Likhatello tsa meriana e bakoang ke lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi tse kotsi le ho khutlela morao (2019)

Khatello ea Kelello ea Neurobiol. 2019 Feb; 10: 100148.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2019 Feb 1. doi: 10.1016 / j.ynstr.2019.100148

PMCID: PMC6430516

PMID: 30937354

Stephanie E. Wemm* 'me Rajita Sinha

inahaneloang

Boithuto bo 'maloa bo lekantse litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tsa psychoactive ho biology ea khatello, li-neuroadaptations tse hlahisoang ke tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ho biology ea khatello, le litlamorao tsa eona ea ho lemalla ho lemalla hape. Tlhahlobo ena e akaretsa lipatlisiso tsa batho haholo ka litlamorao tse mpe tsa lithethefatsi tse fapaneng tsa tlhekefetso (ke hore, nicotine, cannabis, psychostimulants, joala le opioids) ho axis-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis le likarabo tsa tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo. Re lekola lingoliloeng ka likarabo tse matla tsa khatello ea maikutlo tse fumanehang ho batho ba naïve kapa basebelisi ba bobebe ba boithabiso le ba sebelisang lithethefatsi tse boima kapa tse sa foleng. Re boetse re buisana ka bopaki ba liphetoho lipakeng tsa tonic, kapa mamello, kamora ho fetoha le liphetoho tsa pele le tse amanang le karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo. Re buisana ka phello ea mamello ea tsamaiso ea khatello ea maikutlo ho basebelisi ba boima ka karabelo ea bona ho likarabo tsa cue tse amanang le lithethefatsi le khatello ea maikutlo ha li bapisoa le lithuto. Kakaretso e fanoa ka litlamorao tsa likarabo tsa glucocorticoid le ho ikamahanya le tsona ho li-cortices tsa boko le tsa pele tse amehang taolong ea ho batla lithethefatsi le ho khutlisetsa kotsi. Kamora nako, re akaretsa lintlha tse bohlokoa tsa bohlokoa, ho kenyelletsa lintlha tsa phapang tse fapaneng le ba bong, tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, tšohanyetso le mathata le nalane ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le phapang ea mekhoa, e ka bang le litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tsena ho biology ea khatello.

Keywords: Ho sithabela maikutlo, bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, lithethefatsi, Cortisol, tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo le tsamaiso ea methapo ea pelo

1. Selelekela

Mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (SUDs) a kenya moroalo o moholo sechabeng sa United States le lefats'e ka bophara. United States feela, li-SUD li hakanyetsoa ho bitsa $ 400 limilione tse likete ho libaka tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa le botlokotsebe, liphetho tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle, le tlhahiso e lahlehileng (). Ho bile le liphetoho tse tšosang moqoqong oa tleliniki moo bacha ba ntseng ba thulana le litlamorao tse ngata ka lebaka la tšebeliso joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ke keketseho ea lefu la sebete le amanang le joala.), ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea opioid (), le likotsi tsa koloi tse amanang le matekoane (). Mekhoa ena kaofela e bonts'a bohlokoa ba ho shebisisa mekhoa e ka thusang phetoho ho tloha tšebeliso e mpe ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi hampe.

Matšoenyeho a bophelo ba pele ho nako le mathata a eketsehang a kenyelletsang bana, ho kenyelletsa tšoaro e mpe ea bana, ke lintho tsa bohlokoa tse nkang karolo ea bohlokoa ho poteng ha lithethefatsi, ho tloha ho nts'etsopele ea likhathatso, ho lokisa, ho khutla hape le ho hlaphoheloa ho tsoa ho li-SUDs (; ; , ). Ha ho shebisoe haholo litlamorao tse matla tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka boeona ho karabelo e matla ea khatello ea maikutlo. Leha lithuto tse 'maloa li supile tokisong e fetotsoeng lits'ebetsong tsena, ha e shebelle haholo litlamorao tsa liphetoho tsena ho ts'ebelisong ea cue, khothatso ea lithethefatsi, le ho khutlela bothateng. Ka lebaka lena, re tsepamisitse likelello litlamorao tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le methapo e meng e sa ts'oaneng le khatello ea maikutlo le litlamorao tsa eona tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo, moputso, ho lakatsa, le kotsi ea ho boelana. Mosebetsi oa nakong e fetileng o entse lipatlisiso tsa litlamorao tse mpe tsa lithethefatsi tse fapaneng tsa tlhekefetso mefuteng ea liphoofolo ea tšebeliso e mpe le e sa foleng () le lipatlisiso tsa boithuto mabapi le netefatso ea tahi (). Kahoo, re shebana haholo le lithuto tsa batho le karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo 'me re kenyelletsa moputso o bohareng le litsela tse khothatsang ha re buisana ka litlamorao tsa biology ea paripheral khatello ea maikutlo ho khothaletsong ea lithethefatsi le tahi. Ntle le moo, tekolo ena e akaretsa lithethefatsi tse sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa tsa nicotine, joala, cannabis, psychostimulants (ke hore, koae le amphetamines) le opioids.

1.1. Kamano lipakeng tsa peripheral and neuroadaptations tse kholo ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi

Likarabo tsa khafetsa tse ithutoang khafetsa mabapi le SUDs li kenyelletsa makala a mabeli a marang-rang a tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo (ANS), haholo likarabo tsa 'mele tsa kutloelo-bohloko le liphapang tsa maikutlo, le karabelo ea neuroendocrine ea hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (bona bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea li-biomarkers tsa khatello). Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ena, re tla shebisisa mehato e tobileng ea ANS (ke hore, epinephrine / norepinephrine, phapang ea pelo [HRV]) le likarabo tsa axero ea HPA (ke hore, adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH], cortisol / corticosterone; bona Feie. 1 bakeng sa papiso). Litsela tsa mantlha tsa khatello ea maikutlo bathong li hlalositsoe ka botlalo litlhahlobong tse fetileng (; ) hape e kenyelletsa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa stem ea boko (Locus Coeruleus [LC]; Ventral Tegmental Area [VTA]; Substantia Nigra [SN]; Dorsal Raphe), limbic (hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, le Bed Nucleus ea Stria terminali [BNST] ), striatal (ventral le dorsal) le ea kahare, cterate ea ka ntle le libaka tsa preortal cortex (PFC), le sensory le motor cortices, lipotoloho tse kentseng letsoho ts'ebetsong ea lithethefatsi le khatello ea maikutlo le ho laola likarabo tsena (bona Feie. 1). Litsela tsena tse mahareng tsa khatello ea maikutlo li bile le tšusumetso e kholo ho feta lisebelisoa tsa neuroimaging litlamorao tse matla tsa lithethefatsi, ho susumetsoa ke lithethefatsi le ho ba matšoao a kotsi ea ho oela hape (; ; , ; ).

Feie. 1

Matla a puisano pakeng tsa karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo le potoloho ea khatello ea kelello. Autonomic le HPA axis arousal (1) e etsahala ka lebaka la khatello ea maikutlo le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Sena se tsosa maikutlo se baka karohano (2) lipotolohong ea maoto le ts'ebetso e bohareng ho qala likarabo tsa maikutlo, kelello le boits'oaro ho laola khatello ea maikutlo, maikutlo le moputso (3). Libaka tsa kutlo li fana ka tlhahisoleseling ho amygdala, hippocampus, le locus coerulus (LC), e thusang ho ikamahanya le likarabo tse bohareng tsa maikutlo, kelello, boits'oaro. AMY = Amygdala, HP = Hippocampus, HYP = Hypothalamus, PFC = Pele ho Cortex, THAL = Thalamus, VTA = Sebaka sa Ventral Teental. Litempele li ne li sebelisoa ho tsoa ho Artier Medical Art (www.mart.servier.com).

2. Litla-morao tse matla le tse sa foleng tsa kelello tse nang le mathata a amanang le khatello ea maikutlo

2.1. Nikotine

2.1.1. Litlamorao tse mpe tsa nikotine ho batho ba sa tsubeng le ba bobebe

Litlamorao tse mpe tsa nikotine mokokotlong oa HPA ho batho ba sa tsubeng kapa ba tsubang ("chippers") ha li e-so be le tlaleho e ngata, haholo-holo mehlala ea batho, ha e bapisoa le basebelisi ba sa foleng. Leha ho le joalo, e lumellana le bopaki ho liphoofolo tse sa itšetlehang, nicotine e eketsa maemo a corticosterone haholo-holo maemong a phahameng a nicotine dosing (; ; ; ; ). Ka bobeli nicotine-naïve le basebelisi ba kamehla ba nicotine ba bonts'a keketseho e itšetlehileng ka litekanyetso tsa cortisol, ACTH le prolactin li tlalehiloe (bona bakeng sa tlhahlobo). Boithuto ba mochine o teng mehlaleng ea liphoofolo bo bontša hore phello ea nicotine mokokotlong oa HPA e hlahisoa haholo-holo ke nicotine e hlahisitsoeng ea norepinephrine le CRH karolong ea mantlha ea "hypothalamus"; ; ). Liphumano tsena tse kopaneng li bonts'a nicotine e butsisa axis ea HPA ka litlamorao tsa eona tse tobileng ho hlohlelletsa catecholaminergic le cholinergic ea ANS.

Mabapi le ANS, karabelo ea "naïve kapa" light "ea catecholamine e ngotsoe haholo mefuteng ea liphoofolo, empa lithuto tse 'maloa tsa batho li ithutile litlamorao tsa nicotine ho batho ba sa tsubeng. Epinephrine e bontšitsoe ka ts'epo hore e eketseha ka mokhoa o itšetlehileng ka lethal dose ha o arabela ka nicotine (; ; ; ), haholoholo tlasa maemo a boithatelo ba ho ikatisa (). Nikotine e boetse e eketsa tlhahiso ea pelo liphoofolong (), sepheo se 'nileng sa phetoa ho batho ba sa tsubeng (; ). Mehlaleng ea batho, lithuto tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore nikotine e eketsa ts'ebetso ea pelo joalo ka ha e lekantsoe le keketseho ea maqhubu a tlase (LF; index ea ts'ebetso ea kutloelo-bohloko),' me e fokotseha khafetsa (HF; ts'ebetso ea parasympathetic) HRV, ka bobeli ho arabela ho nikotini le ha sebetsa hammoho le khatello ea maikutlo (; ).

2.1.2. Litlamorao tse mpe tsa nicotine ho batho ba sa tsubeng, ba tsubang haholo

Tsamaiso e sa feleng ea nikotine e thatafatsa litekanyetso tsa tonic ea HPA axis. Batho ba tsubang ba sa foleng ba bonts'a litekanyetso tse kholo tsa basal cortisol tse amanang le bao e seng batho ba tsubang.). Ho basebelisi ba sa foleng, tsamaiso ea nicotine e matla le ho feta e eketsa litekanyetso tsa cortisol le ACTH (; ; ; ; ) ka mokhoa o itšetlehileng ka litekanyetso (; ). Mefuta ea liphoofolo e bonts'a hore nicotine e phahamisa corticosterone le ACTH pele ho ts'ebeliso empa, le ha nikotine e ntse e hlohlelletsa ho hlaha, karabelo ena ho nikotine e ile ea hlomphuoa ka mor'a taolo e latellanang (); papiso e phetoang thutong ea kamano ea batho moo basebelisi ba sa ts'oaneng ba bapisoang le li-chipper (). Ho khaotsa ha Nikotine ho amahanngoa le molumo o phahameng oa basiti oa HPA le karabelo e sootho ho nicotine ka bolelele bo fapaneng ba ho se thibele (XNUMX); ). Kahoo, axis ea HPA e lumellana le litlamorao tse tsosang tsa ho tsuba ho sa feleng (bona bakeng sa ho lekola) le, nakong ea ho ila pelehi, liphetoho tsena li baka keketseho ea ketsahalo e mpefatsang ho tlohela.

Ba tsubang haholo ba boetse ba bonts'a tšitiso tsamaisong ea ANS e sebetsang. Joalo ka mokokotlo oa HPA, tsamaiso ea nicotine e hlobaetsang e eketsa epinephrine ea batho ba tsubang, norepinephrine, khatello ea mali le lebelo la pelo (; ; ; ; ; , ; ; ). Tsamaiso e matla ea nicotine e boetse e eketsa LF HRV, e fokotsa HF HRV, mme e eketsa karolelano ea LF / HF HRV (; ; ; ; ). Likuku tsa koae li na le karabelo e matla ea khatello ea mali ho nikotini ho feta ho tsejoang ke batho ba tsubang haholo (). Ho tlohela mosebetsi ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng ho bonahala ho etsa mosebetsi o tloaelehileng oa ANS joalo ka ha o bonahatsoa ke maemo a epinephrine le norepinephrine le phokotso ea LF / HF HRV (). Nikotine, ka hona, e kenya tšebetsong tsamaiso ea khatello ea maikutlo ea ANS maemong ka bobeli a karabelo e matla le molumo o akaretsang o thibelang ho ithiba ho sa feleng.

2.2. Mekhenike

2.2.1. Litlamorao tse mpe tsa cannabis ho basebelisi ba leseli

Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) ke karolo ea kelello ea li-cannabis. Tsamaiso ea THC e sebetsa corticosterone / cortisol le ACTH ho liphoofolo ka bobeli (; ; le mehlala ea batho (; ; ). Ketso ea li-cannabinoids tsa exo native axis ea HPA e rarahane, e fana ka litlamorao ka bobeli () bokaholimo ba hlooho ea "hypothalamus" le ka libaka tse ling tsa boko, ho kenyelletsa le amygdala ea basolateral (). Ho tsuba koae kapa ho tsuba ka hanong ea molomo ho hlohlelletsa pelo le litlamorao tse bonoang ho HR le plasma epinephrine () le ho eketsa sekhahla sa pelo (; ; ).

2.2.2. Litlamorao tse mpe tsa cannabis ho basebelisi ba boima

Ts'ebetso e matla ea li-cannabis tse tsubang kapa molomo oa THC ho basebelisi ba sa foleng le tsona li bontšitsoe ho khothaletsa li-ANS le axis ea HPA. Mabapi le axis ea HPA, cortisol e eketseha ho arabela ho tsuba matekoane kapa ho fumana methapo e kenang ea methapo ho tlalehiloe (; ; ). Leha ho le joalo, keketseho e susumetsoang ke THC ea basebelisi ba nang le mathata e ile ea phatloha ha e bapisoa le keketseho ea cortisol ea taolo e phetseng hantle (; ). Ho pepesetsoa nako e telele ho THC nakong ea libeke tse peli ho fokotse kholo ea cortisol e neng e lebelletsoe kamora ts'ebetso (). Patlo ena e fetileng e kopantsoe le maemo a phahameng a basal cortisol ho basebelisi ba boima ba cannabis (; ) le ho lula maemong a phahameng le kamora ho tlohela likhoeli tse tšeletseng () fana ka tlhahiso ea hore ts'ebeliso ea cannabis e tsoelang pele e amahanngoa le liphetoho tse tšoarellang tsebeng ea HPA. Ho ke ho hlokomeloe hore ho latela lithuto tsena, ha ho hlake hore na cannabis e sa foleng e sebelisa ts'ebetso ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa ka mokhoa o fapaneng. Ha lithuto tse ling li fumane hore THC ha e ame phello ea epinephrine le norepinephrine (), THC e etsa hore ho be le karabelo e kholo ea pelo le basebelisi ba sa foleng (; ; ; ; ), empa karabelo ena ha e fapana pakeng tsa batho ba tsubang ba boima le ba bobebe ba ho tsubang (). Kahoo, ho pepeseha ho matla hoa likarolo tsa kelello tsa "cannabis" ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea li-axis tsa HPA le pelo e matla, empa litlamorao tsa eona tsa catecholamines tsa peripher ha li hlakile ebile ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ngata. Ho tlohela ho tsuba ka tšohanyetso ho boetse ho entse hore khatello ea mali e eketsehe haholo (); leha ho le joalo, keketseho e amanang le ho se thibele bophelo ba motho e lieha ().

