J Behav Addict. Ngo-2016 uDisemba; 5 (4): 614-622. ikhonkco: 10.1556 / 2006.5.2016.079. Epub 2016 Novemba 10.
Ikhonkolÿ Thege B1,2, IHodgins DC1, TC yasendle3.
Abstract
Imvelaphi kunye neenjongo
Iinjongo zolu phononongo yayingu (a) ukuchaza ukwanda kweengxaki ezizodwa kunye neziyobisi kwisampulu enkulu yabameli kunye (b) nokuchonga amaqela amancinci abantu abahlangabezana neengxaki ezinxulumene neziyobisi kunye nokuziphatha.
Isampulu engahleliwe yabaphenduli abangama-6,000 abavela e-Alberta, Canada, bagqiba izinto zovavanyo kuvavanywa iingxaki zokuzibandakanya kwabo kunyaka ophelileyo ngezinto ezine (utywala, icuba, intsangu, kunye necocaine) kunye nokuziphatha oku-2,728 (ukungcakaza, ukutya, ukuthenga, isondo, ividiyo ukudlala, kunye nomsebenzi). Uhlalutyo lweqela le-Hierarchical lwalusetyenziselwa ukwahlula iipateni zeengxaki zokulutha ezenzeka ngokuhlangeneyo kwisampulu yohlalutyo lwabaphenduli be-1,696 (i-1032 yabasetyhini kunye ne-XNUMX yamadoda; Mubudala = Iminyaka engama-45.1, SDubudala = 13.5 iminyaka) oxele iingxaki kwisimo esinye okanye nangaphezulu zokuziphatha gwenxa kunyaka ophelileyo.
Kwisampulu iyonke, i-49.2% yabaphenduliyo baxele zero, i-29.8% yabika enye, i-13.1% yaxela ezimbini, kwaye i-7.9% yaxela iingxaki zokulutha ezintathu nangaphezulu kunyaka ophelileyo. Iziphumo zohlalutyo lweklasta zicebise isisombululo seqela le-7. Amalungu amaqela amaninzi abonakaliswa ziingxaki ezininzi zokulutha; I-avareji yenani lonyaka ophelileyo wokuziphatha gwenxa kumalungu eqela aphakathi kwe1 (ICluster II: ukutya okugqithileyo kuphela) kunye ne-2.5 (ICluster VII: umdlalo wevidiyo ogqithileyo odlala ngokuhlangana rhoqo kokutshaya, ukutya okugqithisileyo kunye nomsebenzi).
Iziphumo zethu ziphindaphinda iziphumo zangaphambili ezibonisa ukuba malunga nesiqingatha sabantu abadala bayasokola ubuncinci bokuziphatha okugabadeleyo kunyaka othile; Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo lwethu lubonakalise inani eliphezulu lamaqela okulutha asebenzisanayo kunokuba kufunyenwe kwizifundo zangaphambili.
intshayelelo
Iziyobisi ziyimeko yezempilo ebuyela umva enxulunyaniswa neziphumo ezibi ezininzi kumanqanaba abantu kunye nakubantu. Oku kubandakanya, kodwa kungaphelelanga apho, ukunyuka kwamazinga okufa kunye nokusweleka komntu olikhoboka, impilo kunye nomonakalo wemali kusapho okanye kumalungu oluntu, kunye nokunyusa iindleko zoqoqosho nezentlalo kuluntu luphelaInzame kunye neMann, 2013; IMcGinnis kunye neFoege, ngo-1999; Ongatshatanga, uRobson, uXie, kunye noRehm, ngo-1998). Iziyobisi ziphakathi kwezona ngxaki zixhaphakileyo zengqondo, ngakumbi xa kuthathelwa ingqalelo iindlela zokuziphatha (USussman, uLisha, kunye noGriffiths, 2011). Nangona ukuqondwa kwengqondo, iikhrayitheriya, kunye neendidi zokuziphatha gwenxa kuxoxiwe ngamandla, kukho ukuvumelana okuvelayo ukuba ziyafana neengxaki ezinxulumene neziyobisi xa zisenza imivuzo yexesha elifutshane ekhuthaza ukuzingisa kokuziphatha, ngaphandle kolwazi lweziphumo ezibi (Iidemetrovics kunye neGriffiths, 2012; Isibonelelo, Potenza, Weinstein, kunye neGorelick, 2010; IKarim kunye neChaudhri, 2012; UMudry et al., 2011).
Inani elonyukayo lokuziphatha licacisiwe njengeziyobisi njengoko intsimi iguquka. Olu luhlu lweendlela zokuziphatha ezijongwa ngokubanzi njengezikhobokisayo ezisemthethweni [umzekelo, ukungcakaza kunye neziyobisi ezenziwa kwi-Intanethi (UHellman, Schoenmaker, Nordstrom, kunye novan Holst, 2013; I-Wong kunye neHodgins, ngo-2014] ngokuziphatha okunempikiswano [umzekelo, umabonwakude, isini, kunye neziyobisi ezingamanyala (IClarkson kunye neKopaczewski, 2013; UGarcia kunye noThobaut, ngo-2010; USussman kunye noMoran, 2013)], kwizikhobokiso eziqikelelwa kakhulu [umzekelo, uthando, ulusu, okanye ubusela.IKourosh, iHarrington, kunye neAdinoff, ngo-2010; UShulman, 2003; I-Sussman, 2010)]. Ukusuka kwimbono yeklinikhi, ukuphulukana nolawulo kwezi ndlela zokuziphatha kunokubangela ukungahoywa kwendima kunye nokuziphatha okukhuselekileyo kwezempilo kunye nokungqubana phakathi kwabantu kunye / okanye ukwenzakala ngqo emzimbeni. Into yokuncitshiswa kokuzibamba ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibi yenye yeempawu eziphambili ezidibanisa lo mbono ubanzi, okwenza ukuba kube nokubonwa kwezi zinto zahlukileyo njengokuziphatha (okanye inkqubo) iziyobisi (UMudry et al., 2011).
