Cortisol Secretion Patterns Ho lemalla le ho lemalla ho lemala (2006)

Int J Psychophysiol. Sengoloa se ngotsoeng; e fumaneha ho PMC 2008 Feb 27.

William R. Lovallo*

Boitsebiso ba Mongoli ► Tlhahisoleseding ea Copyright le License ►

Moetso oa khatiso oa ho qetela oa mohatisi o fumaneha ho Int J Psychophysiol

Sheba lihlooho tse ling ho PMC hore Qotsa sehlooho se hatisitsoeng.

Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Ho lemalla joala kapa bokoali ho kenyelletsa ts'ebetso e fetotsoeng ea litsamaiso tse susumetsang tsa boko. Ts'ebetso e fetotsoeng ea axis ea hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) e ka ba le leseli la mofuta oa liphetoho tse susumetsang tse tsamaeang le bokhoba le bokhoba ba tahi. Joala le nicotine li bonts'a bonyane mefuta e meraro ea tšebelisano le ts'ebetso ea HPA. Ho ja ka bongata lintho tsena ka bobeli ho baka likarabo tse kang khatello ea maikutlo. Ts'ebeliso ea bona e phehellang e ka nyenyefatsa HPA. Kamora nako, kotsi ea ho itšetleha le ho khutlela mokhoeng kamora ho tlohela e ka amahanngoa le khaello ea "cortisol" e haelloang ke khatello ea maikutlo e fapaneng. HPA e laoloa ho hypothalamus ka matšoao a letsatsi le ts'ebetsong, empa nakong ea maikutlo a matla, taolo ea eona e emisoa ke lipontšo tse tsoang ho limbic system le preortal cortex. Mokhatlo ona o holimo-limo o etsa hore HPA e arabele ho lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang lits'ebetso tse susumetsang. HPA ka hona ke sistimi e sebetsang bakeng sa ho ithuta ts'ebetso ea psychophysiological ho batho ba ka fapaneng ka mekhoa ea kutloisiso, maikutlo le boits'oaro e amanang le ho lemalla le ho ba kotsing ea ho lemala. Ho noa joala hampe le nicotine ho ka baka liphetoho lipuisanong tsena tse ka pele mme ho ka baka liphapang tsa karabelo ea HPA ho batho ba tahiloeng le ba tsubang. Ntle le moo, liphetoho tse seng li ntse li le teng litšebelisanong tsa pele le limbic le HPA li kanna tsa bontša bokhoba ba tahi, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe lithutong tsa bana ba batsoali ba sebelisang joala le ba sebelisang hampe lithethefatsi. Ho etsa lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea HPA, ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo, le lithethefatsi li ka fana ka leseli la hore na litsamaiso tse susumetsang tsa boko li ts'ehetsa ho lemalla kapa ho ba likotsi tsa tsona.

Keywords: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, lithethefatsi, Nikotine, joala, Cortisol, khatello ea maikutlo

Eya ho:

1. Selelekela

Hypothalamus e laola secretion ea cortisol; hormone e hlokahalang bakeng sa bophelo e laolang tšebetso ea lisele tsohle 'meleng. Secretion ea cortisol e tsotella haholo ho kenella ho tsoa ho tsamaiso ea limbic le cortex ea pele nakong ea khatello. Khokahano ena e loketseng e susumetsang lipakeng tsa system ea limbic le hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) e sebetsana le tšebeliso ea joala le tlhekefetso bonyane ka mekhoa e meraro. Ho kenella joala ho baka karabelo e mpe ea cortisol. Tlhekefetso ea nako e telele ea joala e thefula secretion ea basil le khatello ea maikutlo ea cortisol. Tekanyo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso bakeng sa joala le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi e ka tsamaisana le karabelo e fokotsehileng ea HPA khatello ea maikutlo. Pampiri ena e lekola taolo ea mantlha ea khatello ea kelello ea HPA mabapi le bokhoba ba tahi mabapi le bokhoba ba tahi le lithethefatsi tse ling.

1.1. Taolo ea HPA ea diurnal le e amanang le khatello ea maikutlo

Cortisol secretion e bonts'a tšebetso ea HPA. Ketsahalo ena e tsamaisoa ke lipokello tsa diurnal le metabolic le likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo (De Kloet le Reul, 1987; Linkowski et al., 1993). Motheo oa Cortisol, kapa phallo ea letsatsi, e bonts'itsoeng ho Feie. 1, e fihla hosane ka nako ea ho tsoha 'me e fokotseha hanyane ka hanyane nakong ea ho tsoha, ho fihlela bonyane ba letsatsi nakong ea halofo ea pele ea mokoloko oa ho robala.Czeisler et al., 1976). Ho phatloha ha hoseng ha Cortisol ho tsamaisoa ke ts'ebetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa oache mokokotlong oa suprachiasmatic oa hypothalamus e qalang lipontšo tsa neuronal ho khubu ea paraventricular (PVN) (Linkowski et al., 1993). Li-neurons tse khethehileng tsa PVN li arabela lipontšo tsena. Li-axon tsa tsona li emisa bohareng ba hypothalamus, moo li lokollang CRF ho potoloha liphatlalatso, e leng se etsang hore setho sa maqhubu a kahare sa secter sa secre adrenocorticotropic li fetise ka har'a potoloho ea systemic. ACTH e fetisetsoa gland ea adrenal moo e bakang adrenal cortex ho eketsa motsoako le ho lokolloa ha cortisol ho potoloha. Mokhoa ona oa ho fetolela o fetoha letsatsi lohle ka lipallo tsa metabolic tse hlahang mabapi le maemo a tsoekere ea mali (Van Cauter et al., 1992). Kamora nako, cortisol e thusa ho laola sephiri sa eona ka ho fana ka maikutlo a fosahetseng ho pituitary, hypothalamus, le hippocampus (Bradbury et al., 1994). Bakeng sa mabaka ana, re bua ka sebopeho sena sa motheo sa melao ea HPA e le mokhoa oa ho fetolela le metabolism ka tlhaho. Ho ferekana ho sa feleng ha mokhoa ona oa ho secha oa diurnal ho ka bonts'a pherekano maemong a le mong kapa ho feta tsamaisong ena.

Feie. 1

Feie. 1

Tsela ea secretion ea 24-h plasma cortisol secretion ka hara batho. Peak ea secretion e etsahala haufi le nako ea ho tsoha mme e na le nadir nakong ea halofo ea pele ea potoloho ea boroko. Ho nyoloha ho honyenyane ho ka bonoa ho amanang le lijo lijong tsa motšeare le tsa mantsiboea.

Ho tloha tšebetso ea Hans Selye, re hlokometse hore HPA e sebetsa haholo ho li-stress tse qholotsang boiketlo ba setho (Selye, 1936). Matšoenyeho a theha lihlopha tse peli tse kholo, tse simolohang ho tsitsipano ea 'mele, joalo ka hemorrhage, le tse simollang e le litšokelo tsa kantle, joalo ka ho loantšoa ke sebatana. Tse fetileng li ka nkuoa li le khatello ea maikutlo hobane litlatsetso tsa bona li nyoloha ho tloha 'meleng ho isa bokong. Ha ho bapisoa, litšokelo tsa kantle le khatello ea maikutlo li ka nkoa e le tsa tlhaho tlholeho. ba etsa hore ho be le khatello ea maikutlo ka lebaka la tsela eo ba utloisisoang le ho fetisoa ka eona.Lazaro le Folkman, 1984; Lovallo le Gerin, 2003). Li-psychologists tsa kelello li fumana tšusumetso ea tsona ka lebaka la tsela eo re li tolokang ka eona mabapi le merero ea rona ea nako e telele le litebello tsa rona ka lefatše (Lazaro le Folkman, 1984). Hoa hlokomeleha hore cortisol e arabela hantle mahlomoleng a tebileng a kelello, e fana ka maikutlo a hore mohloli oa ts'ebetso ea HPA maemong a joalo o tlameha ho kenyelletsa khokahano ho tsoa tsamaisong ea limbic le cortex ea pele ho hypothalamus.

