Dopamine-sensitization pakeng tsa psychostimulant lithethefatsi le khatello ea kelello ho baithaopi ba nang le boiphihlelo bo botle (2016)

Ka holimo ho leqephe 

Selelekela

Ho sithabela maikutlo ke ntho ea bohlokoa e tlatsetsang kholisong le ho ekeng hoa mathata a sa foleng a amanang le ho ruruha ha kelello, ho kenyeletsa le bokhoba le kelello. Mokhoa o mong o ka 'nang oa ameha ke' sensitization '; ke hore, kamora ho pepesetsoa khafetsa ho khatello ea maikutlo le / kapa lithethefatsi tsa psychostimulant, litlamorao tse ling li ka ba matla le ho feta.^{1, 2, 3} Ho batho ba kotsing, likarabo tsena tse ntlafalitsoeng li hlahisitsoe ho ba le tšusumetso ea ho qala ho kula le ho khutlela morao. ^{4, 5, 6, 7}

Ho liphoofolo, 'sensitization' ho psychostimulants e ka tlisoa ke khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo.^{8, 9} Mohlala, ho litoeba, ho pepesehela li-psychostimulants khafetsa ho eketsa bokhoni ba khatello ea maikutlo ho potlakisa ts'ebetso ea makoloi, taolo ea lithethefatsi le tokollo ea dopamine (DA).^{10, 11} Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo ho ka eketsa boitšoaro le karabelo ea DA ho li-psychostimulants.^{3, 12, 13, 14} Leha kutloano ea kutlo ea methapo e pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le psychostimulants e sa utloisisoe ka botlalo, ho na le bopaki ba hore e kenyelletsa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis le li-projeke tsa DA, haholo-holo tse hlahang ho mesencephalon.¹⁵ Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore khatello ea maikutlo le d-amphetamine li boetse li etsa hore hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis e hlahise maemo a eketsehang a cortisol.¹⁶ Glucocorticoids, le eona e ka nolofalletsa tokollo ea DA ka mekhoa e mengata, ho kenyelletsa ho ama tyrosine hydroxylase, monoamine oxidase-A le ho khutlisoa ha DA.¹⁶ Ka mokhoa o makatsang, sena se ka lebisa karabelong e kholo ea DA mabapi le ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo. Ho joalo, ho tlosoa hoa mohloli o moholo oa li-glucocorticoids tsa endo native, ka ts'ebetso ea bongaka e thibelang kapa ea pharmacological (metyrapone), e fokotsa nts'etsopele ea maikutlo a DA a susumetsang lithethefatsi.¹⁷

Pejana re tlalehetse keketseho e sa khaotseng ea ho lokolloa ha DA mabapi le ho pepeseha hape hoa batho ba phetseng hantle ba neng ba bile le regimen subchronic of d-amphetamine (litekanyetso tse tharo ka hare ho beke ea 1) ha ba ne ba lekoa bonyane libeke tsa 2 kamora hore ho be le lethathamo la ho qetela la tlhahiso, tsebiso e fetoletsoeng joalo ka bopaki ba maikutlo a methapo ea kutlo.¹⁸ Boithuto ba hona joale bo latela tlhahlobo ena ea pele¹⁸ ho leka hypothesis hore regimen e tšoanang ea d-amphetamine e ka lebisa karabong e kholo ea DA ho khatello ea kelello le tsamaiso ea bongaka tse fanoang libekeng tsa 2 ka mor'a ho fuoa tekanyetso ea ho qetela ea khothalletso; ka mantsoe a mang, ke bopaki ba ho susumetsa maikutlo.

Ka holimo ho leqephe 

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

barupeluoa ba

Banna ba phetseng hantle ba hapiloe lipapatsong tsa marang-rang tse fumanehang marang-rang a marang-rang le likoranteng tsa lehae. Kamora puisano ea mohala ho hlahloba ho tšoaneleha ha pele, barupeluoa ba ile ba hlahlobeloa lipotso tse ngata tsa in-lab ho kenyelletsa: (1) Puisano ea kelello e hlophisitsoeng hantle ea kelello (Puisano e fumanehang ea Clinical bakeng sa DSM-IV: Khatiso ea Bakuli, SCID-NP),¹⁹ (2) tlhahlobo e felletseng ea 'mele e kenyelletsang liteko tsa laboratori le electrocardiogram le (3) mehato ea ho itšepa le ho tšoenyeha ka tšebeliso, ho kenyelletsa le potso ea boiphihlelo le taolo,²⁰ le setsi sa ho itšepa sa Rosenberg²¹ le State-Trait Anxcare Inventory.²² Mekhoa e meholo ea ho kenyelletsoa e kenyellelitsoe: (1) bokuli bo boholo ba bongaka / methapo kapa tšebeliso ea meriana e ka amang ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko kapa sephetho sa confitron emission tomography (PET); (2) nalane ea motho ka mong kapa ea lelapa ea mathata a Axis I; (3) ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng ea lithethefatsi tsa nakong e fetileng kapa tsa hona joale (ke hore, ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi tse susumetsang kapa hallucinogens / sedatives likhoeling tse fetileng tsa 12); (4) ts'ebeliso ea nako eohle ea li-susumetso, sedative kapa hallucinogens tse fetang kakaretso ea tlhahiso e mene; (5) tšebeliso ea khafetsa ea koae (Koae ea 5 ka letsatsi); (6) tšebeliso ea khafetsa ea cannabis (greter ho feta ts'ebeliso e 'meli ka beke); (7) teko e nang le ts'oaetso skrineng ea moroto ho lematsa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong ka matsatsi a ho ithuta (Triage-TM); le (8) e kopane le litekanyetso tse ling tsa ho khetholla PET / magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (bona Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng). Boithuto bona bo amohetsoe ke Montreal Neurological Institute Research Ethics Board. Bohle ba neng ba nkile karolo ba ile ba fana ka tumello e ngotsoeng e ngotsoeng.

