Boikoetliso bo Ntlafatsa Mosebetsi oa Boipheliso le ho Finyella le ho Koala Boikoetliso ba Bongoa ho Bana ba Eketsehileng: Tlhahlobo e laoloang ka nako e sa lekanyetsoang (2011)

Bophelo Psychol. Sengoloa se ngotsoeng; e fumaneha ho PMC Jan 1, 2012.
E hatisitsoe ka mokhoa o qetelle o hlophisitsoeng e le:
PMCID: PMC3057917
NIHMSID: NIHMS245691
Moetso oa khatiso oa ho qetela oa mohatisi o fumaneha ho Bophelo Psychol
Sheba lihlooho tse ling ho PMC hore Qotsa sehlooho se hatisitsoeng.

inahaneloang

sepheo

Teko ena e ile ea leka hypothesis ea hore boikoetliso bo tla ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi.

Design

Banana ba lilemo li 7, ba fetang boima ba 11- ho bana ba lilemo li XNUMX (N = 171, 56% e le mosali, 61% e ntsho, M ± lilemo tsa SD 9.3 ± 1.0 yrs, index ea mmele boima (BMI) 26 ± 4.6 kg / m2, BMI z-alama 2.1 ± 0.4) li ile tsa hlophisoa ka mokhoa o sa reroang ho 13 ± 1.6 libeke tsa lenaneo la boikoetliso (20 kapa 40 metsotso / letsatsi), kapa boemo ba taolo.

Mehato ea sephetho sa mantlha

Litlhahlobo tse foufalitsoeng, tse sa lekanyetsoang tsa kelello (Sistimi ea Tlhahlobo ea Kelello le Teko ea Woodcock-Johnson Teko ea Katleho) li lekotse tlhalohanyo le katleho ea thuto. Ts'ebetso ea matla a makatsang a ts'ebeliso ea matla a khoheli a lekantsoeng mesebetsing ea boko nakong ea mesebetsi e phahameng.

Results

Morero oa ho phekola tlhahlobo o senotse melemo ea karabo ea ho ikoetlisa mabapi le katleho ea katleho le katleho ea lipalo. Bopaki ba pele ba tšebetso e eketsehang ea pele ea cortex ea naha e kopaneng le ho fokotsa mosebetsi o mong le o mong oa poso ea penteetal cortex ka lebaka la boikoetliso le bona bo ile ba bonoa.

fihlela qeto e

E lumellana le sephetho se fumanoeng ho batho ba baholo, phetoho e ikhethang ho ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi le liphetoho tsa ts'ebetso ea boko ka lebaka la boikoetliso li ile tsa bonoa. Liphetho tsa tlhalohanyo le katleho li eketsa bopaki ba karabelo ea tekanyetso, 'me li eketsa bopaki ba liteko nakong ea bongoana. Boithuto bona bo fana ka leseli mabapi le sephetho sa thuto. Ntle le bohlokoa ba eona ba ho boloka boima ba 'mele le ho fokotsa likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle nakong ea koluoa ​​ea botena ba bongoana, ho ikoetlisa ho ka ipaka e le mokhoa o bonolo, oa bohlokoa oa ho ntlafatsa likarolo tsa ts'ebetso ea kelello ea bana e bohareng ba kholo ea kelello. Tlhahisoleseling ena e ka susumetsa matichere ho etsa ts'ebetso e matla ea 'mele.

Keywords: kelello, boikoetliso ba aerobic, botenya, antisaccade, fMRI

Ts'ebetso ea Executive e shebahala e tebile ho feta likarolo tse ling tsa kutloisiso ho koetliso ea boikoetliso aerobic (Colcombe le Kramer, 2003). Ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi e kenyelletsa taolo ea taolo ea mesebetsi ea kelello ho fihlela sepheo 'me e hokahanngoa ka tsamaiso ea pele ea cortex. Ho rera le ho etsa lintho tse latellanang molemong oa boitšoaro bo tataisoang ho hloka hore motho a be le maikutlo le ho hopola, ho khetha likarabo le tšitiso, ho ipehela lipheo, ho itaola, ho itlhokomela, le ho sebelisa maano a bonolo le a bonolo (Eslinger, 1996; Lezak, Howieson, & Loring, 2004). Ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi e ntlafalitsoe ho latela bopaki ba hore boikoetliso ba aerobic bo ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea batho ba baholo ho mesebetsi ea ts'ebetso mme e lebisa ho eketseha ho lekanang mosebetsing oa pele oa cortex (Colcombe et al., 2004; Kramer et al., 1999). Kholiso ea bana le kutloisiso ea bana li ka utloahala ho ikoetlisa (Taemane, 2000; Hillman, Erickson, & Kramer, 2008; Kolb le Whishaw, 1998). Litlaleho tsa theoretical tsa khokahano lipakeng tsa boits'oaro ba makoloi le nts'etsopele ea kelello nakong ea bongoana li fapane ho tloha marang-rang a ts'ebetso ea kelello ho theha lipontšo tsa ketso (Rakison & Woodward, 2008; Sommerville & Decety, 2006).

Tlhahlobo ea meta-thutong ea boikoetliso baneng e bontšitse ntlafatso ea kelello le boikoetliso; leha ho le joalo, sephetho sa teko se hlophisitsoeng se ne se sa lumellane (Sibley & Etnier, 2003). Kameho e ikhethileng ea boikoetliso mosebetsing e ka ba le litlatsetso tse kopakaneng tsa liteko tse fumanoeng baneng (Tomporowski, Davis, Miller, & Naglieri, 2008). Boithuto bo sebelisang mesebetsi e hlokolosi e hlokang tšebetso ea botsamaisi bo bontšitse melemo ea boikoetliso (Davis et al., 2007; Tuckman & Hinkle, 1986), athe ba sebelisang mehato e fokolang ea bohlasoa ha ba (Lezak et al., 2004, maq. 36, 611-612; mohlala, Ismail, 1967; Zervas, Apostolos, & Klissouras, 1991). Tlaleho ea pele ho tsoa thutong ena, le sampole e nyane, e bonts'a molemo oa boikoetliso mosebetsing o moholo (Davis et al., 2007). Liphetho tsa ho qetela li hlahisoa mona.

