Ho fokotseha ha mosebetsi oa Moputso oa Bokooa Nahana ka Nicotine- le Methamphetamine-Ho khaotsa ho hlaseloa ha li-Rats (2011))

Curr Neuropharmacol. 2011 Mar; 9 (1): 63-67.

doi:  10.2174/157015911795017218

Sehlooho sena se bile teng e boletsoeng ke lihlooho tse ling ho PMC.

Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Morero oa thuto e teng hona joale e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso hore na ts'ebetso ea moputso oa boko e fokotseha nakong ea ho khaotsa nicotine le methamphetamine, le hore na ts'ebetso ea moputso e fokotsehileng e amana le ho hlohlona nakong ea ho tlohela lithethefatsi tsena. Bakeng sa sepheo seo, likhoto tsa banna tsa Sprague-Dawley li ile tsa kenngoa ka mokhoa o sa ts'oaneng ka 9 mg / kg ka nicotine ka letsatsi, kapa ka 6 mg / kg ka letsatsi methamphetamine e sebelisa osmotic minipumps. Ka mokhoa o makatsang oa ho itšunya-tšunya (ICSS) paradigm, infusion e sa feleng ea nicotine le methamphetamine e fokotse methati ea li-ICSS tsa morao-rao, athe bahanyetsi ba bona, mecamylamine le haloperidol ba ile ba eketsa menyako ea ICSS litoeba tse tšoaroang ka nicotine le methamphetamine, ka ho latellana. Sebakeng se nang le moea se bitsoang parversig parmig, mecamylamine le haloperidol li hlahisitse mokhoa oa ho hloea likhoto tse tsoang ka nicotine- le methamphetamine. Ho khahlisang, ho phahamisoa ha meputso ea moputso oa ICSS le ho tsitsipanya nakong ea ho tlosoa ha nicotine e neng e entsoe ka nako e tšoanang ho ne ho batla ho tšoana le ho hoholo ha ho khaotsoa ha methamphetamine ea haloperidol. Phuputso e teng hona joale e bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ea moputso oa boko ba 1) e fokotsehile nakong ea ha nicotine le methamphetamine e tlosoa, le 2) ho fokotseha ha ts'ebetso ea moputso ho ka bonts'a boemo bo bobe ba ho ameha (aversion) nakong ea ho khaola nicotine le methamphetamine.

Keywords: Nicotine, methamphetamine, intracranial e tsosang takatso, boemo ba moea bo nyenyefatsang, tsamaiso ea moputso oa boko, ho ikhula.

1. LEHLOHONOLO

Bopaki ba tliliniki bo bontša hore matšoao a amanang le ho nyekeloa ke lefutso a ka sebetsa haholoanyane litakatsong tsa lithethefatsi le ho khutlela hape ts'ebelisong e mpe ea lithethefatsi ho feta lipontšo tsa ho tlohela [1-3]. Ke ka lona lebaka leo, likarolo tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi li entsoeng lipatlisiso ka mokhoa o pharalletseng li sebelisa mefuta e fapaneng ea li-paradigms tsa liteko. Har'a bona, mokhoa oa ho intlafatsa oa ho intlafatsa (ICSS) o sebelisoa haholo ho lekanya ts'ebetso ea moputso oa boko. Lithutong tsa liphoofolo, tsamaiso e matla ea lithethefatsi ea tlhekefetso e fokotsa likotsi tsa moputso oa ICSS [4, 5] mme maikutlo ana a eketsehang a ho susumetsa ho nkoa e le mohopolo oa euphoria e khothalletsoang ke lithethefatsi [6]. Ntle le moo, ho nahanoa hore moputso oa ICSS o ka amoheloa ka mor'a ho pheta-pheta ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, e hlahisoang ke liphetoho tse fetohileng tsa tsamaiso ea moputso oa boko, hape e bonts'a dysphoria nakong ea ho tlohela lithethefatsi [7, 8]. Boithuto bo bongata bo bonts'itse maemo a phahameng lithutong tsa moputso oa ICSS nakong ea ho khaotsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ho kenyelletsa amphetamine [9], cocaine [6], opiates [10], ethanol [11], le nikotine [12], tseo kaofela li tšehetsang khopolo e boletsoeng ka holimo. Ka hona, thuto ea hona joale e etselitsoe ho hlakisa hore na maemo a phahameng a meputso a ICSS a amana le boemo bo fosahetseng ba ho tlohela, ka ho toba a shebane le mefuta e 'meli e fapaneng ea psychostimulants, nikotine le methamphetamine.