Kakaretso ea moralo

Barupeluoa ba tšoanelehang ba fumane d-amphetamine (0.3 mg kg^-1, ka molomo) kapa placebo ka matsatsi a mararo a arohaneng, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 48 h, tikolohong e le 'ngoe (ho PET gantry), ho latela lits'ebetso le liteko tse tšoanang ho latela thuto ea rona ea pele.¹⁸ Bohle ba neng ba nkile karolo ba ile ba fuoa metsotso e meraro ea 60 PET [¹¹C] raclopride scan (~ 7 mCi), nakong eo ba neng ba pepesetsoa Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST; Setšoantšo sa 1). PET e le 'ngoe [¹¹C] lebala la raclopride le entsoe ka mosebetsi oa taolo (taolo ea MIST), athe tse ling tse peli tsa PET [¹¹C] li-raclopride scans li fumanoe ka mosebetsi oa khatello ea MIST ho lekola likarabo tsa DA ho imeloa kelellong pele (MIST 1) le matsatsi a 14 kamora moriana oa ho qetela oa lithethefatsi (d-amphetamine kapa placebo) (MIST 2). Bohle ba neng ba nkile karolo ba ile ba hlahlojoa ka MRI e nang le boima ba T1 e nang le boima ba sepheo sa ho ngolisa PET. Ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea ho lula ntlong ho Mist, barupeluoa ba ile ba etsa mosebetsi oa MIST (pele Mist) hang pele ho thuto ea PET ea pele, joalo ka karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo e batla e le matla lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela mosebetsi o tšoanang oa khatello.^{23, 24} Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa ho potlakela le ho tlohela koae le koae bakeng sa bonyane ba 4 h pele ho karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe. Likopano tsohle tse supileng li etsahetse ka nako ea matsatsi a 21, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 1 (bona Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng). Ba laetsoe hore ba se ke ba sebelisa lithethefatsi leha e le life nakong eohle ea ho ithuta. Sena se tiisitsoe ke tlhahlobo e mpe ea moriana ea moroto qalong ea thuto e ngoe le e ngoe.

 

Mosebetsi oa khatello ea kelello

MIST ke mosebetsi o tiisitsoeng oa khatello ea maikutlo o thehiloeng hodima mosebetsi oa Trier Mental Challenge²⁵ mme e fetoloe bakeng sa ho sebelisoa tikolohong ea ho nahana.²⁶ Re sebelisitse li-block tse tharo tsa 12-min, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e nang le likarolo tse 'ne tsa 3-min. Nakong ea mosebetsi, mesebetsi ea lipalo e hlahisoa ka har'a skena ka skrineng sa k'homphieutha. Barupeluoa ba ile ba araba ba sebelisa toeba ea khomphutha. Boreki ba mosebetsi le mathata a nako bakeng sa palo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe li fetoloa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ke algorithm ea khomphutha ka nako ea nnete ho latela ts'ebetso ea motho e mong le e mong, e le hore e be ka hanyane ho feta bokhoni ba motho ka mong. Kamora teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, skrini ea k'homphieutha e fana ka maikutlo mabapi le tšebetso ea motho ea nkang karolo (e nepahetseng, e fosahetse, nako ea ho tsoa); Kamora karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, ho fanoa ka maikutlo a fosahetseng ka litsela tse peli tse tlatselletsang: ka lenaneo le ke confederate. Barupeluoa ba ile ba lebisoa ho lumela hore ts'ebetso ea bona e ne e le ka tlase ho litebello, mme ba kopuoa ho eketsa ts'ebetso ho fihlela litlhoko.

Mosebetsi ona o bontšitsoe ho etsa hore karabelo ea boits'oaro le lihormone tsa khatello ea maikutlo li amahanngoe le tokollo ea DA ea boithaopo ho baithaopi ba phetseng hantle, ho kenyelletsa le karolo ea bona e phahameng.^{26, 27} Nakong ea taolo ea sensorimotor (taolo ea MIST), barupeluoa ba ile ba etsa li-arithmetic tse bonolo bakeng sa 36 min, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe kaholimo, ntle le litšitiso tsa nako, matšoao a tsoelo-pele e bonahalang, karabo e hlakileng kapa e fosahetseng. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hlakoloa qetellong ea thuto ea PET ea ho qetela ea khatello ea maikutlo, 'me ba bolelloa hore mosebetsi oo o reretsoe hore o be kantle ho bokhoni ba bona ba kelello mme o ne a sa rereloa ho lekanya bokhoni ba bona ba ho bala.

Liphetoho tse amanang le boits'oaro bo botle li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka Profil ea Mood States²⁸ le Inventory ea Mmuso-Trait Anxcare,²² pele le hang kamora ho fela ha ponaletso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea MIST; le qetellong ea nako ea liteko ha u le kantle ho scanner (data e sa bonts'itsoeng). Lisampole tsa mali bakeng sa methapo ea cortisol le methapo ea pelo (MP100-Biopac Systems) li ile tsa bokelloa ka tlase le motsotso o mong le o mong oa 12 nakong eohle ea thuto (Setšoantšo sa 1).

'Mapa oa parametric o bohlale oa Voxel le t-merero

Litšoantšo tsa PET li ile tsa lokisoa bakeng sa artefacts ea sebopeho se chitja²⁹ hape e ngolisitsoe ho MRI ea motho ka mong. Litšoantšo tsa MRI le PET li ile tsa fetoloa ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng sebakeng sa stereotactic li sebelisa template ea Montreal Neurological Institute-305 template.³⁰ [¹¹C] Raclopride e sa khoneheng ea ho tlama e ka ba teng (BP_ND=f_NDB_fumane/K_D) e hakanngoa voxel e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, e sebelisa mokhoa o bonolo oa litšupiso tsa 'mele, ka cortex ea cerebellar, ho sa kenyelletsoe vermis, joalo ka sebaka sa litšupiso.^{31, 32} Sebaka sa Voxel t-mapuoa ho bapisa BP_ND nakong ea MIST 1 e amanang le MIST 2 e entsoe ka masala a khale tLiteko tse nang le monyako oa t= 3.76 e lekanang le P= 0.05 ea moqolo oa ho batla oa striatum o thehiloeng khopolong ea tšimo e se nang morero.³³ Morero oa mokhoa ona ke ho bona liphetoho BP_ND maemong a voxel ntle le a priori anatomical hypothesis, ka hona, a qoba tse ling tsa meeli ea bophahamo ba phaello (VOI) ho beoa.²⁷ Ka kopo sheba e Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e batsi mabapi le hore na moqolo oa lipatlisiso tsa litheko le mokhoa oa lipalo tse bohlale oa voxel li hlalositsoe joang.

Tlhahlobo ea VOI

Li-VOIs tse tharo li ile tsa khethoa ka kotloloho ho MRI ea motho e mong le e mong, ho kenyelletsa le micic ventral striatum, li-striatum tse kopaneng (pre-commissural dorsal putamen, pre-commissural dorsal caudate le post-commissural caudate) le sensorimotor striatum (post-commissural putamen). Tlhatlhobo ea VOI ka methapo e kholo ea sebopeho sa boko e fumanoe pele ka ho sebelisa likarolo tsa othomathiki tsa MRI ea motho ka mong.³⁴ Setsi sa VOI se seng le se seng se ile sa hloekisoa ka letsoho.¹⁸ Ho hokahanya template ea VOI ho data ea PET e matla le ho khutsisa nako ea nako ea potoloho, datha tse matla tsa motho ka mong tsa PET li ile tsa lekanyetsoa ho latela nako le ho ngolisoa ho MRI.³⁵ Likhakanyo tsa BP e tloaelehileng_ND kahare ho li-VOIs tsena li ile tsa nkuoa maemong a mararo a ho sekaseka. Tlhahlobo ea mehato e pheta-phetoang ea ho fapana le maemo a teko (taolo ea MIST, MIST 1, MIST 2) joalo ka ha li-factor factor le sehlopha se le seng se pakeng tsa li-factor subgroup (placebo, d-amphetamine) se ile sa etsoa ho VOI ka ngoe, ho etsa lipatlisiso ka phapang ho BP_ND. Mehato ea tokoloho e ile ea lokisoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea Greenhouse-Geisser maemong a ho se ts'oarehe, joalo ka ha ho lekiloe ke liteko tsa Maucily (bona hape Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng).