Ho bana, ho ikoetlisa ka matla ho kopantsoe le limaraka tse holimo (Coe, Pivarnik, Womack, Reeves, & Malina, 2006; Taras, 2005), ho phela hantle mmoho le katleho ya thuto (Castelli, Hillman, Buck le Erwin, 2007; Dwyer, Sallis, Blizzard, Lazarus le Dean, 2001; Wittberg, Northrup, Cottrell, & Davis, ba amohetse, hape e na le boima bo feteletseng ka katleho e futsanehileng (Castelli et al., 2007; Setatar, Sturm, & Magnabosco, 2004; Dwyer et al., 2001; Shore et al., 2008; Taras & Potts-Datema, 2005). Qeto e matla e lokelang ho fihleloa mabapi le phello ea boikoetliso bo fihlelletseng katleho ea thuto, ke hore ha e senye katleho, leha e nka nako ea sekolo.Dwyer, Coonan, Leitch, Hetzel, & Baghurst, 1983; Sallis et al., 1999; Shephard et al., 1984). Hobane boima ba 'mele ke letšoao la ho se sebetse ka botlalo (Must & Tybor, 2005), bana ba boima haholo, ba lulang ba lutse ba lula 'moho ba ka fumana melemo ho ikoetlisa ho feta bana ba hlokang leeme.

Morero o ka sehloohong oa thuto ena e ne e le hore bana ba lutseng, ba nang le boima bo feteletseng ba abetsoeng ho ikoetlisa ba ka ntlafatsa ho feta bana ba maemong a taolo mesebetsing e meholo, empa eseng lintho tse ling tse hlokolosi tse kang ho hanela litšitiso, ts'ebetso ea sepakapaka le mabaka, le tatellano. Khopolo-taba ea bobeli e ne e le hore kamano ea karabelo e tla bonoa pakeng tsa boikoetliso le kelello. Liphello mabapi le katleho ea thuto e ile ea hlahlojoa. Ho ipapisitsoe le lithuto tse fetileng ho batho ba baholo ba bonts'ang liphetoho tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko, litlamorao ho ts'ebetso ho li-circortal cortex tsa lipatlisiso li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa tšebetso ea matla a lipono tsa "resonance imaging" (fMRI) ka sehlopha sa sehlopha.

Method

Thutong ea Bohlokoa

barupeluoa ba

Baithuti ba ile ba khethoa ho tsoa likolong nakong ea 2003-2006 bakeng sa teko ea boikoetliso ba moea mabapi le bophelo ba bana. Bana ba ne ba tšoaneleha haeba ba ne ba nonne ho feta (≥85th percentile BMI) (Ogden le al., 2002), Ha e sebetse (ha ho na lenaneo la ho ikoetlisa kamehla> 1 hr / wk), ebile e ne e se na boemo ba bongaka bo neng bo tla ama sephetho sa boithuto kapa ho fokotsa boikoetliso. Bana ba lekholo le mashome a supileng a motso o mong ba lilemo li 7-11 ba ne ba sa khethoa (56% basali, 61% Batsho, 39% White, M ± SD lilemo 9.3 ± 1.0 yrs, body mass index (BMI) 26.0 ± 4.6 kg / m2, BMI z-grade 2.1 ± 0.4, motsoali (ke hore mohlokomeli oa tlhokomelo ea mantlha) boemo ba thuto 5.0 ± 1.1, moo 1 = ka tlase ho 7th grade, 2 = 8th kapa 9th, 3 = 10th kapa 11th graduate = koleche, 4 = moithuti oa koleche, 5 = postgraduate). Ngoana a le mong o ile a qheleloa ka thōko ho sepetlele ka lebaka la sepetlele sa mafu a kelello se ileng sa etsahala kamora ho hlonama. Bana ba ile ba khothalletsoa hore ba chechisetse morao ho sa tsotelehe ho latela kalafo. Bana ba leshome le motso o mong ba noang meriana bakeng sa bofokoli ba tlhokomelo e kenyellelitsoe (mme ba nkile meriana ea bona joalo ka tloaelo; n = 4 e laolang, n = 4 ka tekanyetso e tlase, mme n = 3 sehlopheng sa tekanyetso e phahameng) ho eketsa kakaretsoizability. Bana le batsoali ba tlatsitse mangolo a tumello le tumello e ngotsoeng. Boithuto bona bo ile ba hlahlojoa hape ba amoheloa ke Boto ea Institutional Review Board ea Medical College ea Georgia. Liteko le ho kenella li etsahetse ho Medical College ea Georgia. Tšoantšiso ea phallo ea molata e hlahisoa ho Feie. 1.

Feie. 1 

Setšoantšo sa phallo ea barupeluoa.

Moqapi oa Thuto

Bana ba ne ba abetsoe ka mokhoa o sa reroang ke setsebi sa lipalo-palo ho ea tlase lethal dose (metsotso ea 20 / letsatsi) kapa lethal dose e phahameng (metsotso ea 40 / letsatsi) boikoetliso ba aerobic, kapa ho se be le taolo ea boikoetliso. Tlhahiso ea bongateng e ne e nkuoe ke morabe le thobalano. Likabelo li ile tsa patoa ho fihlela tlhahlobo ea motheo e phetheloa, ebe e fetisetsoa ho mohokahanyi oa thuto, ea ileng a tsebisa lithuto. Boemo ba taolo ha boa ka ba fana ka lenaneo la kamora sekolo kapa lipalangoang. Maemo a boikoetliso a ne a lekana ka boholo, mme a fapana feela ka nako (ke hore, tšebeliso ea matla). Li-cohorts tse hlano li nkile karolo lithutong tse fetang lilemo tsa 3.

