I-Critique ye: "Iimpahla ezonakalisiweyo: Ukuqonda iziyobisi ezingamanyala njengoMlamli phakathi kwenkolo kunye nobuhlobo Ukuxhalaba okujikeleze i-Pornography Sebenzisa" (Leonhardt, Willoughby, & Young-Petersen 2017)

I_i-science_truth.jpg

Uhlaziyo (Julayi, 2017): Umbhali-mbhali uBrian Willoughby uveza indlela uDavid Ley ajikeleze ngayo kunye nokumela kakubi isifundo sakhe kwiLey's Psychology Namhlanje iposti yebhlog “Ukungquzulana kwezenkolo kwenza abantu baziphathe kakubi": Ukucinga NgoMnyama noMhlophe: Impendulo kwiBango lokuba iNqulo Yokwenza I-Harms ye-Pornography.

—————————————————————————————————

inqaku

"Iyaqonda ukuxhatshazwa koononografi "i-meme iyaqhubeka isifo kwiincwadi ezihlaziyiweyo zontanga, ngeli xesha kwisifundo esitsha:"Iimpawu ezilimazayo: Ukuqonda kweengcamango zoononografi njengoMlamli phakathi kobuNkokeli noBudlelwane Ukuxhalabisa ngeentlobo zoononophala", 2017 (ULeonhardt, et al.). Ibinzana elithi "wabona ukuba likhoboka lamanyala" lakhuthazwa nguJoshua Grubbs, kwaye laqala ukusetyenziswa kuye Ucwaningo lwe-2013. Kucace gca ukuba inkxaso yokufunda yangoku yokucela "ukubonwa ngeziyobisi ezingamanyala" okanye "ukukholelwa kwizikhobokisa zoononophala" kuxhomekeke ekuqhubekekisweni okuqinisekileyo komxholo kaJoshua Grubbs. ULeonhardt, et al. Ikhankanya i-3 Grubbs iphonononga uphando amaxesha 36 kumzimba wephepha.

Ngaphambi kokuba sihlole ULeonhardt, et al. Into ye-5 "ibonwa ukuba likhoboka lemifanekiso engamanyala", masibuyele ngokufutshane kwizifundo zeGrubbs. (YBOP ipapashiwe olu calulo olubanzi yamabango enziwe kwizifundo zeGrubbs "zokuqonda ukuba likhoboka leziyobisi" kunye noonondaba abalahlekisayo.)

Icandelo 1: Ukunyaniseka emva kwebinzana likaJoshua Grubbs "bebona ulwaphulo"

Imeko Hlola #1: Xa izifundo zeGrubbs zisebenzisa ibinzana elithi “bebona ulwaphulo"Ngokwenyani ichaza amanqaku apheleleyo kwiiGrubbs" I-Cyber ​​Pornography Sebenzisa i-Inventory "(CPUI-9) Iphepha lemibuzo elingenako, kwaye elingazange liqinisekiswe, ukuhlela "ukuqonda" ukusuka kumlutha wokwenene. Ilungile lo nto, "bebona ulwaphulo"Akubonakali nto ngaphandle kwenani: amanqaku amanqaku kwi-9-item item porno likhoboka iphepha lemibuzo. Le nyani ilahlekile xa kuguqulelwa kwizifundo zaseGrubbs ngenxa yokuphindaphindwa kwesichazi esilahlekisayo esithi "umlutha obonakalayo" endaweni yelebheli echanekileyo, engenasiphene: "Imifanekiso engamanyala yeCyber ​​Sebenzisa amanqaku."

Imeko Hlola #2: I-Grubbs CPUI-9 ivavanya ngokwenene umlutha wezobisi, akunjalo nkolelo ukuxhatshazwa koonwabo. Yaphuhliswa kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lweziyobisi. Sukuyithatha into oyithethileyo ngayo. Nantsi i-CPUI-9. (Umbuzo ngamnye uzuze amanqaku kusetyenziswa i-Likert esikalini sika-1 ukuya ku-7, nge-1 engu "hayi akunjalo, "Kunye ne7"Kakhulu. ")

Icandelo lokunyanzelisa

  1. Ndiyakholwa ukuba ndiyilwaphulo loonografi.
  2. Ndiziva ndikwazi ukuyeka ukusetyenziswa kwimizila engamanyala e-intanethi.
  3. Nangona ndifuni ukujonga iifrafikhi kwi-intanethi, ndivakalelwa kuyo

Icandelo lokuPhumelela kweSigaba

  1. Ngamanye amaxesha, ndizama ukulungiselela ishedyuli yam ukuze ndibe yedwa ukuze ndibukele iiporografi.
  2. Ndenqabile ukuphuma kunye nabahlobo okanye ukuya kwimisebenzi ethile yentlalo ukuze ndibe nethuba lokujonga imifanekiso engamanyala.
  3. Ndiyekile izinto ezibalulekileyo ekujongeni imifanekiso engamanyala.

Uxinzelelo lwengqondo

  1. Ndiyintloni emva kokubukela iifoto zoononophelo kwi-intanethi
  2. Ndiziva ndixinezelekile emva kokubukela iphonografi kwi-intanethi.
  3. Ndiziva ndigula emva kokujonga iifrafikhi kwi-intanethi.

Kuphononongo olusondeleyo, imibuzo 1-6 ye-CPUI-9 ivavanya iimpawu kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iziyobisi, ngelixa imibuzo 7-9 (Ukubandezeleka ngokweemvakalelo) kuvavanya ityala, iintloni kunye nokuzisola. Nje ngeziphumo, "ngokwenene likhoboka ”lihambelana ngokusondeleyo nemibuzo engu-1-6 (ukunyanzeliswa kunye neenzame zokufikelela). Ukususa imibuzo emi-3 "yoKhathazeka ngokweemvakalelo" (evavanya ihlazo kunye netyala) kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezahluke kakhulu kwizifundo zeGrubbs: 1) Ubudlelwane obuthathaka kakhulu phakathi kwenkolo kunye ngokwenene Iziyobisi. 2) Ubudlelwane obomelele ngakumbi phakathi kwe "[Iidemon] Sebenzisa kwiiyure"Kunye ngokwenene Iziyobisi. Ngamanye amagama iiyure zokusebenzisa iphonografi ziqikelela ukuba likhoboka le-porn, ngelixa ubudlelwane benkolo kunye neziyobisi ezingamanyala buthathaka kakhulu. Ukuba siqhuba phantsi sifumanisa ukuba inkolo yonqulo ayinalo kwaphela ulwalamano ne ziphatha kakubi njengoko kuhlolwa ngemibuzo ye-4-6.

Beka ngokulula - ukuxhatshazwa kwamanyalazo okunene kunemilinganiselo encinane kunqulo. Umntu unokubuza ukuba ingaba yindlela evakalayo yokudibanisa ii-apile kunye neeorenji kwisixhobo sovavanyo, ngaloo ndlela kuphazamisa unxibelelwano kunye nokulutha kwelinye icala kunye nokunxibelelana nehlazo lokuziva unetyala kwelinye. Omnye unokuphinda abuze ukuba kufanelekile na ukuba ukhethe isichazi ("esibonwayo") esithetha ukuba, ngokungeyonyani, isixhobo sovavanyo sinokuhlela ngokwenyani kumlutha obonakalayo.