Mehopolo e ikemetseng le Psychophysiology

 

Mehato ea sephetho e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea khafetsa ea mehato. Subgroup (placebo vs d-amphetamine) e ne e le eona taba ea lipakeng. Lintlha tse kahare ho lintlha tsa boits'oaro e ne e le maemo a liteko (taolo ea MIST, MIST 1, MIST 2) le nako (baseline, post-task). Bakeng sa HR le cortisol, sebaka se ka tlasa li-curves (se kopantsoeng joalo ka Ref. 36) bakeng sa boemo bo bong le bo bong ba teko e ne e le ntlha ea lithuto tsa kahare.

Ka holimo ho leqephe 

Results

Ba batona ba leshome le metso e robeli ba phetseng hantle ba ile ba nka karolo thutong (d-amphetamine n= 9; placebo n= 9). Morupeluoa a le mong (boemo ba d-amphetamine) o bonts'a liphetoho tse felletseng ho BP_ND .²⁷ Tsena tse sa tloaelehang BP_ND Melao ea morupeluoa enoa e ne e hlile e le ka lebaka la phoso ea tekheniki. Motlakarolo ona o ile a tlosoa tlhahlobisong. Barupeluoa ba neng ba le karolo ea subboo d d amphetamine (Lethathamo 1) ha ea fapana haholo mabapi le palo ea batho kapa tekanyetso ea motho, kapa lethal dose la [¹¹C] raclopride ho efe kapa efe ea likarolo tse tharo tsa PET (bona Lethathamo 1). Le ha palo e kenelletseng e hlahile e le tlase kamora khatello ea khatello ea maikutlo ea 2 e amanang le khatello ea maikutlo ea 1, phello ena e ne e ikemetse ntle le mofuta oa lithethefatsi (d-amphetamine kapa placebo; P= 0.94).

 

Thuto ea PET

Ho hlahlobisisa bohlale ba Voxel

 

Phello ea ho pepesa khatello ea maikutlo pele e phetoa d-amphetamine kapa placebo (MIST 1 vs MIST control). Ho pepesoa ha khatello ea maikutlo pele ho regimen ea d-amphetamine (taolo ea MIST 1 vs MIST) eicited variable empa ea bohlokoa e fokotseha ho striatal BP_ND boleng, haholoholo ho putamen. Boholo ba phetoho (% ea ho fokotseha le boholo ba sehlopheng) bo ne bo tšoana hantle bakeng sa lihlopha tse nyane (Lethathamo 2).

 

Phello ea ho pepesoa hoa khatello ea maikutlo kamora ho khutla ha d-amphetamine kapa placebo (MIST 2 vs MIST 1)

 

Le ha ho pepesoa ha khatello ea maikutlo pele ho d-amphetamine sensitization regimen ho hlahisitse lihlotšoana tse nyane feela tse fokotsehileng haholo [¹¹C] raclopride BP_ND boleng (bona ka holimo), khatello ea maikutlo e fokotseha ho BP_ND latelang mofuta o khahlisang ho ne ho atile haholo (Setšoantšo sa 2; Lethathamo 2 'me Lethathamo 3). Lihlopheng tsena tse kholo tsa BP tse fokotsehileng_ND Kamora ho pepeseha ha khatello ea maikutlo ha hoa ka ha bonoa kamora mofuta oa placebo.

 

VOI ea lekola

 

Litlhahlobo tsa VOI li bonts'itse hore ho pepesetsoa mofuta oa d-amphetamine ho lebisitse ho diphetoho tse fapaneng haholo, empa ha li na thuso, ho liphetoho tsa [¹¹C] raclopride BP_ND, hape ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa MIST 2 le MIST 1 sehlopheng sa placebo (Setšoantšo sa tlatsetso S1). Leha ho le joalo, maemong a taolo ea MIST 2 vs MIST, tlhahlobo ea VOI ea bobeli e bontšitse hore, sehlopheng sa placebo, ho fokotseha ho hoholo ho BP_ND li ile tsa bonoa ho "Associated striatum" (F (2,16) = 4.44, P= 0.03), ventral striatum (F (2,16) = 4.11, P= 0.04) le ka nepo (F (2,16) = 3.76, P= 0.05) le ka ho le letšehali (F (2,16) = 4.94, P= 0.02) sensorimotor striatum.

Boitšoaro le Boitšoaro

Mood e re

 

E amanang le taolo ea MIST, ho pepesetsoa ha khatello ea MIST 1 ho felletse ka karabelo e 'eketsehileng ea' matšoenyeho, joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke Profil of Mood States (boemo ba teko × nako: F (2,30) = 4.31, P= 0.02; Taolo ea MIST 1 vs: (1,15) = 8.81; P= 0.01) le State-Trait Anxcare Inventory (boemo ba teko × nako: F (2,30) = 4.12, P= 0.02; F (1,15) = 8.41; P= 0.01). Litlamorao tsena ha lia ka tsa bonoa ponts'ong ea MIST matsatsing a 21; hape litlamorao tsena li ne li sa fapana lipakeng tsa subgroups (d-amphetamine kapa placebo). Ha ho khokahano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa liphetoho ho [¹¹C] raclopride BP_ND le karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo. Bona hape Letlapa le tlatsetsang S1.

Mehato ea 'mele

 

Boemo ba pelo ba Mist bo eketsehile haholo nakong ea ho hlahlojoa ha MIST PET le ho pepeseha hape matsatsing a 21 (phello e ka sehloohong ea boemo ba liteko: F (2,30) = 18.58, P<0.001; MIST 1 vs taolo: F (1,15) = 19.66, P<0.001; MIST 2 vs taolo: F (1,15) = 19.81; P<0.001), empa ho ne ho se na litšebelisano le sehlopha se nyane (amphetamine, placebo) kapa liphapang lipakeng tsa MIST 1 vs MIST 2. Cortisol e nyane hanyane nakong ea tlhahiso ea MIST 1 (F (1,15) = 2.93; P= 0.107) le ho ba matla le ho feta ponts'ong ea MIST (ka letsatsi 21; F (1,15) = 18.88; P= 0.001). Maemo a tšebelisano ea maemo a maemo a tlas'a × a bonts'itse mokhoa o lebisang ho bohlokoa (F (2,30) = 3.15, P= 0.057), ka karabelo ea cortisol nakong ea ho pepesetsoa MIST e kholo ho latela regimen ea d-amphetamine (F (1,15) = 5.20; P= 0.038), amanang le placebo. Ha ho na khokahano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa liphetoho ho [¹¹C] raclopride BP_ND le likarabo tsa khatello ea kelello tsa kelello kapa tsa cortisol. Ka kopo bona Letlapa le tlatsetsang S2.