Kutloisiso ea rona ea likarabo tsa cortisol khatellong ea kelello e ile ea eketsoa ke ho sibolloa hore cortisol e na le sistimi e atileng ea li-receptors ka holimo ho hypothalamus. Tsena li fumanoa hippocampus, system of limbic, le pele ho cortex (McEwen et al., 1968; Sanchez et al., 2000). Kabo ea li-receptor tsena e pheha khang ka matla hore litsi tse phahameng tsa boko li bapala karolo nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo le ho baka likarabo tsa HPA. Ebile, nakong ea khatello ea kelello, mokhoa oa ho fetoha ha cortisol o koahetsoe ke lipontšo ho hypothalamus e tsoang tsamaisong ea limbic. Lipontšo li hlaha ho amygdala le phatleng ea bethe ea stria terminalis, meaho e ts'oaroang ke maemo a sa hlonepheng le a fetisang tlhaiso-leseling e nang le boleng ba ho pholoha (Amaral et al., 1992; Halgren, 1992; LeDoux, 1993). Amygdala ka hona e eme bohareng ba marangrang a neural a hlahisang maikutlo le mekhoa ea ho qoba ho fetoha le ho susumetsa maikutlo le ho ithuta (Rolls le Stringer, 2001). Liphumano tse tsoang ho amygdala le bedi li sebelisana le meaho e haufinyane, joalo ka li-nucleus accumbens, tseo, ka tsela e fetisisang li buisana haholo ka cortex ea pele (Carboni et al., 2000; Figueiredo et al., 2003; Herman et al., 2003). Nete ​​ea bethe e boetse e fana ka lipallo tsa mantlha ho PVN e hlahisang karabelo ea HPA khatello ea kelello. Ts'ebetso tsena tsa li-frontal-limbic process li theha methapo ea methapo eo ho eona liketsahalo tsa kelello li ka hlahisang likarabo tsa cortisol (Lovallo le Thomas, 2000). Litšusumetso tsena li matlafatsoa nakong ea khatello ea kelello ka lipakatso tsa norepinephrine tse nyolohang ho tsoa ho locus ceruleus bokong ba ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea "cortex" ea "cerebral" le "limbic system".Harris le Aston-Jones, 1994; Pacak et al., 1995). Karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo e kopantsoe hape ho pholletsa le tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng ke sisteme e pharalletseng ea li-neurF tsa secreting tse fumanoang mokokotlong oa mokokotlo le "limbic system" (Petrusz le Merchenthaler, 1992). Ka lebaka la tšimoloho ea methapo ea khatello ea kelello maikutlong, ho fapana ha karabelo ea cortisol e bakoang ke khatello ea maikutlo ho ka senola liphapang lipakeng tsa batho ba tsamaisanang le tsamaiso ea maoto le taolo ea kelello holim'a boitšoaro ba bona.

Se boletsoeng ka holimo se bonts'a hore HPA e sebetsana le ts'ebetso ea mantlha e matla joalo ka ho batla lijo, ho ja limatlafatsi, melaoana ea metabolic le litšokelo tsa ho phela hantle. Ho lemalla joala, nikotine le lithethefatsi tse ling ho hloka ho rarolla likamano tsena. Ka hona re ka bona ho fetoloa ha HPA ho sebetsa mathateng a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e le eona ntho ea bohlokoahali ho utloisise lisosa tsa boko.

Eya ho:

2. Litšobotsi tsa litlhahiso

Bokhoba ba tahi ke moaho o hlalositsoeng sechabeng o bonts'ang tahlehelo e tsoelang pele ea motho ea boits'oaro mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea sethethefatsi se amoheloang ke sechaba (American_Psychiatric_Association, 1994). Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi tse seng molaong, le ho isa tekanyong e tlase, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa nicotine e ka kenyelletsa: (1) ts'ebeliso e fetang lits'ebetso tse amoheloang kapa ts'ebeliso e sa reroang; (2) ho tlohela mesebetsi e tloaelehileng; (3) pherekano ea bophelo ba lelapa, mosebetsi le mathata a molao; (4) ho sitoa ho thibela mosebetsi kapa ho emisa tšebetsong le ha o ntse o leka khafetsa; le (5) matšoao a ho khaotsa ho tlohela. Monyetla oa hore tlhekefetso e tloaelehileng e tlisoang ke bokhoba bo fapaneng ba ts'ehetso ke litheko tse phahameng tsa tlhekefetso ea comorbid (Burns le Teesson, 2002; Tapert et al., 2002). Ho ba teng hangata ha lithethefatsi tse ngata ho boetse ho fana ka maikutlo a hore likotsi tse tloaelehileng li ka baka tlhekefetso e le 'ngoe.

Eya ho:

3. Bokhoba le litsamaiso tse susumetsang tsa boko

Maikutlo a hlahang mabapi le lintho tse tloaelehileng lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba ho lemalla a khothaletsoa ke lipatlisiso tse bonts'ang hore bokhoba bo kenyelletsa liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso le tse fumanoeng litsamaisong tse susumetsang tsa kelello. Letotong la lipampiri tse nang le tšusumetso e kholo, George Koob le basebetsi-mmoho ba bonts'itse hore mekhoa ea meputso e khaoha litšebelisanong tsa litekanyetso tse ikemiselitseng ho itlopa joala le lithethefatsi tse ling. Ts'isinyeho ena e mpefala ke ho pepesehela lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ka nako e telele.Ahmed le Koob, 1998; Koob, 2003; Koob le Bloom, 1988; Koob et al., 1994). Ka mantsoe a Koob, lisebelisoa tsa maikutlo le tse susumetsang tsa boko li "koetsoe" ho batho ba seng ba ipapisitse le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso (Koob le Le Moal, 1997).