Iziyobisi azisoloko zenzeka zodwa. Oogqirha baye baqaphela ukuba iziyobisi zihlala zenzeka kumntu omnye kwaye kunokubakho inkqubo eqhubekekayo ukusuka ekubeni nobunzima ngokuziphatha okugqithisileyo ukuya ekulweni nomnye (I-Gossop, ngo-2001; UHaylett, uStephenson, kunye noLefever, ngo-2004). Ngaphaya koko, xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abafumana ingxaki enye yokulutha, abantu abaneziyobisi ezenzeka kunye nabo basemngciphekweni wokonyuka kweziphumo ezibi-kubandakanya ukuxhatshazwa, imeko yezempilo engathathi ntweni, okanye ukuzibulala (Ukukhawuleza, i-Urbanoski, iBassani, iCastel, kunye neWild, ngo-2010). Ngapha koko, xa iziyobisi zisenzeka, zinokunxibelelana, zenza nzima uvavanyo oluchanekileyo kunye nonyango olusebenzayo; umzekelo, indlela yokuziphatha egqithileyo inokusifihla esinye isiyobisi okanye iziyobisi zinokutshintshana (Freimuth okqhubekayo., 2008).
Ngaphandle kwezi ngqwalaselo, ababoneleli ngonyango lweziyobisi kunye neenkqubo zihlala zingaphononongi imiba ye-comorbidity (ngakumbi iziyobisi ezinxulumene nokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha) kwaye ngenxa yoko aziboneleli ngongenelelo oluhlanganisiweyo ngaphandle koncedo lwabo olucacileyo ngaphezulu kweenkonzo ezinikezelwa ngokufanayo okanye ngokulandelelana (Ukukhawuleza et al., 2010). Ngaphaya koko, nangona amazinga aphezulu ezinto ezikhoyo eziye zaxoxwa kuxoxwa kuncwadi olunamandla, uninzi lwalo msebenzi lugxininisa iingxaki ezenzeka ngokudibeneyo ngezinto kwaye zihlala zingabandakanyi isimilo.
Kuphela ngumzimba omncinci wophando ojongane neziyobisi ezinxulumene noko kunye nokuziphatha. Sebenzisa indlela eguquguqukayo egxile (okt, factor-analytic) indlela, uStephenson, Maggi, Lefever, kunye neMorojele (1995kuvavanye ukwenzeka kokubambisana phakathi kwe-16 yokuziphatha okugqithileyo kwisampulu yeklinikhi. Ababhali bachonge into yokondla (umzekelo, ukutya kakhulu, ukuthenga ezivenkileni, ukuzilolonga, ukusebenza, okanye ukusebenzisa icaffeine) kunye ne "hedonism" factor (umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kotywala, inikotini, iziyobisi, okanye ukungcakaza nokuziphatha gwenxa ngokwesondo). UHaylett et al. (2004) ndizamile ukuphinda ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ndisebenzisa iindlela ezifanayo zokuziphatha kwaye ndinika ingxelo yamaqela amane: "ukuzikhathalela ngokwakho" (umzekelo, ukutya kakhulu, ukuthenga, okanye ukusebenzisa icaffeine), "okunye-ngokubhekisele kukondla" (umz. kunye noncedo olunyanzelekileyo), "hedonism yokufuna uvakalelo" (umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi zokuzonwabisa, amayeza amiselweyo, kunye ne-nicotine), kunye "ne-hedonism enxulumene nolawulo" (umz., indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nokungcakaza). Lochner okqhubekayo. (2005) waphanda olunye uhlobo lokuziphatha / ukuphazamiseka kwisampulu yeklinikhi kwaye wafumanisa amaqela amathathu abonakaliswa "kukusilela umvuzo" (umz., I-trichotillomania, ukungcakaza okungapheliyo, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo), "ukunyanzeliswa" (umz. , kunye neengxaki "ze-somatic" (kubandakanya ukuphazamiseka kwe-somatoform). Abanye bachonge amaqela amabini kuphela kwisampulu yolutsha engeyiyo yeklinikhi xa behlalutya ukubakho kweempawu zokuziphatha okugwenxa kwe-11: "ngokubanzi ongalikhoboka" kunye "nokusebenza nzima, ukudlala nzima" iqela (umz. okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi) (USussman et al., 2014).
Uphando olubanzi kule ndawo lilinganiselwe ngenxa yokusebenzisa iisampulu ezincinci kunye / okanye zeminyaka ethile (USussman et al., 2014; UVillella et al., 2011; UWilloughby, Chalmers, kunye neBusseri, 2004), Ukuthintela ukugubungela iingxaki ezinxulumene neziyobisi kunye nokuziphatha (Freimuth okqhubekayo., 2008; USussman et al., 2011), kunye nokwahluka kugxile (okt, i-factor-analytic) ngokuchasene neendlela ezijolise ebantwini (umz., uhlalutyo lwamaqela). Ukujongana nokusikelwa umda, injongo yokuqala yolu phononongo yayikukuchaza ukwanda kweengxaki zokuchasana neziyobisi ezininzi kusetyenziswa isampulu enkulu, emele isampulu kunye noluhlu olubanzi lokuziphatha kunye nezinto. Ngokwenza njalo, samkela kubeka isifo indlela yokuzibandakanya nokuziphatha okuluthayo (UKonkolÿ Thege et al., 2015). I-lay epidemiology icebisa ukuba "... iinkalo zempawu zempawu, isology, i-aetiology, kunye ne-epidemiology zinokufana ngokuchasene neengcinga nemisebenzi yabantu abangaphandle koluntu olusemthethweni lwezonyango" (UDavison, uSmith, noFrankel, ngo-1991, iphe. 6). Ukusuka kolu luvo, uphando olucwangcisiweyo lweziqulatho ezenziwe luluntu ngokubanzi malunga neemeko zempilo zinokubonelela ngokubona okubalulekileyo kwindlela eziyibeka ngayo ingozi kunye nendlela yokwenza ubuchule bokungenelela (I-Lawlor, iFrankel, iShaw, i-Ebrahim, kunye neSmith, ngo-2003). Injongo yesibini yolu phononongo yayikukuchonga amaqela amancinci abantu abahlangabezana nengxaki enye okanye ezingakumbi ezinxulumene neziyobisi kunye nokuziphatha kunye nokuphonononga ukuba ingaba amalungu amaqela ahlukeneyo ohlukileyo ahluke njani ngokunxulumene neempawu zentlalo kunye nentlalo-ntle yengqondo.