Imeko Hlola #3: Unokuthatha nelizwi likaJoshua Grubbs lokuba i-CPUI iyi ngokwenene lemibuzo yezobisi, e Iphepha lokuqala likaGrubbs lowama-2010 waqinisekisa i-Cyber-Pornography Sebenzisa i-Inventory (CPUI) njengophando lwemibuzo ngokwenene umlutha wezobisi (bona kweli candelo ngezinye). Amabinzana athi "ukubonwa njengomlutha" kunye "nokuqonda ukuba likhoboka lamanyala" akuveli kwiphepha lakhe le-2010. Ngokuchasene noko, Grubbs et al., I-2010 ichaza ngokucacileyo kwiindawo ezininzi apho i-CPUI ihlola umlutha wobugqwetha:

"Uyilo lwe-CPUI lwalusekwe kumgaqo wokuba isimilo sibonakaliswa kukungakwazi ukumisa isimilo, iziphumo ezibi ezibangelwe kukuziphatha, kunye nokuziphatha ngokubanzi (Delmonico & Miller, 2003)…. I-CPUI ngenene ibonisa isithembiso njengesixhobo sokuvavanya ukuba likhoboka lamanyala kwi-Intanethi. ”

Imeko Hlola #4: Kamva, kwi Ucwaningo lwe-2013, I-Grubbs yanciphisa inani lemibuzo ye-CPUI kwi-32 (okanye i-39 okanye i-41) ukuya kwi-9 yangoku, kwaye (ngokumangalisayo) iphinda ibhala ngokwenene, iqinisekisiwe Uvavanyo lweziyobisi njengemibuzo yokuvavanya "ukuba likhoboka lamanyala." Ngelixa uGrubbs ngokwakhe engazange athi uvavanyo lwakhe lunokuhlela ukuba lubonakale kulikhoboka lokwenyani, ingqesho yakhe yekota elahlekisayo ("umlutha obonakalayo") yamanqaku kwisixhobo sakhe se-CPUI-9 kukhokelele abanye ukuba bathathe isixhobo sakhe sinepropathi yomlingo yokuba nako ukucalucalulo phakathi kweziyobisi. Oku kwenze umonakalo omkhulu kwicandelo lokuvavanywa kweziyobisi ngenxa yokuba abanye bathembele kumaphepha akhe njengobungqina bento abangayenziyo, kwaye abangenako ukuyizisa. Alukho uvavanyo olukhoyo olunokwahlula phakathi "kwenyani" kunye neziyobisi. Ukuyibiza nje ngolu hlobo akunakuyenza njalo.

UJoshua Grubbs uthe nge-imeyile ukuba umvavanyi wesifundo sakhe sesibini se-CPUI-9 wabangela ukuba yena kunye nababhali-mbhali bakhe besifundo se-2013 batshintshe isigama esithi "umlutha we-porn" se-CPUI-9 (kuba umvavanyi wayehlekisa ngo "kwakha" yeziyobisi). Kungenxa yoko le nto uGrubbs etshintshe inkcazo yakhe yovavanyo yaba “yaqonda iziyobisi. ”iphepha lemibuzo. Ngokusisiseko umntu ongaziwayo / umhleli kweli phephancwadi linye uqalise ileyibhile engaxhaswanga, elahlekisayo “yaqonda ukubukela iphonografi. ” I-CPUI ayizange iqinisekiswe njengolu vavanyo lokuvavanya umlutha wezobisi ukusuka "ukubonwa kweziyobisi.”Nazi iGrubbs tweeting malunga nale nkqubo, kubandakanya nezimvo zomvavanyi:

UJosh Grubbs @JoshuaGrubbsPhD

Kwiphepha lam le-1 lokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-porn: "Olu lwakhiwo [likhoboka leziyobisi ezingamanyala] lunentsingiselo ukulinganisa njengamava okuxhwilwa komphambukeli: akunantsingiselo.

UNicole R Prause, PhD @NicoleRPrause

Wena okanye umbuyekezi?

UJosh Grubbs @JoshuaGrubbsPhD

Umbuyekezi wathi kum

UJosh Grubbs @JoshuaGrubbsPhD  Jul 14

Eyona nto eyabangela ukuba ndibe ngumlutha emsebenzini, ndacinga ngamagqabaza njengoko kuhlaziywa kugxininiso.

Nangona iGrubbs isebenzisa ibinzana elithi "umlutha obonakalayo" amaxesha angama-80 kwiphepha lakhe le-2013, wachaza ubunjani be-CPUI-9 kule nkcazo:

"Okokugqibela, safumanisa ukuba i-CPUI-9 yayinxulumene ngokuqinisekileyo notyekelo ngokubanzi lwe-hypersexual, njengoko kulinganiswa yi Kalichman Ukunyanzelisa Ngokwezesondo. Oku kwalatha kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokunxibelelana phakathi kokunyanzelwa kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini ngokubanzi. ”

Qaphela indlela le ngcaciso ingentla ichaza ngayo ukuba i-CPUI-9 ivavanya "ukusebenzisa iphonografi okunyanzelekileyo."

Imeko Khangela #5: Akukho phepha lemibuzo livavanya "umlutha obonakalayo" kuyo nantoni na -Izinto okanye isimilo- kubandakanya ukusebenzisa iphonografi. Kungenxa yesi sizathu le nto ukukhangela 'kuGoogle Scholar' kubuyisela iziphumo ezingalunganga kwezi zilandelayo:

Imeko Hlola #6: Akukho setethi yemibuzo enokwahlula phakathi "kwenkolelo yobukhoboka be-porn" kunye neempawu kunye neempawu zokwenyani ze-porn. Njengolunye uvavanyo lweziyobisi, i-CPUI ivavanya isimilo kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iziyobisi (kunye nazo zonke iimvavanyo zokulutha), njengokungakwazi ukulawula ukusetyenziswa, ukunyanzeliswa kokusebenzisa, ukuthanda ukusebenzisa, iimpembelelo ezingalunganga zengqondo, ezentlalontle kunye neemvakalelo, kunye nokuzikhathaza ngokusebenzisa . Ngapha koko, kuphela umbuzo # 1 we-CPUI-9 nkqu nokucebisa "ekubonweni" kweziyobisi: Ndiyakholwa ukuba ndiyilwaphulo loonografi.