Maemo a Amphetamine

 

Ho lumellana le thuto ea rona e fetileng,¹⁸ plasma amphetamine ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho netefalitse ho ba teng ha moriana o hlasimollang lithutong tsohle tse tharo ka ho lekana (bona Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng bakeng sa lintlha tse ling).

Ka holimo ho leqephe 

Puisano

Phuputso e teng hona joale e fuputsitse hore na mofuta oa tlhahlobo ea d-amphetamine o kile oa bonts'a ho susumetsa maikutlo ho baithaopi ba batho o ka lebisa likarabo tse kholo ho khatello ea kelello le kelello. Liphetho tsa thuto e teng hona joale li fana ka bopaki ba pele ba hore li ka ba teng. E lumellana le khopolo-taba, likarabo tse susumetsoang ke khatello ea maikutlo tsa DA le hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis li ne li le kholo haholo matsatsing a 14 kamora mofuta oa khafetsa oa d-amphetamine. Likarabo tsena tse phahamisitsoeng li bonahala li tsamaellana le litlaleho tsa maikutlo a sefapano liphoofolong tsa laboratori.^{8, 11, 37}

Ho lokolloa ha DA ka har'a li-bokono tsa nucleus ho tlalehiloe hantle ho liphoofolo tse lekang ka mor'a ho pepesehela liketsahalo tse sithabetsang, tse kang ho ts'oaroa ke motlakase, ho koaloa ha mohatla le thibelo ea 'mele.^{38, 39, 40} Bathong, ke liphuputso tse fokolang tse entseng lipatlisiso tsa dopaminergic likarolong tsa khatello ea maikutlo. Likarabo tsa DA ho khatello ea kelello le kelello li bonahala li fapane haholo mme hangata li haelloa ke batho ba kotsing (mohlala, batho ba itšepileng, nalane ea tlhokomelo e tlase ea bo-mme kapa ba kotsing ea ho ba le psychosis)^{26, 27, 41} Boithuto ba hona joale bo hlahisa monyetla oa hore likarabo tsena tse fapaneng li ka supa, ka karolo e 'ngoe, nalane ea nako ea bophelo ea liphihlelo tse sithabetsang.

E lumellana le khopolo-taba e ka sehloohong mona, ho fumanoe hore, kamora ho pheta-pheta d-amphetamine, ho pepeseha khatello ea maikutlo hape ho fokotsehile le BP_ND boleng ho barupeluoa ba phetseng hantle. Liphumano tsena li re hopotsa ho bona lintho tse fetotsoeng [¹¹C] - (+) - PHNO (a D₂/D₃ agonist ligand) likarabo tse tlamang ho batho ka bomong ba nang le psychosis, ba sebelisang paradigm ea laboratori ena.⁴² Liphumano tse teng hona joale li tiisa pono ea hore ho pepesehela lithethefatsi khafetsa, ka mabaka a mang a tlokotsing (mohlala, liphatsa tsa lefutso), ho ka hlakisa litla-morao tsa tsona ho fetola likarabo tsa khatello maemong a bakoang ke mathata, mme, mohlomong, le kotsi ea mathata a amanang le DA.

Liphetoho ho BP_ND li ile tsa boela tsa bonoa kamora mokhoa oa "placebo". Liphetoho tse tlalehiloeng sehlopheng sa d-amphetamine li ne li hlophisitsoe ka kotloloho, li etsahala ka letsohong le letšehali la ventral striatum le ka kotloloho ho posterior putamen. Matšoenyeho a phetoang a le mong a bontšitsoe ho fetola ho lokolloa ha DA mefuteng ea liphoofolo.⁴³ Ho batho, ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo pejana, haholo khatello ea bongoaneng, ho fumanoe e le eona ntlha ea bohlokoa holima kholo ea mafu a kelello hamorao bophelong.^{44, 45} Leha hona joale ho sa khonehe ho theha kamano e tobileng ea causal, ho bontšitsoe hore khatello ea bophelo ba bongoaneng e amana le ho eketsoa ha cyral striatum DA ho imeloa kelellong e latelang²⁶ hammoho le ho pepesehela psychostimulant hamorao bophelong.⁴⁶ Liphumano tsa rona tsa BP e fokotsehile_ND (ka sehlopha sa placebo) e tšehetsa lingoliloeng tsa pejana tse pepesetsang khatello ea maikutlo e sa laoloeng e le 'ngoe feela, e ka lebisang ho hoheleng.³ Ho pepesehela khatello ea maikutlo ka mor'a ho latela d-amphetamine (e amanang le placebo) ho ka hlahisa litlamorao tse fapaneng maemong a fapaneng a litšebeletso tsa striatal.¹⁸

Leha liphetho li tsamaellana le lithuto tse bonts'ang khatello ea maikutlo kapa likarabo tse hlahisoang ke DA tsa amphetamine liphoofolong tsa liphoofolo tse neng li kile tsa pepesoa amphetamine,³ Liphetho li fapana le bopaki ba likarabo tsa DA tse fumanehang ho bakuli ba nang le mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (tse amanang le taolo) kamora phephetso e matla le methylphenidate kapa amphetamine^{47, 48, 49} kapa ho pepesetsoa khatello ea kelello ea laboratori.⁴¹ Mabaka a karohano ena a lula a sa hlaka, empa a ka supa litšobotsi tse teng pele, litlamorao tse tlisoang ke ho tlohela ho ba nang le nalane e pharaletseng ea tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi kapa ho tloha ho DA ho ea ho tse ling tse tsamaeang le methapo ea methapo e bohareng ea likarabo tse fapaneng tsa boits'oaro.^{50, 51, 52} Hammoho, liphumano tsena li totobatsa tlhoko ea ho ithuta ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng oa tšebeliso ea DA (sefapano) mohlaleng oa lingaka tse nang le maemo a fapaneng a ho pepeseha lithethefatsi ho utloisisa ka ho hlaka bohlokoa ba maikutlo a DA (sefapano) ho qaleng le ho khutla hape ha ts'ebeliso / tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi.

Matla le mefokolo

Boithuto bona bo ruile molemo ka ho khetha sampuli e hlahlojoang ka hloko, e ntle ea banna bao kaofela ba neng ba beiloe leihlo ka hloko bakeng sa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le liphihlelo tse sithabetsang nakong eohle ea liteko tsa letsatsi la 30, ka hona ba fokotsa likhohlano tse ka bang teng. E tla ba ho khahlisang, ho tseba hore na litholoana li ka akaretsoa ho mehlala e meng ho kenyeletsoa basali, bakuli kapa ho latela khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng. Ho lateloa ha nako e telele mona ho ne ho tla thusa.