tindlela
Abathathi-nxaxheba kunye nenkqubo
Uphando olwenziwe ngo-2009 eAlberta Addiction lubandakanya izinto ezimbini, nganye nganye ilawula izinto ezifanayo zophando. Kuqala, kuvavanyo olwenziwa kwi-Intanethi lwamalungu abantu abadala abangama-4,000 e-Alberta (Canada) (abaneminyaka eli-18 nangaphezulu) yephaneli esekwe kuphando (Ipsos Canadian Online Panel) babanjwa. Izabelo ebekujoliswe kuzo, ngokusekwe kwidatha ka-2006 yaseCanada yoBalo, zazimiselwe ubudala, isini kunye nommandla, kunye nesampulu engacwangciswanga, yabameli bamalungu ephaneli bathunyelwa izimemo zokuthatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo. Ukwandisa ireferensi yendlela esetyenzisiweyo, kunye nokulinganisa ukungakhathaleli okunokubakho kuqokelelo lwedatha ekwi-intanethi (IGranello kunye neW Wheaton, ngo-2004), uphando olwenziwe ngekhompyutha ngoncedo lwesampulu eyongezelelweyo esekwe kubemi yabantu abadala abangama-2,000 2010 e-Alberta nayo yenziwa ngo-XNUMX. Iinkcukacha ezithe kratya zendlela yophando zichaziwe kwenye indawo (UKonkolÿ Thege et al., 2015).
Ukujongana nenjongo yethu yokuqala yophando, idathasethi yophando ekwi-intanethi kunye nefowuni (N = 6,000) yayisetyenziswa. Zombini iziseko zedatha yoqobo zazilinganiswe ngokuzimeleyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ubume bengingqi, ubudala, kunye nokwakhiwa kwesini kubonise ukuba yeyabo bantu base-Alberta abaneminyaka eyi-18 okanye nangaphezulu ngokwe-Census data ka-2006. Nangona iimpawu zentlalontle (ngaphandle kwesini kunye nengeniso) kunye nokuvela kweengxaki zokuziphatha (ngaphandle kokuthenga kakhulu kunye nomsebenzi) zahlukile kuzo zombini iiseti zedatha, ubungakanani besiphumo somahluko bawela kuluhlu olungenamsebenzi; okuphela kwento ebekhe wayenza yayikukuziphatha gwenxa ngokwesondo apho iCramer V (0.11) yayingaphezulu nje komda wobungakanani obungenanto kunye nesiphumo esincinci. Uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha ngakumbi lokwahluka kwendlela yesaveyi kwezi sampuli luxeliwe kwenye indawoUKonkolÿ Thege et al., 2015).
Ukujongana nenjongo yethu yesibini yophando, senze isampulu yohlalutyo enabaphenduli abaye baxela ingxaki enye okanye nangaphezulu kunyaka ophelileyo. Isampulu iyonke (N = 6,000) kunye nesampulu esetyenziselwa ukudibanisa (n = 2,728; I-45.5%) yahlukile phantse kuzo zonke iimpawu zentlalo; Nangona kunjalo, ubungakanani besiphumo somahluko sibuye sawela kuluhlu olungenakuthelekiswa nanto okanye oluncinci (iTafile 1). Ngaphaya koko, kwisampulu yohlalutyo, i-1,850 yabantu (i-67.8% yesampulu) yafunyanwa njengenxalenye yesaveyi ekwi-Intanethi kunye nabantu abangama-878 (32.2% yesampuli) babengabathathi-nxaxheba kuvavanyo lomnxeba, oluqwalasele ubungakanani besampulu yoqobo yomnxeba (n = 2,000, 33.3%) nakwi-intanethi (n = 4,000, 66.6%) iisampulu-ikwabonisa ukuba iiselfowuni kunye neesampulu ze-Intanethi ngokubanzi zazithelekiswa ngokuxhaphaka kweziyobisi. Iimpawu zentlalontle yesampulu iyonke kunye nesampulu yohlalutyo esetyenziselwe uhlalutyo lweqela lishwankathelwe kwiTheyibhile 1.
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Itheyibhile 1. Iimpawu zentlalo yesampulu
| Isampulu iyonke (ilinganisiwe) | Isampulu enengxaki yokufumana iziyobisi ubuncinci (engaphelelanga) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) /M (SD) | N (%) /M (SD) | ||
| N | 6,000 (100.0) | 2,728 (100.0) | |
| Ngesondo | χ2 = 123.6, p <.001, iCramer's V = 0.12 | ||
| indoda | 2,994 (49.9) | 1,032 (37.8) | |
| imazi | 3,006 (50.1) | 1,696 (62.2) | |
| ubudala | 44.5 (15.1) | 44.1 (13.5) | U = 8741865.5, p = .679, r <.01 |
| Ukufikelela kwimfundo | U = 8468646.5, p <, 001, r = .04 | ||
| IBakala 9 okanye ngaphantsi (1) | 63 (1.1) | 30 (1.1) | |
| Esinye isikolo esiphakamileyo (2) | 309 (5.2) | 160 (5.9) | |
| Idiploma yamabanga aphakamileyo (3) | 915 (15.3) | 454 (16.6) | |
| Iyunivesithi, ikholeji okanye urhwebo lwasemva kwesekondari / ubuchwephesha (4) | 1,358 (22.7) | 660 (24.2) | |
| Ikholeji okanye ukuthengisa emva kwesekondari / idiploma yobugcisa (5) | 1,537 (25.6) | 731 (26.8) | |
| Kugqityiwe isidanga sokuqala (6) | 1,110 (18.5) | 427 (15.7) | |
| Kugqityiwe isidanga saseyunivesithi okanye isidanga sobugcisa (7) | 701 (11.7) | 265 (9.7) | |
| ubume bomtshato | χ2 = 25.5, p <.001, iCramer's V = 0.05 | ||
| Umthetho otshatileyo / oqhelekileyo | 3,995 (66.9) | 1,773 (65.2) | |
| Ukwahlukana / uqhawule umtshato | 624 (10.5) | 378 (13.9) | |
| nabafelwa | 192 (3.2) | 87 (3.2) | |
| Ongatshatanga / ongatshatanga | 1,155 (19.4) | 480 (17.7) | |
| Isimo sengqesho | χ2 = 49.4, p <.001, iCramer's V = 0.07 | ||
| Uqeshwe i-30 hr ngeveki okanye nangaphezulu | 3,285 (55.1) | 1,474 (54.2) | |
| Uqeshwe ngaphantsi kwe-30 hr ngeveki | 637 (10.7) | 308 (11.3) | |