Isishwankathelo, ibinzana elithi "ukubonwa kweziyobisi ezingamanyala" akuthethi nto ngaphezulu kwenqaku lilonke kwi-CPUI-9, ukulungelelaniswa kwiphepha lemibuzo ekuqaleni elingqinwe ngo-2010 njenge ngokwenene Uvavanyo lweziyobisi. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, iGrubbs yayikhuthazwe ngamandla "ngumagazini opapashayo ukuba iphinde ibhale i-CPUI-9" kuvavanywa "kuvavanyo lweziyobisi ezingamanyala- ngaphandle kwesayensi, okanye nantoni na. Eliphepha lika-2013, kunye nazo zonke izifundo ezalandela zeGrubbs, zithathe indawo “amanqaku amaninzi kwi-CPUI-9”Nebinzana elithi“bebona ulwaphulo. ” Ukuba ukhe uwabone amanqaku athetha izinto ezinje:

  • "Kukukholelwa kwakho kwikhobokiso elibonisa ukubandezeleka kwengqondo"

okanye isifundo esithi:

  • "Uxinzelelo lwezifundo lwalunxulumene nokuqonda kwabo ukuba likhoboka leziyobisi"

Yazi ukuba indlela echanekileyo yokuyifunda ilandelayo:

  • "Iziyobisi ezingamanyala zibangela uxinzelelo lwengqondo"
  • "Uxinzelelo lwezifundo lwalunxulumene namanqaku kuvavanyo lweziyobisi"

Ayigcinanga nje ngokufunda ngamandla iGrubbs, kwaye ngokulahlekisayo, kuthetha ukuba bavavanya "umbono wokuba likhoboka leziyobisi," amanye amabango amabini kwesi sifundo nawo ayawa:

  • Ibango # 1) "Iziyobisi ezingamanyala zihambelana kakhulu nenkolo."

Hayi ncma. Eli candelo ibonisa ukuba inkolo inxulumene nobuthathaka ngokwenene umlutha wezobisi; ngexesha eli candelo utyhila inkolo kunye neengxaki zokubamba izilwanyana.

  • Ibango # 2) "Umlutha wobugqwetha awuhambelani neeyure zokusetyenziswa koononophelo."

Ayonyani. Eli candelo ukukhankanya le mabango.

Imeko Khangela #7: Izifundo ziyaqaphela ukuba isixa sokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana hayi ngokubhekiselele kumxholongwane wezobisi (ngaphantsi kwecandelo 5)

Uphi ubungqina apho ULeonhardt, et al. kunye namaphepha e-Grubbs akhiwe, oko kukuthi inani lemifanekiso yokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ngumxhasi onokwethenjelwa wokunyaniseka kwangempela - kunye nalabo basebenzisa ngaphezulu "banomlutha" kunabo abasebenzisa ngaphantsi? ULeonhardt, et al. ubuziwe malunga nokuhamba rhoqo, ngelixa iGrubbs isebenzisa iiyure zokusetyenziswa, kodwa inqaku kukuba akukho vavanyo lufana "neqondo lokulutha ngokwenene." Inyani yile, izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo zovavanyo lweziyobisi azikhe zisebenzise "isixa sokusetyenziswa" njengommeli wedwa weziyobisi.

Ngenxa yokuba isistim sokusebenzisa i-porn umlinganiselo wokuthembeka, nasiphi na isicetyiso sokuba umlingo we-porn "unengxaki yenkolo" ngokusekelwe kukungqinelani okuncane (phakathi kweeyure zokusetyenziswa kunye namanani kwi-5-test item) xa kuthelekiswa nabasebenzisi bezenkolo nabangabonakaliyo, akunakulungeleka, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kungenakwenzeka.

Ngaphezu koko, ekugqibeleni ndakujonga ukuba unqulo oluthile okanye unecala luthintela utshintsho lwengqondo olubukrola abo bafunyanwa kwizidakamizwa ezidakamizwa. Kodwa kukho i-30 izifundo zeengqondo ukuguquka kwengxelo yomlutha ejongene noxilongo kubasebenzisi bentlonelo / abatshatyalaliswa ngokwesondo. Ezi zibonelela ubungqina obuqinileyo bokulumkisa ngokwenene kubasebenzisi bezentlekisa.

Icandelo 2: I ULeonhardt, et al. Inqaku lemibuzo ye-5 lihlola kuphela ngokwenene umlutha wezobisi

Ngoku, ubuyele kwisifundo se-BYU samanje: ULeonhardt, uWilloughby, kunye noMncinci-Petersen, 2017 (ULeonhardt, et al.). Ukuvavanya "ukubonwa gwenxa kweziyobisi ezingamanyala" ababhali bahlengahlengise imibuzo emi-5 ethathwe kumbuzo-10 "weSikali sokunyanzelwa ngokwesondo." "Isikali sokunyanzelwa ngokwesondo" senziwe kwi-1995 kwaye sayilwa ngesondo esingalawulekiyo ubudlelwane engqondweni (ngokunxulumene nophando lwe-AIDS).

Ngokutshintsha “isini” okanye “isondo” ufake “iphonografi” ULeonhardt, et al. ababhali benze iphepha lemibuzo abalibhale njengelokuvavanya “ukujonga umlutha woonografi."Bawasebenzise omabini la mabinzana kunye" nokukholelwa kubukhoboka bephonografi "kufundisiso lwabo, ngokuchasene neyona ichanekileyo"amanqaku apheleleyo kwi-questionnaire ye-5-item item. "

Zibuze, ngaba yenza le mibuzo mihlanu ilandelayo “nkolelo kwimilingo yezocwitho zoonografi okanye ngaba bavavanya iimpawu, iimpawu kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo kwiimeko ezininzi zokulutha?

  1. "Iingcamango zam eziphathekayo zoonografi zibangela iingxaki ebomini bam,"
  2. "Iminqweno yam yokujonga imifanekiso engamanyala iphazamisa ubomi bam imihla ngemihla,"
  3. "Ngamanye amaxesha ndihluleka ukuhlangabezana nokuzibophelela kwam kunye noxanduva lwam ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwam takhamera,"
  4. "Ngamanye amaxesha umnqweno wam ukujonga imifanekiso engamanyala ikhulu kakhulu ndilahlekelwa ngumgaqo,"
  5. "Ndiza kulukhuni ukuba ndingaboni iifoto ezingcolileyo."

Akuqinisekanga na? Kutheni sifanele sivumelanise le mibuzo emihlanu ukudala imibuzo yoluhlu lweziyobisi:

  1. "Ingcinga yam benzisa utywala kubangela iingxaki ebomini bam, "
  2. "Umnqweno wam benzisa utywala iphazamisa ubomi bam imihla ngemihla, "
  3. "Maxa wambi ndihluleka ukuhlangabezana nokuzibophelela kwam kunye noxanduva ngenxa yam benzisa utywala, "U
  4. "Ngamanye amaxesha umnqweno wam basele utywala Ndikhulu kakhulu ndilahlekelwa ngumlawuli, "
  5. "Ndiza kulukhuni ukungafuni benzisa utywala. "

Ke, ingaba le mibuzo mihlanu ilapha ngasentla ivavanya "inkolelo yokuba likhoboka lotywala" okanye ngaba iyavavanya "okona kulikhoboka lotywala?" Njengoko nabani na enokubona, le mibuzo emi-5 iyavavanya ngokwenene ukuxiliswa kotywala, njengokuba bavavanya ukunyaniseka koononophelo ULeonhardt, et al.

Ukanti sixelelwa ukuba umntu lilonke Inqaku layo yonke imibuzo emi-5 liyafana “nokukholelwa ekubeni likhoboka” kunokuba likhoboka lalo! Ukulahlekisa kakhulu, kwaye ngaphandle kwesiseko senzululwazi, njengoko le mibuzo ye-5 yayingagunyaziswanga njengokwahlula umntu "inkolelo yakhe ekukhobiseni iphonografi" kulikhoboka lokwenyani.