Boithuto bo bong bo bonts'a liphetoho tse atamelaneng tsa karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo ea HPA mabapi le ho pepesehela lithethefatsi le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (Valdez et al., 2003). Liphetoho tsena li kenyelletsa liphetoho ho dopaminergic le opiodergic regulation of CNS function (Oswald le Wand, 2004). Ho fumanoe lintlha tse 'maloa tse bontšang lintlha tsena. Pele ho tsohle, tsamaiso e matla ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso hangata e baka karabelo ea HPA, e lebisang ho secretion ea cortisol e eketsehileng.Broadbear et al., 2004; Mendelson et al., 1971). Matšoenyeho ka bobeli a boits'oaro le ho tlohela lithethefatsi li fetoha ka litlamorao tsa tsona, joalo ka ha li bonts'a bokhoni ba tsona ba ho tsosa boits'oaro bo kang litšoenyeho literekeng (Breese et al., 2004). Ho feta moo, ho tlohela lithethefatsi ka potlako ho baka ho lokolloa hoa CRF libakeng tse ngata tsa boko, ho etsa hore khatello ea methapo e sebetse (Rodriguez de Fonseca et al., 1997). Ho imeloa kelellong ka bohona ho eketsa litakatso tsa koae ho batho ba hlekefetsang batho (Sinha et al., 2000), mme e eketsa taolo ea lithethefatsi mefuteng ea liphoofolo (Piazza le Le Moal, 1998). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, boits'oaro bo bonahala bo ipapisitse le mats'oao a neural a hlahisoang ke karabo ea cortisol ho tsamaiso ea methapo ea methapo (CNS), hobane ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea li-glucocorticoid receptors le hona ho baka phokotso ea ho itlhokofatsa (koae)Deroche-Gamonet et al., 2003). Ts'ebetso ea cortisol e hlasimollang e fana ka litakatso ho batho ba itšetlehileng ka koae (Cocaine).Elman et al., 2003), hape e fana ka tlhahiso ea karolo e sebetsang bakeng sa HPA ts'ebelisong ea lithethefatsi tse ntlafalitsoeng. Lekhetlong lena ha e tsejoe ka nepo hore na ho itaola le litakatso tsa lithethefatsi ho bonts'a: (1) ts'ebetso ea CRF e amanang le ho hlahisa karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo, kapa (2) haeba ba itšetleha haholo ka karabelo e mpe ea cortisol ho CNS e ikarabellang ho laola nako le matla a likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo, kapa (3) haeba semelo sa karabelo ena se fetotsoe ka lebaka la phapang ea glucocorticoid receptor.

Tšebelisano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le boits'oaro ba lithethefatsi ho latela tsela e ts'oanang ea dopamine e arabelang nakong ea ho batla lithethefatsi le ho ja joala. Matšoenyeho ka bobeli le taolo e mpe ea lithethefatsi tse 'maloa tse hlekefelitsoeng li eketsa thabo ea li-neurop tsa dopamine tse hlahang sebakeng se poteletseng sa methapo ea kutlo (Saal et al., 2003). Glucocorticoid receptor blockade e thibela khatello ea kelello ea ntlafatso ea dopamine neuron, leha e sa thibele tšusumetso e bakoang ke lithethefatsi ho thabo ena. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore khatello ea maikutlo le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li ka qala litlamorao tsa tsona ka litsela tse fapaneng empa ka bobeli li sebetsa ho lits'ebetso tsa dopamine tsa bongoana joalo ka tsela e tloaelehileng ea ho itlhommela (Saal et al., 2003).

Bopaki bo kaholimo bo supa hore karabelo ea methapo ea methapo ho maikutlo a susumetsang maikutlo le likarabo tsa HPA khatello ea maikutlo ka bobeli li khahlisa ho amana le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ho lemalla ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, le monyetla oa ho khutlela ho motho. Tumellanong le mofuta ona o thehiloeng bokong, ho na le tšekamelo ea tšebeliso ea bokhoba ba ho lemalla ho ba teng ka malapeng, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore liphatsa tsa lefutso tse fanang ka kotsi ena li ama lits'ebetso tse tšoanang tsa boko tse fetotsoeng ka lebaka la bokhoba ba tahi (Cloninger, 1987; Cloninger et al., 1981). Boithuto bo tšohliloeng ka tlase bo bonts'a monyetla oa hore batho ba nang le nalane ea malapa ea joala ba nang le tahi ba ka be ba fetotse ts'ebetso ea opioid e ka amang ts'ebetso ea pele le ea maoto e hlokahalang ho lekola liketsahalo le ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic e tšehetsang boits'oaro ba lithethefatsi.

Eya ho:

4. Cortisol regulation ho batho ba kotsing e kholo ea ho lemalla

Ho na le lintlha tse 'maloa tse fanang ka maikutlo a ho fetoha ha karabelo ea axis ea HPA mabapi le bokhoba ba hona joale le ba nakong e fetileng le kotsi ea ho lemalla ka lebaka la nalane e ntle ea lelapa. Bopaki ba tšebelisano pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea HPA le tšebeliso ea joala, nicotine le lithethefatsi tse seng molaong li qala ka taba ea hore lintho tsena tsohle li baka likarabo tse mpe tsa HPA ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea pharmacologic (Rivier, 1996). Ntlha ea bobeli ea tšebelisano ke hore HPA e kanna ea emisoa ka tšebeliso e matla ea tšebeliso ea lintho tsena (Lipalesa tsa Adinoff le tsa Risher-Xisher, 1991). Ho fetoha hape hoa HPA ho batho ba kileng ba hlekefetsa kapa batho ba kotsing ea ho hlekefetsoa ka lebaka la nalane ea lelapa ho ka tsoa lipelong tsa kelello, ka hona ho hlaha ha ho se na tlhekefetso ea hona joale (Adinoff et al., 2005b; King et al., 2002).

Tlhahiso ena e qala ka ho fumana hore taolo ea joala e matla e eketsa ts'ebetso ea HPA ho likhoto (Rivier et al., 1984) le batho (Mendelson et al., 1971, 1966). Batho ba itšetlehileng ka joala, nikotini, le lithethefatsi tse ling ba ka bonts'a ts'ebetso e sa feleng ea HPA nakong ea tahi e boima (Steptoe le Ussher, 2006; Wand le Dobs, 1991) le nakong ea ho ikhula, ka tahlehelo ea mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho tjeka ka matsatsi a mangata ho isa libekeng kamora moo (Lipalesa tsa Adinoff le tsa Risher-Xisher, 1991). Mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho ts'oaroa o boetse oa etsoa ha ho lahloa litšila. Makhoba a tahi a boetse a fumana mofuta o tloaelehileng oa secretion oa curnisol ka nako e ka etsang beke ho isa ho tse 'ne.Adinoff et al., 2005a,b; Iranmanesh et al., 1989). Leha ho le joalo, molao oa HPA o kanna oa se ke oa tšoana ka ho felletseng le ka mor'a hore mokhoa oa ho tsitsa o fole. Adinoff o tlalehile hore lino tse tahang tse nang le tahi li na le karabelo e fokolang ea cortisol ho susumetso ea HPA ke CRF (Adinoff et al., 2005a,b).

Tumellanong le ho fumana hona, lino tse tahang tse nang le tahi li na le karabelo ea cortisol e sa bonahaleng ho khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea kelello bonyane libeke tsa 4 kamora ho qeta (Bernardy et al., 1996; Errico et al., 1993; Lovallo et al., 2000; Margraf et al., 1967). Lithutong tsena, baokameli le bakuli ba tlaleha maemo a lekanang a khatello ea maikutlo bakeng sa karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo, ka hona ba ahlola litlhaloso tse fapaneng kapa likarabo tsa maikutlo joalo ka lisosa tsa karabelo e sa utloahaleng. Lithuto tse ling tsa mofuta ona li boetse li lumellane hore likarabo tsa cortisol li fokotsehile ho khatello ea ho bua phatlalatsa ho basebelisi ba 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('ecstasy') (Gerra et al., 2003b) le ho maikutlo a mabe a susumetsoang ke lifoto tsa bokhoba ba heroin bo sa laoleheng (Gerra et al., 2003a). Linokoane tse tsebahalang tsa "heroin" le tsona li ne li fokolitse likarabo tsa "cortisol" nakong ea papali e hlohlelletsang lehloeo (Gerra et al., 2004). Ho ka bonahala eka lino tse tahang tse lemalloang, lithethefatsi tsa boloi, le basebelisi ba thabo e kholo li bonts'a maikutlo a phehellang a khatello ea maikutlo le litšusumetso tse amanang. Liphumano tsena li kopane li supa pherekano e sa khaotseng ea lipallo tse tloaelehileng tsa limbic system ho hypothalamus ho batho ba nang le bokhoni bo phahameng ba tlhekefetso. Hobane bakuli bana ba ne ba na le nalane ea nako e telele ea joala kapa tahi ea lithethefatsi, ha ho tsejoe haeba liphoso tsa bona tsa karabelo ea cortisol e ne e le litlamorao tsa ho nwa kapa ho lemalla lithethefatsi, haeba likarabo tsa HPA li ne li tla fola ha nako e ntse e feta, kapa haeba karabelo ea karabelo e supa phetohong e seng molaong ea tsamaiso ea methapo. taolo hodima HPA.