2.3. Li-stimulants

2.3.1. Litlamorao tse mpe tsa li-stimulants ho basebelisi ba naïve kapa leseli

Cocaine e eketsa corticosterone le cortisol ka litoeba tsa cocaine-naïve (; ; ; ; ) le batho () ka mokhoa o itšetlehileng ka litekanyetso. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, cocaine e boetse e eketsa ACTH ho litoeba tsa banna (; ; ; ), leha sena se ne se sa phetoe thutong e le 'ngoe ea motho (). Ntle le moo, ho bonahala eka CRF e ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea koae. Phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane hore CRF, ha e tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o sa feleng, e thibela litlamorao tsa karabelo ea HPA (). Bong bo ka ba mookameli oa bohlokoa joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe ke phuputso e 'ngoe e fumanoeng hore litoeba tsa basali li na le karabelo e kholo ea corticosterone ho cocaine ho feta e motona (). Ho fumana hona ho bohlokoa haholo hobane lithuto tse ngata tsa taolo ea koae li tsepamisitse maikutlo ho liphoofolo tse tona le ho batho. Cocaine e boetse e tsosa li-ANS joalo ka ha li pakoa ke epinephrine e eketsehileng le norepinephrine mohlaleng oa phoofolo () le sekhahla se phahameng sa pelo mohlaleng oa motho (). Mefuteng ea batho, cocaine e eketsa HR haholo mme e fokotsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo ea kelello ha e bonahatsoa ke HF HRV e theotsoeng ().

Sehlopha se seng sa li-stimulants, amphetamines, se na le litlamorao tse tšoanang ho axis ea HPA le adrenergic system. Hoa tšoana le cocaine, amphetamines e eketsa cortisol e arabela ka motho (; ; ; ; ; LM ; ; ; ; le disampole tsa litoeba (; ). Batho ka bomong ba nang le nalane ea ho sebelisa methamphetamine bonyane makhetlo a tšeletseng, empa ba neng ba sa itšetleha, ba ne ba eketsehile ka cortisol ho arabela taolo ea methamphetamine (, ). CRF le li-neurotransmitters tse ling li buisana le keketseho e bakoang ke cannabis ea cortisol (; ). Ntle le liketso tsa eona ho axis ea HPA, amphetamine e boetse e tsosa karabelo ea adrenergic joalo ka bopaki ba norepinephrine e eketsehang, khatello ea mali (, khatello ea mali (), le sekhahla sa pelo (). Amphetamine e sebetsa hantle ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa li-ANS tsa ba nang le boiphihlelo, empa ba sa ts'epa, basebelisi ba methamphetamine joalo ka ha ba thathamisitsoe ke norepinephrine metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) ().

2.3.2. Liphetho tse matla le tse sa foleng tsa li-stimulants ho basebelisi ba itšetlehileng

Lithuto tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore koae e eketsa secretion ea corticosterone (bona bakeng sa tlhahlobo). Bathong, basebelisi ba cocaine ba sa foleng ba boetse ba bonts'a maemo a phahameng a cortisol le ACTH ha a fanoa ka koae (bona bakeng sa tlhahlobo) le maemo a phahameng a basort ea cortisol () tseo ka bobeli li sa fetoloang ke ho ila (; ) kapa ea fokotsoang ka ho khaotsa ho tsuba koae (). Tsamaiso ea cocoaine e boetse e matlafalitse karabelo ea adrenergic ho kenyeletsa le maemo a catecholamine (, khatello ea mali, le sekhahla sa pelo (;; bona bakeng sa tlhahlobo; ; ; , ; ; ) lethalotheo; ; ). Boithuto bo bong bo bontšitse hore ho pepesehela khafetsa ka makhetlo a mangata khafetsa ho arabela ho tsitsa ha pelo bakeng sa koae ka likarabo tse matla haholo tse etsahalang nakong ea likokoana-hloko tsa cocaine tse behiloeng leihlo.; , ). Boithuto bo bong bo fumane hore, kamora ho phahama ha litlamorao tsa phello ea pelo le pelo, karabelo ea pelo le methapo e fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba mamelle maemo a ho itlopa lijo.; ; ). Reed le basebetsi-mmoho ba (1984) karohano ea karabelo ea HR ka ho bapisa sebaka se ka tlase-ko-sekoahelong le keketseho e akaretsang ba bonts'a hore keketseho ea karabelo ea pelo le methapo e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la karabelo e hlakileng ea tsamaiso ea ho rala mekhahlelo ea maemo. Nakong ea ho itima lijo ka matla, norepinephrine metabolite MHPG e eketseha ha khatello ea mali ea systolic e le teng ha motho a arabela cocaine ea intranasal (). Methati ea pelo ea basal e phahame ho basebelisi ba cocaine ba sa foleng.).

Litlamorao tsa amphetamines maemong a cortisol ho basebelisi ba sa foleng li rarahane. Basebelisi ba kamehla ba 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA kapa "ecstasy") ba ne ba e-na le maemo a phahameng a cortisol ho feta leseli, basebelisi ba morao-rao kapa lits'ebetso tse sa sebeliseng (). Phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane hore ts'ebeliso ea amphetamine ha u ntse u le kalafong ea placebo e ne e amahanngoa le boemo bo tlase haholo ba cortisol kamora tsamaiso ea taolo ho batho ba itšetlehileng ka amphetamine ka naltrexone (); leha ho le joalo, phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane hore methamphetamine e eketsehang cortisol le ACTH ho basebelisi ba nang le boiphihlelo ba sa tsebeng letho. Kameho ea li-amphetamine maemong a basal ea HPA axis ha e hlake hantle. Boithuto bo bong bo fumane hore batho ba sa sebeliseng kalafo ba batlang methapo e meng ea methamphetamine ba ne ba le tlase () kapa ha ho na phapang lipakeng tsa basal cortisol () bapisoa le lithuto tse laoloang. Boithuto ba morao-rao ba lipatlisiso bo fumane ho se tšoane lipakeng tsa batho ba nang le ts'ehetso ea methamphetamine le lithuto ka mor'a libeke tse 'ne ba tlohele. Batho ba itšetlehileng ka Methamphetamine ba fetotse molumo o nang le kutloelo-bohloko ka ho eketseha ha LF HRV, ba fokotse HF HRV, le tekanyo e phahameng ea LF / HF, 'me tšebeliso e kholo e lumellana hantle le ea morao-rao (). Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling ho utloisisa litlamorao tseo li-amphetamine li nang le tsona ho batho ba ts'ehetsang ba bang ka botlalo.

2.4. ho noa joala

2.4.1. Litlamorao tse mpe tsa joala ho lino tse bobebe / batho ba naïve

Joala bo hlohlelletsa axis ea HPA ho basebelisi ba sa its'epahalleng. Likhoto, joala bo bontšitsoe ho eketsa maemo a plasma corticosterone le ACTH ka mokhoa o sa fetoheng.; ). Ho batho, keketseho e ts'oanang ea cortisol e hlokometsoe ho arabela taolong ea joala e mpe (; ; ; ; ). Ho bonahala litlamorao tsa joala mokokotlong oa HPA li hlaha haholoholo ka lebaka la liketso tsa joala mokokotlong oa "hypothalamus"). Mabapi le ts'ebetso ea ANS, mehlala ea liphoofolo e bontšitse karabelo e phahameng ea epinephrine le karabelo ea norepinephrine ho tsamaiso e kenelletseng ea joala (; ) hape, joalo ka se hlokometsoeng ka maqhubu a HPA ho batho, a fumane hore joala bo ferekanya karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo ha liphoofolo li kopana le khatello ea maikutlo. Ho batho, likarabo tsa noradrenaline le tsona li ile tsa phahamisoa le ho phahamisoa kamora metsotso e 30 kamora ho noa joala ba 0.9 g / kg mme ba lula ba le holimo kamora 4 h (). Tsamaiso e mpe ea tahi e bonahala e ama methapo ea pelo le maikutlo a mofuthu a kutloelo-bohloko. Tsamaiso e mpe ea tahi e lekanang le litekanyetso tse ngata e fokotseha khafetsa HRV e phahameng ebile e eketsa lebelo la maqhubu a tlase a pelo le phallo e phahameng ea methapo ea pelo, index ea kutloelo-bohloko ho ts'ebetsong ea parasympathetic (). Ka kopanelo, liphetho tsena li tsamaellana le lithuto tsa liphoofolo mme li fana ka maikutlo a hore joala bo eketsa axis ea HPA le ts'ebetso ea ANS ho batho ba noang joala haholo mme e ka mpefatsa karabelo ea khatello ha e tsamaisoa haufi le moferefere.

2.4.2. Litlamorao tse mpe tsa joala mehlaleng e lemaletseng joala

Ho itlopa joala ho sa feleng ho fetola maemo a HPA le tsamaiso ea ANS ka ts'ebetso e phetoang hangata ke tšebeliso e ngata ea joala. Boemo ba "cortisol ba basal" bo phahame ka ho loma banna ba boima (; ) le basali (). Ntle le moo, keketseho e lebelletsoeng ea cortisol ho arabela taolong ea joala e ile ea koaheloa haholo ha e bapisoa le ba noang bobebe / ba itekanetseng ba sechaba (). Maemo a HRV a basal a bonahala a theoha haholo ho banna ba noang haholo, ho bonts'a ts'ebetso ea li-ANS (). Hape, batho ba neng ba noele haholo lilemong tse hlano tse fetileng ba bile le karabelo e fokolang ea cortisol ho setho sa joala ho bao e neng e le ba noang haholo.).

Joala bo phahamisa maemo a cortisol ho liphoofolo tse itšetlehileng ka bobeli () le batho (; ; ; ). Ha motho a tlohela joala, ho ikhula ho boetse ho amana le litekanyetso tse eketsehileng tsa basal cortisol () le phokotso ea phallo ea diurnal e theotsoeng (; ). Cortisol modumo le eona e batla e eketseha nakong ea ho nooa haholo (). Le ha maemo a basal cortisol a fokotseha nakong ea ho itšila nako e telele (), ho itima lijo ho tsitsitseng ho amahanngoa le litekanyetso tsa basal cortisol tse ngata ha li bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle (). Ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ANS ho batho ba ikemiselitseng joala le eona e ameha ke joala. Botaoa ba boiketsetso bo ne bo amahanngoa le keketseho ea MHPG () mme, ha batho ba its'epahallang ba kena ho tlosoang haholo, maemo a MHPG a fokotseha ha nako e ntse e eketseha ea seno sa ho qetela (). Le ha e sa lekoe ka kotloloho karabong ea tahi e matla, ts'ebetso ea HRV e sebetsang e boetse e fetoloa ka kotlolloho ka ho ts'epa joala. Tlhahlobo ea meta e fumane hore ho itšetleha ka joala, ho sa tsotelehe boemo ba kalafo, ho amana le ho fokotseha ha maemo a basel HF HRV (). Ka kopanelo, liphetho tsa lithuto tsena li supa li-neuroadaptations ho HPA le karabelo ea ANS ka ts'ebeliso e tsitsitseng le ts'ebeliso e sa felletseng hoo ho nang le karohano kapa ho haella ha karabelo ea phasic empa litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa tonic ho basebelisi ba nang le taolo le litšebelisano.

2.5. Li-opioids

2.5.1. Litlamorao tse mpe tsa li-opioid ho basebelisi bao eseng bao hape ba bobebe

Ho fapana le lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso, li-opioids li bonahala li na le litlamorao tse fapaneng ho biology ea khatello ho penteng joalo ka batho. Ho litoeba, morphine e eketsa ACTH le corticosterone (; ; ) athe, ho batho, morphine e nyenyefatsa karabo ea HPA (; ; ; ). Naloxone, mohanyetsi oa opioid, o eketsa maemo a ACTH le cortisol bathong (; ) le likolobe (; ). Ho na le bopaki ba hore li-opioids li ama ka kotloloho axis ea HPA () ho hatella likarabo tsa HPA axis. Tšusumetso ea li-opioid ho ANS e rarahane, karabelo e fokotsehileng ea axero ea HPA ho CRF, morphine e bile le tšusumetso e fokolang ho karabelo ea epinephrine le norepinephrine (). Le ha opioids e theola sekhahla sa pelo le khatello ea mali (), HRV e phahameng haholo e bontšitsoe e fokotsehile ke li-opioid ().

2.5.2. Litlamorao tse sa feleng tsa li-opioids litsamaisong tsa khatello maemong a itšetlehileng

Mohlaleng oa batho, li-opioid le agioists tsa opioid, ho kenyeletsoa methadone le buprenorphine, maemo a cortisol a hlakileng (; ; ; , ) le litekanyetso tsa basal cortisol li batla li phahame ho basebelisi ba itšetlehileng ka opioid ha ba bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle (). Phuputso e 'ngoe ea pejana e fumane hore cortisol e ne e sa fetoloe ke tsamaiso ea heroin (); mme patlisiso e sa tsoa feta e fumane hore diacetylmorphine, mofuta oa litlhare oa heroin o laetsoeng kalafo ea tlhokomelo, o fokotse maemo a cortisol haholo ho feta methadone (). Ho tlosoa ho opioids ho tsamaisana le keketseho ea bohlokoa ea tonic maemong a ACTH le cortisol ho sa tsotelehe hore na e hlahisitsoe ke phephetso ea naloxone () kapa e etsahetse ka tlhaho ha nako e ntse e feta (). Ts'ebetso e matla ea li-opioid tsa methapo e amahanngoa le spike ea mantlha ea sekhahla sa pelo e lateloang ke phokotso e liehang ea sekhahla sa pelo (; ). Mokhoa o tšoanang oa liphetho o fumanoe bakeng sa litlamorao tse amanang le ho khaola tsamaisong ea SAM. Ka ho khetheha, epinephrine, norepinephrine, LF HRV, le khatello ea mali li eketseha ka karabelo ho ho tlosoa ha eonaxone (; ; ).

Motheong oa tlhahlobo e hlahisitsoeng likarolong tse fetileng, Lethathamo 1 e akaretsa tataiso ea likarabo tsa phasic HPA axis le likarabo tsa ANS taolong e mpe ea sehlahisoa se seng le se seng sa kelello sa tlhekefetso ho naïve / e sa senyeheng le ho ikamahanya le likarabo ho likarabo tsena ka basebelisi ba boima le ba ts'ehetsang ba amanang le taolo.

Lethathamo 1

Karabelo e matla ea lithethefatsi maemong a sa sebelisoeng / a bobebe ho sebelisa lithuto le ho sebedisa litheko tse sebelisang litlhare kapa tse sa sebetseng hantle.

NthoKarabelo e matla ea lithethefatsi


Binge / Disordered vs.
Naïve / E sa senyehang *


HPAANSHPAANS
Nicotine
Cocaine??
Amphetamine↓ ↓??
Cannabis
ho noa joala
Li-opioids??

Tlhokomeliso: Ketsahalong ea tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo, LF HRV e supa karabelo ea ts'ebetso ea kutloelo-bohloko ea kutloelo-bohloko, athe HF HRV e bonts'a karabelo ea karohano. Mona, re ne re shebile ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea methapo e nang le kutloelo-bohloko ka hare ho tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo.

* Litlamorao tse bohloko tsa lithethefatsi mokokotlong oa HPA le li-ANS lithutong tse sa sebelisoeng / tse bobebe (tšebeliso e seng ea beke le beke ka maemo a tlase haholo) ha li bapisoa le basebelisi ba hlotsoang ka botlalo.

↑ e bonts'a ts'ebetso; ↓ e bontša ho fokotsa; ↑ ↓ e bonts'a liphetho tse tsoakiloeng; = e bontša likarabo tse tšoanang; ? e bonts'a libaka tsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang.