Qaphela ukuba iiminyaka ezimalunga zokuvavanywa kovavanyo lokuxilwa komlingo wezobisi kunye nokuziphatha kakubi kwimiqathango yokuxhomekeka kwimibuzo efana neyo ngasentla ukuvavanya ngokwenene, hayi “kuphela yaqonda, ”Likhoboka leziyobisi. Umzekelo, i ULeonhardt, et al. imibuzo ihlola iimpawu zokuziphatha ezingundoqo njengoko kucacisiwe sisixhobo sovavanyo esisetyenziswa njengesiqhelo4 Cs.”Masibathelekise. Nantsi indlela ULeonhardt, et al imibuzo ihambelana kunye neeCs ezine:

  • Cukukhupha ukusetyenziswa (2, 3)
  • Ukungakwazi Cbenzisi (2, 3, 4)
  • Cizixhobo zokusebenzisa (1, 2, 3, 4 )
  • Csisebenzise ngokubhekiselele kwimiphumo emibi (2, 3)

Kufuphi, ULeonhardt, et al. bavavanya iimpawu, iimpawu kunye neempawu zokuziphatha ngokwenene umlutha wo hayi inkolelo yokuba likhoboka. Akukho nto kule mibuzo mi-5 ichaza "ukukholelwa nje ekubeni likhoboka." Ayiphelelanga nje ekwenzeni i ULeonhardt, et al. Ababhali basebenzise ngokungafanelekanga ibinzana elithi "ukubonwa kweziyobisi ezingamanyala" kwiphepha labo, bayithatha inyathelo ngokuqhubela phambili besithi zombini iGrubbs CPUI-9 kunye nemibuzo yabo enezinto ezi-5 banokuvavanya "inkolelo yomlutha we-porn." Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uGrubbs ngokwakhe akazange asebenzise ibinzana elithi "ukukholelwa kumlutha."

Ukuba aba babhali bebechanekile ukuba izinto zabo ze-5 zivavanya "ukubonwa njengekhoboka," emva koko hayi Uvavanyo olukhoyo lomlingo lunokuvavanya umlutha wenene. Le nto yayiza kuba yiyona nto ihamba phambili kwiingcali zeengxaki zomlingo emhlabeni wonke osebenzisa iimvavanyo ezinjalo ukuvavanya ulwahlulo oluninzi lwemihla ngemihla.

Okukwintsusa: Ngalo lonke ixesha ufunda inqaku okanye isifundo usebenzisa isigaba esithi "ukubonwa njengemifanekiso engamanyala" okanye "ukukholelwa kwizikhobokisa," yazi nje ukuba onke la magama akhohlisayo athetha into enye kuphela: ” Ukutyhila intsingiselo yokwenyani yokufunyenweyo kula manqaku kunye nezifundo, shiya nje amagama anje ngo "kubonwa" okanye "inkolelo," kwaye endaweni yawo "likhoboka lesini." Masenze oku ngaphandle kweziganeko ezingaphezu kwe-100 apho ULeonhardt, et al. kufakwe "ukuqonda" okanye "inkolelo" kwiphepha labo:

ULeonhardt, et al. wathi:

Nangona kunjalo, kubonakala ukuba abasebenzisi boonografi baziva bexhalabele ubudlelwane babo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwabo kuphela njengoko zikholelwa ngokwabo ukuba zisebenzise ngokunyanzeliswayo, ukukhathazeka.

Ngaphandle kwemigaqo engalungile:

Abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolileyo Ngubani amanqaku aphakamileyo kwi-5-item item adventure yobudlelwane bezobugqwetha kunye nolwalamano oluxhalabisa ukusetyenziswa kwabo koonwabo.

ULeonhardt, et al. wathi:

Ngokwale miphumo, abo basebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala abanakwenzeka ukuba bazive bexhalabele ubudlelwane babo ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwabo, ngaphandle kokuba bekholelwa ukuba babe nesimo esinokubandezela, esichukumisayo.

Ngaphandle kwemigaqo engalungile:

Ngokutsho kwezi ziphumo abo banomlingo woononografi baziziva bexhalabele kwiimeko zabo.

ULeonhardt, et al. wathi:

Ukuqwalasela ukuba ukungathandabuzwa kwentando kwakuyinkxaso eyongezelelweyo ukuxhalabisa ubudlelwane obunxulumene noonografi, abantu abakholelwa ngokwabo ukuba basebenzise imifanekiso engamanyala unokuba ngumxhelo wokufuna abalingani bokuthandana.

Ngaphandle kwemigaqo engalungile:

Ukuqwalasela ukuba ukungathandabuzwa kwentando kwakuyinkxaso eyongezelelweyo ukuxhalabisa ubudlelwane obunxulumene noonografi, Abantu abanomlingo woononografi banokungabinqweneli ukufuna abalingani bokuthandana.

Ngokwenene lo cwaningo lufumene ukuba ukuxhatshazwa koononophala kwimeko yokuxhalabisa ngokuzenzekelayo ukusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingamanyala kunye nemiphumo emibi, efana nokusetyenziswa kokulawula ukukhubazeka, ukuphazamiseka kobomi babo bemihla ngemihla, nokungakwazi kwabo ukuhlangabezana nokuzibophelela komsebenzi kunye noxanduva lwabantu. Akumangalisi, ukuxhatshazwa kwabo koonobumba obuchaphazelekayo kwathintela iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobudlelwano bobuhlobo.

Ngelixa kuluncedo kubanakekeli ukuba bazi ukuba abanye abasebenzisi be-porn banokufuna ukuzisebenzela nokuzithemba kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-porn, akuncedi ukuba uluntu lukhohliswe ukuba iimvavanyo zinokwahlula phakathi "kokubona" ​​kunye nokwenyani likhoboka. Kwaye akunakunceda ukudibanisa ezi ngcamango zimbini kwaye wenze amabango angenasiseko ngokusekwe kudideko olunjalo.

UPDATE: On yakhe ipodcast, UNatasha Helfer Parker udliwano-ndlebe noDkt Brian Willoughby malunga nale sifundo. Kwintlanganiso ye-Willoughby yenza ibango elimangalisa ukuba:

"Sibonile malunga ne-10-15% yesampuli esilungele kulolo hlobo (umlutha wobugqwetha wangempela) ... kodwa xa sijonge nje ukucinga kwimizuzu eyi-2-3 enkulu kunelo nani. Ngoko sibone le nkulu yabantu abazenzayo ngokuzithiba bona banomdla wokuhlambalaza. Icandelo lokuziphatha lalo libonakala ngathi alizange lidibanise. "

Akukho nto kwisifundo sakhe ebonisa le datha ingentla. Masicace gca: Ekuphela kwemibuzo enxulumene "nokubona iziyobisi ezingamanyala" okanye "eyona nto iyiyo le-porn" yayiyimibuzo emi-5 edweliswe apha ngasentla. Le mibuzo mi-5 ayinakho ukubonelela ngolwazi analo amabango uWilloughby: amandla okwahlula ukuba ngubani ngokoqobo umlutha wezocwangco kwaye ngubani kuphela kholelwa babenomlutha woononophala (kodwa eqinisweni bebengenjalo).