Phuputso ea morao-rao ea lino tse tahang e fana ka pono e fapaneng (Munro le al., 2005). Likarabo tse tšoanang tsa ACTH le cortisol li ile tsa bonoa taolong e phetseng hantle le lino tse tahang ka tekanyo e tloaelehileng ea lilemo tsa 3.5 le ho fihlela lilemo tse 17. Mohlomong hoa hlokomeleha hore lino tse tahang mabapi le ho ikoahlaela li ne li sa fapana le taolo ho matšoao a bona a tlalehiloeng a khatello ea maikutlo, e leng semelo se fapaneng le lithuto tse ngata tsa lino tse tahang. Ha ho hlake hang-hang haeba makhoba a joala a ne a boetse maemong a tloaelehileng a karabo ea HPA ka ho tlohela nako e telele, haeba ho ne ho bile joalo ka nako eo kaofela, kapa haeba ho hloka boiketlo ba kelello ho supa hore ha ba anngoe ke litšobotsi tsa bobeli tse amanang le axis ea HPA ea hyporesponsive. . Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tse senang thuso li hlahisa lipotso tse thusang mabapi le mehloli ea heterogeneity ka har'a joala. Phetoho karabelong ea HPA khatello ea maikutlo le phephetso ea opioid e kanna ea amana le khatello ea maikutlo kapa litšekamelo tse kantle ho naha, joalo ka ho batla ntho e ncha (Oswald et al., 2004)Sorocco et al., 2006). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore na ho ka ba le mekhoa efe bakeng sa mosebetsi oa nakong e tlang mabapi le lisosa tsa khatello ea mali ea HPA.

Eya ho:

5. Re boetse re bua ka phoso ea cortisol le bokhoba ba ho lemalla

Lithuto tse bonts'ang ho tlatsana hoa HPA hoa bohloka ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho hlahisa potso ea hore na phapang ea reactivity ke litholoana tsa bokhoba kapa tšobotsi ea batho bao ho buuoang ka bona. Bopaki bo fokolang, empa bo fana ka maikutlo, bo bonts'a hore HPA ea methapo e bonts'a ho teba ha ts'ebetso e tlasa mohopolo. Bakhoba ba tahi ho kalafo ba tloaetse ho khutla kapele ha ba e-na le likarabo tse nyane tsa cortisol khatellong ea puo ea sechaba (Junghanns et al., 2003) kapa karabelo ea likotsi tsa joala tsamaisong ea ho pepeseha hoa cue (Junghanns et al., 2005). Boithuto ho batho ba tsubang ba sa tsubeng, bo tlalehiloeng makasineng ena, bo bonts'a hore likarabelo tse nyane tsa khatello ea maikutlo li bontša ho khutla hape (al'Absi, 2006). Ho oela hape ho ne ho amana le boholo ba phokotso ea cortisol kamora ho khaotsa ho tsuba, ho bonts'a litekanyo tse tlase tsa tonic cortisol ho batho ba nang le monyetla o moholo oa ho khutla (Steptoe le Ussher, 2006).

Eya ho:

6. Opioid blockade, karabelo ea cortisol, le nalane e ntle ea lelapa ea joala

Boithuto bo sebelisang li-opioid blocking agents, naloxone le naltrexone, li fana ka leseli mabapi le sebopeho sa karabelo e sa hlakang ea HPA e hlokometsoeng ho lino tse tahang, mme ba ts'ehetsa mohopolo oa hore bofokoli bo joalo bo etella pele ho nooa haholo. Wand le basebetsi-mmoho ba ile ba kenya leraxone e kenang ho batho ba baholo ba sa sebetseng ka (FH +) le ntle le (FH−) nalane ea lelapa ea joala mme ba fumana hore FH + e bile le karabelo e kholo le e potlakileng ea cortisol kamora metsotso e latelang ea 120, ha e bapisoa le FH− (Wand et al., 1998). Liteko tse ling li laetse karohano ea karabelo e le mohloli oa liphetho tsena (Oswald le Wand, 2004). King o boetse o tlalehile hore naltrexone ea molomo e baka likarabo tse kholo le tse telele tsa cortisol ho FH + ho feta FH− (King et al., 2002). Bafetsi ba hae ba FH + ba tlalehile ho theoha ho hoholo ha maikutlo a ho ba mahlahahlaha, hape ba supa litlamorao tsa tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo ea opioid blockade. Liphetho tsena li bonts'a molao o fetotsoeng oa mantlha oa HPA ho FH + ba se nang nalane ea motho ea noang haholo.

Lithuto tse kaholimo li bonts'a hore likarabelo tsa HPA tse fihletsoeng bokhoba ba tahi li ka bonts'a phapang e reretsoeng ho nwa haholo. Feie. 2 e fetotsoe ho tsoa mokhoeng o ntlafalitsoeng ke Wand o fanang ka maikutlo a hore na li-neurone tse hlahisang li-opioid li ka sebetsa joang ho hypothalamus, preortal cortex, le brainstem ho susumetsa boikarabello ba HPA mabapi le kotsi ea lefutso ea joala. (1) Li-opioid neurons tse tsoang mokokotlong oa hypothalamus hangata li thibela CRF-neurons ea PVN, e thibela CRF ho isa leseling la pituitary, ka tsela eo e fokotsa tokollo ea ACTH le cortisol, mme mohlomong e fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo. Ka hona, thibelo ea Opioid e ntša PVN ho thibelo ena ea tonic, e lumellang tlhahiso ea cortisol ho phahama. (2) Li-neuron tsa opioid tse bokong ba boko hangata li thibela lisele tse hlahisang NE tsa locus ceruleus. Opioid blockade e ntša locus ceruleus ho tsoa tšusumetsong ena e thibelang, e lumellang NE ho lokolla ho kenya ts'ebetso li-CRF-neurons tsa PVN, hape e lumella tlhahiso ea cortisol hore e eketsehe. (3) Phello ea bobeli ea thibelo ea opioid e hlaha karolong e ka pele ea cortex. Li-opioid neurons hangata li etsa hore DA e lokolloe ka har'a li-nucleus accumbens. Thibelo ea Opioid e fokotsa tokollo ena ea DA, e ka fetolang maikutlo le ts'ebetso ea tlhaiso-leseling ea moputso. Ho latela mofuta oa Wand, thibelo ea opioid e ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea HPA, ea fokotsa katleho ea meputso, mme ea ba le litlamorao tse mpe maikutlong (King et al., 2002).

Feie. 2

Feie. 2

Litholoana tsa opioid blockade ho secretion ea cortisol. Opioid blockade e sebetsa bokong ho eketsa secretion ea cortisol le moea o fetolang moea. (1) Li-neurone tsa "opioid" tse tsoang mokokotlong oa "hypothalamus" ka tloaelo li thibela tlhahiso ea CRF ke li-neurons tsa PVN ...