3. Liphetoho tse amanang le lithethefatsi ho biology ea khatello, moputso, takatso le takatso ea ho khutlela morao

Likarolo tse fetileng le Lethathamo 1 e totobatsa litlamorao tse matla tsa lithethefatsi tse tloaelehileng tsa psychoactive ho biology ea khatello le litlamorao tse matla tsa tšusumetso bakeng sa nicotine, cannabis, stimulant, le joala, le litlamorao tse nyahamisang tsa li-opioid tse mpe ho batho. Habohlokoa le ho feta, tšebeliso e ngata ea lithethefatsi tse sa khaotseng le tse sa foleng li fetola likarabo tsena tsa khatello, li supa liphetoho tse bohlokoa ho biology ea khatello. Ha tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ntse e eketseha khafetsa le botebo, litloaelo tsa maqhubu a HPA le litsela tsa ANS li bonts'a e le liphetoho maemong a basel, empa le likarabelong tsa phasic lithethefatsi, khatello le phephetso (bona bakeng sa ho hlahlojoa ha nikotine; ;; bona bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea joala; ; ). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, keketseho ea basal e amanang le ho khaola e amanang le cortisol e amana le ho senyeha hoa kelello (). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mathata ana a ts'ebeliso ea kelello a ka mpefatsa moea oa ho lemalla ; ; bakeng sa lipuisano).

Bopaki bona bo eketsehang bo tiisa potso ea hore na liphetoho tse joalo ho baeloji ea khatello ke litlamorao feela tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, kapa haeba li ka sebetsa e le liphetoho tse amanang le lithethefatsi tse ka bapalang tlhoko ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le ho khutlisetsa kotsi ho basebelisi ba sa foleng. Ho se ho bile le lilemo tse mashome tse shebaneng le mesolimbic striatal dopaminergic pathways e le ea bohlokoa bakeng sa litlamorao tse matlafatsang tsa lithethefatsi tsa psychoactive. Le ha tloaelo ea ho tloaela maemo a striatal e ka tsamaisa tšusumetso e matla ea lithethefatsi, bopaki bo bong ba positron emission tomography (PET) bo bontša hore keketseho ea lithethefatsi tse matlafatsang tsa cortisol e amana haholo le ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka striatum (; ; ) le likhokahano tsa cortisol tse bakoang ke lithethefatsi li amahanngoa le ho taoa ho tlatsetsang ho baithaopi ba phetseng hantle (). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ts'ebetso ea khatello ea maikutlo ho baithaopi ba phetseng hantle e boetse e bontšitsoe ho eketsa phetisetso ea dopamine ho striatum le PFC (; ), le likarabo tsa cortisol ho khatello ea kelello le khatello ea kelello li bolela esale pele moputso ka mor'a taolo ea amphetamine (). Ka ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea matla a ts'ebetso ea matla a khoheli (fMRI), ts'ebetso ea khatello ea kelello e baka ts'ebetso e matla ea ts'ebetso, haholo-holo ka har'a ventri striatum empa eseng dorsal striatum e amanang le likhatiso tse se nang khatello ea maikutlo ho baithaopi ba phetseng hantle (). Hape, ts'ebetso ho cortex ea ventromedial prefrontal cortex le rostral anterior cingrate cortex e ne e le ponelopele ea ho sebetsana ka katleho le maemo a tlase a ts'ebeliso ea joala. Tumellanong le liphumano tsena, liphuputso tse ling tsa fMRI li bonts'itse likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba kengoang ke koluoa ​​ea ketsahalo ea boea bo kahare bo sa bonahaleng libakeng tsa maoto le tsa pele (; ) tse bohlokoa bakeng sa ho laola boitšoaro bo susumetsoang le ho sebetsana ka katleho le maemo. Patlisiso e 'ngoe ea PET e tlaleha tahlehelo ea phetisetso ea dopamine le ho lokolloa ha dopamine ho bakuli ba sebelisang lithethefatsi hampe ho tsamaellana le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi hammoho le keketseho e khothalletsoang ea ho hloleha hoa lithethefatsi le kalafo (; ). Hore na liphetoho tsena tsa dopamine tse tlotsitsoeng li amana le likarabo tse tlotsitsoeng ka glucocorticoid ho lithethefatsi kapa khatello ea maikutlo ha e so ka e fuputsoa ka botlalo. Le ha ho le joalo, datha tsena li totobatsa hore ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso ea lithethefatsi ea khatello ea maikutlo le lits'oaetso tsa dopaminergic e sebetsa hantle haholo mme e fana ka maikutlo a hore ka bobeli ba ka bapala karolo litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi kelellong, le khotellong e matla ea lithethefatsi.

Liphumano tse tsoang liphuputsong tse 'maloa tse laoloang hantle tsa laboratori tse batlang kalafo kapa tse se nang kalafo le bakuli ba hlekefetsang lithethefatsi tse sebelisang lithethefatsi hampe li bonts'itse khatello ea khatello ea kelello cortisol le karabelo ea axs ea ANS ho khatello ea maikutlo le litheko tsa lithethefatsi hammoho le cortisol e phahameng ea basal le HR hammoho le litšitiso. Likarabo tsa HRV (Lethathamo 2;; bona 'me bakeng sa tlhahlobo). Likarabo tse joalo li rereloa hore ho ka ba le kotsi e kholo ea ho khutla kamora kalafo, 'me li etsahala ka takatso e kholo ea lithethefatsi nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo le ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi.; ; ; ; ). Cortisol e foufalitsoeng e tsosang takatso ea khatello ea maikutlo le eona e bolela esale pele ka khothaletso ea joala e nooang ea ho noella joala ho itlopa joala, ba noang haholo (). Kahoo, lithuto tsena li hokahanya tloaelo le liphetoho lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo, ka hona li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho hlokahala hore sepheo sa tsona e be mats'oao a kotsi le khatello e matla empa hape le kholisong ea kalafo ().

Lethathamo 2

Libaka tsa motheo le likarabelo tsa khatello ea maikutlo le lithethefatsi tse sebelisang tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi hampe ha li bapisoa le lithuto tse laolehileng.

NthoTonic / Sebaka sa Basal


Khatello ea Khatello ea Kelello


Lits'oants'o tsa lithethefatsi


HPAANSHPAANSHPAANS
Nicotine↑ =?
Cannabis?
Cocaine↑ =↑ =↑ =
Amphetamine↑ ↓ = =??
ho noa joala↓ =?
Li-opioids↓ ↓↑?

Tlhokomeliso: Papiso ea litekanyetso tsa tonic le litla-morao tse matla tsa phasic le khatello ea litheko tsa lithethefatsi leseling la HPA le li-ANS maemong a sa laoloang a bophelo bo botle a sa foleng, ho itlopa joala / ho hlekefetsa lithethefatsi (eseng ka ho itšoaetsa ho tlola kapa ho intša). Ts'ebetsong ea tsamaiso ea methapo e ikemetseng, LF HRV e bonts'a karabelo ea ts'ebetso ea kutloelo-bohloko ea ts'ebetso, athe HF HRV e bonts'a karabelo ea karohano. Mona, re ne re shebile ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea methapo e nang le kutloelo-bohloko ka hare ho tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo.

↑ e bonts'a ts'ebetso; ↓ e bontša ho fokotsa; ↑ ↓ e bonts'a liphetho tse tsoakiloeng; = e bontša likarabo tse tšoanang; ↑? = bopaki bo fokolang, o hloka lipatlisiso tse ngata; ? e bonts'a libaka tsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang.

Motheong oa tekolo e hlahisitsoeng likarolong tse fetileng, re hlahisa mohlala oa ho bonts'a khatello ea khatello ea khatello ea lithethefatsi ho Feie. 2. Se fumanoeng pejana se fana ka maikutlo a fepa pele-pele phello ea litlamorao ho biology ea khatello ea maikutlo. Biology ea rona ea khatello ea maikutlo e reretsoe ho re thusa ho ikamahanya le mathata a bophelo empa, ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le ts'ebeliso e mpe, ts'ebetso ena e mahlonoko ea likokoana-hloko e holofetse ebile e senyehile. Ka lebaka leo, basebelisi ba lithethefatsi ba boima le ba sa foleng ba kotsing ea ho angoa hampe, ho sithabela le ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo. Ho feta moo, ka likarabo tse sithabetsang kapa tse "mamellehang" tsa khatello ea maikutlo ts'ebelisong ea lithethefatsi, litekanyetso tse kholo tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi lia hlokahala ho boloka allostasis, ka tsela eo ho khanna potoloho ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le khatello ea khatello ea maikutlo e tsoelang pele ho khothaletsa khatello e matla ea lithethefatsi le ho khutlela kotsing.

Feie. 2

Ho hlahisoa sebopeho se sebetsanang le khatello ea maikutlo le tšebelisano ea litheko ho bontša litlamorao le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ho biology ea khatello le litlamorao tsa tšusumetso ea lithethefatsi le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. A e bua ka litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi kapa khatello ea maikutlo ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi ba bobebe kapa ba se nang boiphihlelo. B e hlalosa litlamorao tsa mantlha tsa pelehi ho batho bana ba phetseng hantle tse kopanyetsang ho ithuta ka lithethefatsi, ho buoa ka methapo ea kutlo le ho sebetsana ka katleho le katleho e bakang litekanyo tse laoloang, tse tlase tsa lithethefatsi ho basebelisi ba bobebe ba lithethefatsi tse nang le likarabo tse matla tsa khatello ea maikutlo. C e bonts'a mokhoa o kopanyang oa ho itlopa joala le tšebeliso e matla e bakang khatello ea maikutlo le phetoho e fetohileng le karabelo ho batho ba tlokotsing. D e bonts'a karabelo e soabisitsoeng ebe e baka mofere-fere o lebisang phepong ea takatso e eketsehang, mamello ea neuroendocrine, le litlamorao tse matla tsa ho tlohela / ho tlohela tse nkang karolo ho phepheng tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho khutlisetsa kotsi. E e totobatsa li-moders tse ka bang tse etsang hore batho ba hlaselehe habonolo kapa ba ikemisetse ho feta ts'ebetsong e ngoe e fetileng.

4. Lintho tse amang litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi ho likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo

4.1. Litholoana tsa lithethefatsi mabapi le ho arabela ho khatello ea maikutlo

Re shebile haholo phello ea lithethefatsi ts'ebetsong ea axis ea HPA le SAM likarolong tse fetileng; leha ho le joalo, bopaki bo sa aneleng ke bakuli le likhopolo tse ngata tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi li supa taba ea hore khatello ea maikutlo hangata e etella ts'ebeliso, ka hona e ka fetola karabelo ho khatello ea maikutlo. Mohlaleng oa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ena, liphuputso li bonts'itse hore tsamaiso e le 'ngoe ea lithethefatsi tse nang le khatello ea maikutlo e sitisa mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa karabo ea khatello ea maikutlo (). Mohlala, ha joala kapa methamphetamine e fanoa ka mor'a khatello ea maikutlo, sethethefatsi se sitisa karabelo ea cortisol ho khatello ea kelello le ea bongaka (; ). Joala bo fanoang hang ka mor'a hore khatello ea maikutlo e lelefatse lintho tse mpe tse mpe ebe e eketsa ho lakatsa ho arabela ho khatello ea maikutlo (). Ha tekanyetso e tlase ea THC e ne e fanoa ka mor'a khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le eona e ile ea tšoaetsoa; leha ho le joalo, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa THC, ts'oaetso e mpe e ile ea eketseha, 'me khatello ea mali e ile ea phatloha (). Ka mokhoa oa motho oa laboratori oa ho tsuba ho tsubang hape, ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo ho ile ha eketsa melemo ea ho tsuba, e amanang le cortisol (). Leha ho le joalo, litlamorao tsena li ka ipapisa le mofuta oa lithethefatsi tse tsamaisitsoeng. Ka opioids, tsamaiso ea cortisol e ile ea fumanoa e fokotsa ho lakatsa ho bakuli ba sebelisang tekanyetso e tlase ea heroin (). Ho fumana sena mohlomong ha ho makatse ha ho fanoa ka hore li-opioid li na le tšusumetso ho sistem ea HPA athe lintho tse ling tsa tlhekefetso li na le ts'ebetso e sebetsang. Patlisiso e eketsehileng e hlokahala ho utloisisa ka botlalo tšusumetso e kopanetsoeng ea lithethefatsi le khatello ea karabelo ea tsamaiso ea khatello.

4.2. Lintho tse amanang le lithethefatsi tse susumetsang karabo ea khatello ea maikutlo

Ho na le lintlha tse ngata tsa ho fupara (mohlala, khafetsa le boholo ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa morao-rao, ho potlaka le boholo ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse matla, tekanyetso ea lithethefatsi tse fanoang le ho hlahlojoa, mofuta oa lithethefatsi ka sehlopheng se pharaletseng sa lithethefatsi, tsela ea tsamaiso) li ka ba le tšusumetso e ka bang teng ho matla a litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi ho likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo. Haholo-holo, Allain et al. (2015) buisanang ka karolo ea khafetsa ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho potlaka ha tšebeliso nakong ea khatello ea methapo e le likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa ho batla lithethefatsi le ho ba kotsing ea ho lemalla. Liphetho tsa boithatelo ba hore lithethefatsi li sebelisoa hangata hakae le topography ea tšebeliso e ka susumetsa litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi ka bobeli, likarabo tse amanang le lithethefatsi le tšusumetso ea lithethefatsi bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e tsoelang pele ea lithethefatsi.

Phuputsong e 'ngoe, King le basebetsi-'moho ba fumane hore lino tse phahameng tsa joala (0.8 g / kg) li eketsa litekanyetso tsa cortisol ho lino tse bobebe ha tekanyetso e tlase ea joala (0.4 g / kg) e sa ka ea etsa joalo mme hore ba noang haholo ba bonts'a likarabo tsa cortisol e sa bonahaleng (). Ka hlakoreng le leng, e bonts'a litekanyetso tse tlase tsa joala tse nooang ka tlasa moea oa tšusumetso ea boitšoaro bo eketsang cortisol ho basebelisi ba sa lekanang le ba ho itlopa joala. Lingoloa tse hlahlojoang mona li sebelisa mekhoa e fapaneng ea tsamaiso, ho kenyelletsa ho kenella kahare, ho kenella kahare, molomo le boits'ebetso. Tsela e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le liphapang moeling oa ho amoheloa ho ka bang le litlamorao tse fapaneng ho ntlafatseng lits'ebetso tsa khatello (). Tlhatlhobo e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ke phello ea nalane ea nalane ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho likarabo tse mpe tsa lithethefatsi. Ka mohlala, o fumane hore ho eketseha ho nooang khoeling e fetileng pele a nka karolo ho ithuteng ho ile ha bolela esale pele karabelo e matla ea kelello le karabelo ea kelello ka mor'a taolo e kenelletseng ea joala. Boholo ba lipatlisiso tse entseng lipatlisiso ka litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi lits'ebetsong tsa khatello ea maikutlo li laetse hore batho ba lule nako e itseng pele ba nka karolo ho ithuteng; leha ho le joalo, batho ba bang ba kanna ba khetha ho qala ho itlopa bolutu pele ba nka karolo, ka hona, ba ka ba le likarabelo tse fapaneng taolong ea lithethefatsi ho latela bolelele ba bona ba ho khaotsa. Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, ha ho fanoa ka tšusumetso ea ho tlohela chelete mokokotlong oa HPA, ho ka etsahala hore karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo ho tsamaiso ea lithethefatsi le eona e ka fapana ho latela boemo ba bona ba ho tlohela.