Ts'ebetso ea Boikoetliso ba Aerobic

Bana ba abetsoeng ho ikoetlisa ba ne ba isoa lenaneong la sekolo ka mor'a sekolo letsatsi le leng le le leng (moithuti: karolelano ea barupeli ka 9: 1). Ho ne ho hatisoa matla, thabo, le polokeho, eseng tlholisano kapa ntlafatso ea boiphihlelo. Mesebetsi e ile ea khethoa ho ipapisitse le bonolo ba kutlwisiso, monate, le ho phahamisa maqhubu a mahlahahlaha, mme e kenyelletsa lipapali tsa ho matha, ropo ea jumper, le basketball le bolo e fetotsoeng (Gutin, Riggs, Ferguson, & Owens, 1999). Buka ea lenaneo ea fumaneha ha o e kopa. Bahlahlobi ba likhahla tsa pelo (S610i; Polar Electro, Oy, Finland; Nako ea bobeli ea 30) li sebelisitsoe ho boloka lethal dose. Tekanyo ea pelo ea ngoana ka mong nakong ea mananeo e tlalehiloe letsatsi le letsatsi, 'me lintlha li fuoe bakeng sa ho boloka karolelano> li-150 beats ka motsotso. Lintlha li ile tsa lopolloa bakeng sa meputso ea beke le beke. Bana ba abetsoeng boemo bo phahameng ba tekanyetso ba phethela makhetlo a mabeli a metsotso e 20 ka letsatsi. Bana ba maemong a tlase a tekanyetso ba qetile bout e le 'ngoe ea metsotso e 20, ebe nako ea metsotso e 20 ea ho lula fatše (mohlala, lipapali tsa boto, lipapali tsa likarete, ho taka) ka kamoreng e' ngoe. Ha ho thuto e fanoeng nakong ena. Seboka se seng le se seng se qalile ka ho futhumala ha metsotso e mehlano (ts'ebetso e itekanetseng ea pelo le methapo, ho tsitsipana le ho ba matla). Li-bouts li phethela ka khefu ea metsi, ho phomola ho bobebe ho ikoetlisa ka pelo le methapo.

Nakong ea libeke tse 13 ± 1.6 tsa ho kenella (13 ± 1.5, 13 ± 1.7 maemong a tlase le a phahameng, ka ho latellana), ba bileng teng e ne e le 85 ± 13% (85 ± 12, 85 ± 14). Karolelano ea lebelo la pelo e ne e le likotlo tse 166 ± 8 ka motsotso (167 ± 7, 165 ± 8). Bana ba fihlelletse sekhahla sa pelo e tloaelehileng> li-150 beats ka motsotso matsatsing a mangata (87 ± 10% ka kakaretso; 89 ± 8, 85 ± 12 maemong a tlase le a phahameng, ka ho latellana). Nako ea nako ea ho kenella, ho ba teng ka karolelano, ho otla ha pelo, le karolo ea nako eo sepheo sa lebelo la pelo e fihletsoeng e ne e ts'oana le maemo a ho ikoetlisa, mme nako e lipakeng tsa baseline le posttest e ne e ts'oana le maemo ohle a liteko (19 ± 3.3, 18 ± Libeke tse 2.6, 18 ± 2.5 tse laolang maemo a tlase le a phahameng ka ho latellana).

Mehato

Betri ea kelello e lekantsoeng e lekotseng kelello le katleho ho motheo le ka morao ho moo. Boholo ba bana (98%) bo ile ba hlahlojoa ke mohlahlami a le mong, ka nako e le 'ngoe ea letsatsi, le ka kamoreng e le' ngoe e le basement le ka morao ho moo. Liteko li ne li sa tsebe boemo ba ngoana ba liteko. Ho ile ha hlahlojoa lintlha tse tloaelehileng. Ka kakaretso, li-cohorts tsa 5 li fane ka datha bakeng sa tlhalohanyo le li-cohorts tsa 4 bakeng sa katleho. Mokhoa o oele ka bongata bo tloaelehileng (Lethathamo 1).

Lethathamo 1 

Ho na le kelelloa le katlehob lintlha (M ± SE) ka sehlopha motheong oa pele le oa posttest, le mekhoa e ntlafalitsoeng ka poso

Khopolo-taba e thehiloeng, e thehiloengDas, Naglieri, & Kirby, 1994; Naglieri, 1999) Tlhahlobo ea kelello e nang le litšobotsi tse ntle tsa psychometric, Sistimi ea Tlhatlhobo ea Kelello, e sebelisitsoe (Naglieri & Das, 1997). Sistimi ea Tlhatlhobo ea Kelello e ne e emetsoe molemong oa sampole e kholo ea bana ba lilemo tse 5-17 ba lumellanang hantle le baahi ba US ka mefuta e mengata ea mohlala (mohlala, lilemo, morabe, sebaka, tikoloho ea sechaba, sehlopha sa thuto, le thuto ea botsoali). E amana haholo le katleho ea thuto (r = .71), leha e se na lintho tse kang katleho (Naglieri le Rojahn, 2004). E tsejoa e arabela likarabo tsa thuto (Das, Mishra, & Poole, 1995), hape e fana ka phapang e nyane ea morabe le morabe ho feta liteko tsa bohlale ba setso, e etsa hore e be e loketseng haholoanyane tekolo ea lihlopha tse sotlehileng (Naglieri, Rojahn, Aquilino, & Matto, 2005).