Le ha boholo ba sampole bo ne bo sa tšoane le bo hlahlobiloeng lithutong tsa sensitization tse fetileng (ho kenyelletsa le tsa rona), ha e a ka ea lumella lipatlisiso tse tšepahalang tsa tšebelisano-taelo e phahameng lipakeng tsa botho, psychophysiology le karabelo ea DA. Mohlala o moholo o ka be o lumelletse ho ithuta karolo e ka 'nang ea fetoloa ea li-allels / genotypes tse itseng (mohlala, Met allele ea COMT Val (158) Met polymorphism, joalo ka Hernaus et al a.⁵³). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, mohlala oa rona o kanna oa se fane ka matla a lekaneng a lipalo ho bona khokahano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa BP_ND le boits'oaro le boits'oaro ba mmele. Ho feta moo, tlhahlobo ea VOI e bonts'itse hore karabelo ea DA ho pepesoa ha khatello ea maikutlo kamora mokhoa oa d-amphetamine e ne e fapane haholo. Phapang ena e phahameng e entsoe hore e ikarabelle ka lebaka la litlamorao tse bonoang t-maps ha e na ho netefatsoa ke tlhahlobo ea VOI. Ntle le moo, ts'ebetso ea ho kenya letsoho ho t-Maps li ne li sa tšoane le meeli ea VOI kahoo e kanna ea se senoloe ke tlhahlobo ea VOI. Ho joalo, likaroloana tse mabapi le tšebetso e amanang le cortical ka har'a batho li bonahala li le ngata haholo ho feta ka tlhahiso ea mohlala oa boraro.⁵⁴

Leha khatello ea maikutlo ea pele e hlahisa litholoana tse lebelletsoeng ho HR le maemo a mabe a maikutlo,⁵⁵ ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo hape kamora taolo ea subchronic d-amphetamine ha hoa ka ha baka moea o mobe. Ho se be teng ha maikutlo a theohileng ho ho pepesetsoa ha khatello ea maikutlo hape ho ka hlalosoa ke taba ea hore boits'oaro ba maikutlo ho batho ba phetseng hantle bo ka hlahisoa haholoholo ke ho phahamisa maikutlo, ho hlasimolla kapa ho ba le maikutlo a kelello.¹⁸ Liphetoho tse ka 'nang tsa hanana le karabelo tse mpe ho khatello ea kelello.

Karabelo e eketsehang ea DA khatellong ea subchronic d-amphetamine subgroup e kanna ea susumetsoa ke ho nka karolo ha ba nkile karolo ho seo tikoloho e neng e entsoe ka joala le lithethefatsi. Mohlala, liphoofolong tsa liphoofolo, laboraro le lipolao li ka nolofalletsa polelo ea maikutlo a DA le ho etsa hore DA e lokolloe ka nako e telele.^{56, 57} Lithuto tsa rona tse fetileng li bontšitse bopaki ba litlamorao tsena ho batho. Ha barupeluoa ba ne ba lekoa tikolohong ea PET e hulang ka lithethefatsi, re ile ra fumana bopaki ba maikutlo a DA a susumetsoang ke lithethefatsi¹⁸ le tokollo ea DA.⁵⁸ Ha ho bapisoa, ho pepesetsoa hape tikolohong e aparetsoeng ke lithethefatsi moo ho se nang setopo sa discrete sethethefatsi (placebo capsule) ha hoa ka ha lebisa ho karabelo ea boemo ba DA. Joalo, thutong ea hona joale, phephetso ea rona ea ho qetela ea khatello ea maikutlo e ile ea fanoa tikolohong e nang le lithethefatsi ntle le mokotla oa placebo, ho ka etsahala hore polelo ea maikutlo a sefapano e matlafalitsoe ke ts'usumetso e entsoeng ka lithethefatsi, ha e ntse e bonts'a ho hong ntle le ho eketsoa hammoho le likarabo tsa DA tse nang le maemo le tse hatellang khatello ea maikutlo.^{59, 60}

Leha matla a thuto e ne e le ts'ebeliso ea mokhoa o netefalitsoeng hantle, [¹¹C] raclopride e ameha feela ka liphetoho tsa ho lokolloa ha DA ho striatum. E ka ba ntho e khahlisang ho ithuta hore na maikutlo a sefapano kapa sensitization ho khatello ea maikutlo le teng a hlaha libakeng tse pharalletseng (mohlala, sebelisa [¹⁸F] fallypride). Kannete, re kile ra bonts'a tokollo ea DA ka dorsal medial preambilial cortex kamora khatello e matla ea mahlale ea kelello.⁵⁵

Ntho e 'ngoe e ka re sitisang ke ho pepeseha ha khatello ea maikutlo. Boithuto ba pele ho tleliniki bo khetholle lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli tse ikhethang tsa khatello ea maikutlo ho bokhoni ba tsona ba ho khothaletsa maikutlo: liketsahalo tse 'controllable' khahlanong le 'tse sa laoleheng'.⁶¹ Ho sa laoloe, khatello ea maikutlo nako le nako e bonahala e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tse bakang liphetoho tsa methapo ea kutlo tse lebisang ho maikutlo a sefapano.^{62, 63} Bakeng sa mabaka a nang le boitšoaro, barupeluoa ba ile ba lumelloa ho emisa tlhahlobo nako efe kapa efe eo ba ka e khethang, e ka fokotsang ho se laolehe ha maemo, ba lumella 'taolo' e neng e ka susumetsa khatello ea likarabo ', ka hona' sensitization ' ho hatella.

Kamora nako, leha barupeluoa ba ile ba hlahlojoa ka hloko bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi nakong e fetileng mme tlhahlobo ea lithethefatsi tsa moroto e entsoe qalong ea thuto e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, barupeluoa ba bang ba kile ba sebelisa koae kapa cannabis nakong e fetileng, mme nako ea ho pepesoa ha nikotine ea ho qetela ha ea ka ea tiisoa. ka tlhahlobo ea mali. Motheong oa lintho tse fumanoeng, liphoofolong, ho pepesetsoa hoa nicotine kapa "cannabis" ho ka tsosa maikutlo,⁶⁴ Ho ka phetoa khang ea hore barupeluoa ba neng ba kile ba tsuba ba ka be ba se ba khahliloe, ka hona menyetla ea khopolo ea motho e mong e ka ferekanya. Leha ho le joalo, palo ea phello ea nicotine ea pele kapa cannabis e ne e le tlase haholo. Ntle le moo, sehlopha sa d-amphetamine le sehlopha sa placebo se ne se sa fapana haholo ts'ebelisong ea bona ea pele, mme litlamorao tsa khatello ea khatello ea amphetamine li ntse li ka bonwa leha ho na le tšusumetso e ka bang teng tšebeliso ea nakong e fetileng.

