele la thupelo, ho bohlokoa ho hatisa seo ka bobeli ho etsa lets'oao le ho ts'oara sepheo sa hae ke likarabo tse ithutoang tse fumanehang khafetsa lipapatsong tsa CS-US, 'me ma CR ka bobeli a ts'oaroa ke molaetsa o le mong; ke ho re, mohopolo o tšoanang oa maemo (the lever; bona Litšoantšo 2 'me Le3) .3). Bakeng sa li-track-trackers le li-trackers tse pheta-phetoang tsa CS-US ka bobeli li eketsa monyetla oa ho atamela nakong ea CS ho ea cue kapa sepheo, ka ho latellana (Litšoantšo 2 'me And3), 3), mahlahahlaha ao ba kopanyetsang 'ona ka morero oa onaSetšoantšo sa 2C le 2D), le lebelo leo ba atamelaneng ka lona ho cue kapa sepheo (Setšoantšo sa 2E le 2F). Ntle le moo, tšekamelo ea barekisi ba ho saena letlalong la moputso le bakeng sa bao ba ipatileng hore ba fihle kapu ea lijo (sepheo) nakong ea CS e lula e tsitsitse, leha e le ka koetliso e telele. Litlalehong tsa rona tse phatlalalitsoeng (Flagel et al., 2008; Flagel et al., 2007) re bonts'a data ho tsoa matsatsing a 5 feela a thupelo, empa ka Setšoantšo sa 3 re bonts'a tlhaiso-leseling e neng e sa hatisoa eo liphoofolo li neng li koetliselitsoe ho eona 16 matsatsi a latellanang mme ho hlakile hore hang ha e ntlafalitsoe, li-CR-tracking tracking le li-tracking tsa sepheo li lula li tsitsitse. Ho fapana le hoo, ka koetliso e atolositsoeng, likhoto sehlopheng sa mahareng li tloaetse ho qala ho etsa lets'oao, leha e sa ntse e le maemong a lekanang le a liphoofolo tse neng li khethiloe esale pele e le li-trackers. Khetho ea pele bakeng sa senoelo sa lijo ho liphoofolo tsohle (kapa ho hloka khetho ea pele bakeng sa moqapi oa litsebi tse saenneng) ha ho makatse ha ho fanoe ka hore liphoofolo tsohle li "koetliselitsoe" ho lata lijana ka senoelo sa lijo (bona hape Flagel et al., 2008).

Ho ipapisitsoe le lintlha tsena ho hlakile hore bakeng sa batsebi ba ho saena le ba li-trackers lethathamo la moputso (CS) le fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e hlokahalang ho ts'ehetsa ho ithuta. Ho li-track-trackers le li-trackers tse pheta-phetoang tsa CS-US ka bobeli ho fella ka nts'etsopele ea karabelo ea ho ithuta e nang le lipehelo ha ho hlahisoa CS. Ka mantsoe a mang, CS e tšoana ho bolela lintho esale pele ea moputso bakeng sa lihlopha ka bobeli, 'me lihlopha ka bobeli li ntlafatsa karabelo, empa se fapaneng ke se tataiso ea CR. Mekhoa ea ho sebelisa mekhoa ea ho etsa matšoao le ho thetsa sekhahla sa moputso (lever) ka boeona, leha e le hole le sebaka seo moputso o tla isoa teng (senwelo sa lijo). Ho fapana le hoo, ha ba hlahisa tlhahiso-leseling ea batho ba batlang sepheo sa CS-lever ha ba e atamele, empa e nke e le lets'oao la ho tlisa meputso mme ba atamele sebaka seo moputso o tla isoa teng (ke hore, senoelo sa lijo). Kahoo, khoele e sebetsang joalo ka ponelopele, e "tsebisang" CS 'me e ts'ehetsa ho ithuta ho liphoofolo tsohle e fetoha e "khahlehang" mme e etsa hore e atamele ho tse ling empa e seng tse ling.