Sistimi ea Tlhatlhobo ea Kelello e lekanya bokhoni ba kelello ba bana bo hlalositsoeng motheong oa mekhoa e mene e amanang e amanang le tlhalohanyo: Ho rala, ho ela hloko, ho tšoana, le ho atleha. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea likala tse nne e na le likarolo tse tharo. Ke feela tekanyetso ea boholo ba moralo (ke hore, ho hlahisa leano le ts'ebetso, ho itaola, sepheo le ts'ebeliso ea tsebo; ho ts'epahala kahare r = .88). Sekala sa Planning se na le ts'epahalo e ntle ho feta liteko tsa neuropsychological tsa ts'ebetso ea molaoli (Rabbitt, 1997). Likala tse setseng li lekanya likarolo tse ling tsa ts'ebetso ea kelello, ka hona li ka khetholla hore na litlamorao tsa ho ikoetlisa ho bana li matla bakeng sa ts'ebetso e kholo ho feta lits'ebetso tse ling tsa kelello. Litlhahlobo tsa tlhokomeliso li hloka ts'ebetso e tsepamisitsoeng, e khethiloeng ea kelello le ho hanela ho sitisoa (ho ts'epahala kahare r = .88). Likhaohano tsa nako e le ngoe li kenyelletsa lipotso tsa moea le tse hlakileng tse nang le dikahare tse sa bue ka molomo le ho bua (ho ts'epahala kahare r = .93). Mesebetsi e Atlehileng e hloka ho hlahlojoa kapa ho hopoloa ha tšusumetso e hlophisitsoeng ka tatellano, le ho hlophisoa ha melumo ka tatellano (ho ts'epahala kahare r = .93). Liphetho tsa pele ho mohato ona li phatlalalitsoe (Davis et al., 2007). Ngoana a le mong o ile a fuoa ka phoso phoso ea 8-yr-ea khale ea tlhahlobo ea mantlha ha ngoana a le lilemo li 7 yrs.

Katleho ea thuto ea bana e lekantsoe ho sebelisoa mefuta e 'meli e fetohang ea Tlhahlobo ea Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement III (McGrew & Woodcock, 2001) tse neng li hanyetsoa ka boomo. Lihlooho tsa Broad Read le Broad Mathematics e ne e le liphetho tsa thahasello. Bana ba lekholo le mashome a mane a motso o mong ba lihlopheng tsa 4 ba fane ka datha ea katleho.

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

Morero oa ho sebetsana le tlhahlobo ea liphapang tsa sehlopha se lekiloeng sa covariance mabapi le kelello le katleho nakong ea morao-rao, ho fetola lintlha tsa motheo. Ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo ho sebelisoa tlhaiso ea ho qetela e fetiselitsoeng pele ho bana ba 7 ba sa faneng ka data ea morao-rao. Li-Covariates (cohort, morabe, thobalano, thuto ea batsoali) li ne li kenyelletsoa haeba li amana le phapang e itšetlehileng ka eona. Sekala sa Planning, Simultaneous, Attention, and atleha, hammoho le lihlopha tse pharaletseng tsa Broad Read le Broad Math li ile tsa hlahlojoa. A priori e bapisa ho lekola mokhoa oa tatellano, le ho bapisa sehlopha sa taolo le lihlopha tse peli tsa boikoetliso, li entsoe, hammoho le li-orthogonal quadratic and low vs. Bohlokoa ba lipalo bo ile ba hlahlojoa ho α = .05. Litlhahlobo tsa bohlokoa li ile tsa phetoa ntle le bana ba 11 ba noang meriana bakeng sa bofokoli ba tlhokomelo, mme ba sa kenye bana ba 18 ba lilemo li supileng, bao ka lebaka la lilemo tsa bona ba ileng ba fuoa mofuta o fapaneng o fapaneng oa Sistimi ea Boitlhotlhollo. Boholo ba sampole ea lithuto tsa 62 ka sehlopha ka seng bo ne bo hakanngoa ho fana ka matla a 80% ho bona phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa likarolo tsa 6.6.

Leselinyana la FMRI

barupeluoa ba

Bana ba mashome a mabeli sehlopheng sa ho qetela sa thuto e nkileng karolo thutong ea sefofane ea fMRI e nang le basel (control n = 9, Exercise n = 11) le posttest (control n = 9, Exercise n = 10) scans brain. Bana ba letsohong le letšehali le ba neng ba roala likhalase ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko. Seboka se le seng ka morao ho sehlopha sa boikoetliso se ile sa hana. Ho ne ho se na phapang ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa setsi sena se tlase (9.6 ± 1.0 lilemo, 40% basali, 40% Black, BMI 25.3 ± 6.0, BMI z-score 1.9 ± 0.46) le mohlala kaofela. Lihlopha tsa ho ikoetlisa tse tlase le tse phahameng (boikoetliso ba 14 ± 1.7 wks) li ile tsa oeloa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea fMRI.

Moralo le Tsamaiso

Litšoantšo li fumanoe ho GE Signa Excite HDx 3 Tesla MRI system (General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI). Litlhahlobo tse bonoang li hlahisitsoe li sebelisa li-goggles tse lumellanang tsa MRI (Resonance Technologies, Inc., Northridge, CA), le metsamao ea mahlo e behiloe leihlo ho sebelisoa sistimi ea ho latela mahlo e lumellang bafuputsi ho bona hore lithuto li ne li tsohile ebile ba etsa mosebetsi oo. Lintho li ne li roala li-plugs tsa tsebe ebe lihlooho tsa tsona li ne li thijoa ka mosamo. Pele ho fumana data ea MRI, matla a bomo ea matla a khoheli a ile a ntlafatsoa a sebelisa mokhoa o iketselitsoeng oa shimming o khethollang boleng bo tlase ba shit ka ho etsa likalo tse nyane tsa limmapa tsa matla a khoheli mme o sebelisa ka nepo litekanyetso tse tlase tsa boemo bo tlase joalo ka maqhubu a maqhubu a offset a morao ho X, Y, le Z gradient waveforms. Litšoantšo tse sebetsang li fumanoe ho sebelisoa tatellano e senyehileng ea gradient echo planar imaging sequence (nako ea ho pheta-pheta (TR) 2800 ms, echo time (TE) 35 ms, flip angle 90 °, lebaleng la pono (FOV) 280 × 280 mm2, matrix 96 × 96, Slices ea 34, bophara ba 3.6 mm). Ka mor'a moo, ho ile ha fumanoa litšoantšo tsa sebopeho ka 3-e potlakileng e senyehileng gradient echo (TR 9.0 ms, TE 3.87 ms, flip angle 20 °, FOV 240 × 240 mm2, matrix 512 × 512, Slices ea 120, bophara ba 1.3 mm). Litšoantšo tse nang le liqeto tse phahameng li ile tsa sebelisoa ho fetolela litšoantšo tse sebetsang sebakeng se tloaelehileng sa maemo a boemo ba ho ngola (Talairach le Tournoux, 1988).