Ka holimo ho leqephe 

Kakaretso le qetello

Boithuto ba hona joale bo fana ka bopaki ba liteko ba pele Ka vivo hore sensitization ea DA ho li-psychostimulants e ka eketsa khatello ea maikutlo bathong. Sensitization-like phenomena e 'nile ea buelloa khafetsa ho ikarabella bakeng sa ho khutla ho tlisoang ke khatello ea maikutlo kapa bokhoba ba kelello, ke hore, likhatellong tseo ho lumeloang hore DA e na le karolo e kholo.^{2, 65} Boithuto bo teng hona joale bo bonts'a litlamorao tse amanang le amphetamine tse ka hokahanang le hore ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi khafetsa ho ka lebisa ho qaleheng kapa ho oeleng hape, haholo-holo bakeng sa mathata a amanang le DA, ha motho a pepesetsoa khatello ea bophelo bo eketsehileng.

Ho khahlisang, ho pepeseha khatello ea maikutlo khafetsa ho ile ha boela ha etsa hore DA e lokolloe ka har'a striatum. Le ha ho le joalo, le ha e le papiso, e fana ka ts'ehetso bakeng sa khopolo ea hore khatello ea khatello ea maikutlo e phetoang hangata kapa e sena lintho tse matlafatsang, e ka baka moferefere oa liketsahalo tsa methapo⁶⁶ seo se ka boetse sa ama ho qaleha kapa ho khutlela bothateng bo itseng ba mathata a amanang le DA. Haholo-holo, karolo e ikhethang ea 'sensitization' ho pheta-pheta 'khatello ea maikutlo' e ile ea nahanoa, ea totobatsoa le ho tšohloa.

Lithuto tse fetileng li hlahisitse monyetla oa hore maikutlo a ho susumetsa le ho chaba ho ka ba molemo bakeng sa nts'etsopele le polelo ea kelello ea kelello ho batho ba tlokotsing.^{4, 5, 6, 7, 67} Mohlala, thutong ea basebelisi ba cocaine ba bileng le ts'usumetso ea maikutlo e bakoang ke lithethefatsi, 65% e tlaleha hore e ka angoa habonolo ke litlamorao tsena (ke hore, mehopolo ea paranoid e ile ea e-ba matla haholo kapa ea bakoa ke litekanyetso tse tlase, sesupo sa boits'oaro), mme batho bana ba na le monyetla oa ho khutlela ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi kamora ho latela, joalo ka ha ho bontšoa ke palo e kholo ea lipetlele hape.⁵ Ho tseba ka ho hlaka hore na kutloisiso ea kutlo ea DA e baka mathata a mang le a mang ho tla hloka lithuto tse telele tsa boits'oaro, neuroimaging le psychopharmacological. Ntle le moo, ho tla ba bohlokoa ho khetholla bohlokoa ba maikutlo le tšusumetso ea sefapano molemong oa ho theola monyako oa matšoao a fapaneng le matšoao a itseng; ka mohlala, Karabelo ea sistimi ea boikemelo, ho arabela ka matšoenyeho a matla, 'likhahla' tsa kelello, matšoao a manic ho kenyelletsa boitšoaro bo lebisitsoeng ho sepheo le mekhoa e nchafalitsoeng ea ho batla lithethefatsi le ho e sebelisa. Leha tlhahiso ea hore lipono tsa hona joale e ka akaretsoa ho sampole ea mafu a kelello e ea qobella, ha joale, sena se ntse se lokela ho netefatsoa.