Leha lits'ebetso tse ka tlase li e-so hlakisoe, ho ka ba molemo ho nahana ka lipatlisiso tsena u sebelisa sebopeho sa theory sa tšusumetso (Berridge, 2001; Bindra, 1978; Bolles, 1972). Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, li-CS tse fumanang thepa ea ts'usumetso kapa e sebelisang poleloana ea Berridge (2001), tšusumetso e hlahisoang ka lebaka la ho hlohlelletsa, ho hohela, ho ka matlafatsa boits'oaro bo tsoelang pele mme bo ka sebetsa e le ho matlafatsoa ha maemo (bona hape Cardinal et al., 2002a). Ho li-trackers track CS e ba e khahlang, joalo ka ha ho bontšoa ke 'nete ea hore ba ea ho eona. Habohlokoa hape, re fumane hape ho letoto la lithuto tse sa phatlalatsoang hore bakeng sa li-trackers CS-lever li sebetsa e le mokhoa o matlafatsang oa maemo, ho matlafatsa thuto ea karabelo e ncha e matla. Kahoo, bakeng sa li-trackers track CS ka boeona e tla fumana bonyane mefuta e 'meli e hlalosang mohloli oa tšusumetso, o fanang ka maikutlo a hore ho liphoofolo tsena CS-lever e nkoa e le bohlasoa bo susumetsang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho li-track-trackers CS eona ka boeona ha e bonahale e khahleha, hobane ha e e atamele, 'me ka bohlokoa, lithutong tse sa phatlalatsoang re fumane hore ho li-track-CSers lever ha e na katleho joaloka maemo. matlafatso. Kahoo, bakeng sa babali ba sepheo sa CS ha ba fumane thepa ena e hlalosang tšusumetso ea khothalletso, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho liphoofolo tsena CS ha e hlahisoe ka litšusumetso tse matla.

Moelelong oa foromo ena ea mohopolo hoa thabisa ho nahana ka phapano lipakeng tsa li-trackers trackers le track-trackers. E kanna eaba ha ba fapana ka bokhoni ba bona ba ho qobella litšusumetso tsa tšusumetso ho susumetsa ka se, empa ka moo ho boleloa. Kahoo, ho ba ipehelang lipheo ho kanna ha etsahala hore CS e itlhahisetse boinotšing hole le bona - mme ntlheng ena ho ea senoelo sa lijo-ha bareki ba sepheo ba kenella ka matla kopanong ea lijo le ho latela boits'oaro bo tšoanang le ba bona (Mahler le Berridge 2008, puisano ea motho ka mong). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho ka etsahala hore bakeng sa sepheo sa sepheo sa CS se tsose tebello ea kelello ea moputso mme boitšoaro ba bona bo laoloa haholo ke kelello ho feta ka ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso (Toate, 1998). Le ha ho ne ho le joalo, ha ho nkuoa lintlha tsena ho bonts'a hore ho li-trackers lekhetho le reriloeng esale pele, CS, le fumana thepa e khothalletsang, 'me ha e e fumane. Tlhahiso e 'ngoe e khahlisang ea phapang ena ke hore ba fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ka khoneha ho khetholla boleng ba ponelopele kapa ba "tlhahisoleseling" ba CS ho tsoa ho thepa ea bona e khothalletsang tšusumetso. Ka lebaka la hore likarolo tsa "tlhahisoleseling" le "tse khothalletsang" tsa litekanyetso tse lebelletseng moputso ke liketsahalo tse sa utloahaleng tsa kelello tseo ka ho hlakileng li ka kopanngoang ke litsamaiso tse ka se kopaneng tsa neural. Phapang ena e ka ba ea bohlokoa ho lekola mekhoa ea neural eo mekhoa e amanang le moputso e laolang boitšoaro le ho emela lipatlisiso tse ling.