Wand o etsa tlhahiso ea hore opioid blockade e ka baka litlamorao tse kholo tsa cortisol ho FH + ka lebaka la phapang ho gene ea μ-opioid receptor e hlahisang likhoutu bakeng sa tlhahiso ea "opioid receptor" e phahameng e amanang le li-neurons tsa CNS (Oswald le Wand, 2004). Ha ho etsoa liteko tsa maikutlo ana, banna ba nang le kopi e le 'ngoe kapa tse peli tsa alamo e phahameng ba bile le karabelo e kholo ea habeli ea cortisol ho opioid blockade ho feta kamoo liithuti tse neng li e-na le kamano e tlase. Sena se fana ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa karabelo e kholo ho opioid blockade e bonoang FH +, 'me e lumellana le karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo e bonahetseng ho fumaneng bokhoba ba tahi. Leha mofuta ona o fana ka sebopeho sa mochine bakeng sa liphetho tsa lithuto tsa opiate blockade, phapang e atileng ea batho ba phahameng ba amanang ha e e-so thehoe ho batho ba FH. Moetso oa opioid oa khahla hobane o oa hlahlojoa bathong le liphoofolong, ebile o fana ka leseli lipakeng tsa karabelo ea batho ea HPA, mekhoa ea dopamine, le ts'oaetso ea lefutso ea ho lemalla.

Eya ho:

7. Ho fetoha hoa khatello ea maikutlo hoa HPA ho batho ba kotsing ea ho lemalla

Ho fumana hore batho ba baholo ba nang le bo-ntate ba joala ba fetisitse likarabo tsa HPA ho opioid blockade ho hlahisa potso ea hore na ba arabela ka mokhoa o fapaneng le tšusumetso ea nonpharmacologic. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontša hore likarabo tsa khatello ea kelello li hlahisitsoe ho bacha le ho batho ba baholo bao batsoali ba bona ba nang le nalane ea joala. Moss, Vanyukov le basebetsi-mmoho ba lekile likarabo tsa cortisol ho khatello ea maikutlo ho 10- ho bashanyana ba lilemo li 12 bao bo-ntate ba bona e neng e le matahoa kapa ba lemaletse lithethefatsi (Moss et al., 1995, 1999). Lithutong tsena, lithuto li ile tsa kena sepetlele ho ea etsa tlhahlobo e amanang le ketsahalo e neng e etsa hore ho sebelisoe li-electrode tsa scalp le ho hokahana le lisebelisoa tse rarahaneng. Bangoli ka nepo ba ne ba nka sena e le khatello ea maikutlo e bonolo e bakang khatello ea maikutlo. Ba ne ba etsa sampole ea cortisol matlapeng a bokelloa pele le ka mora ts'ebetso. Bangoli ba hlalositse ho phahama ha cortisol pele ho ts'ebetso ho ba karabelo e thehiloeng ho tšoenyeha, e lebellang khatello ea maikutlo. Ho theoha ha cortisol kamora ts'ebetso ho nkuoe e le mokhoa oa ho khutlela mokokotlong o sa hatelloang, o sebelisitsoeng ho bontša boholo ba karabelo ea khatello. Bashemane ba FH + ba bonts'itse boemo bo tlase ba cortisol pele ho ts'ebetso le ho theoha ha cortisol ka mor'a moo, ho amanang le sehlopha sa FH−. Mosebetsi oa ho latela le bashanyana o bonts'itse hore likarabo tsa "cortisol" tse amanang le cortisol li ne li amana le teko e kholo ea koae le matekoane ha bashanyana ba le lilemo li 15 ho isa lilemong tsa 16, ho sa tsotelehe mofuta oa FH (Moss et al., 1999).

Bopaki bona bo hlahisa nalane ea lelapa ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi e le sesosa se fetolang karabelo ea CNS ho lits'oso tse ka bang teng tikolohong, ka ho fokotsa karabelo ea cortisol. Bangoli bana ba beha boitšoaro bo sa rateheng ho ntate le ho mora e le ba boletseng esale pele ba khatello ea maikutlo. Bashemane ba nang le matšoao a eketsehileng a bokuli ba boitšoaro le bo-ntat’a bona ba bonts'itseng matšoao a ho hloka pherekano botho bo fokolitse maemo a cortisol le ho ikarabella ka mokhoa o tšoanang.Vanyukov et al., 1993), mme ba ne ba na le maemo a holimo a boletsoeng esale pele a kotsi ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi nakong e tlang (Dawes et al., 1999). Lithuto tsena li supa ho haella ha karabelo ea litšokelo tse ka bang teng, 'me li hatisa boteng ba litloaelo tsa boits'oaro e le tšobotsi e tlatsetsang. Litloaelo tse khahlano le batho ba bang ke sesupo sa karabelo e nyarosang ea maikutlo ho liketsahalo tse tloaetseng ho fetoha, ba tloaetse ho tsamaea le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, 'me ba na le motheo o tsebahalang oo ba o futsitseng (Langbehn et al., 2003).

Phuputso ea morao-rao e ile ea bapisa karabelo ea HPA ka kotloloho le karabelo ea opioid blockade vs. karabelo ea khatello ea kelello ea puo ea phatlalatsa (Oswald et al., 2004). Ho ile ha hlahella lintlha tse peli tse fumanoeng. Taba ea pele, batho ba ne ba tšoana haholo kapa ba sa ts'oenyehe ho sebetsana ka katleho le liphephetso tsena ka bobeli, ho bontša khokahano ea r= .57 ho karabelo ea ACTH, e bonts'a mekhoa e matla ea phapang ea motho ka mong ho sa na le mathata a arohaneng. Taba ea bobeli, tšobotsi ea ho batla bocha e boletse esale pele phapang e tsitsitseng ho lithuto tsohle. Ho batla nalane ke karolo ea tekanyo ea disinhibition e amanang le kotsi ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi lithutong tse ling (Cloninger, 1987). Le ha ho le joalo, boemong bona, batho ba batlang bocha haholo ba ne ba le tlase haholo, ba le tlase, ba le maiketsetso ho feta ba tlase tšobong ena. Ntle le moo, lihlopha tsa likotsi li ne li sa fapana ka karabelo ea cortisol. Sena se bonts'a hore ACTH le cortisol li lokela ho ts'oaroa ha ho khoneha lithutong tse joalo le hore litšekamelo tse kantle ho naha li ka bolela karabelo e fetotseng ea liqholotso tsa tlhaho le tsa kelello. Ho fumana sena ho lokela ho lekoa le ho feta bathong ba kotsing ea ho hlaseloa ke lelapa.

Mosebetsing o tlalehiloeng makasineng ena e ikhethang, re hlahlobile bana ba banyenyane ba batsoali ba joala 'me ra ba imetsa ka khatello ea kelello ka lab (Sorocco et al., 2006). Lithuto tsena li ne li tsofetse ho feta lithuto tse lekiloeng ke Moss le basebetsi mmoho, mme li ile tsa lekoa ka letsatsi la khatello le letsatsi la phomolo ho fumana mokhoa o hlalositsoeng hantle oa basal cortisol secretion. Lithuto tsena li ne li thathamisitsoe joalo ka tloaelo ea batho ba sebelisanang le litaba tsa sechaba sa sechaba sa Sociability Scale of California.Gough, 1994; Kosson et al., 1994). Sehlopha sa ka tlase se neng se le FH + ebile se le tlase sechabeng se ne se e-na le karabelo e matla ea cortisol. Liphetho li lumellane ka botlalo le mosebetsi ho bacha. Ho lokela ho boletsoe lintlha tse peli. (1) Phokotso e ngata ea karabelo ea cortisol lithutong tsena ka bobeli ho bonahala e amana le litšobotsi tsa antisocial tsa lihlopha tsa FH +. (2) Phuputso e latelang e fumane hore cortisol ka boeona e ne e le moetapele ea matla oa tšebeliso ea nicotine le matekoane (Moss et al., 1999).