| Ngasebenzi | 355 (5.9) | 187 (6.9) | |
| umfundi | 246 (4.1) | 91 (3.3) | |
| umhlalaphantsi | 782 (13.1) | 287 (10.6) | |
| Ayisebenzi ngenxa yokukhubazeka | 242 (4.1) | 184 (6.8) | |
| omnye | 417 (7.0) | 188 (6.9) | |
| Ingeniso yonyaka yekhaya ngaphambi kwerhafu | U = 6340414.5, p = .067, r = .02 | ||
| Ngaphantsi kwe- $ 20,000 (1) | 302 (5.9) | 148 (6.3) | |
| $ 20,000- $ 29,999 (2) | 318 (6.2) | 160 (6.8) | |
| $ 30,000- $ 39,999 (3) | 421 (8.2) | 200 (8.6) | |
| $ 40,000- $ 49,999 (4) | 485 (9.4) | 230 (9.8) | |
| $ 50,000- $ 59,999 (5) | 504 (9.8) | 235 (10.1) | |
| $ 60,000- $ 69,999 (6) | 416 (8.1) | 176 (7.5) | |
| $ 70,000- $ 79,999 (7) | 417 (8.1) | 185 (7.9) | |
| $ 80,000- $ 89,999 (8) | 406 (7.9) | 194 (8.3) | |
| $ 90,000- $ 99,999 (9) | 406 (7.9) | 174 (7.4) | |
| $ 100,000 okanye nangaphezulu (10) | 1,459 (28.4) | 636 (27.2) |
Olu vavanyo lubandakanya izinto ezivavanya isini sabathathi-nxaxheba, ubudala, inqanaba lemfundo, imeko yomtshato, ingqesho kunye nengeniso (Itheyibhile 1 ichaza ukhetho lwempendulo nganye yezi zinto zentlalo). Kokunye kohlalutyo, ukwahluka ngokwasentlalweni kwabuyiselwa ngokwamacandelo ambalwa ukuphucula ukucaca (Itheyibhile 3). Uphononongo lukwabandakanya imibuzo emalunga nezinto ezine (utywala, icuba, intsangu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwecocaine) kunye nokuziphatha oku-XNUMX (ukungcakaza okunengxaki, ukutya, ukuthenga, indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo, ividiyo yokudlala, kunye nomsebenzi) eyathi yangeniswa ngokulandelelana kumphenduli ngamnye, nokuba yemowudi yophando. Iyahambelana nokugxininisa kwethu ekubekeni isifo, oko kukuthi, umbono woluntu malunga neengxaki zokulutha endaweni yeempawu kunye neempawu ezivela kubuchwephesha (UKonkolÿ Thege et al., 2015), inkcazo yanikezelwa ngengxaki nganye yokuziphatha (Itheyibhile 2), eyayijolise ekuchazeni ngokubanzi "iingxaki" ezizezakho zezinto kunye nokuziphatha ngaphandle kokusebenzisa igama elithi "umlutha" ukunqanda ukuphinda uphendule. Ukuvavanya ukwenzeka kokuziphatha okugabadeleyo kubandakanyiwe, umbuzo omnye ("Ucinga emva kobomi bakho, ngaba wakha wanengxaki yobuqu [ngengxaki yokuziphatha]?") Isetyenziswe ngeendlela ezintathu zokuphendula ("Hayi"; "Ewe , kodwa hayi kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo ”; kwaye“ Ewe, kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo ”). Ukusukela, kolu phononongo sigxile kulwakhiwo olwenziweyo lokuziphatha konyaka ophelileyo kuphela, iindlela ezimbini zokuqala zokuphendula zawa.
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Itheyibhile 2. Inkcazo yeendlela zokuziphatha ezinikezelwa kubaphenduli
| Ukuziphatha kwengxaki | inkcazelo |
|---|---|
| Utywala | "Ingxaki yotywala" kuthetha ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwebhiya, iwayini, kunye / okanye utywala. |
| Ugwayi | "Ingxaki yecuba" kuthetha ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwecuba, icuba, ukuhlafuna, icigarillos, kunye nezinye iimveliso zecuba. |
| Marijuana | "Ingxaki yentsangu" kuthetha ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-cannabis, i-hashish, i-hash yeoyile, ukhula, ingca, okanye imbiza. |
| ICocaine | "Ingxaki yeCocaine" kuthetha ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-crack, powder cocaine, ukuvuthuza, ikhephu, okanye ukurhabula. |
| ukungcakaza | "Ingxaki yokungcakaza" kuthetha ukudlala oomatshini bokungcakaza, ukungcakaza kwi-Intanethi, imidlalo yekhasino, iilothari, amatikiti okukrwela, kunye nokunye ukubheja ngemali okudala iingxaki ebomini. |
| Ukutya | "Ingxaki yokutya" ithetha naziphi na iingxaki ezinxulumene nokutya, nokuba kuninzi okanye kuncinci kakhulu. |
| Shopping | "Ingxaki yokuthenga" kuthetha ukuthenga ngendlela edala iingxaki ebomini. |
| Ngesondo | "Ingxaki ngesondo" kuthetha ukulala ngesondo ngendlela edala iingxaki ebomini, kunye / okanye ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi, nokuba zikwi-Intanethi okanye ngaphandle kweintanethi. |
| Imidlalo yevidiyo | "Ingxaki yemidlalo yevidiyo" kuthetha ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo efana ne-X-Box, Wii, PlayStation, kunye neminye imidlalo yevidiyo ekwi-intanethi okanye ngaphandle kweintanethi ngendlela edala iingxaki ebomini. |
| umsebenzi | "Ingxaki ngomsebenzi" kuthetha ukusebenza ngendlela edala iingxaki ebomini. |
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Itheyibhile 3. Iimpawu zentlalontle ngokunxulumene nenani leengxaki zokuzixela kunyaka ophelileyo (N = 6,000 XNUMX)
| nanye | inye | Mbini | Zintathu okanye ngaphezulu | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isondo, N (%) | |||||