Mosebetsi oa Antisaccade

Lintlha tsa ts'ebetso ea ho nahana ka mokhoa o sebetsang li fumanoe ha lithuto li phethela tekanyetso e 'ngoe ea ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi, mosebetsi o khahlanong le litaba (McDowell et al., 2002). Ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea antisaccade e hloka ho thibela karabelo ea pele ho setšoantšo se shebahalang le karolo ea karabelo sebakeng sa setšoantšo sa seipone sa cue (lehlakoreng le leng, sebaka se le seng ho tloha bohareng ba tokiso). Kamora nako ea tokiso ea pele (25.2 sec), paradigm ea block e ile ea fetoloa lipakeng tsa motheo (N = 7 li-block; 25.2 sec ea sefapano se hlahisitsoeng sebakeng se bohareng) le liteko (N = 6 li-block; 25.2 sec e kenyang liteko tsa antisaccade tsa 8, liteko tsa 48 ka kakaretso) nako (motsotso oa 5.46 motsotso; 117 volumes; volumes tsa 2 tsa pele li ile tsa tlohelloa ho tsoa ho ts'oaroa ho ea akhaonteng bakeng sa botsitso ba matla a khoheli. Nakong ea mantlha lithuto li ne li laetsoe ho sheba sefapanong. Ka nako ea liteko tsa antisaccade, lithuto li ne li laetsoe ho sheba sefapanong se bohareng ho fihlela se theoha, ebe setšoantšo sa "portion" se neng se saennoe ka leihlo le nchocho se shebahala kapele kamoo se ka bonang seiponeng sa setšoantšo sa kokelo, ntle le ho sheba sekho. Lithuto li ne li e-na le likarolo tse peli tse ikhethileng tsa tlhahlobo pele ho karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea sekepe ho tiisa hore li utloisisa litaelo. Basebetsi ba sebelisanang le bana nakong ea sekepe ba ne ba sa tsebe kabelo ea ngoana eo.

Tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo

Litlhahlobo li entsoe joalo ka data e phatlalalitsoeng pele ho tsoa laboratoring ea rona (Camchong, Dyckman, Austin, Clementz, & McDowell, 2008; Camchong, Dyckman, Chapman, Yanasak, & McDowell, 2006; Dyckman, Camchong, Clementz, & McDowell, 2007; McDowell et al., 2002) sebelisa software ea AFNI (Nako, 1996). Ka bokhutšoanyane, bakeng sa karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, ho ile ha ngolisoa libuka tse ngata bakeng sa ho tsamaisa hlooho e nyane (mme li-regressor tsa 6 li ile tsa baloa: 1 e 'ngoe le e ngoe bakeng sa) ho potoloha, le b) sehlooho sa phetolelo ho e' ngoe ea meralo ea 3). Bophara bo felletseng ba 4 mm ka halofo e phahameng ea Gaussian e ne e kenngoa ho database ka seng. Bakeng sa voxel e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, phetoho ea liperesente maemong a ts'oaetso ea oxygenation ho latela motheo e ne e baloa bakeng sa ntlha e ngoe le e ngoe. Phetoho ea liperesente tse hlahisitsoeng ka nako eohle e ne e amohuoa molemong oa ho thella kahare mme e kopantsoe le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea trapezoidal le maemo a liteko (antisaccade), ho sebelisa li-parameter tsa 6 joalo ka li-regressors tsa lerata. Boitsebiso bo ile ba fetoloa sebakeng se lekanang ho latela Talairach le Tournoux Atlas (Talairach le Tournoux, 1988), hape e fetotsoe ho li-voxels tsa 4 × 4 × 4 mm.

Bakeng sa ho khetholla potoloho ea neural e tšehetsang ts'ebetso ea antisaccade (Feie. 2), datha li ne li senyehile ka lihlopha le lintlha tsa nako bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea phapang. Ho itšireletsa khahlanong le menyetla e seng ea nnete, ho ile ha sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho theha sehlopha se kopantsoeng le litekanyetso tsa Monte Carlo (ho latela sebopeho sa data) F 'mapaWard, 1997). Ho latela lipapiso tsena, lelapa le bohlale ka alpha ho p = .05 e ile ea bolokoa ka voxel e ikhethileng ho p = .0005 le boholo ba sehlopha sa li-voxels tsa 3 (192 µL). La sephetho le kopaneng F 'Mapa o ne o sebelisoa ho supa phetoho ea boemo ba moea ba oxygen oxygenation.

Feie. 2 

Maikutlo a Axial a bonts'ang tekanyo ea oxygenation ea mali a itšetlehileng ka phello ea peresente e amanang le ts'ebetso ea antisaccade ho tsoa tlhahlobisong ea mohlala o le mong maemong a mararo a fapaneng bokong. Lintlha tse tsoang mananeo a 39 (bana ba 20 motheong oa motheo, 19 at posttest) ke ...
Sekhaolo sa lithahasello tsa thahasello

Bakeng sa sebaka ka seng sa cortical se bonts'itseng tšebetso ea bohlokoa mokhoabong F 'mapa (tšimo ea mahlo a ka pele, tšimo ea mahlo e tlatsetsang, cortex ea pele, posterior parietal cortex), sphere (radius 8 mm, e ts'oanang le Kiehl et al., 2005; Morris, DeGelder, Weiskrantz, & Dolan, 2001) e ne e le setsing sa bongata, tšebetso ea linaha tse oelang fatše e oele. Liphetoho tsa lipontšo tsa bolelele ba liphesente tsa motheo le tsa morao-rao li ile tsa balelloa sebakeng se seng le se seng sa khahleho bakeng sa karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, 'me ho ile ha hlahlojoa lintlha tse fapaneng. Ka lebaka la ho ajoa ka mokhoa o seng molaong oa litekanyetso tsa phaello, maemo a liteko a ne a bapisoa ho sebelisoa Mann-Whitney U tlhahlobo (monyetla oa tlhahlobo ea 2-tailed).