Lits'oants'o tsa ts'ebetso ea ho latela lets'oao le ho latela sepheo

Karabelo ea koae

Phapang e le 'ngoe mokhoeng oa ho re tšusumetso ea ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso ea maemo a tlase e amana hantle le phapang e le' ngoe ka har'a mokhatlo le ts'ebetso ea libaka tsa boko tse amanang le ts'ebetso ena ea kelello. Sistimi ea neural eo ho nahanoang hore e ameha ka mokhoa o tebileng e kenyelletsa ho hloaea dopaminergic ho tloha VTA ho isa sehlohlolong sa li-nucleus kukusanya le li-circry tse amanang, hobane ho na le lithuto tse ngata tse bonts'ang hore lesapo kapa manonyeletso a pharmacological a potoloho ena a thibela ho hapa le ho bontša mokhoa oa mokhoa oa mokhoa oa mokhoa oa Pavlovian.Cardinal et al., 2002b; Dalley et al., 2005; Letsatsi le Carelli, 2007; Letsatsi le al., 2006; Phillips le al., 1981). Ka hona, lithutong tsa rona tsa pele re ile ra hlahloba hore na li-trackers trackers le li-trackers li fapana ka ho arabela ho mofani oa meriana ea sebetsang tsamaisong ea dopaminergic mme hape e le lekhoba la tahi-cocaine. Re ile ra hlahloba karabo e matla ea psychomotor ho cocaine le botebo ba maikutlo a koae (cocaine-ikiwa).Flagel et al., 2008). Likhoto li ile tsa fuoa koetliso ea pele ea Pavlovia ka moputso oa lijo joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe kaholimo ho bona mofuta oa bona oa phenotype kapa sebapali sa sepheo-mme joale ba phekoloa ka koae. Li-trackers li ile tsa utluoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng ka litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea koae ka lekhetlo la pele ha ba utloa moriana ona (ho ne ho e-na le liphapang tsa sehlopha ho e ngoe ea litekanyetso tse tharo tse lekiloeng), leha ho ne ho se na phapang pakeng tsa bokhoni ba koae ho hlahisa ho sisinyeha ha hlooho khafetsa. latelang kalafo e matla. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-trackers li ile tsa bonts'a tekanyo e kholo ea kutloisiso ea psychomotor holim'a kalafo e phetoang (Flagel et al., 2008). Kahoo, phapang e fapaneng le e 'ngoe ea motho ea ho batla ho etsa pina kapa sepheo sa sepheo e tsamaisana le ho ts'oaroa ke mofuta oa polasetine e susumetsoang ke koae-sensitization - e ka tlatsetsang kholisong ea bokhoba ba tahi. Phapang likhethong tse itšetlehileng ka ts'ebetso ea dopamine li ka tlatsetsa tekanyong ea teboho ea psychomotor ho liphoofolo tsena (bona ka tlase).

Likhokahano tsa Neurobiological

Le ha ho tlalehiloe hantle hore ts'ebetso ea dopamine ho li-nucleus accumbens (haholo-holo ea mantlha) e bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea mokhoa oa mokhoa oa ts'ebeliso ea maemo a Pavlovian (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona Mok'hadinale le Everitt, 2004; Letsatsi le Carelli, 2007; Everitt le Robbins, 2005; Tomie et al., 2007), re ba pele, tsebong ea rona, ho sekaseka methapo ea kutlo ea methapo ea methapo e tsamaeang le sepheo sa ho latela. Re sebelisitse in situ hybridization ho ithuta mefuta e mengata e amanang le dopamine (bona Flagel et al., 2007). Taba ea pele, maemo a polelo ea mRNA a ile a khethoa ha marang-rang a fumanoe hang hang kamora thupelo ea pele (≈40 min) ea koetliso, ka tšepo ea hore sena e tla ba haufinyane haholo kamora boiphihlelo ba ho fetola polelo ea dopamine receptor (D1R kapa D2R), dopamine transporter (DAT) kapa tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA, ka hona e fana ka polelo ea "basal". Maemong ana li-trackers trackers li ne li e-na le litekanyetso tse phahameng haholo tsa dopamine D1R mRNA bokong bo bokellana le li-trackers. Liphumano tsena li lumellana le tsa Dalley le basebetsi-mmoho (2005), ea tlalehileng hore li-DragN D1R li hlokahala bakeng sa ho kopanya le ho fumana boits'oaro ba lets'oao la ho saena. Ho ne ho se na liphapang tsa sehlopha ho li-accumbens D2R mRNA, kapa maemong a DAT kapa TH mRNA ho VTA kamora seboka sa pele sa thupelo. Li-Brains li fumanoe ho tsoa ho sehlopha se arohaneng sa liphoofolo kamora matsatsi a 5 a koetliso le nts'etsopele ea ho ts'oara letšoao le matla kapa ho ts'oara sepheo sa CR. Tsena li ka bonts'a liphetoho tsa polelo ea tlhaho e bang teng ka lebaka la ho ithuta. Kamora boikoetliso, li-trackers trackers li ne li na le litekanyetso tse tlase haholo tsa DAT le TH mRNA ho VTA ho feta li-trackers trackers, le D2R (empa eseng D1R) mRNA ho li-nucleus accumbens. Ka lebaka la phapang ea mokhoa, ho thata ho bapisa litholoana tsa rona ka kotloloho le maemo a phahameng a dopamine le a DOPAC Tomie (2000) ho tlalehiloe ka liphoofolo tse neng li tloaetse ho etsa lets'oao. Le ha ho le joalo, ho hlakile hore nts'etsopele ea letšoao la ho ts'oasa sepheo sa balateli ba sepheo sa ts'ebetso e amana le liphetoho tse fapaneng litsamaisong tsa dopaminergic. Ho hlakile hore ho na le mosebetsi o mongata ho feta ho khetholla mofuta le bohlokoa ba tšebetso ba liphapano tsena. Phuputsong e amanang le seo Uslaner et al. (2007) Haufinyane tjena ho tlalehiloe hore liso tsa "subthalamic nucleus" li ntlafatsa haholo pina ea ho latela lets'oa le amanang le lijo kapa meputso ea koae, ho hlahisa sebopeho sena e le karolo ea sistimi e laoloang ke ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso ho litheko tse amanang le moputso.

Karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo (karabelo ea corticosterone le locomotor ho bocha)

Ntho e 'ngoe e amanang le' mele ea boithuto ba ho latela melao ea matsoho ke bophahamo ho plasma corticosterone. Tomie le basebetsi-mmoho ba tlalehile hore likhoto tse fumanang litlhahiso tsa paired tsa CS-lever le US (tse tšoanang le mekhoa e sebelisitsoeng mona) li bonts'a maemo a phahameng a corticosterone ha a bapisoa le a sehlopha sa CS-US se sa lefelloeng kapa se sa sebetseng (Tomie et al., 2000; Tomie et al., 2004). Ho feta moo, Tomie (2000) e tlaleha khokahano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa lever frequency frequency (kapa sign-tracking behaviour) le karabelo ea corticosterone (leha sena se fumanoe kamora 20th seboka sa ho ikatisa). Ka hona, lihlopheng tse hlalositsoeng ho Setšoantšo sa 2 Re boetse re fumane tekanyo ea plasma corticosterone ho tsoa ho disampole tsa mali tsa mohala-nick pele le kamora seboka sa pele sa ho itlosa bolutu. Corticosterone e ile ea ntlafatsoa haholo kamora seboka sa pele sa ho itlosa bolutu ka lihlopha tsohle, empa ho khahlisang, e ile ea phahamisoa ka tekanyo e kholo liphoofolong tseo hamorao li neng li tla khetholloa e le li-trackers trackers kapa sehlopha sa mahareng (bona Setšoantšo sa 4). Lintlha tsena li fana ka, ka hona, karabelo e le 'ngoe ea' mele e khethollang lihlopha esita le ka mor'a thuto e le 'ngoe. Liphoofolo li bonts'a Setšoantšo sa 2 li ile tsa boela tsa hlahlojoa bakeng sa karabelo ea locomotor tikolohong ea lipalesa 'me ha rea ​​ka ra fumana kamano e kholo pakeng tsa tšusumetso e iqapetsoeng — lethathamo la ho batla bocha-le boitšoaro ba morao-rao ba ho latela (ka mohlala, monyetla oa ho atamela ho lever; r2 = 0.06, P = 0.13), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore litšobotsi tsena tse peli ha li lumellane (le bona Belin et al., 2008).

Lithuto tse sebelisang mela ea litoeba ka mokhoa o ikhethileng

Re se re qalile feela ho senola mekhoa e meng ea methapo ea kutlo le litloaelo tsa tšebeliso ea sepheo-leseling, le hore na sena se ka amana joang le nts'etsopele ea mathata a boitšoaro a phehellang (Flagel et al., 2008; Tomie et al., 2007). Ntle le moo, ha ho hlake hore na ke mabaka afe a ikarabellang bakeng sa karohano ea motho ka mong karabong ho litheko tse amanang le moputso, ekaba mabaka a boitšoaro, a amanang le lefutso kapa a liphatsa tsa lefutso. Mokhoa o mong o ka re lumellang ho lekola litšebelisano tse ntle tsa tikoloho ea lefutso o kenyelletsa lithuto tse sa tsoakoang (tse sa phatlalatsoang) li sebelisa mela e litala ea likhoto. Ho hlakile ho tsoa lithutong tsena tse ntseng li tsoela pele hore sebopeho sa lets'oao / sepheo-sesebelisoa se ka khetholloang ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, le hore ke oa bohlokoa. Leha ho le joalo, ho ka etsahala hore mokhoa ona o tla susumetsoa ke boits'oaro ba 'm'ae, liketsahalo tsa nts'etsopele le lintlha tse ling tsa tikoloho. Kahoo, ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling ho hlakisa mekhoa ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, kelello le maikutlo tse tsamaisang mekhoa e fapaneng e ka bang bohlokoa ho utloisisa ho se tšoane ka boits'oaro ho nts'etsapele likotsi tsa boitšoaro bo joalo ka tlhekefetso (mohlala, Belin et al., 2008).