| indoda | 1,306 (48.6) | 791 (48.1) | 358 (50.6) | 228 (55.3) | χ2 = 8.0, p = .047, iCramer's V = 0.04 |
| imazi | 1,382 (51.4) | 854 (51.9) | 350 (49.4) | 184 (44.7) | |
| Ubudala, M (SD) | 46.7 (15.9) | 44.5 (14.3) | 41.7 (13.2) | 36.9 (12.4) | UKruskal-Wallis χ2 = 195.6, p <.001 |
| Ubume obuxela ukuba utshatile okanye awutshatanga, N (%) | |||||
| Idibene | 1,925 (72.0) | 1,071 (65.4) | 442 (62.6) | 245 (59.5) | χ2 = 60.7, p <.001, iCramer's V = 0.08 |
| Ukwahlukana okanye uqhawule umtshato | 318 (11.9) | 257 (15.7) | 107 (15.2) | 52 (12.6) | |
| enye | 432 (16.1) | 309 (18.9) | 157 (22.2) | 115 (27.9) | |
| LeMfundo, N (%) | |||||
| Isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo okanye ngaphantsi | 521 (19.4) | 363 (22.1) | 157 (22.2) | 132 (32.0) | χ2 = 34.7, p <.001, iCramer's V = 0.08 |
| College okanye ngaphezulu | 2,167 (80.6) | 1,283 (77.9) | 551 (77.8) | 280 (68.0) | |
| Umsebenzi, N (%) | |||||
| Ixesha elipheleleyo okanye ixesha lesingxungxo | 1,709 (63.8) | 1,092 (66.6) | 470 (66.6) | 297 (71.9) | χ2 = 12.0, p = .007, iCramer's V = 0.05 |
| Bonke abanye | 968 (36.2) | 547 (33.4) | 236 (33.4) | 116 (28.1) | |
| Ingeniso, M (SD) | 6.8 (2.9) | 6.5 (3.0) | 6.2 (3.1) | 5.9 (3.2) | UKruskal-Wallis χ2 = 49.1, p <.001 |
| Ukuphila kakuhle, M (SD) | 60.8 (11.2) | 55.6 (12.4) | 52.2 (12.7) | 48.0 (14.4) | UKruskal-Wallis χ2 = 623.8, p <.001 |
Ukuvavanya ukuba sempilweni kwabaphenduli, isalathiso sezinto ezisibhozo zoBuntu (Iqela lezeMpilo leHlabathi, ngo-2006) yenziwa. Isikali siqulethe indawo ezisibhozo zokwoneliseka, nganye ilinganiswe kwinqanaba le-11 (0 = awanelisekanga ngokupheleleyo, 5 = ukungathathi hlangothi, 10 = wanelisekile ngokupheleleyo): umgangatho wokuphila, impilo, ukufezekisa ebomini, ubudlelwane, ukhuseleko, ukunxibelelana noluntu, ukhuseleko lwexesha elizayo, kunye nokomoya. Ukungqinelana okungaphakathi kwesikali kwakulungile kakhulu kwisampulu yangoku (iCronbach's α = 0.88).
Uhlalutyo lwesatisatisti
Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani lwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-SPSS 23.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Uvavanyo lwe-Chi-isikwere lwalusetyenziselwe ukuthelekisa abaphenduli abanika ingxelo hayi, inye, zimbini, okanye zintathu okanye nangaphezulu iindlela zokuziphatha zonyaka odlulileyo kuzo zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo ngokwentlalo (umzekelo, isini kunye nenqanaba lomtshato) kusetyenziswa iCramer's V ukulinganisa ubungakanani besiphumo. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo kunye nezingaqhelekanga zokusasazwa kweempawu zentlalo (umzekelo, ubudala kunye nengeniso) kunye nenqanaba lokuphila kwamaqela athelekiswa kusetyenziswa uvavanyo olungelulo olwe-Kruskal-Wallis. Uhlalutyo lobuchwephesha bezinto ezininzi lwaluqhutywa kwimodeli zemanyano phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo ngokwasentlalweni kunye namanqaku okuphila kakuhle kunye nobulungu beqela.
Uhlalutyo lweqela le-Hierarchical kusetyenziswa indlela yeWadi kunye nomgama ophindwe kabini we-Euclidean njengoko imetriki yokuhamba yayiqeshelwe ukuphonononga iipateni zeziyobisi ezenzeka kunye. Igalelo lolu hlalutyo yayizizinto eziguquguqukayo ze-10 ezibonisa ubukho bonyaka ophelileyo ngokuchasene nokungabikho kwengxaki nganye ekuziphatheni. Inani lamaqela agciniweyo lalisekwe kwindlela yokufuna olona tshintsho lukhulu kulungelelwaniso lweshedyuli yokuhlangana [cf. "Imithetho yokumisa" (Clatworthy, Buick, Hankins, Weinman, kunye no Horne, 2005)]. Amalungu eklasta nawo athelekiswa kwiimpawu zentlalontle kunye nentlalontle kusetyenziswa i-chi-isikwere kunye novavanyo lweKruskal-Wallis.
Zokuziphatha
Iinkqubo zophando zenziwa ngokungqinelana neSibhengezo saseHelsinki. IBhodi yeYunivesithi yase-Alberta yezoPhando ngezeMpilo ivume isifundo. Zonke izifundo zazisiwe malunga nophando kwaye zonke zinikwe imvume enolwazi.
iziphumo
Ukudalwa kunye nokunxibelelana kweengxaki ezininzi zokulutha
Ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha (i-50.8%) sabathathi-nxaxheba kwisampulu iyonke yabaphenduli abangama-6,000 baxela ukuba bafumana ingxaki enye okanye ezingaphezulu kwezinto kunye nokuziphatha okuvavanywe kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezandulela isifundo (amazinga okuxhaphaka okuziphatha komntu ngamnye kwezi sampulu ichazwe kwenye indawo, yabona UKonkolÿ Thege et al., 2015). Malunga nesinye kwisithathu (i-29.8%) sixele ingxaki ngento enye okanye indlela yokuziphatha kunyaka ophelileyo, ngelixa i-13.1% yaxela iingxaki ezimbini, kwaye i-7.9% yaxela iingxaki ngezinto ezintathu nangaphezulu kunye nokuziphatha kunyaka ongaphambi kophononongo. Amalungu ala maqela ahluke kakhulu kuzo zonke iimpawu zentlalo kunye namanqaku okuphila (Itheyibhile 3).