2. LISEBELISOA LE MEKHOA

2.1. Liphoofolo

Liroto tse mashome a supileng a metso e 'meli tsa banna tsa Sprague-Dawley (332-396 g) tse fumanoeng ho Clea Japan Inc. (Tokyo) li ne li bolokiloe ka tlung kahare ka phapusing ea liphoofolo ka mocheso o laoloang (22 ± 2 ºC) ka lebili le bobebe la 12 / 12 Lihora (lebelo ho 8: 00 AM). Tekanyo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e fepiloe 15 g ea lijo ka letsatsi (metsi a fumaneha ka bolokolohi) ho pholletsa le liteko, ntle le nako ea matsatsi a 3 pele le matsatsi a 7 ka mor'a ho buuoa. Teko ena e entsoe ho latela Molao-motheo oa Tlhokomelo ea Liphoofolo ea Laboraro ea Sekolo sa Bongaka sa Jikei.

2.2. Lithethefatsi

(-) - nicotine hydrogen tartrate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), mecamylamine hydrochloride (Sigma), (-) methamphetamine hydrochloride (Dainipponn Seiyaku, Japane), le haloperidol hydrochloride (Sigma) di ile tsa qhibiliha ka saline mme tsa kenngwa ka hara molumo oa 1.0 ml / kg.

2.3. Ho Iphetisa ka Matla

2.3.1. Lisebelisoa

Kamore e sebetsang e tloaelehileng ea 29.5 (W) x 23.5 (L) x 28.7 (H) cm (ENV-008; Med Associates, Inc., St. Albans, VT, USA) e nang le lever e le ngoe le leseli la cue kaholimo ho lever. leboteng le ka pele 'me ho ne ho sebelisoa lebone la ntlo leboteng le ka morao. Mabota a ne a entsoe ka Plexiglas e sa bonahaleng.

2.3.2. Ho buuoa

Likhoto li ne li sa anngoe ka sodium pentobarbital (50mg / kg, ip) 'me li ne li hlophisitsoe ka motlakase oa tšepe oa "bipolar" (Neuroscience, Japan) ka morao ho hypothalamus (ho hokahanya 3.8mm ka morao ho bregma; 1.4mm hamorao ho isa bohareng; 8.4mm ho atlas ea Paxinos le Watson [13]. Ho loants'oa li-asymmetries tsa bokong, halofo ea likhoto li ile tsa kenngoa ka lehlakoreng le letona la boko, e 'ngoe ka lehlakoreng le letšehali.

2.3.3. Tsamaiso

Likopanong tsa thupelo ea ICSS, leseli la ntlo le lebone la cue li ile tsa buloa le sepheo sa motlakase se ne se fanoa nako le nako hang kamora hore Rate e hatelle lever. Tlhotlo e ne e na le 1.5 msec rectangular csesodses, e hlahisoang ke 100 Hz bakeng sa 150 msec e nang le nako ea teng ea 120 μA. Seboka se seng le se seng sa koetliso se ile sa nka metsotso e 15. Koetliso ea ICSS e fuoe bonyane bakeng sa matsatsi a 6 mme ea tsoela pele ho fihlela palo ea khatiso ea lever e ne e feta 30 ka motsotsoana bakeng sa matsatsi a 3 a latellanang.

Ho lekanya motheo oa karabo ea ICSS, tlhahlobo ea motheo e ile ea etsoa bakeng sa metsotso ea 15 pele ho tlhahlobo e ngoe le e 'ngoe ea ICSS. Ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo ea motheo e ne e ts'oana le lithutong tsa ICSS. Teko ea monyako oa ICSS e ne e entsoe ka li-bins tsa 11 tsa nako ea 3 min tse arotsoeng ke 1 min time out. Nakong ea kantle, lebone la ntlo le lebone la cue li ne li tima. Karolong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tlhahlobo, mabone ana a ile a buloa 'me likhoto li fumana matla a motlakase ka mor'a mochini o mong le o mong oa khatiso. Holima lits'oaea, moelelo oa motlakase oa motlakase o fokotsoe ke 10 μA ho tloha 120 μA ho 20 μA ka tatellano.