4.3. Lintho tse susumetsang karabelo ho khatello ea maikutlo

Histori ea Lelapa: Liphuputso tse ling li fana ka maikutlo a hore lintlha tse nkang karolo, joalo ka nalane ea lelapa ea ts'ebeliso ea joala, le tsona li ka bapala karolo. Barupeluoa ba sa ts'epahaleng ba nang le nalane ea malapa a mathata a tšebeliso ea joala ba bontšitse phokotso e tlisoang ke joala ho cortisol le ACTH ho amanang le batho ba se nang nalane e joalo ea lelapa (; ). Ka kopanelo, liphuputso tse tsoang liphuputsong tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho bao e ka bang koluoa ​​ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ba se ba bonts'itse mekhoa ea ts'ebetso joaloka basebelisi ba itšetlehileng ka eona.

Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Lithethefatsi: Boholo ba lithuto tsa lipatlisiso tse boletsoeng sehloohong sena li bua haholo ka mehlala e neng e itšetlehile ka moriana o le mong; leha ho le joalo, batho ba bangata ba batlang kalafo bakeng sa mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba tlaleha ho sebelisa mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea lithethefatsi kapa ba nang le nalane ea ho itšepa linthong tse ling. Batho ba sebelisang matekoane ba sebelisa litlamorao tse matlafatsang tsa tšebeliso ea nicotine (). Tsamaiso e kopaneng ea koae le koae e baka karabelo e atileng ea pelo le ts'ebetso e mpe ea kelello ha e bapisoa le phello ea lithethefatsi tse le 'ngoe (, ; ; ). Boithuto bo bong bo fumane hore ts'ebeliso e kopaneng ea li-cannabis le MDMA e hlahisa karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea subjective le khatello ea methapo ho lithethefatsi (; ). Liphumano tse fumanehang laboratoring ea rona li bonts'a hore nalane ea ho ts'epa matekoane ka joala kapa tšebeliso ea koae e sebelisa dysregulates HPA axis e arabela likhatellong tse amanang le lithethefatsi (). Nikotine e eketsa joala ba ho itaola () le, ka litekanyetso tse tlase tsa nikotine, e eketsa tlhahiso ea dopamine e entsoeng joala ho VTA (). Ntle le sena, ha re tsebe letho ka tšusumetso ea mathata a polysubstance kapa nalane e meng ea lithethefatsi ea nakong e fetileng e na le axis ea HPA le karabelo ea ANS lithethefatsi.

bong: Karabelo ea lithethefatsi le eona e ka fapana ka bong. Basali, ka kakaretso, ba tloaetse ho tlaleha maikutlo a tebileng ka litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi ha ba bapisoa le banna. Mohlala, basali ba tloaetse ho bonts'a kutloisiso e kholo ho litlamorao tse mpe tsa tsamaiso ea methapo e ka hare ha e bapisoa le banna (; ), mme banna ba tloaetse ho bonts'a tebello e kholo ea moputso oa mantlha oa tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo (nikotine (). Ha ba arabela cocaine, basali ba ile ba tlaleha matšoenyeho a maholo ka mor'a ts'ebetso () hape ea fokotsoa () ha ho bapisoa le banna. Banna ba tloaetse ho fuoa lithethefatsi tse ngata tse tlisoang ke dopamine tse phahameng haholo libakeng tsa litereke mme ba tlaleha litlamorao tse tšoanang tsa lithethefatsi ha li bapisoa le basali (). Litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tsena ho basali le tsona li ka fapana ho ea matsatsing. Motsoako oa joala o fapana ho ea matsatsing, ka hore tekanyo e potlakileng ea ho felisoa e bonoa karolong ea methating e bohareng ha e bapisoa le mekhahlelo ea pele ea lipolao le maqhubu a popelo.). Basali ba mokhatlong oa potoloho ea potoloho ea bona ba bontšitse karabelo e fokotsehileng ea koae (), nicotine (), le amphetamine () ha ho bapisoa le ba potaneng ea bona ea litšoantšo. Leha thuto e le 'ngoe e fumane litlamorao tse fokolang tsa thobalano le ho ilela khoeli ka ho arabela cocaine ea intranasal (). Liphetho tsena tse kopaneng li fana ka maikutlo a hore li-steroids tsa neuroactive, joalo ka estrogen le progesterone, li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho metabolism le litlamorao tsa tsamaiso ea lithethefatsi.

Mothati oa Ntšetso-pele le Bohloko ba Pelehi: Ho na le bopaki ba hore reactivity e sithabetsang ea kelello ke ponelopele ea tšebeliso ea lintho tsa pele (; ), le hore batho ba nang le karabelo ea cortisol e sohlokehileng ba kotsing e eketsehileng ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho hlake hore na karabelo ena e phositsoeng e eketsoa ke ho pepesehela lithethefatsi le hore na ke maemong afe a ntlafatso a leng batho ba kotsing e kholo ea ho itšireletsa. Ho pepeseha mahlomola a bophelo ba pele ho nako ho tseba litšusumetso holima axis ea HPA () mme e eketsa menyetla ea hore batho bana ba tla ba le mathata a ho lemalla hamorao bophelong (;; bona bakeng sa tlhahlobo; ). Mathata a bophelo ba pele ho nako a amahanngoa le karabelo ea dopamine ho amphetamine ho ventral striatum () le litheko tse tlase tsa bohlooho libakeng tse maoto le matsoho ho batho ba alafang lits'oants'o tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi mme hape a re nako e khuts'oane ea ho khutla, ho sa tsotelehe mofuta oa lithethefatsi (). Bathong ba itšetlehileng ka koae, mathata a bophelo ba peleng a eketsa karabelo ea cortisol le khatello ea maikutlo leha ho ne ho sena taolo e ntle ea ho tseba hore na karabelo ee e fosahetse (). Phuputso ea morao-rao e fumane hore litsietsi tsa bophelo ba pelenyana li fetisitse phello ea ho tlosoa hoa karabelo ea tsamaiso ea khatello ho khatello ea maikutlo (). Leha ho le joalo, ke liphuputso tse fokolang tse ileng tsa leka mekhatlo ena ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho arabela khatello ea maikutlo, 'me ke ba seng bakae ba ntseng ba lekola phello ea mathata a bophelo ba pele ho arabela ts'ebetsong ea lithethefatsi.

5. Liphetho le mekhoa ea nako e tlang

Ho ja lithethefatsi tse nang le kelello tse nang le mafu a kelello ho na le litlamorao tse mpe tse tseleng ea khatello ea kelello. Litla-morao tsena li tšoana le litlamorao tse amanang le lithethefatsi khatello ea mantlha le meputso ea ho fetola mekhoa e mebe e amanang le lithethefatsi, neuroendocrine, le 'mele. Khafetsa, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi li fetola khatello ea maikutlo le likarabo tsa moputso ho tsa tonic le phasic le lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho tse joalo li amana haholo le mamello, ho tlosoa le ho tahoa ha lithethefatsi hammoho le ho bolela esale pele tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa hona joale le phallo e tlang. Tlhahlobo ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore lintho tse lemalloang, leha li fapana ka sepheo sa ts'ebetso ea neurobiological ea ts'ebetso, li ts'oana le ho ba le phello e kholo le e matla litseleng tsa khatello ea maikutlo, ho ama likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo, takatso le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi.

Leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho hopoloa hore ho na le meeli ho se ka phethoang ho tsoa lingoliloeng tsa hajoale le libaka tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang. Boholo ba lithuto tse tšohliloeng mona li shebile ka ho felletseng ho barupeluoa ba naïve / basebelisi ba bobebe kapa basebelisi ba nako e telele / ba itšetlehileng ka bona; ke ba fokolang feela ba bapileng mefuta eohle ea basebelisi. Bakeng sa tse bapisang linthong tsohle, tšebeliso e sa foleng hangata e amahanngoa le ho fifatsoa ha ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi ea litsamaiso tsa khatello (; ; ; ); leha ho le joalo, sena ha se hlakisoe ka botlalo lithethefatsing tse ngata. Patlisiso e eketsehileng ho bapisa basebelisi ba bobebe le basebelisi ba boima ho hlokahala ho utloisisa li-neuroadaptations tse etsahalang tsamaisong ea lithethefatsi ka botlalo. Ho feta moo, liphuputso tse ngata li bapisa khatello ea maikutlo ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi tse sa feleng le taolo e phetseng hantle ke karolo e bohareng. Kahoo, e ke ke ea tsejoa hore na khatello ea maikutlo ea basebelisi ba boima e bakoa ke ho pepesehela lintho kapa ho li lebisa ts'ebelisong ea lithethefatsi nakong e tlang. Mohlomong, ebile kannete ho ka etsahala hore ebe phello ke ho lumellana. Batho ba nang le karabelo e sithabetsang ea khatello ea maikutlo, ka lebaka la tsieleho ea pele kapa nalane ea lelapa, ba na le monyetla oa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe, tseo ka nako e 'ngoe li fetolang karabelo ea bona ea khatello. Kahoo, lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele, joalo ka tšebetso e kholo eo ke eona thuto ea Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD), e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho khetholla haeba ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e baka litloaelo le ts'ebeliso ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa e phahamisa khatello ea khatello ea maikutlo e neng e le teng pele. Chaplin le basebetsi mmoho le tsona makasineng ena e ikhethileng ba sebetsana le mekhatlo ena ea nakoana ponelopeleng e ntle ea likarolo tsa nts'etsopele tsa kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho se sebetsane ha khatello ea maikutlo.

Liphetoho tse amanang le lithethefatsi tsamaisong ea khatello ea maikutlo li ka hlaha khafetsa. Ka ho shebella ka boqhetseke pheletsong e 'ngoe ea khanya kapa ka lehlakoreng le leng, re kanna ra se ke ra ts'oara mahlaseli a felletseng a karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo linthong tse lemalloang. Mefuta ea liphoofolo ho isa bohōleng bo itseng e ka sebetsana le tšebeliso ena empa, joalo ka ha e bonoa ho opiates (), karabelo ea khatello ea methapo ea lithethefatsi e ka fapana liphoofolong le bathong. Tlhahlobo ea nako e tlang e lokela ho kopanya liphumano ho mefuta eohle. Kamora nako, ho se tšoane ho itseng, ho seng ho boletsoeng ka holimo, ho ka potlakisa kapa ho theola butle-butle tsoelo-peleng ena.

Leha ho na le likheo ka har'a lingoliloeng, liphuputso tsena ka kakaretso li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho se sebetse ha likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo ho ka sebetsa e le matšoao a ka thusang liteko tsa thibelo le sepheo sa nts'etsopele ea lipallo tsa kalafo (; ). Maiteko a thibelo a lebisang batho ba nang le mabaka a itseng a kotsi a tsejoang ho ama khatello ea maikutlo (mohlala, mathata a bophelo ba peleho, liphatsa tsa lefutso, nalane ea lelapa) a ka fokotsa monyetla oa hore batho bana ba ka ba le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Mabapi le boiteko ba kalafo ho batho ba nang le mathata a ho lemalla, kalafo tse fumanehang li sebetsa hantle ka tsela e ikhethileng. Ho na le bopaki ba pejana ba hore ho kenella hoa meriana ho shebileng tsamaiso ea adrenergic ho ka fokotsa takatso ea ho tsosoa ke lithethefatsi le khatello ea maikutlo (; ; ; ). Mekhoa ea kalafo e sebetsanang le taolo ea litakatso tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo e ka ntlafatsa katleho ea kalafo e teng. Kahoo, ho tseba li-biomarkers tse ikhethang tse amanang le likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo ho ka re lumella ho tseba mekhoa e meng ea kalafo e lebisang ho karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo ho ntlafatsa liteko tsa kalafo.

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ka lithuso tse tsoang ho National Institutes of Health Health numbers, R01-AA013892, R01-AA020504, PL1-DA024859, le T32-DA007238.