Ezi ngxelo zikaWilloughby azixhaswanga ngokupheleleyo. Umlutha unokuqinisekiswa kuphela ngokudityaniswa kwembali yomthengi ethatha, udliwanondlebe, kunye nemibuzo yemibuzo yovavanyo (enje ngeYunivesithi yaseCambridge esetyenziswa nezifundo zayo). Akukho mphandi ugwetyelwayo ngokubhala nje nasiphi na isifundo njengokuthi "ulikhoboka lokwenene" okanye "ukholelwa ngokungeyonyani ukuba bangamakhoboka" ngokusebenzisa iphepha lemibuzo elinemibuzo emi-5 elizaliswe kwiAmazon M-turk.

U-Willoughby akaphindi asebenzise amabinzana athi "ukubonwa likhoboka" kunye "nokuqonda kwangaphakathi kweziyobisi", ubanga ukuba izifundo "zizibiza ngokuba zingamakhoboka". Ndiza kuphinda: isihloko siphendulwe kwiphepha lemibuzo emi-5. Isifundo kwaye ngoku uWilloughby unayo ubhale kwakhona amanqaku amanqaku apheleleyo kwimibuzo emi-5 njengazo zonke ezi zinto zilandelayo: “Bazibiza ngokuba ngamakhoboka”.

Okokugqibela, isifundo kunye noWilloughby bacebisa ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwenkolo kunye namanqaku kwiphepha lemibuzo le-5 kufuneka lubonise ukuba uninzi lwabasebenzisi bezono ezingamanyala bafumana amahlazo kuphela kwaye abazifumani iimpawu kunye neempawu zokulutha. Yinto exhuma kakhulu kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba isifundo sabo asivavanyanga hlazo, okanye nayiphi na enye imvakalelo.

Icandelo 3: Ukuphinda ubhale ngokutsha kwaye utolike kwakhona i ULeonhardt, et al. eqikelelwayo

Yintoni eya ULeonhardt, et al. kujongeka njengokungaqinisekanga kunye nokuqonda kususwe? Okokuqala, nantsi into engabonakaliyo njengoko ipapashiwe:

Uphando olutsha malunga neentlophu zoononophala lubonisa ukuba ukujonga umlutha kubangelwa iziphumo ezimbi ezingaphezulu nangaphezulu kwezinto ezingamanyala. Uphando luye lwacebisa ukuba abantu benkolo banokuziqonda ukuba banomdla wokujonga iifoto ezingcolileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba basebenzisa kaninzi imifanekiso engamanyala. Ukusebenzisa isampuli yabantu abadala abangama-686, olu pho nonongo luye lwanelise kwaye luqhube uphando lwangaphambilini ngokuvavanya ukukhwabanisa kweso sikreografi njengomlamli phakathi kweenkolelo kunye noxinzelelo olusondeleyo olujongene noonografi. Iziphumo zityhila ukuba iinthombe zoononografi zisetyenziswa kunye nokukholelwa kwenkolo zazingabandakanyekanga kunye nolwalamano olusenyongweni olujongene nokusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingamanyala, ngelixa ukujonga ukuxhatshazwa koononografi kwakuxhamle kakhulu kunye nolwalamano oluxhatshazwayo olujongene noonografi. Nangona kunjalo, xa ukujonga ukuxhatshazwa kweentlotiki ezifakwe njengomlamli kwisakhiwo sokulinganisa, ukusetyenziswa koonografi kusetyenziswa inzondelelo engathandabuzekiyo kwintsebenziswano ejongene neentlobo zoononografi ezisetyenziswayo, kunye nokujonga ukuxhatshazwa kweentlobano zoonografi ngokuthe ngqo kwintsebenziswano phakathi kobuxoki kunye noxinzelelo olusondeleyo olujongene noonografi. Ngokuqonda ukusetyenziswa koonografi, ukukholelwa enkolweni kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwezilwanyana ezingcolileyo zoonografi ezidibanisa nobudlelwane obunxunguphalo obujongene neentlobo zoononografi ezisetyenzisweni kwiinkalo zokuqala zobudlelwano, sithemba ukuphucula amathuba okubini esivumelwaneni ngokuphumelelayo ukujongana nomxholo woononografi nokunciphisa ubunzima kwiintsebenziswano zothando.

Ukunyaniseka, akunakuba kukho nawuphi na umfundi ocinga koku kungasentla ukuba akunjalo nkolelo Ukuxhatshazwa koonwabo kuyingxaki yodwa yeengxaki zeengxaki zoononophelo ezihlolwe?

Ngoku nantsi ULeonhardt, et al. ezingabhalwanga ezibhaliweyo njengoko sicinga ukuba kufanele ukuba zisekwe kwiziphumo zayo, ngaphandle kwamabinzana angachanekanga anje "ukukholelwa," "ukuqonda," kunye nomxholo owongeziweyo onxulumene nophando lweGrubbs ULeonhardt, et al. ababhali bathembele:

Uphando olutshanje malunga noonografi lubonisa ukuba umlutha woonografi uqikelela iziphumo ezimbi ngasentla nangaphezulu kokusetyenziswa koonografi. Izifundo ezimbalwa zeqela leGrubbs zifumene ukuba "abasebenzisi bezononono zonqulo" banqaku ncinane ephezulu kunabasebenzisi abangamanyala abangamanyala kwi-"Cyber ​​Pornography Use Inventory" (CPUI-9). Oku kufumanisa kufuneka kujongwe kwimeko apho zonke izifundo ezinqamlezayo zinika ingxelo Iqondo eliphantsi kakhulu lokusetyenziswa koononophelo kubantu abanqulo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abantu abancinci bezenkolo basebenzisa iifostile kwaye ngoko ke kukho ezantsi Amanqanaba "okwenyani e-porn" phakathi kwabantu benkolo. Kuye kwaphakanyiswa izinto ezininzi ukuba kutheni abantu abasebenzisayo bezononophelo bezonqulo bangabhola amanqaku aphezulu kwiimbuzo zengxaki yokugqithiswa koononophala kunabantu abasebenzisa i-pornography.

Ukusebenzisa isampula yabantu abadala abangama-686, olu pho nonongo luye lwaphinda uphando oludlulileyo ngokuvavanya ukunyanzelisa iinthombe zoononophelo zisetyenziselwa umlamli phakathi kweenkolelo kunye noxinzelelo olusondeleyo olujongene noonografi. Iziphumo zityhila ukuba iinthombe zoononografi zisetyenziswa kunye nokukholelwa kwenkolo zazinxulumene nobudlelwane obusondeleyo obujongene nokusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingamanyala, ngelixa ulwaphulo-mzobo lwalunxulumene kakhulu nolwalamano oluxhatshazwayo olujongene noonografi.

Nangona kunjalo, xa umlingo woononopopasho wawufakwe njengomlamli kwisakhiwo sokulinganisa i-equation, ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwakunomphumo omncinci ongathandabuzekiyo kubudlelwane obudityanisiweyo obujongene neentlobo zoononografi, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kweentlobano zesitho zoononophala ngokukhawulelana nombutho phakathi kweenkolelo kunye noxinzelelo olusondeleyo olujongene noonografi. Ngokuqonda ukusetyenziswa koonografi, ukukholelwa enkolweni kunye nokuxhatshazwa kweentlobano zesini ezidibanisa nobudlelwane obunxunguphalo olujongene neentlobo zoononografi ezisetyenziswayo kwiinkalo zokuqala zobudlelwano, sithemba ukuphucula amathuba okubini esivumelwaneni ngokukhawuleza ukujongana nomxholo woononografi nokunciphisa ubunzima kwiintsebenziswano zothando.