Motheo oa botsitso oa ICSS o thehiloe bakeng sa likhoto tsohle pele ho ho kenngoa lipompo. Ka letsatsi 1, osmotic minipump (Alzet 2001, Alza Corporation, CA, USA) e nang le sekhahla sa phallo ea 1.03 μl / h e tlatsitsoeng ke nikotine kapa methamphetamine ka saline e kentsoe ka mokhoa o sa ts'oaneng ho litoeba tse neng li entsoe ka mokhoa oa diselete. Khokahano ea nicotine le methamphetamine e ile ea fetoloa bakeng sa phapang ea boima ba 'mele, empa e ne e batla e le 116 le 77.3 mg / ml, ho etsa hore infusionane e tsoelang pele e kenelle ka sekhahla sa 9 mg / kg ka letsatsi la nicotine le ka tekanyo ea 6 mg / kg ka letsatsi la methamphetamine ho latela mokhoa oa thuto e fetileng [14]. Teko ea monyako oa ICSS e entsoe ka letsatsi la 2, 4, le 6 kamora ho kenngoa ha li-minipumps.

Letsatsing la 7 kamora ho kenngoa hanyane ka thipa, litoeba li amohetse mecamylamine (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg / kg, sc) ka lihlopha tsa nicotine- le tse sebelisang letsoai, kapa haloperidol (0.0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 mg / kg, sc) ho li-methamphetamine- le lihlopha tse kentsoeng letsoai, metsotso ea 15 pele ho qalo ea seboka sa tlhahlobo ea ICSS, o sebelisa moralo oa sekwere-Latin. Liphoofolo li ile tsa koptjoa hore li khutlele maemong a behiloeng a ICSS bonyane sebokeng se le seng sa ICSS pele ho ente ea antagonist kapa ente ea koloi hamorao.

2.3.4. Bohlale

Likhoto li ne li etsoa sehlabelo ka anesthesia e tebileng ke sodium pentobarbital. Boko bo tlositsoe 'me bo bolokoe ka tharollo ea 10% formaldehyde solution. Brain e ne e nyeoe ka botenya ba 100 μm mme ntlha ea electrode e ile ea hlahlojoa ka microscopically.

2.4. Boemo ba Khahlano le Sebaka

2.4.1. Appatarus

Boemo ba sebaka bo entsoe ho latela mokhoa oa Suzuki et al a. [15, 16]. Lisebelisoa li ne li e-na le lebokose la (shutterbox) (30 × 60 × 30 cm: w × l × h) e neng e arotsoe likarolo tse peli tsa boholo bo lekanang. Kamore e 'ngoe e ne e tšoeu ka fatse' me e 'ngoe e le ntšo ka e bataletseng.

2.4.2. Tsamaiso

Ka letsatsi 1, likhoto li ne li lokisoa ka nicotine-, methamphetamine-, kapa li-minpumps tsa saline tse nang le letsoai tlasa maemo a tšoanang le a hlalositsoeng bakeng sa thuto ea ICSS.

Hoseng (9: 00) ka letsatsi 7 ea nicotine kapa methamphetamine, likhoto li ile tsa kenngoa ka mokhoa o sa ts'oaneng le antagonist ea moriana oa liteko (mecamylamine kapa haloperidol), kapa saline (1.0 ml / kg), 'me hang-hang ea lumellana le karolo e le' ngoe ea lisebelisoa tsa liteko tsa 60 min. Mantsiboeeng (21: 00) ka letsatsi le ts'oanang, likhoto li ne li tšoaroa ka saline kapa antagonist (mecamylamine kapa haloperidol), ka tatellano, 'me li koaletsoe kamoreng e' ngoe ea 60 min. Li-pairings tsa ente (antagonist kapa saline) le compartment (e tšoeu kapa e ntšo) li ne li hanyetsanoa ka lithuto tsohle. Likhoto tse laoloang ka har'a nicotine-, methamphetamine-, le lihlopha tse kenngoeng ka letsoai li ile tsa kenngoa ka letsoai ho e-na le mecamylamine kapa haloperidol setsing sa maemo. Kamora ho kenngoa ka ente ea saline, likhoto li ne li kentsoe kamoreng e le 'ngoe hoseng ebe kamoreng e' ngoe ka shoalane.

Hoseng ka letsatsi 8, liteko tsa maemo li ile tsa etsoa ka tsela e latelang: karohano e arotseng likarolo tse peli e phahamisitsoe ho 12 cm ka holim'a mokatong, mme sethala se sa jeleng paate se ile sa kenngoa haufi le seam se arolang likarolo. Nako e sebelisitsoeng ka har'a komporo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe nakong ea seboka sa 900-s e ile ea lekanyetsoa ka boeona ke sensor ea borashe ea infrared (kn-80, Natsyme Seisakusho, Tokyo, Japan).