References

  • Acri JB Nicotine e feto-fetola litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo maemong a qalang a hlohlontšang likhoto: ho itšetleha ka lethal dose, khatello ea maikutlo le ho etsa lintho hape. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994;116: 255-265. Doi: 10.1007 / BF02245326. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Adinoff B., Risher-Flowers D., De Jong J., Ravitz B., Bone GHA, Nutt DJ, Roehrich L., Martin PR, Linnoila M. Phapang ea hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis e sebetsang nakong ea ho tlosoa hoa ethanol ho banna ba tšeletseng. . Na. J. Psychiatry. 1991;148: 1023–1025. doi: 10.1176 / ajp.148.8.1023. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Adinoff B., Ruether K., Krebaum S., Iranmanesh A., Williams MJ Ho eketseha ha likhakanyo tsa cortisol nakong ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tahi mohlaleng oa banna oa tlholeho. Koloi ea Tai. Hlakola Res. 2003;27: 1420-1427. Doi: 10.1097 / 01.ALC.0000087581.13912.64. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Al'Absi M. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical likarabo ho khatello ea kelello le kotsi ea ho tsuba hape. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2006;59: 218–227. doi: 10.1016 / j.ijpsycho.2005.10.010. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • al'Absi M., Nakajima M., Lemieux A. Tšusumetso ea mathata a bophelo ba pele karabong ea khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea ho tlosoa ha nicotine. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018;98: 108–118. Doi: 10.1016 / J.PSYNEUEN.2018.08.022. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Allen CD, Rivier CL, Lee SY Adionacent ponts'o ea joala e fetola li-circuits tsa bokong bo tsebahalang ho laola karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo. Khopolo-taba. 2011;182: 162-168. Doi: 10.1016 / J.NEUROSCIENCE.2011.03.003. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Armario A. Ts'ebetso ea "axothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis" e sebelisang lithethefatsi tse tlatsetsang: Litsela tse fapaneng, sephetho se tloaelehileng. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2010 Doi: 10.1016 / j.tips.2010.04.005. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Ashare RL, Sinha R., Lampert R., Weinberger AH, Anderson GM, Lavery ME, Yanagisawa K., McKee SA Blunted vagal reactivity e bolela esale pele ka ho tsuba koae. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012;220:259–268. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2473-3. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Barrett SP, Tichauer M., Leyton M., Pihl RO Nicotine e eketsa taolo ea tahi ho batseteli ba banna ba sa its'epahalleng. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 2006;81: 197–204. doi: 10.1016 / J.DRUGALCDEP.2005.06.009. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Barutcu I., Esen AM, Kaya D., Turkmen M., Karakaya O., Melek M., Esen OB, Basaran Y. Ho tsuba koae le ho feto-fetoha ha pelo ha Rate: Tšusumetso ea Matla a Parasympathetic le Sympathetic Maneuvers. Ann. Electrocardiol e sa sebetseng. 2005;10: 324–329. doi: 10.1111 / j.1542-474X.2005.00636.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Lerner CB Depression ea Hormone ea Keketseho le Karabelo ea Cortisol Kamora Insulin-Indedu Hypoglycemia Kamora Ts'ebetso ea nako e telele ea Oral Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol ho Man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1976;42: 938-941. [E fetotsoe] []
  • Bernardin F., Maheut-Bosser A., ​​ho senyeha ha kelello ho lithuto tse amanang le joala. Ka pele. Psychiki. 2014 Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2014.00078. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Besson M., Forget B. Ho hlaka ho hlaka, linaha tse amehang, le tlokotsi ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa Nicotine: Tlhatlhobo ea Multifactorial. Ka pele. Psychiki. 2016;7: 160. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2016.00160. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Bitmead RR, Bitmead RR Convergence Properties ea LMS Adaptive Estimators e nang le Lipehelo tse sa Tsitsang. IEEE Trans. E ikemetseng. Phehisano. 1984;29: 477-479. doi: 10.1016 / j.drugalcdep.2009.02.004. [CrossRef] []
  • Blaine SK, Sinha R. Tahi, khatello ea maikutlo le glucocorticoids: Ho tloha kotsing ho fihlela ho ts'epahalla le ho khutlela hape bothateng ba tšebeliso ea joala. Neuropharmacology. 2017;122: 136–147. Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuropharm.2017.01.037. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Blaine SK, Nautiyal N., Hart R., Guarnaccia JB, Sinha R. Ho lakatsa, cortisol le boitšoaro bo susumetsang joala bo arabela likhatellong le litabeng tsa lino tse tahang le likotlo tse sa laoleheng ho lino tse tahang le tse sa nooang. Motlatsi. Biol. 2018 doi: 10.1111 / adb.12665. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Booij L., Welfeld K., Leyton M., Dagher A., ​​Boileau I., Sibon I., Baker GB, Diksic M., Soucy JP, Pruessner JC, Cawley-Fiset E., Casey KF, Benkelfat C. Dopamine sensitization-sefapano lipakeng tsa lithethefatsi tsa psychostimulant le khatello ho baithaopi ba phetseng hantle ba banna. Fetolela. Psychiki. 2016;6 Doi: 10.1038 / tp.2016.6. e740. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Borg S., Kvande H., Sedvall G. Central norepinephrine metabolism nakong ea tahi e nang le tahi ho lithethefatsi le baithaopi ba phetseng hantle. Saense. 1981;213: 1135–1137. Doi: 10.1126 / SCIENCE.7268421. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Borowsky B., Kuhn CM Monoamine mediation of cocaine-induction hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activation. J. Pharmacol. Hlakola Pheko. 1991;256: 204-210. [E fetotsoe] []
  • Brady JE, Li G. Trends ka joala le lithethefatsi tse ling tse fumanoeng ho bakhanni ba lemetseng United States, 1999-2010. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2014;179: 692-699. doi: 10.1093 / aje / kwt327. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Buckingham J., Cooper TA Liphello tsa Naloxone mabapi le Ketsahalo ea Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Rat. Neuroendocrinology. 1986;42: 421-426. [E fetotsoe] []
  • Buydens-Branchey L., Branchey M., Hudson J., Dorota Majewska M. Ho kenella ha lipilisi tsa plasma cortisol le DHEA-S tse latelang ho khaotsa ho sebelisoa ha koae ho batho ba lemaletseng koae. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2002;27: 83-97. [E fetotsoe] []
  • Cami J., Gilabert M., San L., De La Torre R. Hypercortisolism ka mor'a ho khaotsa ho sebelisa opioid tokelong e potlakileng ea bokhoba ba heroin. Br. J. Addict. 1992;87: 1145-1151. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.1992.tb02001.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Carroll D., Ginty AT, Whittaker AC, Lovallo WR, de Rooij SR, Rooij de. Sehlooho: Boitšoaro, boits'oaro le botle ba maikutlo a pelo le maikutlo a cortisol a sithabetsang kelellong e matla ea kelello. Neurosci. Biobehav. Tšen. 2017 doi: 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2017.02.025. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Carson DS, Bosanquet DP, Carter CS, Pournajafi-Nazarloo H., Blaszczynski A., McGregor IS Bopaki ba pele ba cortisol ea basal e theotsoeng ea tlhaho ea basebelisi ba methamphetamine polydrug. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2012;20: 497-503. Doi: 10.1037 / a0029976. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Chen H., Fu Y., Sharp BM Ho itlhokomela ha nicotine ho eketsa likarabo tsa hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal likarolong tse matla tsa khatello ea maikutlo. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33: 721-730. Doi: 10.1038 / sj.npp.1301466. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Ngoana E., Dlugos A., De Wit H. Karabelo ea maikutlo, ea maikutlo le ea maikutlo ho TSST mabapi le karolo ea thobalano le ho ilela khoeli. Psychology. 2010;47:550–559. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00961.x. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Childs E., O'Connor S., de Wit H. Bidirectional likamano lipakeng tsa khatello e matla ea kelello le pherekano e matla ea joala ho banna ba phetseng hantle. Koloi ea Tai. Hlakola Res. 2011;35:1794–1803. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01522.x. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Ngoana E., Lutz JA, de Wit H. Litla-morao tse amanang le delta-9-THC mabapi le likarabo tsa maikutlo ho khatello e matla ea kelello le kelello. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 2017;177: 136–144. Doi: 10.1016 / J.DRUGALCDEP.2017.03.030. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Chiueh CC, Kopin IJ Lekholong le bohareng le lokolloang ke cocaine ea endin native epinephrine le norepinephrine ho tsoa ho sistemi ea kutloelo-bohloko ea medullary ea litoeba tse sa sebetseng. J. Pharmacol. Hlakola Pheko. 1978;205: 148-154. [E fetotsoe] []
  • Cohen LM, al'Absi M., Collins FL, Jr. Salivary cortisol concentrations li amahanngoa le ho tlosoa ha nicotine e matla. Ho lemalla. Behav. 2004;29: 1673-1678. doi: 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2004.02.059. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Collins SL, Evans SM, Foltin RW, Haney M. Intranasal cocaine bathong: Litlamorao tsa thobalano le ho ilela khoeli. Pharmacol. Likokoana-hloko. Behav. 2007;86: 117–124. doi: 10.1016 / j.pbb.2006.12.015. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Cone EJ, Johnson RE, Moore JD, Roache JD litlamorao tse mpe tsa ho tsuba matekoane ho li-hormone, litlamorao tse tlatselletsang le ts'ebetso lithutong tsa banna. Pharmacol. Likokoana-hloko. Behav. 1986;24:1749–1754. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90515-0. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Cox SML, Benkelfat C., Dagher A., ​​Delaney JS, Durand F., McKenzie SA, Kolivakis T., Casey KF, Leyton M. Striatal Dopamine Karabelo ho Intranasal Cocaine Boipusong ho Humans. Biol. Psychiatry. 2009;65: 846-850. Doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2009.01.021. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Cuttler C., Spradlin A., Nusbaum AT, Whitney P., Hinson JM, McLaughlin RJ Blunted khatello ea maikutlo ho basebelisi ba sa foleng ba cannabis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017;234: 2299-2309. Doi: 10.1007 / s00213-017-4648-z. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • D'Souza DC, Perry E., MacDougall L., Ammerman Y., Cooper T., Wu Y., Braley G., Gueorguieva R., Krystal JH Liphello tsa Psychotomimetic tsa Intravenous Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol ho Batho ba phetseng hantle. bakeng sa Psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29: 1558-1572. Doi: 10.1038 / sj.npp.1300496. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • D'Souza DC, Ranganathan M., Braley G., Gueorguieva R., Zimolo Z., Cooper T., Perry E., Krystal J. Blunted Psychotomimetic le Amnestic Liphello tsa Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol ho Basebelisi ba Khafetsa ba Kankere. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33: 2505-2516. Doi: 10.1038 / sj.npp.1301643. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • de Wit H., Vicini L., Childs E., Sayla MA, Terner J. Na khatello ea maikutlo hape kapa karabelo ho amphetamine e bolela tsoelo-pele ea batho ba baholo? Thutong ea pele. Pharmacol. Likokoana-hloko. Behav. 2007;86: 312–319. doi: 10.1016 / j.pbb.2006.07.001. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Delitala G., Grossman A., Besser M. Liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa li-peptide tsa opiate le li-alkaloids ho secretion ea hormone ea pituitary ea anterior. Neuroendocrinology. 1983;37: 275-279. Doi: 10.1159 / 000123558. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • DeVito EE, Herman AI, Metsi AJ, Valentine GW, Sofuoglu M. Subjective, Boitšoaro ba 'mele le Boemo ba Kelello ho Intravenous Nicotine: Litlamorao tsa Tekano ea ho Kopanela Liphate le ho ilela khoeli. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014;39: 1431-1440. Doi: 10.1038 / npp.2013.339. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Doan SN, Dich N., Evans GW Ngoana ea kotsing ea ho eketseha ea bongoana le mojaro o moholo oa morao-rao: ho nka karolo karolo ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Bophelo bo botle ba Psychol. 2014;33: 1402-1409. Doi: 10.1037 / a0034790. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Donny EC, Caggiula AR, Rose C., Jacobs KS, Mielke MM, Sved AF Phapang e bakiloeng ke karabo e ikemetseng ea karabelo le karabo e ikemetseng ea karabo ho likhoto. EUR. J. Pharmacol. 2000;402:231–240. doi: 10.1016/S0014-2999(00)00532-X. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • dos Santos RG, Valle M., Bouso JC, Nomdedéu JF, Rodríguez-Espinosa J., McIlhenny EH, Barker SA, Barbanoj MJ, Riba J. Autonomic, neuroendocrine, le litlamorao tsa immunological tsa ayahuasca: Phuputso e bapisoang le d-amphetamine. J. Kliniki. Setsebi sa kelello. 2011;31:717–726. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31823607f6. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Dumont GJ, Kramers C., Sweep FC, Touw DJ, van Hasselt JG, de Kam M., van Gerven JM, Buitelaar JK, Verkes RJ Cannabis Coadminication Potentiates the liphello tsa "Ecstasy" ho Rate ea Pelo le Phetoho ho Humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2009;86: 160-166. doi: 10.1038 / clpt.2009.62. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Eisenberg RM Liphello tsa kalafo e sa foleng le diazepam, phenobarbital, kapa amphetamine ka ho tlosoa ha morphine e nang le lexone. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 1985;15: 375-381. [E fetotsoe] []
  • Enoke M.—A. Karolo ea khatello ea bophelo ba bongoaneng e le selelekela sa joala le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011;214:17–31. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-1916-6. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Errico AL, King AC, Lovallo WR, Pysons OA Cortisol Dysregulation le Ho Senyeha ho Tsebang Mahlale ho Aborinent Male Alcoholics. Koloi ea Tai. Hlakola Res. 2002;26: 1198-1204. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1530-0277.2002.tb02656.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Mehato ea Esel E. Plasma ea Beta-Endorphin, Hormone ea Adrenocorticotropic le Cortisol nakong ea ho tlohela tahi ea pele le morao. Joala Joala. 2001;36: 572-576. Doi: 10.1093 / alcalc / 36.6.572. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Evans BE, Greows-Lord K., Euser AS, Franken IHA, Huizink AC Kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea axis ea semmuso-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) le lilemo tsa ho qala ts'ebeliso ea joala. Mathata. 2012;107: 312-322. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2011.03568.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Feller S., Vigl M., Bergmann MM, Boeing H., Kirschbaum C., Stalder T. Predictors ea li-cortisol tsa moriri ho tse kholo ho batho ba baholo. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014;39: 132-140. Doi: 10.1016 / j.psyneuen.2013.10.007. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Flanagan JC, Baker NL, McRae-Clark AL, Brady KT, Moran-Santa Maria MM Liphello tsa liphihlelo tse bohloko tsa bongoana khokahanong lipakeng tsa intranasal oxetocin le khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng har'a batho ba itšetlehileng ka koae. Psychiatr. Res. 2015;229: 94-100. Doi: 10.1016 / j.psychres.2015.07.064. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Foltin RW, Fischman MW Liphello tsa metsoako ea koae ea ka hare, ho tsuba matekoane, le ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi ka sekhahla sa pelo le khatello ea mali. Pharmacol. Likokoana-hloko. Behav. 1990;36:311–315. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(90)90409-B. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Foltin RW, Fischman MW, Pedroso JJ, Pearlson GD Marijuana le tšebelisano ea koae ho batho: Litlamorao tsa pelo. Pharmacol. Likokoana-hloko. Behav. 1987;28:459–464. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(87)90506-5. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Foltin RW, Fischman MW, Pippen PA, Kelly TH Behaisheral litlamorao tsa koae e le mong hape le kopantsoe le ethanol kapa matekoane ho batho. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 1993;32:93–106. doi: 10.1016/0376-8716(93)80001-U. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Foltin RW, Fischman MW, Levin FR Phello ea pelo ea cocaine ho batho: lithuto tsa laboratori. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 1995;37:193–210. doi: 10.1016/0376-8716(94)01085-Y. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Foltin RW, Ward AS, Haney M., Hart CL, Collins ED Litlamorao tsa tekanyetso e phahameng ea koae e ho batho. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 2003;70:149–157. doi: 10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00343-5. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Foulds J., Stapleton JA, Bell N., Swettenham J., Jarvis MJ, Russell MAH Mood le litlamorao tsa 'mele tse amanang le nikotine e kenellang ho batho ba tsubang le ba sa tsubeng. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 1997;44:105–115. doi: 10.1016/S0376-8716(96)01327-0. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Fox H., Sinha R. Karolo ea guanfacine e le moemeli oa phekolo ea ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba its'episang ka koae. Adv. Pharmacol. 2014;69:218–265. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-420118-7.00006-8. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Fox HC, Anderson GM, Tuit K., Hansen J., Kimmerling A., Siedlarz KM, Morgan PT, Sinha R. Prazosin e baka khatello ea maikutlo le maikutlo a susumetsang a karabelo le karabelo ea khatello ho batho ba itšetlehileng ka joala: liphetho tsa pele. Koloi ea Tai. Hlakola Res. 2012;36:351–360. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01628.x. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Fox HC, Tuit KL, Sinha R. Liphetoho tsa tsamaiso ea khatello ea maikutlo tse amanang le ts'ehetso ea matekoane li ka eketsa ho lakatsa joala le koae. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Hlakola 2013;28: 40-53. doi: 10.1002 / hup.2280. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Frederick SL, Reus VI, Ginsberg D., Hall SM, Munoz RF, Ellman G. Cortisol le karabelo ho dexamethasone e le ba bolelang esale pele kapa ba tlose khatello ea maikutlo le katleho ea ho tsuba. Biol. Psychiatry. 1998;43:525–530. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00423-X. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Frias J., Rodriguez R., Torres JM, Ruiz E., Ortega E. Liphello tsa botahoa ba joala bo matla ho li-hormone tsa pituitary-gonadal axis, itu-endorphin le prolactin litabeng tsa bongoana tsa batho ba bong ka bobeli. Bophelo Sci. 2000;67:1081–1086. doi: 10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00702-5. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Fu Y., Matta SG, Valentine JD, Sharp BM Adrenocorticotropin Karabelo le Nicotine-E Ts'irelelitsoe Norepinephrine secretion ho Rat Paraventricular Nucleus Ba Karolelitsoe ka Brainstem Receptors. Endocrinology. 1997;138: 1935-1943. doi: 10.1210 / endo.138.5.5122. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • George JM, Reier CE, Lanese RR, Rower JM Morphine Anesthesia Blocks Cortisol le Karabelo ea Hormone ea Hormone ho khatello ea maikutlo ho Humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1974;38: 736-741. Doi: 10.1210 / jcem-38-5-736. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Gerra G., Ceresini S., Esposito A., Zaimovic A., Moi G., Bussandri M., Raggi MA, Molina E. Neuroendocrine le likarabo tsa boits'oaro ho opioid receptor-antagonist nakong ea detoxation ea heroin: Kamano le litšobotsi tsa botho. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2003;18: 261-269. Doi: 10.1097 / 00004850-200309000-00002. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Gerra G., Somaini L., Manfredini M., Raggi MA, Saracino MA, Amore M., Leonardi C., Cortese E., Donnini C. Ho arohana le likarabo tsa maikutlo mahareng a basebelisi ba heroin ba sa tsotelleng: Kamano le ho se tsotelle ho tlisoang ke bongoana le bokhoba ba tahi e matla ☆ Tsoelo-pele. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiki. 2014;48: 220–228. Doi: 10.1016 / j.pnpbp.2013.10.011. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Gianoulakis C., Krishnan B., Thavundayil J. Ntlafatsa Sensitivity of Pituitary βEndorphin ho Ethanol ho Dithuto Tse Kotsi e Kotsi ea Joala. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. 1996;53: 250. Doi: 10.1001 / archpsyc.1996.01830030072011. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Ginty AT likarabo tse foufalitsoeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le moputso: Likhopotso tse mabapi le ho hloleha ha tlhaho? Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2013;90: 90–94. doi: 10.1016 / j.ijpsycho.2013.06.008. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND Lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi le motheo oa eona oa motheo oa neurobiological: Bopaki ba neuroimaging ba ho kenya letsoho mokokotlong oa pele. Na. J. Psychiatry. 2002;159: 1642-1652. Doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.159.10.1642. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Phapang ea Gourlay SG, Benowitz NL Arteriovenous ea plasma mahloriso a nicotine le catecholamines le litlamorao tse amanang le pelo kamora ho tsuba, nicotine nasal spray, le nicotine e kenang methapong. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1997;62:453–463. doi: 10.1016/S0009-9236(97)90124-7. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Greenwald MK Anti-khatello ea methapo ea methapo ea kutlo le khatello ea maikutlo bakeng sa kalafo ea tlatsetso: Moralo o fetolelang. Neurobiol. Khatello ea maikutlo. 2018;9: 84–104. Doi: 10.1016 / J.YNSTR.2018.08.003. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Grossman A., Moult PJA, Cunnah D., Besser M. Mehato e fapaneng ea opioid e kentse letsoho phetolelong ea tokollo ea ACTH le gonadotrophin ho monna. Neuroendocrinology. 1986;42: 357-360. Doi: 10.1159 / 000124463. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Grunberg NE, Popp KA, Bowen DJ, Nespor SM, Winders SE, Eury SE Liphetho tsa taolo e sa feleng ea nikotine ho insulin, tsoekere, epinephrine, le norepinephrine. Bophelo Sci. 1988;42: 161-170. [E fetotsoe] []
  • Halbreich U., Sachar EJ, Asnis GM, Nathan RS, likarabo tsa halpern FS Diurnal cortisol ho dextroamphetamine lithutong tse tloaelehileng. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1981;6:223–229. doi: 10.1016/0306-4530(81)90031-7. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Hamidovic A., Childs E., Conrad M., King A., de Wit H. Khatello e bakileng khatello ea maikutlo le cortisol e lokolla litla-morao tsa amphetamine. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 2010;109: 175-180. Doi: 10.1016 / j.drugalcdep.2009.12.029. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Haney M., Ward AS, Gerra G., Foltin RW Neuroendocrine litlamorao tsa d-fenfluramine le bromocriptine kamora ho tsuba koae ho batho khafetsa. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 2001;64:63–73. doi: 10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00232-5. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Haney M., Malcolm RJ, Babalonis S., Nuzzo PA, Cooper ZD, Bedi G., Grey KM, McRae-Clark A., Lofwall MR, Sparenborg S., Walsh SL Oral Cannabidiol ha a fetole Subjective, Reinforcing kapa Cardiovascular Litlamorao tsa ho tsuba Cannabis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;41: 1974-1982. Doi: 10.1038 / npp.2015.367. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Haney M., Cooper ZD, Bedi G., Herrmann E., Comer SD, Reed SC, Foltin RW, Levin FR Guanfacine o fokotsa mats'oao a ho khaola cannabis ho batho ba tsubang ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Motlatsi. Biol. 2018 doi: 10.1111 / adb.12621. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Harris DS, Reus VI, Wolkowitz OM, Mendelson JE, Jones RT Alort level ea cortisol ha e fetole litlamorao tsa methamphetamine bathong. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28: 1677-1684. Doi: 10.1038 / sj.npp.1300223. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Harris DS, Reus VI, Wolkowitz O., Jacob P., 3, everhart ET, Wilson M., Mendelson JE, Jones RT Catecholamine karabelo ho methamphetamine e amana le maemo a glucocorticoid empa eseng karabelo e khahlisang. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2006;39: 100-108. Doi: 10.1055 / s-2006-941483. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Hawley RJ, Nemeroff CB, Bissette G., Guidotti A., Rawlings R., Linnoila M. Neurochemical Correlates of Sympathetic activation nakong ea Phokotso ea Botahoa. Koloi ea Tai. Hlakola Res. 1994;18: 1312-1316. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1530-0277.1994.tb01429.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Heesch CM, Negus BH, Snyder RW, Eichhorn EJ, Keffer JH, Risser RC Liphello tsa Cocaine ho Cortisol Secretion ho Humans. Am. J. Med. Saense 1995;310: 61-64. Doi: 10.1097 / 00000441-199508000-00004. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Henry BL, Minassian A., Perry W. Kameho ea methamphetamine e itšetleha ka phapang ea sekhahla sa pelo. Motlatsi. Biol. 2012;17:648–658. doi: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00270.x. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Hill P., Wynder EL Ho tsuba le lefu la pelo. Kameho ea nicotine ho serum epinephrine le corticoids. Am. Pelo J. 1974;87:491–496. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(74)90174-4. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Hoffman WE, McDonald T., Berkowitz R. Ho eketseha ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho ho phefumoloha le ts'ebetso ea kutloelo-bohloko nakong ea detoxation ea opiate. J. Neurosurg. Ho thethefatsa bohloko. 1998;10: 205-210. Doi: 10.1097 / 00008506-199810000-00001. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Holdstock L., King AC, Wit H., De Wit H. Likarabo tsa likarabo le sepheo sa sepheo sa litekanyetso ho batho ba noang haholo / ba boima le ba bobebe ba sechaba. Koloi ea Tai. Hlakola Res. 2000;24: 789-794. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1530-0277.2000.tb02057.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Hollister LE, Moore F., Kanter S., Noble E. Δ1-Tetrahydrocannabinol, synhexyl le matekoane a tsamaisoa ka molomo ho monna: Catecholamine viwango, plasma cortisol le plasma cortisol le liphatlalatso tsa serotonin. Psychopharmacologia. 1970;17: 354-360. Doi: 10.1007 / BF00404241. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Howes LG, Reid JL Liphetoho tsa plasma ea mahala ea 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol le noradrenaline kamora taolo ea joala e matla. Clin. Saense (Lond.) 1985;69: 423–428. Doi: 10.1042 / cs0690423. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Huizink AC, Ferdinand RF, Ormel J., Verhulst FC Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis shughuli le ho qaleha ha tšebeliso ea cannabis. Mathata. 2006;101: 1581-1588. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2006.01570.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Inder WJ, Joyce PR, Ellis MJ, Evans MJ, Livesey JH, Donald RA Litlamorao tsa bokhoba ba tahi ho axothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis: tšebelisano le li-peptide tsa opioid tse sa feleng. Tleliniki. Endocrinol. 1995;43(3): 283-290. [E fetotsoe] []
  • Jacobs D., Silverstone T., Rees L. Karabelo ea neuroendrocrine ho dextroamphetamine ea molomo lithutong tse tloaelehileng. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1989;4: 135-147. [E fetotsoe] []
  • Jayaram-Lindströ N., Konstenius M., Eksborg S., Beck O., Hammarberg A., Franck J. Naltrexone Attenuates The Subjential Athlies of Amphetamine in Patient with Amphetamine Dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33: 1856-1863. Doi: 10.1038 / sj.npp.1301572. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Moahloli AJH, de Wit H. Litlamorao tse mpe tsa d -amphetamine nakong ea methapo ea methapo ea banna le basali. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999;145: 67-75. Doi: 10.1007 / s002130051033. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Karakaya O., Barutcu I., Kaya D., Esen AM, Saglam M., Melek M., Onrat E., Turkmen M., Esen OB, Kaymaz C. Phello e matla ea ho tsuba koae ka phapanyetsano ea pelo. Angiology. 2007;58: 620-624. Doi: 10.1177 / 0003319706294555. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Kennedy AP, Epstein DH, Jobes ML, Agage D., Tyburski M., Phillips KA, Ali AA, Bari R., Hossain SM, Hovsepian K., Rahman MM, Ertin E., Kumar S., Preston KL E tsoela pele ka- litekanyo tsa tšimo ea pelo: Litekanyetso tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, takatso, khatello le maikutlo ho basebelisi ba polydrug. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 2015;151: 159-166. Doi: 10.1016 / j.drugalcdep.2015.03.024. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Kienbaum P., Thurauf N., Michel MC, Scherbaum N., Gastpar M., Peters J. Profound Keketseho ea Phallo ea Epinephrine sebakeng sa Plasma le Phello ea Phello ea maikutlo ka mor'a bakuli ba emeng Opioid Receptor Blockade maemong a bakuli ba lemaletseng lefu la sethoathoa bakeng sa Acute. Pheto. Tlhahlobo ea Tlhaho. 1998;88 [E fetotsoe] []
  • King A., Munisamy G., de Wit H., Lin S. Attenuated karabelo ea cortisol ka joala ho lino tse tahang tsa sechaba. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2006;59: 203–209. doi: 10.1016 / j.ijpsycho.2005.10.008. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • King GR, Ernst T., Deng W., Stenger A., ​​Gonzales RMK, Nakama H., Chang L. Alging Brain Activation Nakong ea Tlhabollo ea Visuomotor ho Basebelisi ba sa Cannabis ba sa Laoleheng: Kamano ho Boemo ba Cortisol. J. Neurosci. 2011;31:17923–17931. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4148-11.2011. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • King AC, Hasin D., O'Connor SJ, McNamara PJ, Cao D. Ho lekoa botjha ha lilemo tse 5 tsa tlhahlobo ea joala ho batho ba noang haholo ho hatela pele khatellong ea ts'ebeliso ea joala. Biol. Psychiatry. 2016;79: 489-498. Doi: 10.1016 / J.BIOPSYCH.2015.05.007. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Knych ET, Eisenberg RM Phello ea amphetamine ho plasma corticosterone ho ratoa. Neuroendocrinology. 1979;29: 110-118. Doi: 10.1159 / 000122912. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Kobayashi F., Watanabe T., Akamatsu Y., Furui H., Tomita T., Ahashi R., Hayano J. Mathata a bakoang ke ho tsuba koae ka sekhahla sa pelo sa bakhanni ba litekesi nakong ea mosebetsi. Scand. J. Sebetsa. Environ. Bophelo. 2005;31: 360-366. Doi: 10.5271 / sjweh.919. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Kollins SH, Rush CR Sensitization ho pelo le pelo empa e seng litekanyetso tse tlase tsa cocaine ea molomo ho batho. Biol. Psychiatry. 2002;51:143–150. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01288-4. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Kollins SH, Schoenfelder EN, English JS, Holdaway A., Van Voorhees E., O'Brien BR, Dew R., Chrisman AK Phuputso e hlahlobang ea litlamorao tse kopaneng tsa methylphenidate le delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) ho mosebetsi oa pelo, litlamorao, le ts'ebetso ho batho ba baholo ba phetseng hantle. J. Subst. Phekolo ea Tlhekefetso. 2015;48: 96–103. Doi: 10.1016 / J.JSAT.2014.07.014. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Kosten TR, Kosten TA, McDougle CJ, Hameedi FA, McCance EF, Rosen MI, Oliveto AH, theko ea LH phapang pakeng tsa bong le karabelo ho tsamaiso ea methapo ea koae ho batho. Biol. Psychiatry. 1996;39:147–148. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00386-X. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Kubena RK, Perhach JL, Barry H. Corticosterone elevation mediatedally ke Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol ka har'a likhoto. EUR. J. Pharmacol. 1971;14:89–92. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(71)90128-2. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Kuhn C., Francis R. Phapang pakeng tsa bong mabapi le ts'ebetso ea li-axis e hlahisang koae. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1997;16:399–407. doi: 10.1016/S0893-133X(96)00278-3. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Latson TW, McCarroll SM, Mirhej MA, Hyndman VA, Whched CW, Lipton JM Liphello tsa mekhoa e meraro ea ho itšunya-tšunya litabeng tsa phapang ea sekhahla sa pelo. J. Kliniki. Anesth. 1992;4(4):265–276. doi: 10.1016/0952-8180(92)90127-M. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Lê AD, Funk D., Juzytsch W., Coen K., Navarre BM, Cifani C., Shaham Y. Phello ea prazosin le guanfacine mabapi le ho khutlisetsoa hoa joala le lijo tse batloang ke likhoto. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011;218:89–99. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2178-7. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Le Moal M., Koob GF Phokotso ea lithethefatsi: Litsela tsa lefu lena le maikutlo a pathophysiological. EUR. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;17: 377–393. doi: 10.1016 / J.EURONEURO.2006.10.006. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Levy AD, Li Q., ​​Kerr JE, Rittenhouse PA, Milonas G., Cabrera TM, Battaglia G., Alvarez Sanz MC, Van De Kar LD Cocaine-Indosed Elevation of Plasma Adrenocorticotropin Hormone le Corticosterone E Lumelloa ke Serotonergic Neurons 1. J. Pharmacol. Hlakola Pheko. 1991;259: 495-500. [E fetotsoe] []