UKUPHATHA: Ukukholelwa kuphela "ku nxu lumene”Kunye noxinzelelo lobuhlobo olujikeleze ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi. Kwelinye icala, ukuba likhoboka lamanyala (njengoko kuvavanywa imibuzo emi-5) “waye kakhulu”Kunye noxinzelelo lobuhlobo olujikeleze ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi. Isishwankathelo, ukuba unqulo longeze uxinzelelo kubudlelwane kunye nokusetyenziswa koonobumba okuxubeneyo- okunengqiqo. Kodwa yayilikhoboka lemifanekiso engamanyala (nokuba yeyenkolo okanye hayi) eyadlala indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni uxinzelelo olujikeleze ukusetyenziswa kwe-porn. Kwaye uxinzelelo lobudlelwane lubonakalise njani kubasebenzisi boonografi abanyanzelekileyo? Njengoko isifundo sithe:

Obu budlelwane boxinzelelo malunga nokusetyenziswa koonografi kwabonakala ngokungathandabuzi ekufuneni amaqabane okuthandana kunye nobunzima obukhulu ekuchazeni ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala.

Izityhilelo ezibini eziphambili zesifundo:

  1. Izilonda ezingamanyala azifuni kuthetha malunga neziyobisi zabo ezingamanyala.
  2. Ukuba nomlingo woononophala kunempembelelo ebomini bakho bothando. Ngenye indlela, umlutha woononophala ungakhetha ukonwabelana noonobumba beqabane lomntu, kwaye ngaloo ndlela uhlala ungaphantsi.

Ngaba ezi ziphumo ziyamangalisa kunoma ubani?

Icandelo le-4: Ngaba inkolo inxulumene nokuxhatshazwa koonwabo?

Intshayelelo: Ubungqina obunqununu obuvela kwi-therapists bubonisa ukuba kukho abathengi bazive umlutha woononophala, kodwa ujonge ngamanye amaxesha. Kungenzeka ukuba abanye babaxhasi benkolo kwaye banetyala kunye neentloni ezijikeleze ukusetyenziswa kwabo koononophelo. Ngaba ngaba aba bantu babandezeleka kuphela "kukuqonda ukuba likhoboka" kwaye ayisiyiyo le nto iphambili? Mhlawumbi kunjalo. Oko kwathiwa, aba bantu bafuna ukuyeka okwangoku bayaqhubeka nokusebenzisa iphonografi. Nokuba ngaba "abasebenzisi be-porn ngamanye amaxesha" balikhoboka lokwenyani okanye baziva benetyala kunye neentloni, inye into eqinisekileyo: ayiyiyo iGrubbs CPUI-9, okanye ULeonhardt, et al. Ikhweshine yento eyi-5 inokwahlula "ukubonwa njengekhoboka" kwinto oyikhoyo kwaba bantu okanye komnye umntu.

Ukunyaniseka akuhambelani kunye nokusetyenziswa koononophelo okanye utywala

Ukunyaniseka akuchazi ukuba umlutha wezobisi. Ngokuchaseneyo. Abantu abanokwenkolo abanako ukusetyenziswa kweefostile kwaye ke bancitshiswa ukuba bangabamanyala.

ULeonhardt, et al. kunye noJoshuwa Grubbs izifundo abazange basebenzise isahluko esiphambene nabantu. Kunoko, kuphela abasebenzisi bezononono (unqulo okanye unqulo) babuzwa imibuzo. Ukufunda rhoqo kwipapasho epapashwe iingxelo eziphantsi kakhulu zokusetyenziswa koononophelo kubantu abanqulo xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abangabonqulo (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22.)

Izifundo zokuhlola abasebenzisi bezononophelo bezenkolo ziphela kunye nepesenti ezincinci zabo bonke abantu benkolo xa kuthelekiswa nabasebenzisi bezentlalo (abaphakathi kwabo abasebenzisa ubuso bezonyanya babantu bonke abaselula). Ezi zibini ezithathayo: 1) unqulo lukhusela ukuxhatshazwa kwezesondo; I-2) isampula yabasebenzisi bezonononqulo bezenkolo iyancatshiswa kubantu abanokwenkolo.

Ngokomzekelo, lo uphando lwe-2011 (I-Cyber ​​Pornography Sebenzisa i-Inventory: Ukuthelekiswa neSampula yeNkolo kunye neSebenzi) yabika ipesenteji yamadoda ekholeji nabafundi beekholeji ubuncinane kanye ngeveki:

  • Iqela: 54%
  • Unqulo: 19%

Olunye uphando kwiikholeji abadala benkolo (Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ayilunganga kodwa ndiyayenza-Thelekisa abafana abancinci abakholwayo abenza ngokuchaseneyo abayisebenzisi iphonografi, 2010) ibonisa ukuba:

  • I-65% yabaselula benkolo babika ukuba bangabonanga noonografi kwiinyanga ezidlulileyo ze-12
  • I-8.6% ibike ukubukela ezimbini okanye ezintathu iintsuku ngenyanga
  • I-8.6% ibike ukubukela imihla ngemihla okanye yonke imihla

Ngokwahlukileyo, uphando lwezicwangciso ze-college-age men report the rates of high view of pornography (I-US-2008: 87%, I-China-2012: 86%, ENetherlands - 2013 (yobudala 16): 73%).

ULeonhardt, et al. uyayihoxisa yonke into omnye izifundo eziye zashicilelwa kumazinga okusetyenziswa koononophelo phakathi kwabasebenzisi benkolo

Kwimfesane echukumisayo ULeonhardt, et al. Abalobi bathi zonke iiphando kunye nezifundo kwiirhafu zokusetyenziswa koononophelo phakathi kwabasebenzisi bezenkolo zihluke ngokupheleleyo. Ngamanye amazwi, ULeonhardt, et al. iphakamisa ukuba ipesenti enkulu kunye neyokoqobo yabantu abathile benkolo baye baqamba amanga malunga nokusetyenziswa kwabo koononophelo kuzo zonke iingcambu ezingabonakaliyo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezonyanya-ntlawulo ezenzileyo. Inyaniso, ULeonhardt, et al ukuya ekubhekiseleleni ukuba abantu benkolo kunokuba basebenzise i-porno kumazinga aphakamileyo kunabantu abangakholwayo! Inkcazo elandelayo inikezela ukulungiswa kwabo kwesi sigqibo:

Ngokunokwenzeka ngenxa yolu xabiso lwesondo olugcinayo, kunye noxinzelelo olunokubakho ekusebenziseni iphonografi, abantu bezenkolo bahlala benika ingxelo yamanqanaba asezantsi okusetyenziswa gwenxa kunabantu behlabathi (UCarroll et al., 2008; IPoulsen, iBusby, kunye neGalovan, 2013; iWright, 2013) . Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izifundo ezivavanya iinjinjini zokukhangela (iMacInnis kunye neHodson, 2015) kunye nemirhumo ekwi-Intanethi (Edelman, 2009) bacebisa ukuba abantu abavela kwinkolo, abantu abalondolozayo banokubanakho ukukhangela iphonografi kunabo benza nabo. Ukungafani phakathi kwedatha yokunika ingxelo kunye neengqinisiso zengqondo zibonisa ukugxekwa ekusebenziseni iifoto zoononophelo kwiinkcubeko zonqulo, njengabantu abanokwenene banokukwazi ukufihla imifanekiso yabo yoonografi ngenxa yeentloni ezijikelezayo.

