(L) Rat Park, Addiction, and Environmental Factors - moqoqo (2007)

LITABA: Moqoqo oa bohlokoa mabapi le liteko tsa "Rat Park", moo bafuputsi ba fumaneng bohlokoa ba tikoloho ea bokhoba ba tahi. Tikoloho ea rona e fetohile haholo ho tloha matsatsing a rona a litsomi, eo ke lumelang hore e etsa hore re be tlokotsing ea ho lemalla lit soant so tsa bootsoa.


Leraba la Rat

Hobaneng ha leano la lithethefatsi la Canada le sa hlahlobe bokhoba ba Robert Hercz

Ho tloha tokollong ea The Walrus ea December 2007

“Boithuto ba Canada bo khahlano le lithethefatsi bo hlotsoe,” ho bala sehlooho sa pale e khuts'oane ea cbc e neng e phatlalatsoa litsing tse 'maloa tsa litaba pele e hlokahala mathoasong a selemo sena. British Columbia Center for Excellence in hiv / aids e ne e sa tsoa phatlalatsa pampiri e senolang hore hoo e ka bang kotara e meraro ea lidolara tse limilione tse 368 tse abeloang Leano la Lithethefatsi la Canada ka 2004-2005 li sebelisitsoe matsapeng a ts'ebetsong a reretsoeng ho tiisa phepelo ea lithethefatsi. Bangoli ba bonts'itse hore leha ho na le ntoa ena ea lithethefatsi, sekhahla sa ts'ebeliso se ne se phahame ho feta neng kapa neng: ka 2002, liperesente tse 45 tsa batho ba Canada ba tlalehile ba sebelisitse lithethefatsi tse seng molaong maphelong a bona, ho tloha ho liperesente tsa 28.5 ho 1994.

Phuputso e buelletse hore chelete e lebisoe mananeong a bolokang litšenyehelo, a thehiloeng bopaking, kalafo le phokotso ea likotsi - litšiea tse ling tse tharo tsa leano la lithethefatsi la Canada. Empa ho Bruce Alexander, setsebi sa kelello se sa tsoa tlohela mosebetsi kamora lilemo tse mashome a mararo a metso e mehlano Univesithing ea Simon Fraser e British Columbia, ngangisano ea leano ke tšitiso feela. O bua a le hae Vancouver, o re: "Ha ho na leano la lithethefatsi le tla ama haholo bokhoba ba motho." “Ke nahana hore ke e 'ngoe ea lintho tse re khelosang:' Haeba re ne re ka fumana leano la lithethefatsi hantle, re ne re tla rarolla bothata ba rona ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi. ' Ha ke nahane hore hoo ho ka e ama. Tsela feela eo re ka rarollang bothata ba bokhoba ba tahi ka eona ke ka ho ntšetsa pele setso le bophelo. ”

Alexander esale a fana ka molaetsa ona ho tloha bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1970, ha a ne a etsa liteko tse ngata tse ntle tseo a li bitsang Rat Park, tse ileng tsa etsa hore a fihlele qeto ea hore lithethefatsi - leha e le lithethefatsi tse thata joalo ka heroin le cocaine - ha li bake ho lemalla; Tikoloho ea mosebelisi e etsa joalo. E bile sephetho se makatsang, se neng se lokela ho ba le tšisinyeho ea lefatše leanong la lithethefatsi. Empa, joalo ka tlaleho ea leano le hlolehileng la lithethefatsi Canada, lipatlisiso tsa Alexander li ile tsa hlokomolohuoa haholo.

Ha Richard Nixon a qala Ntoa ea Lithethefatsi lilemong tsa bo-1970, ho ne ho lumeloa ka kakaretso, joalo ka kajeno, hore lithethefatsi li baka ho lemalla joalo ka ha lehalima le baka sealuma. Ka nako eo, Bruce Alexander o ne a eletsa batho ba lemalloang toropong e tummeng hampe ea Vancouver ea Downtown Eastside, mme o ne a sa tsebe hantle. Alexander o re: "Bantlanyana ba bua lintho tse kang 'Nka qeta nako ea ho ikhula,' me nka emisa, empa ha ke batle ho emisa. ' “Ha rea ​​lokela ho e lumela; re tlameha ho re ba hana hore ba litlamong tsa sethethefatsi sena, empa ha ho joalo. Ke li lumetse. ”