Xa ungena kwizinto eziguquguqukayo kwezentlalontle kunye nokuba sempilweni kwimodeli yokuhlengahlengiswa kwezinto ekuqikelelwa ukuba ngaba abaphenduli baxele ingxaki enye, ezimbini, okanye ezintathu okanye nangaphezulu (iqela lesalathiso = abaphenduli abaxela ukuba akukho ngxaki kunyaka ophelileyo), ubudala kunye nentlalontle Ingqikelelo kuphela engaguquguqukiyo (nganye inxulunyaniswa nokwehla kwamathuba okuziphatha okugqithileyo); Ukwabelana ngesondo, ukufikelela kwezemfundo, kunye nenqanaba lomtshato zazinxulunyaniswa nobulungu beqela ngamanye amaxesha, ngelixa umvuzo kunye nenqanaba lomsebenzi bekungabonakali ngathi zinendima ekwahlukaniseni phakathi kwamaqela abantu abangenazo, zimbini, zimbini, kwaye zintathu okanye nangaphezulu iingxaki zokulutha (Itheyibhile 4).
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Itheyibhile 4. Iziphumo zokuhlengahlengiswa kwamalungiselelo e-multinomial logistics okuphanda ulungelelwaniso lwengxelo akukho nxamnye nenye, ezimbini, okanye ezintathu okanye iingxaki ezingaphezulu komlutha (amathuba okulinganisa kunye nokuzithemba okungama-95%)
| Ingxaki enye yokulutha | Iingxaki ezimbini zokulutha | Iingxaki ezintathu okanye nangaphezulu zokulutha | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ngesondo | |||
| indoda | 0.97 (0.84 - 1.12)a | 1.17 (0.97 - 1.41)a | I-1.34 (0.97-1.41) * |
| imazi | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ubudala | I-0.99 (0.99-1.00) *** | I-0.98 (0.97-0.99) *** | I-0.95 (0.94-0.96) *** |
| ubume bomtshato | |||
| Idibene | 1.09 (0.88 - 1.34)a | 1.07 (0.82 - 1.39)a | 1.30 (0.95 - 1.78)a |
| Ukwahlukana okanye uqhawule umtshato | I-1.50 (1.14-1.96) ** | 1.32 (0.93 - 1.87)a | 1.36 (0.86 - 2.14)a |
| enye | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Education | |||
| Isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo okanye ngaphantsi | 1.04 (0.87 - 1.25)a | 1.10 (0.87 - 1.38)a | I-1.67 (1.28-2.19) *** |
| College okanye ngaphezulu | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Employment | |||
| Ixesha elipheleleyo okanye ixesha lesingxungxo | 1.10 (0.94 - 1.29)a | 1.05 (0.85 - 1.30)a | 1.25 (0.95 - 1.64)a |
| Bonke abanye | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ingeniso | 1.00 (0.97 - 1.03)a | 0.98 (0.95 - 1.02)a | 0.98 (0.93 - 1.02)a |
| Ukuphila kakuhle | I-0.96 (0.96-0.97) *** | I-0.94 (0.94-0.95) *** | I-0.92 (0.91-0.93) *** |
aAyibalulekanga.
*p <.05, **p <.01, ***p <.001.
Iziphumo zohlalutyo lweqela lacetyisa isisombululo samaqela asixhenxe. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 5, iklasta yokuqala (i-26.0% yesampulu esetyenzisiweyo xa kusenziwa iqela) yabonisa abantu abatshayayo njengehambo yabo ekwabelwana ngayo. Iqela lesibini (i-21.8%) lalinabathathi-nxaxheba abanika ingxelo yokutya kakhulu njengeyona ngxaki yokuziphatha kwabo. Iqela lesithathu (i-16.2%) limele abantu abaneengxaki zomsebenzi, ngelixa iqela lesine (13.0%) linabathathi-nxaxheba ababonakaliswa linani elikhulu leengxaki zokulutha ngaphandle kokuziphatha okucacileyo. Iqela lesihlanu (i-9.5%) limele ikakhulu abantu abanika ingxelo yokuziphatha gwenxa ngokwesondo, ngelixa ilesithandathu (8.9%) kunye nelesixhenxe (4.7%) amaqela ebenabathathi-nxaxheba ngokuthenga kunye nokudlala ividiyo njengengxaki yokuziphatha kwabo ekwabelwana ngayo, ngokulandelelana. Elona nani liphezulu lomndilili wokuziphatha gwenxa konyaka ophelileyo kwajongwa phakathi komdlalo wevidiyo ogqithileyo (ICluster VII), ngelixa elona liphantsi lafunyanwa phakathi kwabantu abatya kakhulu (iCluster II). Ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga neempawu zomlutha weqela ngalinye zichaziwe kwiTheyibhile 5.
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Itheyibhile 5. Ukubekwa phambili (%) kwengxaki nganye yokuziphatha kumaqela eziyobisi (n = 2,728 XNUMX)
| Alc | Tob | Mar | Coc | Ukungcakaza | ivenkile | yokuzonwabisa | Yidla | Ngesondo | umsebenzi | Inani lokuziphatha gwenxaa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICluster I (n = 708 XNUMX) | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 19.1 | 0.0 | 17.7 | 1.4 (0.6) |
| ICluster II (n = 596 XNUMX) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 (0.0) |
| ICluster III (n = 441 XNUMX) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 25.3 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 1.3 (0.4) |
| ICluster IV (n = 354 XNUMX) | 54.7 | 42.2 | 28.9 | 7.8 | 23.2 | 9.4 | 4.9 | 26.0 | 6.2 | 24.5 | 2.3 (1.1) |
| ICluster V (n = 259 XNUMX) | 13.6 | 22.9 | 5.8 | 4.4 | 5.8 | 15.3 | 4.4 | 35.4 | 99.7 | 38.6 | 2.3 (1.6) |
| ICluster VI (n = 243 XNUMX) | 0.9 | 20.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 100.0 | 7.3 | 50.9 | 2.2 | 31.9 | 2.1 (1.0) |
| ICluster VII (n = 127 XNUMX) | 1.2 | 31.1 | 13.5 | 0.6 | 12.3 | 4.9 | 100.0 | 36.6 | 14.0 | 37.2 | 2.5 (1.3) |
Phawula. Alc: ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kotywala, iTob: iingxaki zokusebenzisa icuba, Mar: iingxaki zokusetyenziswa kwentsangu, Coc: ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki kwecocaine, Gamble: iingxaki zokungcakaza, Ivenkile indlela yokuziphatha, kunye nomsebenzi: umsebenzi ogqithisileyo.
aInani lokuziphatha gwenxa konyaka ophelileyo linikezelwa njenge M (SD).