Eya ho:

8. Summary

Cortisol e lekantsoeng ka mathe e loketse lithuto tsa batho hobane e kanna ea fuoa sampole e sa senyehe kahare le kantle ho laboratori le mabapi le libaka tse ngata tsa boitšoaro (Kirschbaum le Hellhammer, 1989). HPA ke sistimi ea bohlokoa e lokelang ho hlahlojoa mabapi le kotsi ea lelapa kapa ho lemalla. Joalokaha Wand a bontša, "Ho ithuta ho lokolloa ha lihormone tsa HPA ho fana ka fensetere ho ts'ebetso ea CNS mme ho ka senola liphapang lits'ebetsong tsa methapo e le ts'ebetso ea bokhoba ba tahi le nalane ea lelapa ea joala"Oswald le Wand, 2004).

Kotsi ea bokhoba ba tahi le mefuta e meng ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi e bonahala e le kholo ho batho ba nang le kotsi ea liphatsa tsa lefutso bakeng sa bokuli bo lemalloang, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke nalane ea lelapa ea mathata a joalo. Kotsi e futsitsoeng e kanna ea tlamahanngoa le liphetoho tsa sistimi ea boko e etsang karabelo ea maikutlo maemong a susumetsang. Haholo-holo, batho ba nang le karabelo e fokotsehileng ea "cortisol" mokhoeng o tloaelehileng oa ts'okelo ba ka ba kotsing e kholo ea liteko tsa nako e tlang tsa lithethefatsi le joala. Taba ea hore karabelo ea "cortisol" e sa hlakang e bonahala e le monyetla oa ho etsahala ho batho ba nang le litšobotsi tse sa rateheng sechabeng e boetse e ama litsamaiso tse susumetsang tsa boko e le sehokelo sa kotsi e futsitsoeng. Tlhahiso ea Cortisol ka bobeli ke karabelo ebile ke mohloli o matla oa ho fana ka maikutlo ho litsamaiso tse loketseng tsa boko. Tlhaloso ena ka boeona e ka fetola boikarabello ba nako e telele ea prefrontal cortex le limbic system. Menehelo e lekanyelitsoeng ea likarolo tsa phepo ea cortisol le phepelo ea litlatsetso ha e so ikemisetse.

Eya ho:

lumela hore baa fokola

E ts'ehetsoe ke Lefapha la Litaba tsa Veterans le Grant Nos AA12207 le M01 RR14467 ho tsoa ho US Public Health Service, Setsi sa Naha sa Bophelo, Setsi sa Naha sa Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Joala le Tahi, le Setsi sa Naha sa Litlhahiso tsa Lichelete, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Eya ho:

References

  1. Adinoff B, Risher-Flowers D. Ho senyeha ha hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis e sebetsang nakong ea ho tlosoa hoa ethanol ho banna ba tšeletseng. Ke J Psychiatry. 1991; 148: 1023-1025. [E fetotsoe]
  2. Adinoff B, Krebaum SR, Chandler PA, Ye W, brown MB, Williams MJ. Ho arohana ha hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis pathology ho banna ba lemaletseng joala ba nang le khoeli ba 1: Karolo ea 1. Karabelo ea adrenocortical le pituitary glucocorticoid. Mofuta Oa Kliniki 2005a; 29: 517-527. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  3. Adinoff B, Krebaum SR, Chandler PA, Ye W, brown MB, Williams MJ. Ho arohana ha hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis pathology ho banna ba lemaletseng joala ba nang le khoeli ba 1: Karolo ea 2. Karabo ea ovine corticotropin-releasing factor le naloxone. Mofuta Oa Kliniki 2005b; 29: 528-537. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  4. Ahmed SH, Koob GF. Ho fetoloa ho tloha ho itekanetseng ho ea ho lithethefatsi tse ngata: fetola ho hedonic set point. Saense. 1998; 282: 298-300. [E fetotsoe]
  5. al'Absi M. Likarabo tse fetotsoeng tsa psychoendocrine ho khatello ea maikutlo le kotsi ea ho tsuba hape. Int J Phekolo ea kelello. 2006; tse 58 [E fetotsoe]
  6. Amaral DG, Price JL, Pitkanen A, Carmichael ST. Mokhatlo oa anatomical of the primate amygdaloid tata. Ka: Aggleton JP, mohlophisi. The Amygdala: Likarolo tsa Neurobiological tsa Emotion, Memory, le Dysfunction tsa Mental, Edn. Wiley-Liss, Inc .; New York: 1992. maq. 1-66.
  7. American_Psychiatric_Association. Tlhatlhobo le Buka ea Bophatlalatsi ea Mathata a kelello, Ed. Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association; Washington, DC: 1994.
  8. Bernardy NC, King AC, Parsons OA, Lovallo WR. Karabelo e fetotsoeng ea cortisol ho lino tse tahang: tlhahlobo ea lintlha tse tlatsetsang. Joala. 1996; 13: 493-498. [E fetotsoe]
  9. Bradbury MJ, Akana SF, Dallman MF. Likarolo tsa mofuta oa I le II li-cepticosteroid li-receptor maemong a tšebetso ea basal ho hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis nakong ea kotlo ea diurnal le tlhoro: bopaki ba phello e sa fetoheng ea ho kopanya li-receptor. Endocrinology. 1994; 134: 1286-1296. [E fetotsoe]
  10. Breese GR, Knapp DJ, Dst ea morao-rao. Khatello ea maikutlo ea khatello ea ho tlosoa hoa ethanol ho kenyelletsang ts'ebelisanong ea sechaba: inhibition ke CRF-1 le benzodiazepine receptor antagonists le 5-HT1A-receptor agonist. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004; 29: 470-482. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  11. Broadbear JH, Winger G, Woods JH. Ho iphelisa ka fentanyl, cocaine le ketamine: litlamorao ho axel ea pituitary-adrenal ho litšoene tsa rhesus. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2004; 176: 398-406. [E fetotsoe]
  12. Burns L, Teesson M. Tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang e baka ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo le mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Liphumano ho tsoa ho Patlisiso ea Sechaba ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello ea Australia le ho ba hantle. Lithethefatsi. 2002; 68: 299-307. [E fetotsoe]
  13. Carboni E, Silvagni A, Rolando MT, Di Chiara G. Ho hlohlelletsa phetiso ea vivo dopamine mokokotlong oa bethe ea stria terminalis ka ho tiisa lithethefatsi. J Neurosci. 2000; 20: RC102. [E fetotsoe]
  14. Cloninger CR. Mekhoa e metle ea phekolo ea joala. Saense. 1987; 236: 410-416. [E fetotsoe]
  15. Cloninger CR, Bohman M, Sigvardsson S. Lefa la ts'ebeliso e mpe ea joala: tšusumetso ea tšusumetso ea banna ba nkiloeng. Psychology ea Arch Gen. 1981; 38: 861-868. [E fetotsoe]
  16. Czeisler CA, Ede MC, Regestein QR, Kisch ES, Fang VS, Ehrlich EN. Episodic 24-hora ea li-cortisol tsa lekunutu ho bakuli ba emeng ts'ebetso ea mokokotlo oa pelo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1976; 42: 273-283. [E fetotsoe]
  17. Dawes M, Clark D, Moss H, Kirisci L, Tarter R. Malapa le likamano tsa lithaka tsa boitšoaro bo botle ho bashanyana ba kotsing ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. Am J Juse drug Usecohol. 1999; 25: 219-237. [E fetotsoe]
  18. De Kloet ER, Reul JM. Ketso ea ho fana ka maikutlo le tšusumetso ea tonic ea corticosteroids ts'ebetsong ea boko: mohopolo o hlahisoang ke heterogeneity ea li-system receptor tsa boko. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1987; 12: 83-105. [E fetotsoe]
  19. Deroche-Gamonet V, Sillaber I, Aouizerate B, Izawa R, Jaber M, Ghozland S, Kellendonk C, Le Moal M, Spanagel R, Schutz G, Tronche F, Piazza PV. Glucocorticoid receptor e le sepheo se ka bang teng sa ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea koae. J Neurosci. 2003; 23: 4785-4790. [E fetotsoe]
  20. Elman I, Lukas SE, Karlsgodt KH, Gicic GP, Breiter HC. Ts'ebetso ea cortisol e hlohlelletsang e tsosa takatso ea batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea koae. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2003; 37: 84-89. [E fetotsoe]
  21. Errico AL, Parsons OA, King AC, Lovallo WR. Karabelo ea cortisol e lebisoang ho khatello ea kelello ea bokhoba ba tahi haholo. J Stud Joala. 1993; 54: 393-398. [E fetotsoe]
  22. Figueiredo HF, Bruestle A, Bodie B, Dolgas CM, Herman JP. Cortex ea morusu e tlang pele ho litekanyetso e laola phapang e bakoang ke khatello ea maikutlo-fos polelo e phatleng, ho latela mofuta oa khatello ea maikutlo. Eur J Neurosci. 2003; 18: 2357-2364. [E fetotsoe]
  23. Gerra G, Baldaro B, Zaimovic A, Moi G, Bussandri M, Raggi MA, Brambilla F. Neuroendocrine o araba maikutlo a susumetsang a ho leka har'a maikutlo a ts'epahalitsoeng a opioid a itšetlehileng ka ona. Lithethefatsi. 2003a; 71: 25-35. [E fetotsoe]
  24. Gerra G, Bassignana S, Zaimovic A, Moi G, Bussandri M, Caccavari R, Brambilla F, Molina E. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo lithutong tse nang le 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine ('ecstasy') e sebelisa nalane: ntlafatso le sensopivity ea dopamine. Psychiatry Res. 2003b; 120: 115-124. [E fetotsoe]
  25. Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Moi G, Bussandri M, Bubici C, Mossini M, Raggi MA, Brambilla F. Aggressive ea arabelang litlatsetsong tsa heroin tse thibelang: li-neuroendocrine le li-correlates tsa botho. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004; 28: 129-139. [E fetotsoe]
  26. Khopolo-taba ea Gough H. Theolo, nts'etsopele, le tlhaloso ea tekanyo ea bosholu ba CPI. Psychol Rep. 1994; 75: 651-700. [E fetotsoe]
  27. Halgren E. Emotional neurophysiology ea amygdala kahare ho kutloisiso ea motho. Ka: Aggleton JP, mohlophisi. The Amygdala: Likarolo tsa Neurobiological tsa Emotion, Memory, le Dysfunction tsa Mental, Edn. Wiley-Liss; New York: 1992. maq. 191-228.
  28. Harris GC, Aston-Jones G. Ho kenella ha li-receptor tsa dopamine tsa D2 ho li-nucleus bokellanang ho lefu la ho tlosoa ha opiate. Tlhaho. 1994; 371: 155-157. [E fetotsoe]
  29. Herman JP, Figueiredo H, Mueller NK, Ulrich-Lai Y, Ostrander MM, Choi DC, Cullinan WE. Mekhoa e bohareng ea ho kopanya khatello ea maikutlo: ho potoloha ha hierarkical ho laola ho arabela ha hypothalamo- pituitary-adrenocortical. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2003; 24: 151-180. [E fetotsoe]
  30. Iranmanesh A, Veldhuis JD, Johnson ML, Lizarralde G. 24-hora ea pulsatile le mekhoa ea potoloho ea secretion ea cortisol ho banna ba tahi. J Androl. 1989; 10: 54-63. [E fetotsoe]
  31. Junghanns K, Backhaus J, Tietz U, Lange W, Bernzen J, Wetterling T, Rink L, Driessen M. Impaired serum cortisol Karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo ke ponelopele ea ho khutlela morao. Joala Joang. 2003; 38: 189-193. [E fetotsoe]
  32. Junghanns K, Tietz U, Dibbelt L, Kuether M, Jurth R, Ehrenthal D, Blank S, Backhaus J. Attenuated salivary cortisol secretion tlasa ponts'o ea cue e amana le ho khutla hape. Joala Joang. 2005; 40: 80-85. [E fetotsoe]
  33. King AC, Schluger J, Gunduz M, Borg L, Perret G, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Karabelo ea axothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) le biotransformation ea naltrexone ea molomo: tlhahlobo ea pele ea kamano ea nalane ea lelapa ea joala. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002; 26: 778-788. [E fetotsoe]