  • Lijffijt M., Hu K., Swann AC Stress Modulates Illness-Course ea Mathata a Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi Tlhatlhobo. Ka pele. Psychiki. 2014;5: 83. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2014.00083. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Lindgren J.-E., Ohlsson A., Agurell S., Hollister L., Gillespie H. Springer-Verlag; 1981. Liphello tsa Kliniki le Maemo a Plasma a A 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (A 9-THC) ho Basebelisi ba Matla le ba Leseli ba Cannabis, Psychopharmacology. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Livezey GT, Balabkins N., Vogel WH Phello ea ethanol (joala) le khatello ea methapo ea catecholamine ea plasma ka har'a likhoto tsa basali le tsa banna. Neuropsychobiology. 1987;17: 193-198. Doi: 10.1159 / 000118364. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Longo DL, Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT Neurobiologic Advances ho tsoa ho Mohlala oa Boloetse ba Brain. N. Engl. J. Med. 2016;374: 363–371. Doi: 10.1056 / NEJMra1511480. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Lovallo WR Cortisol mekhoa ea secretion e kotsing ea ho lemalla le ho lemalla. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2006;59: 195–202. doi: 10.1016 / j.ijpsycho.2005.10.007. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Tlokotsi ea bophelo ba Lovallo WR e fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo hape e ntlafatsa boits'oaro bo bobe: litlamorao ho boits'oaro bo botle. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2013;90: 8–16. doi: 10.1016 / j.ijpsycho.2012.10.006. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Lutfy K., Aimiuwu O., Mangubat M., Shin C.-S., Nerio N., Gomez R., Liu Y., Friedman TC Nicotine e hlohlelletsa secretion ea corticosterone ka bobeli ba li-receptors tsa CRH le AVP. J. Neurochem. 2012;120: 1108-1116. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] []
  • Lynch WJ, Sughondhabirom A., Pittman B., Gueorguieva R., Kalayasiri R., Joshua D., Morgan P., Coric V., Malison RT A paradigm ho etsa lipatlisiso taolo ea taolo ea boitšoaro ba koae ho batho ba sebelisang koae: teko e hlophisitsoeng. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006;185:306–314. doi: 10.1007/s00213-006-0323-5. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Lynch WJ, Kalayasiri R., Sughondhabirom A., Pittman B., Coric V., Morgan PT, likarabo tse latelang tsa Malison RT le litlamorao tsa pelo tsa ho itšireletsa koae ho banna le basali ba hlekefetsang koae. Motlatsi. Biol. 2008;13:403–410. doi: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00115.x. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Manetti L., Cavagnini F., Martino E., Ambrogio A. Liphello tsa koae ho hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J. Endocrinol. Tsetela. 2014;37:701–708. doi: 10.1007/s40618-014-0091-8. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Marinelli M., Puisano ea PV ea Piazza lipakeng tsa lihormone tsa glucocorticoid, khatello ea maikutlo le lithethefatsi tsa psychostimulant. EUR. J. Neurosci. 2002;16: 387-394. Doi: 10.1046 / j.1460-9568.2002.02089.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Martinez D., Narendran R. Imagan neurotransmitter e lokolloang ke lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Curr. Ka holimo. Behav. Neurosci. 2010;3: 219–245. Doi: 10.1007 / 7854_2009_34. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Martinez D., Carpenter KM, Liu F., Slifstein M., Broft A., Friedman AC, Kumar D., Van Heertum R., Kleber HD, Nunes E. Imaging phetisetso ea dopamine ka ts'ehetso ea koae: khokahano lipakeng tsa methapo ea kutlo le karabelo ho kalafo. Na. J. Psychiatry. 2011;168: 634-641. Doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.2010.10050748. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Martins SS, Segura LE, Santaella-Tenorio J., Perlmutter A., ​​Fenton MC, Cerdá M., Keyes KM, Ghandour LA, Storr CL, Hasin DS Prescription opioid use disorder and heroin use har'a bana ba lilemo li 12-34 ho United States ho tloha 2002 ho isa 2014. Addict. Behav 2017;65: 236–241. Doi: 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2016.08.033. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Martín-Calderón JL, Muñoz RM, Villanúa MA, del Arco I., Moreno JL, de Fonseca FR, Navarro M. Tšoaetso ea liketso tse mpe tsa endocrine tsa (-) - 11-hydroxy-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl (HU-210 ), e leng cannabinoid e entsoeng ka maiketsetso litotong. EUR. J. Pharmacol. 1998;344:77–86. doi: 10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01560-4. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Matta SG, Singh J., Sharp BM Catecholamines Mediate nicotine-indied adrenocorticotropin secretion ka li-receptors tsa α-adrenergic. Endocrinology. 1990;127: 1646-1655. Doi: 10.1210 / endo-127-4-1646. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • McDonald T., Hoffman WE, Berkowitz R., Cunningham F., Cooke B. Ho feto-fetoha ha tekanyo ea pelo le catecholamine ea plasma ho bakuli nakong ea detoxation ea opioid. J. Neurosurg. Ho thethefatsa bohloko. 1999;11: 195-199. [E fetotsoe] []
  • McDougle CJ, Black JE, Malison RT, Zimmermann RC, Kosten TR, Heninger GR, dysregation ea LH Noradrenergic nakong ea ho khaotsa ts'ebeliso ea koae ho lithethefatsi. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. 1994;51: 713-719. [E fetotsoe] []
  • McKee S. a, Sinha R., Weinberger AH, Sofuoglu M., Harrison ELR, Lavery M., Wanzer J. Stress o theola bokhoni ba ho hanela ho tsuba le ho ba le ts'usumetso e matla le meputso. J. Psychopharmacol. 2011;25: 490-502. doi: 10.1177 / 0269881110376694. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • McRae-Clark AL, Carter RE, Price KL, Baker NL, Thomas S., Saladin ME, Giarla K., Nicholas K., Brady KT Stress- le litakatso le litakatso tse ncha ho batho ba itšetlehileng ka matekoane. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011;218:49–58. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2376-3. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Mello NK Hormones, nikotini, le koae: lithuto tsa tliliniki. Horm. Behav. 2010;58: 57-71. doi: 10.1016 / j.yhbeh.2009.10.003. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Mendelson J., Stein S. Serum Cortisol Levels in Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Subriers nakong ea liteko tsa Ethanol Intoxication. Psychosom. Moedi 1966;28: 616-626. []
  • Mendelson JH, Meyer RE, Ellingboe J., Mirin SM, McDougle M. Liphello tsa heroin le methadone ho plasma cortisol le testosterone. J. Pharmacol. Hlakola Pheko. 1975;195 [E fetotsoe] []
  • Mendelson JH, Teoh SK, Lange U., Mello NK, Weiss R., Skupny A., Ellingboe J. Anterior pituitary, adrenal le li-hormone tsa gonadal nakong ea ho khaotsa koae. Na. J. Psychiatry. 1988;145: 1094–1098. doi: 10.1176 / ajp.145.9.1094. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Mendelson JH, Sholar MB, Goletiani N., Siegel AJ, Mello NK Liphello tsa ho tsuba lisakerete tse tlase le tse phahameng tsa nicotine literekeng tsa maemo a bophelo le ho hlohlona ha HPA ho banna. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30: 1751-1763. Doi: 10.1038 / sj.npp.1300753. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Mendelson JH, Goletiani N., Sholar MB, Siegel AJ, Mello NK Liphello tsa ho tsuba tse atlehang tse tlase- le tse phahameng-li-Nicotine lisakerete tsa Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenal Axis Hormones le Mood ho banna. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33: 749-760. Doi: 10.1038 / sj.npp.1301455. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Milivojevic V., Sinha R. Central and Peripheral Biomarkers of Stress Karabelo ea Tlhatlhobo ea Bokhoba ba ho Kena le ho Khutla ka Ts'ireletso. Trends Mol. Moedi 2018 Doi: 10.1016 / j.molmed.2017.12.010. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Minami J., Ishimitsu T., Matsuoka H. Liphello tsa ho Tsuba Khatello ea Kelello Khahlanong le Khatello ea Mali le Phapanyetsano ea Rate ho Ratoang ke Batho ba tsubang. Phaello ea mali. 1999;33: 586-590. Doi: 10.1161 / 01.HYP.33.1.586. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Moldow RL, Fischman AJ Cocaine e kentse secretion ea ACTH, beta-endorphin, le corticosterone. Peptides. 1987;8:819–822. doi: 10.1016/0196-9781(87)90065-9. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Karabelo ea Morse DE Neuroendocrine ho nikotine le khatello ea maikutlo: ntlafatso ea likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo ke tsamaiso ea nicotine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989;98: 539-543. Doi: 10.1007 / BF00441956. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Motaghinejad M., Bangash MY, Motaghinejad O. Phallo ea lefu la ho itlopa joala le boemo ba cortisol ea mali ka boikoetliso bo qobelloang ha bo bapisoa le diazepam. Acta Med. Iran. 2015;53: 312-317. [E fetotsoe] []
  • Munro CA, McCaul ME, Wong DF, Oswald LM, Zhou Y., Brasic J., Kuwabara H., Kumar A., ​​Alexander M., Ye W., Phapang ea Thobalano ea Wand GS ho Striatal Dopamine Release ho ba baholo ba phetseng hantle. Biol. Psychiatry. 2006;59: 966-974. Doi: 10.1016 / J.BIOPSYCH.2006.01.008. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Naber D., Pickar D., Davis GC, Cohen RM, Jimerson DC, Elchisak MA, Defraites EG, Kalin NH, Risch SC, Buchsbaum MS Naloxone litlamorao ho beta-endorphin, cortisol, prolactin, hormone ea kholo, HVA le MHPG ho plasma baithaopi ba tloaelehileng. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1981;74: 125-128. [E fetotsoe] []
  • Nagano-Saito A., Dagher A., ​​Booij L., Gravel P., Welfeld K., Casey KF, Leyton M., Benkelfat C. Ho imeloa kelellong ha dopamine ho lokollotsoeng ha motho ka moriana oa preortal cortex-18F-fallypride / PET ho baithaopi ba phetseng hantle. Synapse. 2013;67: 821-830. Doi: 10.1002 / syn.21700. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Nava F., Caldiroli E., Prime S., Lucchini A. Kamano lipakeng tsa plasma cortisol, matšoao a ho khaotsa le ho lakatsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi tsa heroin le ho phekoloa. J. Addict. Dis. 2006;25:9–16. doi: 10.1300/J069v25n02_02. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Nurnberger JI, Simmons-Alling S., Kessler L., Jimerson S., Schreiber J., Hollander E., Tamminga CA, Nadi NS, Goldstein DS, Gershon ES Separate mekgwa ya boitshwaro, pelo le karabelo ya dihormone ho dextroamphetamine ho monna . Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984;84: 200-204. Doi: 10.1007 / BF00427446. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Okada S., Shimizu T., Yokotani K. Extrahypothalamic corticotropin-ikokolla li-mediates tsa li-hormone (-) - ho phahamisoa ke nicotine-eletso ea plasma corticosterone ka likhoto. EUR. J. Pharmacol. 2003;473:217–223. doi: 10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01966-6. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Oswald LM, Wong DF, McCaul M., Zhou Y., Kuwabara H., Choi L., Brasic J., Kamano ea Wand GS har'a phatlalatso ea dopamine ea ventral striatal, secretion ea cortisol, le likarabo tse ikhethileng tsa amphetamine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30: 821-832. Doi: 10.1038 / sj.npp.1300667. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Oswald LM, Wand GS, Kuwabara H., Wong DF, Zhu S., Brasic JR Nalane ea tlokotsi ea bongoana e amahanngoa hantle le likarabo tsa dopamine tsa "dopamine" tsa "dopamine" tse tsoang ho amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014;231:2417–2433. doi: 10.1007/s00213-013-3407-z. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Parrott ACC, Sands HRR, Jones L., Clow A., Evans P., Downey LAA, Stalder T. Ho eketseha maemo a cortisol ho moriri oa basebelisi ba morao-rao ba Ecstasy / MDMA. EUR. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24: 369-374. [E fetotsoe] []
  • Perkins KA, Coddington SB, Karelitz JL, Jetton C., Scott JA, Wilson AS, Lerman C. Phapang ea kutloisiso ea mantlha ea nicotine ka lebaka la thobalano, nalane ea ts'ebeliso e meng ea lithethefatsi, le ho tsuba ha motsoali. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 2009;99: 47–57. Doi: 10.1016 / J.DRUGALCDEP.2008.06.017. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Perman ES Kameho ea Ethyl Alcohol ka Sephiri ho tsoa ho Adrenal Medulla ea Cat. Phomolo ea Acta. Scand. 1960;48: 323-328. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1748-1716.1960.tb01866.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Pomerleau OF, Pomerleau CS Cortisol karabelo ho khatello ea kelello le / kapa nicotine. Pharmacol. Likokoana-hloko. Behav. 1990;36:211–213. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057%2890%2990153-9. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Pruessner JC, Champagne F., Meaney MJ, Dagher A. Dopamine ho lokolloa ha a arabela khatello ea kelello ho batho le kamano ea hae le tlhokomelo ea bophelo ba bakhachane: thuto ea positron emission tomography e sebelisang [11C] raclopride. J. Neurosci. 2004;24: 2825–2831. Doi: 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.3422-03.2004. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Puder M., Weidenfeld J., Chowers I., Nir I., Conforti N., Siegel RA Corticotrophin le secretion ea corticosterone e latelang Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol, ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng le ho litšoelesa tsa banna tsa hypothalamic. Hlakola Brain Res. 1982;46: 85-88. Doi: 10.1007 / BF00238101. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Quintana DS, McGregor IS, Guastella AJ, Malhi GS, Kemp AH Ts'ebetso ea Meta-mabapi le Kameho ea ho Ts'oa Joala Joala Ho Phapusing ea Nako e Khutšoanyane ea Naha ea Naha: Litlamorao tsa Kotsi ea Pelo. Koloi ea Tai. Hlakola Res. 2013;37: 23-29. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1530-0277.2012.01913.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Ramchandani VA, Flury L., Morzorati SL, Kareken D., Blekher T., Foroud T., Li T.-K., O'Connor S. Nalane ea haufinyane ea ho noa: ho kopana le nalane ea lelapa ea joala le karabelo e matla ea joala nakong ea ts'oarello ea 60 mg%. J. Stud. Joala. 2002;63: 734-744. doi: 10.15288 / jsa.2002.63.734. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Ramesh D., Haney M., Cooper ZD Litlamorao tsa matekoane tse itšetlehileng ka batho ba tsubang matekoane letsatsi le letsatsi. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2013;21: 287-293. Doi: 10.1037 / a0033661. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Ranganathan M., Braley G., Pittman B., Cooper T., Perry E., Krystal J., D'Souza DC Litlamorao tsa li-cannabinoids ho serum cortisol le prolactin bathong. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009;203:737–744. doi: 10.1007/s00213-008-1422-2. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Reid MS, Figueino F., Howard B., Nilsen D., Prichep LS Litšoantšo tsa EEG tse ngatafalitsoeng li ile tsa arabeloa ke ho tsuba ho itaola ho batho. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31: 872-884. Doi: 10.1038 / sj.npp.1300888. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Richard C., Scoti C., Russell B. Tšusumetso ea Mokhahlelo oa Estrous of Luteinizing Hormone, Cycle on Endo native and Cortisol Opioid Modulation in Gilt 'Secretion. Biol. Ho ikatisa. 1986;35: 1162–1167. doi: 10.1095 / biolreprod35.5.1162. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Richardson HN, Lee SY, O'Dell LE, Koob GF, Rivier CL Joala boitaolo bo matlafatsa mohopolo oa hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal, empa ho itšetleha ka joala ho lebisa ho boemo bo fokolisitsoeng ba neuroendocrine. EUR. J. Neurosci. 2008;28:1641–1653. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06455.x. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Lipalesa tsa Risher-Flow D., Adinoff B., Ravitz B., Bone G., Martin P., Nutt D., Linnoila M. Circadian morethetho oa cortisol nakong ea ho tlohela joala. Adv. Mofuta oa joala. Tlhekefetso. 1988;7:37–41. doi: 10.1300/J251v07n03_06. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Rittmaster RS, Cutler GB, Sobel D.0, Goldstein DS, Koppelman MCS, Loriaux DL, Chrousos GP Morphine Inhibits Karabelo ea Pituitary-Adrenal ho Ovine Corticotropin-Ho Lokolla Hormone ho Ditiiso Tse Tloaelehileng *. J. Kliniki. Endocrinol. Metabolism. 1985E fetotsoe] []