Lipelaelo tsa hae li ne li se na boima ka tlelaseng, leha ho le joalo, moo baithuti ba neng ba hlometse ka karete ea terompeta e matla: liteko tse tummeng tsa Skinner box tsa li-1950 le li-60s. Lebokose la Skinner ke lesaka le hlomelletsoeng ho beha boits'oaro ba phoofolo ka moputso kapa kotlo. Tekong e tloaelehileng ea lithethefatsi, catheter e kentsoeng opereishene e hokahantsoe le phepelo ea lithethefatsi eo phoofolo e itlhokomelang ka eona ka ho tobetsa leleme. Liteko tse makholo li bontšitse hore liphoofolo tsa laborateng li fetoha makhoba a lithethefatsi tse kang heroine, cocaine le amphetamine. "Ho thoe ba paka hore mefuta ena ea li-dope ha e khone ho hanyetsoa, ​​'me ho felile ke pale ea ho lemalla hona moo," ho bolela Alexander. Kamora seminara e 'ngoe e neng e sa behe litholoana ka 1976, o ile a nka qeto ea ho iketsetsa liteko.

Bothata ba liteko tsa lebokose la Skinner, Alexander le bafuputsi-'moho le eena ba belaela, e ne e le lebokose ka bolona. Ho leka khopolo-taba eo, Alexander o ile a aha Edene bakeng sa likhoto. Rat Park e ne e koetsoe ka plywood e boholo ba likhopo tse 200 tse tloaelehileng. Ho ne ho e-na le litelu tsa kedare, mabokose, makotikoti bakeng sa ho ipata le ho haha, lipalo tsa ho hloa le lijo tse ngata. Habohlokoa le ho feta, hobane likhoto li lula likoloneng, Rat Park e ne e boloka liphoofolo tse leshome le metso e ts'eletseng ho isa ho mashome a mabeli tsa bong ka bobeli.

Likhoto tse Rat Park le liphoofolo tse laolang ka masakeng a tloaelehileng a laboratori li ne li na le phihlello ea libotlolo tse peli tsa metsi, e 'ngoe e tletse metsi a hlakileng mme e' ngoe e na le metsi a koahetsoeng ke morphine. Ma-denizens a Rat Park a ne a rata metsi a hlakileng ho feta morphine (tlhahlobo e hlahisitse lipalo tsa boits'epo ba liperesente tse fetang 99.9). Le ha Alexander a ne a leka ho hohela likhoto tsa hae ka ho natefisa morphine, tse Rat Park li ile tsa noa haholo ho feta tse koaletsoeng. Ke feela ha a eketsa naloxone, e felisang litlamorao tsa morphine, moo likhoto tsa Rat Park li ileng tsa qala ho noa ka botlolo ea metsi-tsoekere-morphine. Ba ne ba batla metsi a monate, empa eseng haeba a ba phahamisa.

Ka phapang eo a e bitsang "Kicking the Habit," Alexander o ile a fa likhoto libakeng tse peli ntle le metsi feela a nang le morphine matsatsi a mashome a mahlano a metso e supileng, ho fihlela ba its'etleha ka sethethefatsi. Empa hang hoba ba be le khetho pakeng tsa metsi a hlakileng le morphine, liphoofolo tsa Rat Park li ile tsa fetohela metsing a hlakileng khafetsa ho feta likhoto tse koetsoeng, ka boithatelo ba ipeha boemong bo sa thabiseng ba ho tlohela ho etsa joalo.

Rat Park e bonts'itse tikoloho ea khoto, eseng ho fumaneha ha lithethefatsi, e lebisa tlhokomelong. Sebakeng se tloaelehileng, sethethefatsi se thibelang lithethefatsi ke tšitiso ho seo likhoto li tloaetseng ho se etsa: ho loana, ho bapala, furu, molekane. Empa rat e koaletsoeng e ke ke ea etsa lintho tseo. Ha ho makatse hore ebe phoofolo e mahlomoleng e nang le phihlello ea lithethefatsi e ka li sebelisa ho batla phomolo.

Rat Park e ile ea phethola karete ea terompeta ea Skinner. Alexander o re: "O ne o ke ke oa hlola o bua ka sefahleho se otlolohileng hore likhoto li fumana lithethefatsi tse ling li sa hanelehe." O ile a nyahama, he, ha, mosebetsi oa hae o hanoa ke Saense le Tlhaho, tse peli tsa likoranta tse tummeng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng tsa mahlale (leha bobeli ba tsona li hana lipheletso tse fetang 90%). Bahlahlobi ba lithaka ha baa ka ba nyatsa mokhoa ona; Khanyetso ea bona, ho hopola mongoli-'moho le bona oa boithuto Barry Beyerstein, e bile "Ha ke khone ho beha monoana oa ka ho se phoso, empa kea tseba hore e tlameha ebe e fosahetse." Qetellong, lipampiri tsa Rat Park li ile tsa phatlalatsoa likoranteng tse tsebahalang tsa psychopharmacology, "empa eseng tse fihletseng sechaba," Alexander o re.