  34. Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH. Salivary cortisol lipatlisisong tsa psychobiological: kakaretso. Neuropsychobiology. 1989; 22: 150-169. [E fetotsoe]
  35. Koob GF. Ho lemalla joala: allostasis le ho feta. Mofuta Oa Kliniki 2003; 27: 232-243. [E fetotsoe]
  36. Koob GF, Bloom FE. Mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale le tsa limolek'hule tse itšetlehileng ka lithethefatsi. Saense. 1988; 242: 715-723. [E fetotsoe]
  37. Koob GF, Le Moal M. Tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Saense. 1997; 278: 52-58. [E fetotsoe]
  38. Koob GF, Rassnick S, Heinrichs S, Weiss F. Alcohol, sistimi ea moputso le ho its'etleha. EXS. 1994; 71: 103-114. [E fetotsoe]
  39. Kosson DS, Steuerwald BL, Newman JP, Widom CS. Kamano lipakeng tsa bochaba le boits'oaro bo bobe, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, le likhohlano tsa malapa ho baithuti ba koleche. J Pers Tlhahlobo. 1994; 63: 473-488. [E fetotsoe]
  40. Langbehn DR, Cadoret RJ, Caspers K, Troughton EP, Yucuis R. Lintho tse kotsing ea tlhaho le tikoloho bakeng sa ho qaleha ha tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le mathata likomiting. Lithethefatsi. 2003; 69: 151-167. [E fetotsoe]
  41. Lazaro RS, Folkman S. Matšoenyeho, Tlhahlobo le ho Kopitsa, Ed. Springer; New York: 1984.
  42. LEDoux JE. Lisebelisoa tsa mohopolo tsa kelello bokong. Behav Brain Res 1993; 58: 69-79. [E fetotsoe]
  43. Linkowski P, Van Onderbergen A, Kerkhofs M, Bosson D, Mendlewicz J, Van Cauter E. Twin thuto ea 24-h cortisol profil: bopaki bakeng sa taolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso molemong oa motho oa potoloho ea motho. Ke J Physiol. 1993; 264: E173-E181. [E fetotsoe]
  44. Lovallo WR, Gerin W. Psychophysiological reactivity: methapo ea methapo le litsela tsa lefu la pelo. Psychosom Med. 2003; 65: 36-45. [E fetotsoe]
  45. Lovallo WR, Thomas TL. Lihormone tsa khatello ea maikutlo lipatlisisong tsa kelello: litlamorao tsa maikutlo, boits'oaro le kelello. Ka: Cacioppo JT, Tassinary LG, Berntson G, bahlophisi. Handbook of Psychophysiology. 2nd. Pressridge University Press; New York: 2000. maq. 342-367.
  46. Lovallo WR, Dickensheets SL, Myers D, Nixon SJ. Karabelo e sithabetsang ea cortisol e tlontlollang ho banna ba lemaletseng tahi le polysubstance. Mofuta Oa Kliniki 2000; 24: 651-658. [E fetotsoe]
  47. Margraf HW, Moyer CA, Ashford LE, Lavalle LW. Ts'ebetso ea adrenocortical ho lino tse tahang. J Surg Res. 1967; 7: 55-62. [E fetotsoe]
  48. McEwen BS, Weiss JM, Schwartz LS. Ho bolokoa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa corticosterone ke likarolo tsa limbic bokong ba rat. Tlhaho. 1968; 220: 911-912. [E fetotsoe]
  49. Mendelson JH, Stein S, McGuire MT. Lithuto tse bapisang tsa kelello tsa kelello tse amanang le joala le tseo e seng tsa joala tse entsoeng tlhatlhobo ea ethanol. Psychosom Med. 1966; 28: 1-12. [E fetotsoe]
  50. Mendelson JH, Ogata M, Mello NK. Ts'ebetso ea adrenal le joala ba joala: I. Serum cortisol. Psychosom Med. 1971; 33: 145-157. [E fetotsoe]
  51. Moss HB, Vanukov MM, Martin CS. Likarabo tsa salivary cortisol le kotsi ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi ho bashanyana ba tlang pele ho nako. Psychology ea Biol. 1995; 38: 547-555. [E fetotsoe]
  52. Moss HB, Vanyukov M, Yao JK, Kirillova GP. Likarabo tsa salivary cortisol ho bashanyana ba tlotseng: litlamorao tsa tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi tsa motsoali le ho tloaelana le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi nakong ea bohlankana. Psychology ea Biol. 1999; 45: 1293-1299. [E fetotsoe]
  53. Munro CA, Oswald LM, Weerts EM, McCaul ME, Wand GS. Karabelo ea Hormone khatellong ea sechaba lithutong tse lemaletseng joala le lino tse tahang tse senang nalane ea ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang. Mofuta Oa Kliniki 2005; 29: 1133-1138. [E fetotsoe]
  54. Oswald LM, Wand GS. Li-opioid le joala. Physiol Behav. 2004; 81: 339-358. [E fetotsoe]
  55. Oswald LM, Mathena JR, Wand GS. Ho bapisoa ha likarabo tsa li-hormonal tsa HPA axis ho naloxone vs. khatello ea kelello le kelellong. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004; 29: 371-388. [E fetotsoe]
  56. Pacak K, Palkovits M, Kopin IJ, Goldstein DS. Ho imoloha ha khatello ea maikutlo norepinephrine e hlahisang khatello ea maikutlo le methapo e amanang le khatello ea maikutlo: lithutong tsa vivo microdialysis. Front Neuroendocrinol. 1995; 16: 89-150. [E fetotsoe]
  57. Petrusz P, Merchenthaler I. Sisteme ea corticotropin-releasing factor. Ka: Nemeroff CB, mohlophisi. Neuroendocrinology. 1st. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL: 1992. maq. 129-183.
  58. Piazza PV, Le Moal M. Karolo ea khatello ea maikutlo ho tsamaisong ea lithethefatsi. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1998; 19: 67-74. [E fetotsoe]
  59. Rivier C. joala bo tsosa secretion ea ACTH ka hara rat: mekhoa ea ts'ebetso le ho sebelisana le maikutlo a mang. Mofuta Oa Kliniki 1996; 20: 240-254. [E fetotsoe]
  60. Rivier C, Bruhn T, Vale W. Phello ea ethanol ho hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ka hara rat: karolo ea corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1984; 229: 127-131. [E fetotsoe]
  61. Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Carrera MR, Navarro M, Koob GF, Weiss F. Ts'ebetso ea corticotropin-e lokollang sesosa tsamaisong ea limbic nakong ea ho khaotsa cannabinoid. Mahlale. 1997; 276: 2050-2054. [E fetotsoe]
  62. Rolls ET, Stringer SM. Mohlala oa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa maikutlo le memori. Marang-rang. 2001; 12: 89-109. [E fetotsoe]
  63. Saal D, Dong Y, Bonci A, Malenka RC. Lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso le khatello ea kelello li baka tloaelo e tloaelehileng ea synaptic ho dopamine neurons. Neuron. 2003; 37: 577-582. [E fetotsoe]
  64. Sanchez MM, LJ e Mocha, Plotsky PM, Insel TR. Tsamaiso ea li-receptor tsa corticosteroid bokong ba rhesus: ho ba sieo ha li-glucocorticoid receptors ka sebopeho sa hippocampal. J Neurosci. 2000; 20: 4657-4668. [E fetotsoe]
  65. Selye H. Thymus le li-adrenals ha karabelo ea setho e le likotsi le ho taoa. Br J Exp Pathol. 1936; 17: 234-248.
  66. Sinha R, Fuse T, Aubin LR, O'Malley SS. Ho imeloa kelellong, kelello e amanang le lithethefatsi le takatso ea k'hok'heine. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2000; 152: 140-148. [E fetotsoe]
  67. Sorocco KH, Lovallo WR, Vincent AS, Collins FL. Karabelo e ferekanyang ea hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis e nang le khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba nang le nalane ea lelapa ea joala. Int J Psychophysiol. 2006; 58 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  68. Steptoe A, Ussher M. Ho tsuba, cortisol le nikotini. Int J Psychophysiol. 2006; 58 [E fetotsoe]
  69. Tapert SF, Baratta MV, Abrantes AM, Brown SA. Tebello ea kelello e lebisa tlhokomelo ho kenelletseng litabeng ho bacha ba sechaba. J Am Acad Letsoalo la Bokoana. 2002; 41: 680-686. [E fetotsoe]
  70. Valdez GR, Zorrilla EP, Roberts AJ, Koob GF. Ho ts'oaroa ha corticotropin-releasing factor ho hlahisa karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea khatello ea maikutlo e bonoang nakong ea ho itšunya-tšunya ha ethanol. Joala. 2003; 29: 55-60. [E fetotsoe]
  71. Van Cauter E, Shapiro ET, Tillil H, Polonsky KS. Circadian modulation ea tsoekere le likarabo tsa insulin lijong: Kamano le morethetho oa cortisol. Ke J Physiol. 1992; 262: E467-E475. [E fetotsoe]
  72. Vanyukov MM, Moss HB, Plail JA, Blackson T, Mezzich AC, Tarter RE. Matšoao a ho hlonepha bashanyana ba pele ho nako le ho batsoali ba bona: ho tloaelana le cortisol. Psychiatry Res. 1993; 46: 9-17. [E fetotsoe]
  73. Wand GS, Dobs AS. Liphetoho ho hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ea ho noeleng joala ka matla. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991; 72: 1290-1295. [E fetotsoe]
  74. Wand GS, Mangold D, El Deiry S, McCaul ME, Hoover D. Nalane ea lelapa ea botaoa le ts'ebetso ea hypothalamic opioidergic. Psychology ea Arch Gen. 1998; 55: 1114-1119. [E fetotsoe]