2.5. Tlhahlobo ea Matšoao a Khaotsang ho Tsamaea

Litekong tsa ICSS, rat e ngoe le e ngoe e ile ea kenngoa ka kamoreng ea ho shebella ea polasetiki ea cylindrical hang ka mor'a ho felisoa ha seboka sa moputso oa moputso oa ICSS kamora ho tsamaisoa ha mecamylamine kapa haloperidol, 'me matšoao a ho khaola ka mokhoa o ikhethileng a ile a bonoa bakeng sa 10 min. Nakong ea tlhahlobo ea matšoao a bang a bang teng ha motho a khaotsa ho tsuba, khafetsa matšoao a ho itima lijo a tlalehiloe ho sebelisoa sekala sa opiate-abstinence se fetotsoeng ho etsa lintlha tsa nicotine kapa methamphetamine.1]. Litsebi li ne li sa bone kalafo ea mofuta o mong le o mong. Boitekong ba CPP, matšoao a ho khaola ka mokhoa o ikhethileng a ile a bonoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le tlhahlobong ea ICSS ntle le taba ea hore ho hlokometsoe ha matšoao a ho se be teng ka nako e itseng ho entsoe ho lisebelisoa tsa CPP.

2.6. Tlhahlobo ea data

Bakeng sa tekanyo ea ho arabela ha ICSS, palo ea matlafatso ka min e ngoe le e ngoe e sebelisitsoe joalo ka tekanyo. Ka matsatsi a teko, palo ea likhothaletso motlakase o mong le o mong e fetotsoe ka liperesente tsa motheo tse fumanoeng ka letsatsi leo. Ho fumana mokhoa oa ICSS, sekepe sa S-sebopeho se ne se entsoe ka mokhoa o fapaneng ho latela mohlala oa sigmoid-Gompertz. U sebelisa mohlala ona, motlakase oa hona joale oa 50% oa karabelo ea mantlha o ile oa khethoa e le mokhoa oa ICSS. Lintlha tsohle li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo-leseling ea lintlha tse peli tse kahare ho lithuto tse lateloang tse latelang (ANOVA) tse lateloang ke Tukey's Studentised Range Method kamora ho bona phello e matla ea maemo a kalafo ho ANOVA.

Lipalo tse nang le maemo li emela nako e sebelisitsoeng sebakeng se kopantsoeng lithethefatsi ho latela nako e sebelisitsoeng sebakeng se kentsoeng koloi 'me e hlahisoa e le moelelo oa "SEM Behaivereal data' me e lekantsoe ka lipalo ka mehato e 'meli e phetoang ea ANOVA, e neng e sebelisetsoa ho tseba litlamorao tsa kalafo maemong a hlohlelletsoang ke mohanyetsi. Ha ANOVA e bonts'a ho ba teng ha phello e kholo, tlhahlobo e tsoetseng pele e ile ea etsoa ka Tukey's Studentised Range Method.

3. PUSELETSO

3.1. Liketelo tsa ICSS

Nakong ea tsamaiso e sa foleng, nicotine (F (2, 35) = 5.28, P<0.01) le methamphetamine (F (2, 35) = 7.62, P<0.01) e fokotsehile haholo meeli ea moputso oa ICSS. Papiso ea motho ka mong e senotse litlamorao tse kholo letsatsing la 4 le letsatsi la 5 la ts'elo ea nikotine (P<0.05), le ka letsatsi la 2, letsatsi la 4, le letsatsi la 5 la infusion ea methamphetamine (P

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho feiga. (11), ho litekanyetso tse sa feleng tsa nicotine e kentsoeng le methamphetamine e kentsoeng methapo, mecamylamine (F (1, 47) = 9.59, P<0.01) le haloperidol (F (1, 47) = 10.64, P<0.01) e hlahisitse bophahamo ba bohlokoa meeling ea meputso ea ICSS, ka ho latellana. Papiso ea motho ka mong e senotse litlamorao ho 1.0 mg / kg mecamylamine (P<0.05) le ho 0.25 le 0.5 mg / kg haloperidol (P<0.05). Ho ne ho se na phello ea bohlokoa ea lethal dose ka likhoto tse kenngoeng ke nicotine (F (3, 47) = 1.87, P> 0.05) kapa likhoto tse kentsoeng ke methamphetamine (F (3, 47) = 2.24, P> 0.05), kapa kalafo × ho sebelisana lethal dose e ka ba likhoto tse kentsoeng ke nicotine (F (3, 47) = 1.56, P> 0.05) kapa likhoto tse kentsoeng ke methamphetamine (F(3, 47) = 1.77, P> 0.05).