Iinkcukacha ezichaziweyo zentlalontle yeqela ngalinye zichaziwe kwiTheyibhile 6. Ubulungu beCluster babunxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokwabelana ngesondo: inani lamadoda lalingama-34.9%, 27.7%, 40.6%, 47.7%, 64.1%, 20.6%, kunye nama-44.1% kula maqela asixhenxe ngokwahlukeneyo. Ingqesho kunye nenqanaba lomtshato lalinxulumene nobulungu beqela. Onke amanqanaba okhetho (ukufikelela kwimfundo) okanye ngokungaqhelekanga okusasazwayo okuqhubekayo ngokwasentlalweni (iminyaka kunye nengeniso) zinxulunyaniswa nobulungu beqela. Okokugqibela, amalungu eqela ahluke kakhulu ngokubhekisele kwimpilo-ntle ngokunjalo: amalungu "omthengi ogqithileyo," "otshaya", "umlutha wesini," kunye neqela "le-polyaddict" abonakalise ngokucacileyo (kubonisiwe kukungazichazi ukuzithemba) -ukufumana amanqaku kune "workaholics" kunye "nabadli abagqithisileyo" (Umzobo 1).
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Itheyibhile 6. Iimpawu zentlalo ngokunxulumene nobulungu beqela (n = 2,728 XNUMX)
| Iqela I | ICluster II | ICluster III | ICluster IV | ICluster V | ICluster VI | ICluster VII | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isondo, N (%) | ||||||||
| indoda | 247 (34.9) | 165 (27.7) | 179 (40.6) | 169 (47.7) | 166 (64.1) | 50 (20.6) | 56 (44.1) | χ2 = 153.7, p <.001, iCramer's V = 0.24 |
| imazi | 461 (65.1) | 431 (72.3) | 262 (59.4) | 185 (52.3) | 93 (35.9) | 193 (79.4) | 71 (55.9) | |
| Ubudala, M (SD) | 45.9 (12.5) | 49.4 (13.4) | 42.9 (12.1) | 42.8 (13.8) | 46.9 (13.6) | 41.1 (14.1) | 38.1 (14.3) | UKruskal-Wallis χ2 = 130.0, p <.001 |
| Ubume obuxela ukuba utshatile okanye awutshatanga, N (%) | ||||||||
| Idibene | 465 (65.9) | 413 (69.5) | 283 (64.5) | 197 (56.1) | 181 (69.9) | 157 (64.6) | 77 (61.1) | χ2 = 50.6, p <.001, iCramer's V = 0.10 |
| Ukwahlukana okanye uqhawule umtshato | 138 (19.5) | 99 (16.7) | 77 (17.5) | 72 (20.5) | 37 (14.3) | 30 (12.3) | 12 (9.5) | |
| enye | 103 (14.6) | 82 (13.8) | 79 (18.0) | 82 (23.4) | 41 (15.8) | 56 (23.0) | 37 (29.4) | |
| LeMfundo, N (%) | ||||||||
| Isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo okanye ngaphantsi | 204 (28.8) | 128 (21.5) | 66 (15.0) | 114 (32.2) | 55 (21.2) | 44 (18.1) | 33 (26.0) | χ2 = 50.2, p <.001, iCramer's V = 0.14 |
| College okanye ngaphezulu | 504 (71.2) | 468 (78.5) | 375 (85.0) | 240 (67.8) | 204 (78.8) | 199 (81.9) | 94 (74.0) | |
| Umsebenzi, N (%) | ||||||||
| Ixesha elipheleleyo okanye ixesha lesingxungxo | 459 (64.9) | 350 (59.0) | 354 (80.8) | 239 (67.5) | 171 (66.0) | 145 (59.7) | 64 (51.2) | χ2 = 72.3, p <.001, iCramer's V = 0.16 |
| Bonke abanye | 248 (35.1) | 243 (41.0) | 84 (19.2) | 115 (32.5) | 88 (34.0) | 98 (40.3) | 61 (48.8) | |
| Ingeniso, M (SD)a | 6.1 (2.9) | 6.6 (3.0) | 7.0 (3.0) | 6.2 (3.2) | 6.5 (2.9) | 6.4 (3.2) | 5.6 (3.0) | UKruskal-Wallis χ2 = 33.8, p <.001 |
| Ukuphila kakuhle, M (SD) | 52.7 (12.8) | 56.7 (13.1) | 55.5 (11.8) | 49.7 (13.9) | 52.0 (14.6) | 50.9 (14.9) | 52.4 (12.5) | UKruskal-Wallis χ2 = 96.0, p <.001 |
aIinkcukacha kwimilinganiselo yengeniso inokufunyanwa kwiTheyibhile 1.
Umzobo 1. Iindlela kunye nama-95% amakhefu okuzithemba kwe-Personal Wellbeing Index kumaqela asixhenxe
Ingxoxo kunye neziphetho
Unyango oluhlanganisiweyo lweengxaki ezininzi zokulutha lubalulekile kuba ukusilela ekuchongeni nasekunyangeni iingxaki zokulutha comorbid kunxulunyaniswa neziphumo ezibi (Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo zeMpilo yeNgqondo, 2009). Ngelishwa, ababoneleli bonyango bathambekele ekuboneni ukuphazamiseka okuhambelana nokugxila koqeqesho lwabo, ekunqabileyo kubandakanya iindlela zokuziphatha (Freimuth okqhubekayo., 2008). Ke ngoko, injongo yesifundo esikhoyo yayikukubonelela ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nokuba inani elikhulu leziyobisi kunye nokuziphatha kweziyobisi zenzeka njani ukunceda ukwazisa ababoneleli ngonyango kunye nabacwangcisi beenkonzo malunga nokudityaniswa okuqhelekileyo kweziyobisi.