Ngoko, inkxaso yile ULeonhardt, et al. ibango livela kwizifundo ze-2 jikelele idatha: 1) IMacInnis kunye neHodson, I-2015 (i-Google isesha imiqathango ethile ehlobene nesondo), kunye ne-2) Edelman, I-2009 (Ukubhaliselwa kwi-site eyodwa ye-porno ehlawulwayo kwi-2007).

Imeme ephindaphindwayo yokuba i-Utah inelona nqanaba liphezulu lokusetyenziswa kwe-porn kwavela kwiphepha lezoqoqosho lika-Benjamin Edelman's 2009 "Amazwe okuKhanya okuBomvu: Ngubani othenga ukuzonwabisa kwe-Adult Adult Online?”Wayethembele ngokupheleleyo kwidatha yobhaliso evela kwi- Ongatshatanga Ababoneleli abalishumi abaphezulu bokuhlawula-ukujonga umxholo xa ebeka amanqanaba ekusebenziseni iphonografi-ukungahoyi amakhulu ezinye iiwebhusayithi. Kutheni le nto wakhetha ukuba ahlalutye?

Siyazi ukuba uhlalutyo luka-Edelman lwenziwa malunga no-2007, emva kokuhanjiswa simahla, "iisayithi zetyhubhu" zazisebenza, kwaye ababukeli be-porn baya besondela kubo. Ke, idatha enye ka-Edelman ekhomba kumawaka (eendawo zasimahla kunye nezobhaliso) ayinakuthathwa njengommeli wabo bonke abasebenzisi be-porn base-US. Uphuma iphepha lakhe liyalahlekisa. (Ngakumbi jonga - U-Utah #1 kwi-Porn Use?) Enyanisweni, ezinye iifundo kunye nolwazi olufumanekayo lubonisa ukusetyenziswa koonobumba be-Utah phakathi kwe-40th kunye ne-50th phakathi kwamazwe. Qaphela:

  1. Eli phepha liphononongwe ngontanga: “Ukuphononongwa koononografi sebenzisa uphando: Indlela kunye nemiphumo evela kwimithombo emine (2015)." I-Cyberpsychology: Umbhalo woPhando lwezeNgqondo kwi-Cyberspace (2015).
  2. Okwenza oku kulula ukufunda isihloko se-2014: Ukuhlaziya i-Mormon ne-Porn: U-Utah 40th e-US kwiNew Porn Data.
  3. Ukujonga kwiphepha lempendulo, kuthathwe kwi-Pornhub kwi-2014 (igrafu kwiYBOP).

Iphepha “Ukuphononongwa koononografi sebenzisa uphando: Indlela kunye nemiphumo evela kwimithombo emine (2015)”Ikwahlalutya IMacInnis kunye neHodson, 2015. Inkcazo ichaza oko IMacInnis kunye neHodson yenzayo:

IMacInnis kunye neHodson, (2014) sebenzisa idatha ye-Google Trends yenkcazelo yecandelo lophando lokusebenzisa iifoto zoonografi besebenzisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kwinqanaba le-state kunye nemilinganiselo yokwenkolo kunye ne-conservatism. Bakufumanisa ukuba ukuthetha ngeengcamango ezintle zokujonga izinto eziphathekayo kunye ne-Google ezichanekileyo.

Ingxaki yokuqala IMacInnis kunye neHodson: Uphendlo lukaGoogle oluHambelanayo alubambeli ekusebenziseni iphonografi. Umzekelo, iingxelo ezizezakho zibonisa ukuba abasebenzisi be-porn bahlala betyelela iisayithi zabo abazithandayo ngeebhukumaka okanye ngokuchwetheza igama lesiza setyhubhu kwindawo yedilesi yesikhangeli (ngelixa ukwimo ye-incognito). Kanye kwindawo yabo abayithandayo, abasebenzisi be-porn bahlala befika kwindawo entsha ye-porn ngokusebenzisa ii-hyperlink kunye neentengiso, ngaloo ndlela kugqogqwa ukukhangela kuGoogle ngokupheleleyo.

Ubuthathaka besibini IMacInnis kunye neHodson: Ukusesha kweGoogle akusitshelanga nto malunga nesixa sithuba nawuphi na umsebenzisi usebenzisa ixesha lokubukela i-porn. Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente unokuba nezinga eliphezulu lokufuna i-porners (abantu abatsha, umzekelo) abakhangela kuphela imifanekiso embalwa, ngelixa ezinye iimeko zingaba namanani aphezulu abasebenzisi abangabonwayo be-porn abangasebenzisi i-Google, kodwa bachitha iiyure eziliqela ukubukela iifoto.

Ubuthathaka lwesithathu: IMacInnis kunye neHodson Ayiphumelelanga ukuqwalasela ezinye izizathu ezinokubakho zokukhangela kuGoogle ngesondo kunye namagama ahambelana namanyala. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba abantu abancinci abafuna ulwazi malunga nokwabelana ngesondo okanye ngokwesondo baya kusebenzisa uGoogle, ngelixa abasebenzisi be-porn abanamaxesha banokudlula kwiinjini zokukhangela kwaye baye ngqo kwiindawo ze-porn. Ngaphaya koko, uphando lubonisa ukuba awona manqanaba aphezulu okujonga iphonografi ayenzeka kulutsha nakubantu abadala abancinci. Ngenxa yoko, sinokulindela amazwe anabantu abancinci ukuba babe namazinga aphezulu okukhangela kuGoogle umxholo wesondo.

Khangela urhulumente ngamanani abantu abemi baseburhulumenteni. I16 ithi ipesenteji eziphezulu zamantombazana zithathwa njenge- "Red States" (ezenkolo ngakumbi kunye nezopolitiko). Kwelinye icala, konke ngaphandle kwelinye lamazwe ane Ipesenteji ephantsi kunazo zonke yi "Blue State" (inkolo encinci, inkululeko ngakumbi). Umahluko omnye kuphela unokuchaza ifayile ye MacInnis kunye HodsonIziphumo.

Kwaye le yenye yezinto ezininzi ekufuneka zenziwe xa kuncamathiselwa ukubaluleka konxibelelwano phakathi kwamanqanaba karhulumente kwinqanaba lenkolo kunye nommeli omnye ithandabuzekayo "wokusetyenziswa kwamanyala." Ngokukodwa xa lonke uphando kunye nezifundo zichaza ukusetyenziswa okuncinci koononophelo phakathi kwabantu benkolo.