  • Romanowicz M., Schmidt JE, Bostwick JM, Mrazek DA, Karpyak VM Liphetoho lipapisong tsa sekhahla sa pelo tse amanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea joala: Tsebo ea hona joale le moelelo oa ho ikoetlisa le ho etsa lipatlisiso. Koloi ea Tai. Hlakola Res. 2011;35: 1092-1105. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1530-0277.2011.01442.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Rook EJ, Van Ree JM, Van Den Brink W., Hillebrand MJX, Huitema ADR, Hendriks VM, Beijnen JH Pharmacokinetics le pharmacodynamics ea litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa li-heroin tse lokiselitsoeng meriana, ka methapo kapa ka tsela ea ho hema ho bakuli ba itšetlehileng ka opioid. Clin ea Motheo. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2006;98: 86-96. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1742-7843.2006.pto_233.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Rushen J., Schwarze N., Ladewig J., Foxcroft G. Opioid modulation ea litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo khafetsa ho ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, le hormone ea kholo ho likolobe. Physiol. Behav. 1993;53:923–928. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(93)90270-. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sachar EJ, Asnis G., Nathan RS, Halbreich U., Tabrizi MA, Halpern FS Dextroamphetamine le Cortisol ka khatello ea maikutlo. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. 1980;37: 755. Doi: 10.1001 / archpsyc.1980.01780200033003. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Saphier D., Welch JE, Farrar GE, Goeders NE Liphello tsa tsamaiso ea koae ea intracerebroventricular le intrahypothalamic ho secretion ea adrenocortical. Neuroendocrinology. 1993;57: 54-62. Doi: 10.1159 / 000126342. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sarnyai Z., Bíró É., Penke B., Telegdy G. Khokahano ea cocaine e hlahisitsoeng ka koae e hlahisoa ke endo native corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in rats. Resin ea Boko. 1992;589:154–156. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91176-F. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Schuckit MA, Tsuang JW, Anthenelli RM, Tipp JE, Nurnberger JI Litlhare tsa joala ho banna ba bacha ba tsoang litulong tsa joala le malapa a taolo: tlaleho e tsoang ho projeke ea COGA. J. Stud. Joala. 1996;57: 368-377. doi: 10.15288 / jsa.1996.57.368. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Seyler LE, Fertig J., Pomerleau O., Hunt D., Parker K. Litlamorao tsa ho tsuba ho secretion ea acth le cortisol. Bophelo Sci. 1984;34:57–65. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(84)90330-8. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sharma J., Rathnayaka N., Green C., Moeller FG, Schmitz JM, Shoham D., Dougherty AH Bradycardia jwaloka Maraka oa Ts'ebeliso ea Cocaine e sa Foleng: Ho Fumana Kelello ea Novel. Behav. Moedi 2016;42: 1-8. doi: 10.1080 / 08964289.2014.897931. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Shi J., Li S., Zhang X., Wang X., Foll B. Le, Zhang X.-Y., Kosten TR, Lu L. Nako-Dependent Neuroendocrine Alterations and Drara Craving in the Month of the Abstinence in Heroin Liketso. Am. J. Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Joala Joala. 2009;35: 267-272. Doi: 10.1080 / 00952990902933878. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Shiffman S., Zettler-Segal M., Kassel J., Paty J., Benowitz NL, O'Brien G. Nicotine ho felisa le ho mamella batho ba tsubang sakerete. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992;109: 449-456. Doi: 10.1007 / BF02247722. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sinha R. khatello ea maikutlo e eketsa joang kotsi ea tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le ho khutla hape? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001;158: 343-359. Doi: 10.1007 / s002130100917. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sinha R. khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho ba kotsing ea ho lemalla. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 2008;1141: 105-130. Doi: 10.1196 / annals.1441.030. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sinha R. Liphetho tse ncha mabapi le lintho tsa tlhaho tse boletsoeng esale pele li lemaletse ts'oaetso. Borr. Psychiatr. Rep. 2011;13:398–405. doi: 10.1007/s11920-011-0224-0. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sinha R. The neurobiology ea bongaka ba litakatso tsa lithethefatsi. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2013 Doi: 10.1016 / j.conb.2013.05.001. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sinha R., Li CSR Ho latela khatello ea maikutlo le litakatso tse tlisoang ke lithethefatsi le joala: ho tloaelana le ho khutla hape le litlamorao ho tsa bongaka. Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Lithethefatsi 2007;26: 25-31. Doi: 10.1080 / 09595230601036960. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sinha R., Garcia M., Paliwal P., Kreek MJ, Rounsaville BJ Khatello ea khatello ea kelello ea cocaine le karabelo ea hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal li bolela esale pele ka litholoana tse khutlang tsa koae. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. 2006;63: 324–331. doi: 10.1001 / archpsyc.63.3.324. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sinha R., Lacadie CM, Constable RT, Seo D. Ketso e matla ea methapo nakong ea khatello ea methapo ea ho sebetsana le maemo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Saense 2016;113: 8837-8842. Doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1600965113. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sjoberg N., Saint DA Motsoako o le mong oa 4 mg oa Nicotine o fokotsa ho feto-fetoha ha pelo ha li-Nonsmokers tse phetseng hantle: Litlamorao ho Mananeo a ho Tsuba. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2011;13: 369-372. Doi: 10.1093 / ntr / ntr004. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Söderpalm A., Nikolayev L., de Wit H. Liphello tsa khatello ea maikutlo likarabo ho methamphetamine ho batho. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003;170:188–199. doi: 10.1007/s00213-003-1536-5. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sofuoglu M., Mooney M. Subjective Responses to Intravenous Nicotine: Kutloahalo e Kholo ho Basali Ho fapana le Banna. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2009;17: 63-69. Doi: 10.1037 / a0015297. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sofuoglu M., Dudish-Poulsen S., Nelson D., Pentel PR, Hatsukami DK Thobalano le ho se tšoane ha potoloho ea ho ea matsatsing ho latela litlamorao tse tsoang ho koaetsoeng ke koae ho batho. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1999;7: 274-283. Doi: 10.1037 / 1064-1297.7.3.274. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sofuoglu M., Nelson D., Babb DA, Hatsukami DK Intravenous cocaine e eketsa plasma epinephrine le norepinephrine ho batho. Pharmacol. Likokoana-hloko. Behav. 2001;68:455–459. doi: 10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00482-8. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sofuoglu M., Herman AI, Nadim H., Jatlow P. Rapid Nicotine clearance e Kopantsoe le Moputso o Moholo le Keketseho ea Rate ea Pelo e tsoang ho Intravenous Nicotine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37: 1509-1516. Doi: 10.1038 / npp.2011.336. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Somaini L., Manfredini M., Amore M., Zaimovic A., Raggi MA, Leonardi C., Gerra ML, Donnini C., Gerra G. Psychobiological likarabo tsa maikutlo a sa thabiseng ho basebelisi ba cannabis. EUR. Arch. Kliniki ea Psychiki. Neurosci. 2012;262:47–57. doi: 10.1007/s00406-011-0223-5. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Spronk DB, van Wel JHP, Ramaekers JG, Verkes RJ Ho supa litlamorao tsa cocaine: Tlhahlobo e felletseng. Neurosci. Biobehav. Tšen. 2013;37: 1838–1859. Doi: 10.1016 / J.NEUBIOREV.2013.07.003. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Starcke K., van Holst RJ, van den Brink W., Veltman DJ, Goudriaan AE Boitšoaro ba mmele le endocrine ba khatello ea kelello le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang: Nako ea litaba tsa boloi. Koloi ea Tai. Hlakola Res. 2013;37: 1343-1350. [E fetotsoe] []
  • O ts'oara ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea tahi ea Adrenocortical ho batho ba lemaletseng joala. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1973;215: 77-83. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1749-6632.1973.tb28251.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Stormark KM, Laberg JC, Nordby H., Hugdahl K. Likarabo tsa boemo ba pelo li supa ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho lino tse tahang hang-hang pele ho lino tse tahang. Ho lemalla. Behav. 1998;23:251–255. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4603(97)00026-9. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Strougo A., Zuurman L., Roy C., Pinquier J., van Gerven J., Cohen A., Schoemaker R. Modeling oa khatello ea maikutlo - kamano ea phello ea THC maemong a methapo ea methapo ea methapo le sekhahla sa pelo - temohisiso mekhoeng ea eona ea tsamaiso. ea ketso le sesebelisoa sa lipatlisiso tsa tliliniki le nts'etsopele ea li-cannabinoids. J. Psychopharmacol. 2008;22: 717-726. Doi: 10.1177 / 0269881108089870. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Suemaru S., Dallman MF, Darlington DN, Cascio CS, Shinsako J. Role oa mochine oa alpha-adrenergic litlamorao tsa morphine tsamaisong ea hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical le methapo ea methapo ea pelo e ka hara rat. Neuroendocrinology. 1989;49: 181-190. Doi: 10.1159 / 000125112. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Sutker PB, Goist KC, King AR Acute Alcohol Intoxication ho Basali: Kamano ho Dose le Phapang ea Khoeling. Koloi ea Tai. Hlakola Res. 1987;11: 74-79. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1530-0277.1987.tb01266.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Swerdlow NR, Koob GF, Cador M., Lorang M., Hauger RL Pituitary-adrenal axis likarabo ho amphetamine a hlobaetsang ka har'a rat. Pharmacol. Likokoana-hloko. Behav. 1993;45:629–637. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(93)90518-X. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Tapper EB, Lefu la Parikh ND ka lebaka la lefu la cirrhosis le lefu la sebete United States, 1999-2016: thuto ea ho shebella. BMJ. 2018;362 doi: 10.1136 / BMJ.K2817. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Thayer JF, Hall M., Sollers JJ, Fischer JE Tšebeliso ea joala, cortisol ea moroto, le phapang ea pelo ho banna bao ho hlakileng hore ba phetse hantle: Bopaki ba taolo ea thibelo e thibelang kelello ea selepe sa HPA ho lino tse tahang. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2006;59: 244–250. doi: 10.1016 / j.ijpsycho.2005.10.013. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Tizabi Y., Copeland RL, Louis VA, Taylor RE Liphetho tsa Tloaelo e Akaretsang ea Taolo ea Ts'ebetso le Ts'ebetso ea Central Nicotine sebakeng sa Ventral Tegmental sebakeng sa Dopamine Release ho Nopola Numus. Koloi ea Tai. Hlakola Res. 2002;26: 394-399. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1530-0277.2002.tb02551.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Tsuji H., Venditti FJ, Manders ES, Evans JC, Larson MG, Feldman CL, Levy D. Liphetoho tsa phallo ea pelo. J. Ke. Coll. Cardiol. 1996;28:1539–1546. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00342-7. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Lefapha la Healt le Litšebeletso tsa Botho la US HHS; Washington, DC: 2016. Ho tobana le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi Amerika: Tlaleho ea Ngaka e Buoang ka joala, lithethefatsi le bophelo bo botle. []
  • Välimäki MJ, Härkönen M., Peter Eriksson CJ, Ylikahri RH Litaba tsa thobalano le li-adrenocortical steroid ho banna ba tahiloeng ka ethanol. Joala. 1984;1:89–93. doi: 10.1016/0741-8329(84)90043-0. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Van Dam NT, Rando K., Potenza MN, Tuit K., Sinha R. Ho hlekefetsoa ha bana bongoaneng, Alctu Limbic Neurobiology, le Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi Tsamaisa Phokotso ea Bohloko ka Trauma-Specific Reductions ka Limbic Gray Matter Volume. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71: 917. Doi: 10.1001 / jamapsychiatry.2014.680. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Van Hedger K., Bershad AK, de Wit H. Pharmacological phephetso lithuto tse nang le khatello ea kelello ea kelello le kelello. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;85: 123–133. Doi: 10.1016 / j.psyneuen.2017.08.020. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Vandrey R., Umbricht A., khatello ea methapo ea mali Keketseho ea khatello ea mali kamora ho khaotsa ka tšohanyetso tšebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea ts'ebeliso ea cannabis. J. Tlatsetso Med. 2011;5:16–20. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181d2b309. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Vandrey R., Stitzer ML, Mintzer MZ, Huestis MA, Murray JA, Lee D. Liphello tsa litekanyetso tsa tlhokomelo ea nakoana ea dronabinol (molomo oa THC) ho basebelisi ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba cannabis. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 2013;128: 64–70. Doi: 10.1016 / J.DRUGALCDEP.2012.08.001. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Vongpatanasin W., Taylor JA, Victor RG Liphello tsa koae ka litekanyetso tsa pelo lithutong tse phetseng hantle. Am. J. Cardiol. 2004;93: 385-388. Doi: 10.1016 / J.AMJCARD.2003.10.028. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Vuong C., Van Uum SHM, O'Dell LE, Lutfy K., Friedman TC Liphello tsa li-Opioids le li-Analogs tsa Opioid ho Animal and Human Endocrine Systems. Endocr. Tšen. 2010;31:98–132. doi: 10.1210/er.2009-0009. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Walsh SL, Haberny KA, Bigelow GE Modulation ea litla-morao tsa koae ka koae e sa foleng ea molomo ho batho. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000;150: 361-373. Doi: 10.1007 / s002130000439. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Walsh SL, Stoops WW, Moody DE, Lin S.-N., Bigelow GE E pheta dosing ka koae ea molomo ho batho: tlhahlobo ea litlamorao tse tobileng, ho khaola, le pharmacokinetics. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2009;17: 205-216. Doi: 10.1037 / a0016469. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Walter M., Wiesbeck GA, Bloch N., Aeschbach S., Olbrich HM, Seifritz E., Dürsteler-MacFarland KM Psychobiological likarabo tsa kalafo ea lithethefatsi pele le kamora ho kenella ha methadone ho bakuli ba itšetlehileng ka heroin: Phuputso ea sefofane. EUR. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;18: 390–393. doi: 10.1016 / J.EURONEURO.2008.01.005. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Walter M., Wiesbeck GA, Degen B., Albrich J., Oppel M., Schulz A., Schachinger H., Dursteler-MacFarland KM Heroin e fokotsa karabelo e makatsang le ea cortisol ho bakuli ba ts'ehetsoeng ke li-opioid tse tsamaeang le li-opioid. Motlatsi. Biol. 2011;16: 145-151. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1369-1600.2010.00205.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Walter M., Bentz D., Schicktanz N., Milnik A., Aerni A., Gerhards C., Schwegler K., Vogel M., Blum J., Schmid O., Roozendaal B., Lang UE, Borgwardt S. , de Quervain D. Liphello tsa tsamaiso ea cortisol ka ho lakatsa lithahasello tsa bokhoba ba heroin. Fetolela. Psychiki. 2015;5 Doi: 10.1038 / tp.2015.101. e610 – e610. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Wand GS, Dobs AS Alterations ho hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ka mafolofolo a ho noa lino tse tahang. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1991;72: 1290-1295. Doi: 10.1210 / jcem-72-6-1290. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Wand GS, Oswald LM, McCaul ME, Wong DF, Johnson E., Zhou Y., Kuwabara H., Kumar A. Mokhatlo oa amphetamine-induction striatal dopamine dopamine le karabelo ea cortisol khatellong ea kelello. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32: 2310-2320. Doi: 10.1038 / sj.npp.1301373. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Ward AS, Haney M., Fischman MW, Foltin RW Binge cocaine tsamaiso ea batho: Cocaine e tsuba. Behav. Pharmacol. 1997;8: 736-744. Doi: 10.1097 / 00008877-199712000-00009. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Watts DT Matla a Nikotine le Ho tsuba ho secretion ea Epinephrine. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1960;90: 74-80. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1749-6632.1960.tb32619.x. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Wemm S., F nyanja A., Baker A., ​​Blough ER, Mewaldt S., Bardi M. Mathata a ho nwa le karabo ea mmele ho baithuti ba kolecheng ea basali. Joala. 2013;47: 149-157. [E fetotsoe] []
  • White TL, Grover VK, de Wit H. Cortisol litlamorao tsa d-amphetamine li amana le mekhoa ea ho se tšabe le ho ba mabifi empa e se ho tšoenyeha ho batho ba phetseng hantle. Pharmacol. Likokoana-hloko. Behav. 2006;85: 123–131. doi: 10.1016 / j.pbb.2006.07.020. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Wilkins JN, Carlson HE, Van Vunakis H., Hill MA, Gritz E., Jarvik ME Nicotine ea tsubang ho tsuba o eketsa maemo a potoloho ea cortisol, hormone ea kholo, le prolactin ho batho ba tsubang ba sa foleng ba banna. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1982;78: 305-308. Doi: 10.1007 / BF00433730. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Zimmermann U., Spring K., Wittchen H.-U., Holsboer F. Liphetho tsa taolo ea ethanol le ho kenella hoa linaha tse amanang le ho tšoenyeha ho mabapi le ho hlobaela ho qalang ho bara ba bo-ntate ba lemaletseng joala. Koloi ea Tai. Hlakola Res. 2004;28: 424-432. Doi: 10.1097 / 01.ALC.0000117835.49673.CF. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Zis AP, Haskett RF, Ariav Albala A., Carroll BJ Morphine o thibela cortisol mme o tsosa secretion ea prolactin ho monna. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1984;9:423–427. doi: 10.1016/0306-4530(84)90050-7. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Zorick T., Mandelkern MA, Lee B., Wong ML, Miotto K., Shahbazian J., London ED Elevated prolactin e fumanehang lithutong tse itšetlehileng ka methamphetamine. Am. J. Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Joala Joala. 2011;37: 62-67. doi: 10.3109 / 00952990.2010.538945. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []
  • Zuurman L., Roy C., Schoemaker RC, Amatsaleh A., Guimaeres L., Pinquier JL, Cohen AF, Van Gerven JMA Inhibition ea litlamorao tse bakoang ke THC tsamaisong ea methapo ea methapo le pelo ea pelo ke buka ea nalane ea CBi receptor antagonist AVE1625. J. Psychopharmacol. 2010;24: 363-371. Doi: 10.1177 / 0269881108096509. [E fetotsoe] [CrossRef] []