Results

Lintlha tsa Psychometric

Thobalano e ne e amana le ho rera ka morao ho moo (bashanyana, 101.3 ± 12.1 vs. banana, 105.2 ± 12.7, t = -2.0, p = .044) le Attention (99.8 ± 12.2 vs. 107.5 ± 12.5, t = -4.1, p <.001) lintlha. Peiso e ne e hokahantsoe le posttest ka nako e le 'ngoe (White, 109.3 ± 13.6 vs Black, 104.0 ± 10.9, t = 2.9, p = .004) le Broad Math (109.0 ± 9.3 vs. 102.0 ± 10.1, t = 4.2, p <.001) lintlha. Thuto ea motsoali e ne e tsamaellana le Moralo oa kamora teko (r = .18, p = .02), ho bala ho pharaletseng (r = .27, p = .001) le Broad Math (r = .27, p = .001) lintlha. Li-covariate tsena li kenyellelitsoe tlhahlobisong e lumellanang.

E bohlokoa ka lipalo a priori phapang e hlakileng e bonts'a molemo oa karabo ea tekanyetso ea boikoetliso mosebetsing (ke hore, Planning, Feie. 3; L = 2.7, 95% boiketlo ba ho itšepa (CI) 0.6 ho 4.8, t(165) = 2.5, p = .013). The a priori ho bapisa sehlopha se laolang le lihlopha tsa boikoetliso le hona ho ne ho le bohlokoa, ho bontša hore ho pepesetsoa lethal dose le tlase kapa le phahameng la lenaneo la boikoetliso ho felletse ka lintlha tse phahameng tsa Planning (L = −2.8, CI = −5.3 ho −0.2, t(165) = 2.1, p = .03). Joalo ka ha ho ne ho lebelletsoe, ha ho litlamorao tse fumanoeng Lekaleng la Attention, Simultaneous, kapa atleha. Bakeng sa sehlopha sa Broad Math, e bohlokoa haholo ka lipalo a priori phapang e hlakileng e bonts'a molemo oa karabo ea ho ikoetlisa phihlelong ea lipalo (Feie. 3; L = 1.6, CI 0.04 ho 3.2, t(135) = 2.03, p = .045). Ho bapisa maemo a boikoetliso le maemo a taolo ho ne ho se bohlokoa ka lipalo (p = .10). Ha ho na litlamorao tse fumanoeng sehlopheng sa Broad Reading.

Feie. 3 

Ts'ebetso ea Tsamaiso (Planning) morao-rao e fetotsoeng bakeng sa thobalano, thuto ea motsoali, le lintlha tsa motheo, le mokhoa oa ho fihlella lipalo (SE) setulong se fetotsoeng bakeng sa morabe, thuto ea motsoali le boemo ba motheo, bo bonts'a litlamorao tsa karabelo ea boikoetliso ba aerobic. ...

Maemo a tekanyetso e tlase le e phahameng a ne a sa fapana, 'me ha ho mekhoa ea quadratic e ileng ea fumanoa. Ntle le lintlha tsa motheo, "covariates" feela tsa bohlokoa ho hlahlobisisong ea kelello le katleho li bile le thobalano tlhahlobisong ea Attention (p <.001) le morabe oa Broad Math (p = .03). Liphetho li ne li ts'oana ha ho kenyeletsoa bana ba nang le bothata ba ho haelloa ke tlhokomelo (phapang e teng ho Planning, t(154) = 2.84, p = .005, Broad Math, t(125) = 2.12, p = .04) le bana ba lilemo li 7 (Planning, t(147) = 2.92, p = .004, Broad Math, t(117) = 2.23, p = .03).

Lintlha tsa Neuroimaging

Leqhubu la "oxygenation" le amanang le oksijene ea mali le amanang le tšenyo ea mali (le oelang ho sehlopha le nako ea nako) le senotse cortical saccadic circry (ho kenyelletsa le masimo a mahlo a ka pele, masimo a tlatsetsang, cortex ea morao le portetal ea pele; Feie. 2), e hlalosoang hantle ho batho ba baholo (Luna et al., 2001; Sweeney, Luna, Keedy, McDowell, & Clementz, 2007). Sebaka sa tlhahlobo ea lithahasello se bonts'itse phapang ea sehlopha lipapatsong tsa liphetoho ho tloha ho motheo ho isa ho tsa morao-rao tse neng li le bohlokoa libakeng tse peli: bilatal prefrontal cortex (setsi sa boima ho li-coordinates tsa Talairach (x, y, z): le letona = 36, 32, 31; left = - 36, 32, 31) le li-posterior tsa parietal cortex ea linaha tse peli (ka ho le letona = 25, −74, 29; leqele = −23, −70, 22). Ka ho khetheha, sehlopha sa boikoetliso se bonts'itse mosebetsi o eketsehileng oa pele oa cortex oa pele.Feie. 4, sethala sa leqele; U = 20, p = .04) le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ho li-posterior posari ea parietal cortex (Feie. 4, sethala se nepahetseng; U = 18, p = .03) bapisoa le lits'ebetso. Sekolo sa tlhahlobo ea lithahasello tsa libaka tsa makoloi (mabala a ka pele le a tlatsetsang) ha sea ka sa bonts'a phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha.

Feie. 4 

Liroto tsa mabokose ka boemo ba teko li bonts'a phetoho ho ts'ebetso ho tloha ho motheo ho isa ho tsa morao-rao. Sethala sa leqele: Cortex ea pele. Iphanele ka ho le letona: posterior parietal cortex.

Puisano

Teko eo e ile ea leka litlamorao tsa likhoeli tse ka bang 3 tsa boikoetliso bo tloaelehileng ba ts'ebeliso ea matla ho tse sebetsang, ho qeta bana, boima bo feteletseng ba batho ba sebelisang tlhahlobo ea kelello, mehato ea katleho, le FMRI. Mokhoa ona o kopanetsoeng o bonts'itse bopaki bo fetolelang ba hore boikoetliso ba moea bo ntlafatsang ts'ebetso ea kelello. Hlahloba ka ho hlaka, litlhahlobo tse foufalitsoeng, tse emeng hantle li bonts'itse melemo e itseng ea karabo ea boikoetliso mosebetsing o moholo le phihlelong ea lipalo. Ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea cortex ea pele le ho fokotsa mesebetsi ea posterior parietal cortex ka lebaka la lenaneo la boikoetliso li ile tsa bonoa.