Qeto: Litholoana tsa ho lemalla

Ke tšebeliso ea thepa e susumetsang e susumetsang (ka thuto ea Pavlovian) e fanang ka mekhoa ea ho nahanisisa ka moputso e ntle, e lakatsehang le e "batloang" (Berridge le Robinson, 2003; Robinson le Berridge, 1993) - 'me tšitiso e fetelletseng kapa e bakoang ke ho se sebetse hantle ha litšusumetso tse joalo e ka kenya letsoho kholisong ea mathata a boitšoaro a phehellang (Robinson le Berridge, 1993). Khopolo ea hore mekhoa e amanang le moputso e ka hohela ntle ho boiphetetso le ho laola taolo e fetang ea boitšoaro ha se mohopolo o mocha. Ketsahalo ena e hlalositsoe ka ho hlaka ke motho ea betšang ho e 'ngoe ea lingoliloeng tsa khale ka ho fetisisa tse tsebahalang lefatšeng, e leng Rig Veda, ea morao ho 1200 BCE (bona O'Flaherty, 1981). Ha a bua ka monko oa hae oa papali ea chelete, oa papali ea chelete o itse, "Maqhubu a makatsang a kotsi a sefate se seholo ... bokhoba 'na ha ba ntse ba tšela ka mokatong o lutlehileng… Litsie li shebahala ho nna joaloka seno sa soma ... se mpoloka tsoha 'me u nyakaletse”…" Ha litoeba tse sootho li phahamisa lentsoe ha li liheloa fatše, ke mathela ho tsona, joalo ka mosali ho moratuoa oa hae "..." Bona (litoeba) li kopantsoe le mahe a linotsi. matla a ke keng a hanyetsoa ka ho becha. ”Ho sebelisa poleloana ea hona joale, litheko tsena ho bonahala li na le tšusumetso e kholo.

Qetellong, ho nahanoa ka hore thuto ea Pavlovia e bapala karolo ea ho hohela batho ho keneng mofuteng oa litheko tse amanang le lithethefatsi le mehloli ea lithethefatsi tse tlatsetsang, ho tlatselletsa molemong oa ho khutla hape (Di Chiara, 1998; Everitt le Robbins, 2005; Robinson le Berridge, 1993; Stewart et al., 1984; Tomie, 1996; Tomie et al., 2007). Motheong oa litlaleho tsa theoretical le lipatlisiso tsa liteko tse hlahisitsoeng mona, re fana ka maikutlo a hore ho se tšoane ka tloaelo ho tloaelo ea ho khothaletsa menyetla e lebisang moputso ho ka pepesetsang ts'oaetso kapa ho hanela mathata a boitšoaro a tlamang. Kahoo, re fana ka maikutlo a hore phapano lipakeng tsa mokhoa oa ho latela lets'oao le ho ts'oara sepheo e ka fana ka mokhoa oa ho lekola liphapang tsa batho ba nang le tšekamelo ea ho fana ka boleng ba tšusumetso ea meputso e boletsoeng esale pele, le bokhoni ba bona ba taolo e fetang ea boitšoaro.

lumela hore baa fokola

Boholo ba mosebetsi oa rona o hlahisitsoeng bukaneng ena o ne o tšehelitsoe ka lithuso ho tsoa ho National Institute of Drug Abuse to TER (R37 DA04294) le HA (R01 DA012286) le phano ea projeke ea lenaneo e kenyeletsang HA le TER (5P01DA021633-02). Mosebetsi o nang le liphoofolo tse ikhethileng o ile oa tšehetsoa hape ke Ofisi ea Patlisiso ea Ntoa ho HA (N00014-02-1-0879). Ntle le moo, lithuso tsa lichelete li fanoe ke Setsi sa Patlisiso mabapi le Papali ea Papali ea Chelete ea Botsoa le Litšila tse amanang le tsona (Cambridge Health Alliance), se fuoeng SBF. Bangoli ba leboha Drs. Kent Berridge le Jonathan Morrow bakeng sa litlhaloso tse thusang le tse nang le temohisiso mabapi le liphetolelo tsa pejana tsa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Re ka rata hape ho amohela bahlahlobisisi ba sa tsejoeng bakeng sa litlhaloso tsa bona tse nahannoeng tse ntlafalitseng haholo boleng ba mongolo ona.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

Boitlhotlhollo ba Mohoeletsi: Ena ke faele ea PDF ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o sa amoheloang o amoheletsoeng bakeng sa ho hatisoa. Joaloka tšebeletso ho bareki ba rona re fana ka phetolelo ena ea pele ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o tla ba le ho kopitsa, ho kenya lihlopha le ho hlahloba bopaki bo hlahang pele o hatisoa ka mokhoa oa oona oa ho qetela. Ka kopo hlokomela hore nakong ea mekhoa ea tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa e ka fumanoa e ka amang litaba, le litsebiso tsohle tsa molao tse sebetsang koranteng e amanang le eona.

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