Ka holimo ho leqephe 

Khohlano ea thahasello

Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

Ka holimo ho leqephe 

References

1. Lieberman JA, Sheitman BB, Kinon BJ. Ho matlafatsa methapo ea methapo ho pathophysiology ea schizophrenia: likhaello le ho se sebetse melaong ea neuronal le polasetiki. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997; 17: 205-229. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
2. Leyton M, Vezina P.Dopamine ho nyoloha le ho theoha kotsing ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi: mofuta oa neurodevelopmental. Mekhoa ea Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35: 268–276. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
3. Kalivas PW, phetisetso ea Stewart J. Dopamine ho qala le ho hlahisa ts'ehetso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le khatello ea maikutlo. Brain Res Boko Res Res 1991; 16: 223–244. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | CAS |
4. Angrist BM, Gershon S. Boemo bo makatsang ba liteko tsa amphetamine psychosis tse etsoang ka liteko-pele. Biol Psychiatry 1970; 2: 95-107. | E fetotsoe | CAS |
5. Bartlett E, Hallin A, Chapman B, Angrist B. Tlhokomeliso e khethollang litlamorao tsa ts'oaetso ea k'hok'heine: na e ka ba sesupo sa bokhoba ba tahi? Neuropsychopharmacology 1997; 16: 77-82. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
6. Pierre PJ, Vezina P. Boikemisetso ba ho iketsetsa amphetamine: tlatsetso ea ho arabela bocha le ho pepeseha sethethefatsi pele ho nako. Psychopharmacology 1997; 129: 277-284. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | CAS |
7. Hooks MS, Jones GH, Liem BJ, Justice JB Jr. Sensitization le liphapang tsa batho ka bomong ho IP amphetamine, cocaine, kapa caffeine kamora ho phetoa hangata ha intra-cranial amphetamine infusions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992; 654: 444–447. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
8. Antelman SM, Eichler AJ, Black CA, Kocan D. Phapanyetsano ea khatello ea maikutlo le amphetamine ho khothatseng. Saense 1980; 207: 329–331. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
9. MOKHATLO OA MOLIMO: Pierce RC, Kalivas PW. Moetso oa potoloho oa polelo ea boits'oaro ba boits'oaro ho li-psychostimulants tse kang amphetamine. Brain Res Boko Res Res 1997; 25: 192–216. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
10. Pani L, Porcella A, Gessa GL. Karolo ea khatello ea maikutlo ho pathophysiology ea sistimi ea dopaminergic. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5: 14–21. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
11. Barr AM, Hofmann CE, Weinberg J, Phillips AG. Ho hlahisa maikutlo ho pheta-pheta, d-amphetamine e hlohlelletsa ts'usumetso ea axis ea HPA ho khatello ea maikutlo e latelang. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 26: 286–294. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
12. Nikulina EM, Covington HE 3rd, Ganschow L, Hammer RP Jr, Miczek KA. Boitšoaro ba nako e telele ba boits'oaro le neuronal cross-sensitization ho amphetamine e bakoang ke khatello ea maikutlo e khutšoane khafetsa ea khatello ea sechaba: Fos sebakeng sa ventral tegmental le amygdala. Neuroscience 2004; 123: 857-865. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | CAS |
13. Leyton M, Stewart J. Preexpression ea ts'abo ea maoto e matlafatsa karabelo ea locomotor ho systemic morphine e latelang le intra-nucleus accumbens amphetamine. Pharmacol Likokoana-hloko Behav 1990; 37: 303–310. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
14. Matuszewich L, Carter S, Anderson EM, Friedman RD, McFadden LM. Ho khothaletsa boits'oaro le boits'oaro ba methapo ea kutlo ho ente e matla ea methamphetamine kamora khatello ea maikutlo e sa lebelloang. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272: 308–313. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
15. Prasad BM, Sorg BA, Ulibarri C, Kalivas PW. Sensitization ho khatello ea maikutlo le li-psychostimulants. Ho kenyeletsoa phetiso ea dopamine khahlano le axis ea HPA. Ann NY Acad Sci 1995; EA-771: 617-625. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
16. Piazza PV, Le Moal ML. Pathophysiological motheo oa ts'oaetso ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi: karolo ea tšebelisano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo, li-glucocorticoids le li-neuron tsa dopaminergic. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1996; 36: 359–378. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
17. Reid MS, Ho LB, Tolliver BK, Wolkowitz OM, Berger SP. Phetoho e fokolang ea khatello ea maikutlo e bakoang ke khatello ea maikutlo ho amphetamine kamora kalafo ea metyrapone. Boko Res 1998; 783: 133-142. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
18. Boileau I, Dagher A, Leyton M, Gunn RN, Baker GB, Diksic M et al a. Ho etsa mohlala oa ho matlafatsa tse susumetsang batho: thuto ea [11C] raclopride / positron emission tomography ho banna ba phetseng hantle. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 1386-1395. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
19. MB ea pele, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. . Puisano e hlophisitsoeng ea Kliniki bakeng sa Lits'oaetso tsa DSM-IV-TR Axis I, Phetolelo ea Liphuputso, Khatiso e senang mokuli. SCID-I / NP: New York, NY, USA, 2002.
20. Pruessner JC, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C. Ho tepella, ho lemoha khatello ea maikutlo, le likarabo tsa cortisol ho tsosa. Psychosom Med 1999; 61: 197-204. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
21. Rosenberg M. Mokhatlo le Setšoantšo sa Adolescent. Wesleyan Press Press: Middleton, CT, USA, 1989.
22. CDi ea Spielberger, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. Buka ea tataiso ea naha le tšebeliso ea maikutlo. Ho shebella litsebi tsa mafu a kelello: Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1970.
23. Kirschbaum C, Prussner JC, Lejoe la AA, Federenko I, Gaab J, Lintz D. et al a. Likarabo tse phahameng tsa "cortisol" ho khatello ea maikutlo e phetoang ka bongata ba banna ba phetseng hantle. Psychosom Med 1995; 57: 468-474. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
24. Schommer NC, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C. Ho ikarola lipakeng tsa reactivity ea hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis le kutloelo-bohloko ea adrenal-medullary system ho pheta khatello ea maikutlo le kelello. Psychosom Med 2003; 65: 450–460. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
25. Pruessner JC, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C. Ho itšepa ho fokolang, ho baka ho hloleha le karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo ea adrenocortical. Pers Indiv e Fapane 1999; 27: 477–489. | Sehlooho se |
26. Pruessner JC, Champagne F, Meaney MJ, Dagher A. Dopamine e lokolloa ho arabela khatello ea kelello ho batho le kamano ea eona le bophelo ba bongoaneng ba pelehi: thuto ea positron emission tomography e sebelisang [11C] raclopride. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 2825–2831. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
27. Soliman A, O'Driscoll GA, Pruessner J, Holahan AL, Boileau I, Gagnon D et al a. Ho lokolloa ha dopamine ho bakoang ke khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba kotsing ea psychosis: thuto ea [11C] raclopride PET. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33: 2033-2041. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI |
28. Lorr M, DMN McNair, Fisher SU. Bopaki ba maikutlo a ho ferekana kelellong bo re. J Pers Lekola 1982; 46: 432--436. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
29. Litšenyehelo N, Dagher A, Larcher K, Evans AC, Collins DL, Reilhac A.Peulo ea motsamao oa data e mengata ea PET ho 'mapa oa neuroreceptor: netefatso e thehiloeng ho ketsiso. Tsebo ea 2009; 47: 1496-1505. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI |
30. Collins DL, Neelin P, Peters TM, Evans AC. Ngoliso e ikemetseng ea 3D intersubject ea data ea MR volumetric sebakeng se lekantsoeng sa Talairach. J Comput Thusa Tomogr 1994; 18: 192-205. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
31. Lammertsma AA, Hume SP. Moetso o bonolo oa litšupiso bakeng sa lithuto tsa receptor tsa PET. Neuroimage 1996; 4: 153–158. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
32. Gunn RN, Lammertsma AA, Hume SP, Cunningham VJ. Litšoantšo tsa parametric tsa li-ligand-receptor tse tlamang ho PET li sebelisa sebopeho se nolofalitsoeng sa sebaka sa litšupiso. Neuroimage 1997; 6: 279–287. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
33. Worsley KJ, Marrett S, Neelin P, AC ea Vandal, Friston KJ, Evans AC. Mokhoa o kopaneng oa lipalo-palo oa ho khetholla matšoao a bohlokoa litšoantšong tsa ts'ebetso ea boko. Mapp ea Hum Brain 1996; 4: 58-73. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
34. Collins L, Evans AC, Holmes C, Peters TM. Karolo e ikatisang ea 3D ea mejako ea neuro-anatomical e tsoang MRI. Ts'ebetso ea tlhahisoleseling ho nahana ka bongaka. Moq. 3. Kluwer: Dordrecht, 1995.