Ka kakaretso, liphetho tsena li tsamaisana le ho batho ba baholo mabapi le liphetoho tse sebetsang tsa boitshwaro le tšebetso ea boko ka lebaka la boikoetliso (Colcombe et al., 2004; Pereira et al., 2007). Ba boetse ba eketsa bopaki ba karabelo ea tekanyetso, e fumanehang seoelo litekong tsa boikoetliso le bana (E matla et al., 2005), mme o fane ka tlhaiso-leseling ea bohlokoa mabapi le sephetho sa thuto. Boemo ba tekanyetso e phahameng bo felletse ka ho bolela ho bala lintlha tsa 3.8, kapa kotara ea ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng (σ = 15), e phahameng ho feta boemo ba taolo. Palo ea baahi ha ea ka ea kenya letsoho mohlaleng ona. Liphetho tse tšoanang li fumanoe ha bana ba nang le bothata ba ho haelloa ke tlhokomelo kapa bana ba lilemo li 7 ba qheleloa ka thoko. Ka hona, liphetho li ka akaretsoa ho batho ba lilemo li 5 kapa ba batsho 7- ho ba lilemo li 11.

Ts'ebetso ea Executive e hola bongoaneng, 'me e bohlokoa bakeng sa boits'oaro bo botle le ho hola (Molemo ka ho fetisisa, Miller, & Jones, 2009; Eslinger, 1996). Haholo-holo, bokhoni ba ho laola boitšoaro ba motho (mohlala, ho thibela likarabo tse sa lokelang, ho lieha ho khotsofatsa) ho bohlokoa hore ngoana a atlehe sekolong sa mathomo (Blair, 2002; Eigsti et al., 2006). Matla ana a ka ba le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa kholong ea bana le leanong la thuto. Ho fumana katleho e ntlafalitsoeng ea lipalo hoa hlolla, hobane ha ho fanoe ka thupelo ea borutehi, mme ho fana ka maikutlo a hore nako e teletsana e ka tlisa molemo o mong. Phetoho e bonoang phihlelong e ne e ikhethile ho lipalo, empa ho se na molemo oa ho bala.

Re khothaletsa hore ho ikoetlisa ka matla ho khothaletsa bana ho hola ka ts'ebetso ho lits'ebetso tsa boko tse hlokomelehang le boits'oaro. Lithuto tsa liphoofolo li bonts'a hore boikoetliso ba aerobic bo eketsa lintlha tsa kholo joalo ka bokong bo tsoang ho neurotrophic factor, bo lebisang ho phepelo e eketsehileng ea mali ho cortex le kholo ea li-neurons le li-synapses tse ncha, tse lebisang ho ithuteng hantle le ts'ebetsong (Dishman et al., 2006). Boithuto ba boithuto le bokamoso ba boithuto bo entsoeng le batho ba baholo bo bonts'a hore ho ikoetlisa ka nako e telele ha nako e telele ho fetola ts'ebetso ea boko ba motho (Colcombe et al., 2004; Weuve et al., 2004). Teko e sa sebetseng, e laoloang e bontšitse hore likhoeli tsa 6 tsa boikoetliso ba aerobic li lebisitse tšebetsong e ntle ea temoho ho batho ba baholo ba baholo (Kramer et al., 1999). Pampiri ea bohlokoa e tlaleha bopaki bo hlakileng bakeng sa tšusumetso ea boikoetliso ba aerobic ts'ebetsong ea boko ho batho ba baholo lithutong tse peli ba sebelisang mekhoa ea fMRI: Papiso ea likarolo tse phahameng tsa batho ba nang le maemo a tlase e bontšitse hore ts'ebetso ea pele ho cortex e ne e amana le ho phela hantle 'meleng, mme teko e bonts'itse hore likhoeli tsa 6 tsa ho ikoetlisa aerobic (ho tsamaea) ka ho lula 55- ho bana ba lilemo li 77 li ile tsa eketsa tšebetso ea pele ea cortex mme tsa lebisa ntlafatsong ea teko ea tšebetso e phahameng (Colcombe et al., 2004). Ho khahlisang, tlhahlobo ea meta ha ea ka ea fumana tšehetso ea boikoetliso bo matla joaloka bobuelli ba phello ea ts'ebetso ea 'mele tlhokomelong ea motho (Etnier, Nowell, Landers, & Sibley, 2006). Kahoo, ho fapana le ho kopantsoe le melemo ea pelo, liphetoho tsa kelello tse bakoang ke boikoetliso e kanna ea ba sephetho se tobileng sa ho hlohlelletsoa ha neural ke motsamao. Le ha nyeoe e ntse e etsoa hore ts'ebetso ea 'mele e ka ama ts'ebetso ea bana ea kelello ka kotloloho ka phetoho ea botsitso ba neural, ho na le litlhaloso tse ling tse hlakileng, tse joalo ka ho kenya letsoho molemong oa ho nka karolo ha sepheo, ho kenya letsoho kelellong ka kelello (Tomporowski et al., 2008).