Sa feiga. (1) 

Meputso ea ho ikhatholla e kenelletseng nakong ea ho khaola e fanoa ke mecamylamine (setšoantšo se kaholimo) le haloperidol (graph e ka tlase) ka likhoto tse ileng tsa kenngoa haholo ke nicotine le methamphetamine, ka ho latellana. Ntlha ka 'ngoe e emetse ...

3.2. Sehopotso sa Maemo a Behiloeng (CPA)

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho feiga. (22), likhoto tse laolang letsoai li bontšitse hore ha li rate komporo e kholo. Mecamylamine le haloperidol ha lia ka tsa hlahisa khetho ea bohlokoa ea sebaka kapa tsa beha litheho ho likhoto tse kenngoeng ke letsoai. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mecamtlamine (F (1, 47) = 8.62, P<0.01) le haloperidol (F (1, 47) = 11.28, P<0.01) e hlahisitse sebaka sa ho hloea likhoto tse sa foleng tsa nicotine- le methamphetamine, ka ho latellana. Phokotso ea bohlokoa ea sebaka e ile ea bonoa ho 1.0 mg / kg mecamylamine (P<0.01) le ho 0.25 le 0.5 mg / kg haloperidol (P <0.05 le P <0.01). Ho ne ho se na phello ea bohlokoa ea lethal dose ka likhoto tse kenngoeng ke nicotine (F (3, 47) = 1.98, P> 0.05) kapa likhoto tse kentsoeng ke methamphetamine (F (3, 47) = 2.56, P> 0.05), kapa kalafo × ho sebelisana lethal dose e ka ba likhoto tse kentsoeng ke nicotine (F (3, 47) = 1.74, P> 0.05) kapa likhoto tse kentsoeng ke methamphetamine (F (3, 47) = 2.28, P> 0.05).

Sa feiga. (2) 

Sebaka sa maemo a sebaka se hlahisoang ke mecamylamine (graph e kaholimo) le haloperidol (graph e ka tlase) ka likhoto tse ileng tsa kenngoa ka ho sa feleng ka nicotine le methamphetamine, ka ho latellana. Ntlha e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e emela palo ea maemo a boemo bo nang le SEM ea 6 litoeba. *P ...

3.3. Matšoao a Somatic

Palo e akaretsang ea matšoao a somatic a ne a sa fapana pakeng tsa likhoto tsa nicotine- le tsa letsoai nakong ea tsamaiso ea mecamylamine ekaba tlhahlobong ea ICSS (F (1, 47) = 2.02, P> 0.05) kapa tekong ea CPA (F (1, 47) = 1.87, P> 0.05). Ntle le moo, li ne li sa fapane lipakeng tsa likhoto tse tšoaroang ke methamphetamine le letsoai nakong ea tsamaiso ea haloperidol ebang ke tekong ea ICSS (F (1, 47) = 1.53, P> 0.05) kapa tekong ea CPA (F (1, 47) = 2.33, P> 0.05).

3.4. Tlhahlobo ea nalane

Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea nalane li bonts'itse hore malebela a li-electrode a ne a le sebakeng sa hypothalamus ea morao, mokokotlong oa sebaka sa anterior / posterior ho tloha -3.84 mm ho -4.20 mm ho tloha bregma. Ha hoa ka ha bonahala ho na le phapang pakeng tsa libaka tsa electrode tsa taolo le liphoofolo tse lekang (sa feiga. 33).

Sa feiga. (3) 

Boitsebiso ba lehae ba nalane ea morao-rao ea malebela a khothatsang a "hypothalamic" a khothatsang. Palo e haufi le leqheka le leng le le leng la boko e emetse hole le bregma. Boitlamo bocha bo thehiloe hodima likhakanyo tsa maikutlo tsa Paxinos le Watson [13]. Merero e felletseng ...