Iziphumo zethu ngokubhekisele kubukho beengxaki zokulutha zazingqinelana nedatha yase-US ebonisa ukuba malunga nesiqingatha sabantu abadala bayasokola nokuziphatha okugqithileyo kunyaka othile (USussman et al., 2011). Iziphumo zophononongo lwangoku zikwabonakalise ukuba malunga neepesenti ezingama-30 zabantu abadala babenobunzima ngokuziphatha okuluthayo, ngelixa i-21% eyongezelelweyo ichaze iingxaki ngokuziphatha okubini okanye nangaphezulu kunye / okanye izinto. Ngelixa uninzi lusitsho ukuba ukubakho rhoqo kokudibana kwezinye iindlela zokulutha kucebisa ubukho besimilo esingahambelani nesiyobisi esinoxanduva lokuxhomekeka (UShaffer et al., 2004), Idatha yangoku-ebonisa ukuba phantse i-60% yezo ngxaki zichaza iingxaki zinobunzima kuphela kwindlela yokuziphatha-ayiboneleli ngenkxaso ecacileyo kule modeli yesifo sokulutha. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba uninzi lwabantu oluchaze indlela yokuziphatha egqithileyo kunyaka ophelileyo babenazo okanye baya kuba neengxaki kwezinye iindawo kodwa ngokulandelelana endaweni yoko ngaxeshanye (cf. ukutshintshwa kweziyobisi / ukuwela iziyobisi / ukutshintsha umlutha; UJohnson, 1999).
Ukongeza, idatha yethu ityhila ukuba ukulandelwa kweendlela zokuziphatha ezigqithileyo kufundwe kufanelekile ngesisombululo seqela lesixhenxe, esikhulu kunenani lamaqela okanye ubungakanani (2-4) ezichazwe kwizifundo zangaphambili (UHaylett et al., 2004; ILochner et al., 2005; IMacLaren kunye neyona ilungileyo, ngo-2010; UStephenson et al., 1995; USussman et al., 2014). Kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele, nangona kunjalo, ukuthelekisa ngokuthe ngqo kweziphumo kuphando kunengxaki ngenxa yomahluko omkhulu kwindlela yokufunda kubandakanya inani kunye nohlobo lweziyobisi ezivavanyiweyo kunye neendlela zamanani ezisetyenzisiweyo (uhlalutyo lwezinto, uhlalutyo lweqela, uhlalutyo lweklasi lwamva, kunye Unxibelelwano phakathi kwezikali zokulinganisa iziyobisi).
Amandla omnye kolu phononongo kukusetyenziswa kweesampulu ezimbini ezizimeleyo, ezikhulu zaseCanada ezimele abantu abadala baseAlberta ngokwesini, kwiqela lobudala nakwingingqi. Amandla ongezelelweyo kuvavanyo ngaxeshanye lwenani elikhulu kuzo zombini iziyobisi ezinxulumene nokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha, ukubonelela ngamathuba okujonga ngokubanzi kuwo wonke umhlaba wokulutha. Kwelinye icala, bekukho izithintelo kuphando lwangoku olufuna ukuqaqanjiswa. Okokuqala, amaqondo okuphendula ebephantsi kuzo zombini iindlela zophando, nto leyo ebenza buthathaka ubukho bezinto esizifumeneyo (UKonkolÿ Thege et al., 2015). Ukongeza, nangona indlela yombuzo omnye yokuvavanya isimilo esiyingxaki ihlala isetyenziswa kuphando lwezifo (Ukubhowula, ngo-2005; Pheka, 1987), Ukuthembeka kwamanqanaba ento enye kubuthathaka kunesikali sezinto ezininzi. Kananjalo, nangona uphando lwangaphambili lwaluchaza ukuba ukuzazisa ngombuzo omnye wokuziphatha gwenxa sisixhobo esinokuthenjwa nesinoklinikhi ekuchongeni abantu abanengxaki yokulutha, ezi zifundo zigxile kwikhoboka leziyobisi, ukungcakaza okungapheliyo, kunye nemidlalo yevidiyo (Pheka, 1987; Kumkani, Delfabro, & Griffiths, 2013; IWidyanto, iGriffiths, kunye neBrunsden, 2011). Ukufunyanwa ngokubanzi kwendlela efanelekileyo yokuvavanywa kwale ndlela yovavanyo kuyo yonke imikhwa yokuziphatha, ke, kuyathandabuza.
Ukunyaniseka kwamagama ezinto ezizodwa akukacaci. Injongo yethu yayikukubonelela ngenkcazo emfutshane yokuziphatha kwindlela nganye yokuziphatha egxininisa ukonakala kunye nokuphepha ukusetyenziswa kwamagama anje ngokuba likhoboka lokunciphisa ukuphendula kwakhona. Bachaze njani ngokuthe ngqo abathathi-nxaxheba kwezi zinto khange kuvavanywe kolu phando, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuphazamiseka kuchazwe ngokubanzi kwezinye iimeko. Umzekelo, "ukutya okuyingxaki" njengoko kuchaziwe kubaphenduli, kunokubandakanya ukungadli ngokugqithileyo kokutya iziyobisi kodwa kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ezinesithintelo, ethi ngaphandle kokuyonakalisa kwayo ingahlelwa njengekhoboka kwiinkqubo zangoku ze-nosological.
Ngaphandle kwale miqobo, olu phononongo lubiza ingqalelo yethu kwinani elikhulu labantu abafumana iingxaki zokulutha ngaxeshanye abafuna ukuqwalaselwa ngokukodwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela zokudibanisa xa befumana iinkonzo zempilo yengqondo. Siyathemba ukuba lo msebenzi uza kunceda kuvavanyo oluchanekileyo kunye nonyango lwezigulana ezibonisa iimpawu zokulutha, ukukhuthaza iingcali ukuba ziqwalasele ukubakho kwezinto ezinokubakho kunye nokuziphatha okukhoyo ngaphezu kwezo zigxininiswe kuqala ngabaxhasi bazo.
Igalelo labalobi
I-TCW kunye neDCH bayile isifundo kwaye babhala umthetho olandelwayo. I-BKT yaqhuba ukukhangela uncwadi kwaye yabonelela ngesishwankathelo sophando lwangaphambili, yaqhuba uhlalutyo lwamanani, yabhala uyilo lokuqala lombhalo obhaliweyo. Bonke ababhali banegalelo kwaye bayivumile imibhalo ebhaliweyo yokugqibela. Bonke ababhali banokufikelela ngokupheleleyo kuyo yonke idatha ekufundweni kwaye bathathe uxanduva lokunyaniseka kwedatha kunye nokuchaneka kohlalutyo lwedatha.
Ukugqubana kwemidla
Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba akukho mpikiswano.
Ucaphulo
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