Boithuto bona bo na le meeli. Liphetho li lekanyelitsoe ho sampole ea bana ba lilemo li 7 ba boima bo feteletseng le ba basoeu. Bana ba se nang leeme le ba merabe e meng kapa ba lilemo tse fapaneng ba ka arabela ka tsela e fapaneng. Ha ho tsejoe hore na melemo ea kelello e lula e phehella kamora nako ea ho fifala. Haeba melemo e bokellana ha nako e ntse e feta, leha ho le joalo, sena e ka ba sa bohlokoa bakeng sa kholo ea ngoana. Ho ka ba le linako tse tebileng tseo ka tsona ts'ebetso ea makoloi e ka bang le phello e matla bokong (Knudsen, 2004). E tlameha ho tsejoa hore na mefuta e meng ea boikoetliso, joalo ka ho ikoetlisa ka matla kapa ho sesa, le eona e ea sebetsa. Barupeluoa le basebetsi ba kenelletseng ha baa ka ba foufatsoa hore ba leke maemo a liteko kapa tlhahlobo ea maikutlo; leha ho le joalo, lisebelisoa tsa ho hira li ile tsa totobatsa melemo ea bophelo bo botle ba 'mele ho e-na le e lemohang. Taba e 'ngoe hape ke hore tšebeliso ea maemo a ho se kenelle ha e lumelle teko ho fana ka litlhaloso tse ling (mohlala, tlhokomelo ho batho ba baholo, ho natefeloa). Liphetoho tsa kelello le tsona li ka hlaha ho bana ba nkang karolo molemong oa ho ikoetlisa ka lebaka la litšebelisano tsa kahisano tse etsahalang nakong ea lithupelo eseng ka lebaka la boikoetliso ka bobeli. Mokhoa oa ho arabela oa litekanyetso o tiisa tlhaloso ena, leha ho le joalo, hobane lihlopha ka bobeli li qetile nako e lekanang setsing sa lipatlisiso le barupeli le lithaka.

Phuputso eo ha ea ka ea fumana phapang lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa litekanyetso tsa boikoetliso. Sena ha se hanane le sephetho sa karabo ea lethal dose, se bonts'ang hore ts'ebetso ea boikoetliso e hlahisitse ntlafalo mohopolong (Thaba, 1965). Ka lebaka la hore phapang e atamelaneng e bonts'itse phello e ntlafalitsoeng ea kalafo, papiso ea tekanyetso ea bobeli e botsa potso e latelang, hore na lethal dose le le leng le phahame ho le leng (Ruberg, 1995). Teko ea melemo ea karabo ea tekanyetso ea katleho e bile ea bohlokoa, empa papiso ea sehlopha se laolang lihlopha tse peli tsa boikoetliso e ne e se eona, e fana ka ts'ehetso e sa lekanyetsoang ho thuto ea boikhathollo e ntlafatsang katleho ea lipalo.

Liphetho tsa FMRI li fokotsoa ke sampole e nyane mme ha li fane ka tlhahlobo ea karabo ea lethal dose, e li tlisetsang tlasa litlhaloso tse ling. Leha ho le joalo, ho ile ha bonoa liphetoho tse ikhethileng, 'me tataiso ea liphetoho e fapana libakeng tsa pele le tsa parietale, tse hanyetsanang le ts'ebetso ea lefats'e ea ts'ebetso ea boko. Leha ts'ebetso ea antisaccade le tšebetso ea eona ea ts'ebetso ea boko li fetoha le lilemo (Luna et al., 2001), sena ke pherekano e sa lebelloang hobane lihlopha li ne li lekana hantle.

Lintlha tsena tsa liteko li fana ka bopaki ba hore lenaneo le mafolofolo ka mor'a sekolo la ho ikoetlisa ka boikoetliso le ntlafalitsoeng le ntlafalitse ts'ebetso ea mantlha molemong oa karabelo ea bana ho batenya; mabaka a kahisano a ka be a kentse letsoho phello ena. Liphetoho mehatong e tsamaellanang ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko li ile tsa bonoa. Liphetho tsena li fana ka tšehetso e sa lekanyetsoang ea melemo ho ts'ebetso ea lipalo. Kabelo ea maemo e ne e sa hlophisoa 'me litlhahlobo tsa sephetho li foufalitsoe, li fokotsa leeme kapa li ferekanya. Bana ba boima haholo ba se ba le karolo ea boraro ea bana ba Amerika mme ba abeloa batho ba bangata ba hlokang. Ntle le bohlokoa ba eona ba ho fokotsa likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle nakong ea koluoa ​​ea botena ba bongoana (Ogden le al., 2006), ts'ebetso ea aerobic e ka ipaka e le mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa ho ntlafatsa likarolo tsa ts'ebetso ea kelello ea bana tse bohareng ba kholo ea kholo ea kelello (Welsh, Friedman, & Spieker, 2006).

Liteboho

CA Boyle, C. Creech, JP Tkacz, le JL Waller ba thusitsoe ke ho bokella le ho lekola data. E tšehelitsoe ke NIH DK60692, DK70922, Setsi sa Bongaka sa Georgia sa Patlisiso ea Naha, Setsi sa Naha sa Georgia Biomedical Initiative se fanang ka Setsi sa Georgia sa Thibelo ea Ho Nona le Mathata a amanang le ona, le lithuso tsa lichelete ho tsoa Koleji ea Bongaka ea Georgia le Univesithi ea Georgia.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

Boitlhotlhollo ba Mohoeletsi: Buka e ngotsoeng e latelang ke buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho e amoheloang. Ha e sa fuoe kopi ea ho qetela, tlhahlobo-leseling, le ho bala liphoso tse hlokahalang bakeng sa phatlalatso e hlophisitsoeng. Ha se mofuta o hlakileng, o netefalitsoeng ke mohatisi. American Psychological Association le Lekhotla la Bahlophisi ba lahla boikarabello bofe kapa bofe bakeng sa liphoso kapa tse sieo tsa mofuta ona oa letsoho, phetolelo efe kapa efe e nkiloeng bukeng ena e ngotsoeng ke NIH, kapa mekheng e meng ea boraro. Mofuta o phatlalalitsoeng o fumaneha ho www.apa.org/pubs/journals/hea

Boitsebiso ba bafani

Catherine L. Davis, Setsi sa Thibelo sa Georgia, Lingaka tsa bongaka, Koleji ea Bongaka ea Georgia.

Phillip D. Tomporowski, Lefapha la Kinesiology, Yunivesithi ea Georgia.

Jennifer E. McDowell, Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi ea Georgia.

Benjamin P. Austin, Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi ea Georgia.

Patricia H. Miller, Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi ea Georgia.

Nathan E. Yanasak, Lefapha la Radiology, K'holejeng ea Bongaka ea Georgia.

Jerry D. Allison, Lefapha la Radiology, K'holejeng ea Bongaka ea Georgia.

Jack A. Naglieri, Lefapha la Psychology, George Mason University.

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