4. TLOTLISO

Liphetho tsa boithuto ba hajoale li bonts'a hore taolo e sa feleng ea nicotine le methamphetamine e fokotsa likheo tsa moputso oa ICSS, athe bahanyetsi ba bona, mecamylamine le haloperidol li eketsa likotsi tsa moputso oa ICSS le ho kenya CPA ka likhoto tse tšoaroang ka nicotine le methamphetamine, ka ho latellana. Mabapi le liphetoho phetohong ea moputso oa boko nakong ea ho ikhula, ho phetoa khang ea hore, joalo ka ha ho its'epahalla ho ntse ho eketseha, li-neuroadaptations li etsahala ka har'a lipotoloho tse tšoanang tsa boko tse buisanang le litlamorao tsa tlatsetso kapa phello ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso kamora ts'ebetso e matla, e lebisang ponahalong e mpe matšoao a ho khaotsa ho khaotsa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi [7, 8]. Tumellanong le maikutlo ana, tlhahlobo ea morao-rao e bonts'itse hore nicotine hammoho le methamphetamine li bontšitse ho fokotseha ha meputso ea moputso oa ICSS nakong ea taolo e matla, mme e eketseha nakong ea ha motho a khaotsa ho ikemela. Lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso tse kang cocaine [6], opiates [10], le ethanol [11] ho boetse ho tlalehiloe ho fana ka mokhoa o ts'oanang oa litlamorao likhethong tsa moputso oa ICSS. Potso ea hore na liphetoho tse joalo ho litefiso tsa moputso oa boko li lekane ho ikarabella bakeng sa litlamorao tse mpe tse tlisoang ke ho tlohela ho se ho ntse ho etsoa lipatlisiso. Paradigm ea CPA ke "index" e sebetsang le e hlokolosi ea boits'oaro ho bona hore motho o hana ho ikhula, joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe lithutong tse fetileng tse amang nicotine [15, 16] le opiates [17, 10]. Phuputsong ea hona joale, mecamylamine le haloperidol ba thehile CPA ho litekanyetso tse bonts'ang maemo a phahameng a meputso molemong oa moputso oa ICSS, a fana ka tlhahiso ea hore maemo a phahameng a moputso a ICSS a ka ba le boits'oaro nakong ea ha a tlohela ho nicotine le methamphetamine. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mecamylamine le haloperidol li ile tsa sitoa ho susumetsa matšoao a ho intša ka mokhoa o itseng. Matšoao a Somatic a ho tlohela li-psychostimulants a tsejoa a fokola ho feta a tsoang ho opiates, barbiturates le joala. Ho feta moo, ho ba thata haholo ho bona matšoao a ho khaotsa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng a fanoang ke bahanyetsi ba nicotine ho feta a tlisoang ke ho ikhula hang-hang [12]. Ho khahlisang ke hore thutong e teng hona joale, litheko tse phahameng tsa moputso oa ICSS le ho hloea nakong ea ha nicotine e tlosoa e ne e batla e lekana le tse ileng tsa bonoa nakong ea ha ho tloheloa methamphetamine, ho ka reng ho fokotseha ha ts'ebetso ea moputso oa boko, ho lebisang ho kheloheng. ka matla lipakeng tsa nicotine le methamphetamine, ho sa natsoe litlamorao tse mpe tsa lithethefatsi tsena tsamaisong ea moputso. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho nahanoa ka hore li-neuroadaptations tse bokong ba moputso oa boko li ntlafala hoo e ka bang maemong a lipakeng tsa nicotine le methamphetamine, leha li hlohlelletsa sistimi ea moputso ho isa tekanyong e fapaneng le methamphetamine e matla e le matla ho feta nicotine e mpe. Leha ho le joalo, ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling ho hlakisa potso ena ka ho sebelisa tekanyetso e pharalletseng ea litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi kapa mefuta e meng ea liteko tsa liteko.

Qetellong, thuto ea hona joale e bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ea moputso oa boko ba 1) e fokotsehile nakong ea ha nicotine le methamphetamine e tlosoa, le 2) ho fokotseha ha ts'ebetso ea moputso ho ka bontša boemo bo bobe ba ho ameha (aversion) nakong ea ho tlohela nicotine le methamphetamine.

LINTLHA TSA LITLHAHO

Boithuto bona bo ile ba tšehetsoa ka karolo e 'ngoe ke lithuso tse tsoang ho Lekala la Thuto, Setso, Lipapali, Saense le Theknoloji ea Japane (Che. 16591166), le Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Ho Tsuba.

LITLHAHISO

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