35. Evans AC, Marrett S, Neelin P, Collins L, Worsley K, Dai W et al a. 'Mapa oa Anatomical oa ts'ebetso e sebetsang sebakeng sa khokahano ea stereotactic Neuroimage 1992; 1: 43-53. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | CAS |
36. Pruessner JC, Kirschbaum C, Meinlschmid G, Hellhammer DH. Mekhoa e 'meli ea ho bala sebaka se ka tlasa mothinya e emela mehato ea kakaretso ea lihormone ha e bapisoa le phetoho e itšetlehileng ka nako. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28: 916-931. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
37. Cruz FC, Marin MT, Leao RM, Planeta CS. Ho imeloa kelellong ho matlafatsang amphetamine ho amana le liphetoho tsamaisong ea dopaminergic. J Neural Transm 2012; 119: 415–424. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
38. Abercrombie ED, Keefe KA, DiFrischia DS, Zigmond MJ. Phapang e fapaneng ea khatello ea maikutlo ho Ka vivo Ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka striatum, nucleus accumbens, le medial frontal cortex. J Neurochem 1989; 52: 1655-1658. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
39. Finlay JM, Zigmond MJ. Litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo ho li-neurons tse bohareng tsa dopaminergic: litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa kliniki. Neurochem Res 1997; 22: 1387–1394. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | CAS |
40. Rouge-Pont F, Piazza PV, Kharouby M, Le Moal M, Simon H. Ho eketseha le ho eketseha ha nako e telele ho bakoang ke khatello ea maikutlo ho li-dopamine tsa li-nucleus tsa liphoofolo tse reretsoeng ho itlhophisa. Phuputso ea microdialysis. Boko Res 1993; 602: 169-174. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | CAS |
41. Mizrahi R, Kenk M, Suridjan I, Boileau I, George TP, McKenzie K et al a. Karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo e bakoang ke khatello ea maikutlo litabeng tse kotsing e kholo ea ts'oaetso ea schizophrenia e nang le ts'ebeliso ea kannete ea kannete le ntle le eona. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39: 1479–1489. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
42. Mizrahi R, Addington J, Tonakholo ea Rusjan, Suridjan I, Ng A, Boileau I et al a. Ho eketsa khatello ea dopamine e bakoang ke khatello ea kelello ho psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71: 561-567. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
43. Tidey JW, Miczek KA. Mathata a ho hlola khatello ea sechaba a khetha li-mesocorticolimbic dopamine ka mokhoa o ikhethileng: a Ka vivo thuto ea microdialysis. Boko Res 1996; 721: 140-149. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
44. McLaughlin KA, Kubzansky LD, Dunn EC, Waldinger R, Vaillant G, Koenen KC. Tikoloho ea sechaba ea bongoana, ho sebetsana le maikutlo ho imeloa kelellong, le mathata a maikutlo le matšoenyeho nakong eohle ea bophelo. Matšoenyeho a Khatello ea maikutlo 2010; 27: 1087-1094. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
45. Booij L, Tremblay RE, Szyf M, Benkelfat C. Litšusumetso tsa lefutso le tsa tikoloho tsamaisong ea serotonin: litlamorao tsa kholo ea boko le kotsi ea lefu la kelello. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2015; 40: 5-18. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
46. Oswald LM, Wand GS, Kuwabara H, Wong DF, Zhu S, Brasic JR. Nalane ea mathata a bongoaneng e amahanngoa hantle le likarabo tsa ventral striatal dopamine ho amphetamine. Psychopharmacology 2014; 231: 2417–2433. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
47. Martinez D, Gil R, Slifstein M, Hwang DR, Huang Y, Perez A et al a. Ho itšetleha ka joala ho amahanngoa le phetiso ea blunted dopamine ho ventral striatum. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58: 779-786. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
48. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Hitzemann R et al a. Ho fokotsa boikarabello ba striatal dopaminergic boikarabellong ba lithuto tse itšetlehileng ka k'hok'heine. Tlhaho 1997; 386: 830-833. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
49. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, Fowler JS, Logan J, Jayne M et al a. Ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka striatum ho lino tse tahang tse nang le ts'oaetso: ho nka karolo ha orbitofrontal. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 12700-12706. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
50. CD ea Gipson, Kalivas PW. Ho lemalla lithethefatsi tse ngata tsa cocaine. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76: 765-766. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
51. Koob GF, Le Moal M. Tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi: dysregulation ea hedonic homeostatic. Saense 1997; 278: 52-58. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
52. Leyton M. Ke eng e haelloang ke khaello ea moputso? J Psychiatry Neurosci 2014; 39: 291–293. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
53. Hernaus D, Collip D, Lataster J, Ceccarini J, Kenis G, Booij L et al a. COMT Val158Met genotype e khetha ka mokhoa o khethollang prefrontal [18F] ho falla ha fallypride le maikutlo a ikhethileng a khatello ea maikutlo ho arabela phephetso ea khatello ea kelello. PLoS One 2013; 8: e65662. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
54. Choi EY, Yeo BT, Buckner RL. Mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa striatum ea motho o hakantsoeng ke khokahano e sebetsang ea tlhaho. J Neurophysiol 2012; 108: 2242-2263. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
55. Nagano-Saito A, Dagher A, Booij L, Gravel P, Welfeld K, Casey KF et al a. Phekolo ea khatello ea maikutlo e bakoang ke khatello ea maikutlo ho motho ea ka pele ho cortex - 18F-fallypride / PET ho ithuta ho baithaopi ba phetseng hantle. Synapse 2013; 67: 821-830. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI |
56. Duvauchelle CL, Ikegami A, Asami S, Robens J, Kressin K, Castaneda E. Litlamorao tsa maemo a k'hok'heine ho NAcc dopamine le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro kamora tsamaiso e kenang ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo. Boko Res 2000; EA-862: 49-58. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
57. Weiss F, Maldonado-Vlaar CS, Parsons LH, Kerr TM, Smith DL, Ben-Shahar O. le li-nucleus accumbens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 4321-4326. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | CAS |
58. Boileau I, Dagher A, Leyton M, Welfeld K, Booij L, Diksic M et al a. Boemo ba tokollo ea dopamine bathong: positron emission tomography [11C] raclopride Study with amphetamine. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 3998-4003. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
59. Vezina P, Leyton M. Maemo a boemo le polelo ea ts'usumetso e matlafatsang liphoofolong le bathong. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56 (Tlatsetso ea 1): 160-168. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
60. Robinson TE, Browman KE, Crombag HS, Badiani A. Ho feto-fetoha ha mokhoa oa ho kenyelletsa kapa ho hlahisa maikutlo a psychostimulant sensitization ke maemo a mabapi le tsamaiso ea lithethefatsi. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1998; 22: 347-354. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
61. Cabib S, Puglisi-Allegra S. Khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le sistimi ea mesolimbic dopamine. Psychopharmacology 1996; 128: 331–342. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI | CAS |
62. MacLennan AJ, Maier SF. Ho sebetsana ka katleho le matla a susumetsoang ke khatello ea maikutlo a susumetsang mohopolo. Mahlale 1983; 219: 1091-1093. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
63. Anisman H, Hahn B, Hoffman D, Zacharko RM. Khatello ea maikutlo e bakile ho mpefala ha mamello ea amphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1985; 23: 173-183. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe |
64. Vezina P, McGehee DS, Green WN. Ho hlahisa maikutlo ho nicotine le ho matlafatsa boits'oaro bo bakoang ke nicotine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31: 1625-1638. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | CAS |
65. Howes OD, Murray RM. Schizophrenia: mohlala o kopaneng oa ntlafatso ea maemo a bophelo. Lancet 2014; 383: 1677-1687. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI |
66. Seo D, Tsou KA, Ansell EB, Potenza MN, Sinha R. Mathata a kopaneng a matlafatsa karabelo ea methapo khatello ea maikutlo e matla: ho kopana le matšoao a bophelo bo botle. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39: 670-680. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI |
67. Romella RM. Ho fetisetsa khatello ea kelello le kelello ho neurobiology ea boloetse bo pheta-phetoang bo amanang. Ke J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 999-1010. | Sehlooho se | E fetotsoe | ISI |