Iphepha “Ukuphononongwa koononografi sebenzisa uphando: Indlela kunye nemiphumo evela kwimithombo emine (2015).”Utsho oku kulandelayo malunga IMacInnis kunye neHodson:

Iziphumo kumgca wokuqala weTable 3 bonisa ukuba sifumana ubudlelwane obubalulekayo phakathi kobukholo kunye ne-conservatism kwiimeko ezininzi xa sisebenzisa idatha ye-Google Trends. Nangona kunjalo, enye imigqa kwiThebhile 3 ibonisa ukuba sifumana ulwalamano oluninzi olubuthathaka xa usebenzisa enye imithombo emithathu yedatha. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukuba iMacInnis kunye neHodson (2014) basebenzise nayiphi enye imithombo emithathu yedata, mhlawumbi babeza kufikelela kwisigqibo esithile kwiphepha labo malunga namandla obudlelwane ababebahlolisayo.

Inyaniso yokuba iMacInnis kunye neHodson (2014) bafumana ubudlelwane obubalulekayo phakathi kobukhokeli bezinga lobukhosi kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi kwinqanaba likaRhulumente.

Okukwintsusa: Si ULeonhardt, et al. ukungahoxisi izifundo ezininzi kunye neengcaphephe zecandelo elijongene nabantu bezenkolo ngokubhekiselele kwizigqibo zesifundo esicatshungulwayo ngendlela echanekileyo yokunxulumanisa iinkolelo zonqulo zoluntu, kunye nokubonakaliswa okuncinci kakhulu kwiseshoni ye-intanethi yomxholo wesondo. Ngakholwa.

Ukungalingani kwangaphakathi: The ULeonhardt, et al. Ukuqinisekiswa kukuba ipesenti enkulu yabantu abathile benkolo balala malunga nokusetyenziswa kwabo koononophala kwiingxelo ezingaziwa. Kwaye banako waxoxwa kuyo yonke uphando oluye lwapapashwa. Ukuba oku kuyinyaniso, simele siyihobise ULeonhardt, et al .'s iziphumo ezisekelwe kwiingxelo ze-self-reports zabasebenzisi bezononophelo zonqulo, njengaye ULeonhardt, et al. ukuhlaziywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokunganakwa yonke into yokuhlola i-porn phambi kwabos.

If ULeonhardt, et al .'s Izifundo zonqulo zihlala zinika ingxelo yokusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi (njengoko bebanga abasebenzisi beenkolo kolunye uphando), oku kuthetha ukuba ixabiso leenombolo "zokusebenzisa iphonografi" kwizifundo zabo zonqulo kufuneka zilungisiwe ziye phezulu. Ukuphakamisa ("ukulungisa") ukusetyenziswa kweqela lenkolo kuzisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokungqinelana namanqaku abo kwiphepha lemibuzo le-5. Ukubeka ngokulula, amanqanaba aphezulu okusetyenziswa kwe-porn kwizifundo zonqulo zihambelana kakuhle namanqaku aphezulu kwiphepha lemibuzo lemilutha ye-porn. Okanye kulula ngoku: isixa se-porn esisetyenzisiweyo = amanqanaba okulutha kwe-porn- kubo bobabini abakholwayo nabangakholwayo. Ukuba kunjalo, akukho nto kwaphela ULeonhardt, et al. ukubika. Ukufumanisa.

Ngoko, ndibuza ababhali be ULeonhardt, et al., yiyiphi ilandelayo ye3 echanileyo?

  1. Zonke iimvavanyo ezingabonakaliyo kwizifundo zonqulo zifanele zinyanzeliswe ngenxa yokuba ipesenti enkulu yabantu bezenkolo zihlala phantsi kwengxelo yokusetyenziswa kwazo. Oku kufuneka kufake zonke izifundo zeGrubbs kunye ULeonhardt, et al. 2017
  2. Zonke iimvavanyo ezingabonakali kwiinkalo zonqulo kufuneka zithathwe ngokubaluleka komntu wonke, njengoko zonke zivakalisa iziphumo ezifanayo: amazinga athile aphantsi kokusetyenziswa koononophelo phakathi kweentlanga zonqulo.
  3. Kuphando kuphela ULeonhardt, et al. ku thembeka. Zonke ezinye iingxelo ezingabonakaliyo kwizifundo zonqulo kufuneka zinyanzeliswe. Oku ke ULeonhardt, et al., Ukuma kwababhali ngoku.

Abasebenzisi bezononophelo bezenkolo banokuba namazinga aphakamileyo emeko ekhoyo ngaphambili

Njengoko uninzi lwabadala beekholeji, abazalwana abanqabile bajonga ii-porno, i-Grubbs kunye ULeonhardt, et al. iisampulu ekujoliswe kuzo "zabasebenzisi be-porn zonqulo" zimele iqaqobana labemi bezenkolo. Ngokwahlukileyo, iisampulu "zabasebenzisi be-porn zehlabathi" zihlala zimela uninzi lwabantu abangakholwayo.

Ininzi ininzi yabasebenzisi bezononophelo zonqulo bathi bangakuthandi ukubukela i-pornography (100% in kwesi sifundo). Ke kutheni aba basebenzisi babukele? Kusenokwenzeka ukuba isampulu engameliyo "yabasebenzisi be-porn zonqulo" iqulethe ipesenti ephezulu kakhulu yesilayidi sabantu bonke abalwa neemeko esele zikhona okanye iimeko ezihlekisayo. Ezi meko zihlala zikho kumlutha (okt i-OCD, uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo lwentlalontle, i-ADHD, iimbali zosapho zokulutha, ukonzakala komntwana okanye ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo, ezinye iziyobisi, njl.njl.).

Le nto yodwa ingachaza ukuba kutheni abasebenzisi bezononografi bezenkolo, njengeqela, bafumana amanqaku angaphezulu kwiGrubbs kunye ULeonhardt, et al. imibuzo yokuxhatshazwa kocwangco. Le ngcamango ixhaswa zifundo kufuna unyango Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo / ngokocansi (esinokulindela ukuba sichotho ngokungafaniyo kwinqanaba elincinciweyo). Abafuna ukwelashwa babonisa hayi ubudlelwane phakathi kobuxoki kunye nemilinganiselo yokulutha kunye nenkolo (Ucwaningo lwe-2016 1, Ucwaningo lwe-2016 2). Ukuba ULeonhardt, et al.Izigqibo zazisemthethweni, ngokuqinisekileyo siza kubona inani elingafaniyo labasebenzisi bezononono zonqulo abafuna unyango.

Kwimilinganiselo ephakamileyo yoononophelo isebenzisa abantu bezenkolo babuyele kwizenzo zonqulo kwaye inkolo ibaluleke ngakumbi

le Ucwaningo lwe-2016 kubasebenzisi bezononophelo zonqulo luchaze ukuba kufumaneka umdla wokubambisana okukuphela koko kunokucacisa ukulungelelanisa phakathi ngokwenene ukuxhatshazwa koonwabo kunye nenkolo. Ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koononophelo kunye nokukholelwa kwinqanaba leenkolelo. Njengoko ukusetyenziswa kobugqwetha kwanda, inkqubo yonqulo kunye nokubaluleka kwenkolo kuncipha -Ukuya kwinqanaba. Kodwa xa umntu onqulo eqala ukusebenzisa iphonografi kanye okanye kabini ngeveki le patheni iyazibuyisa: Umsebenzisi we-porn uqala ukuya ecaweni rhoqo kwaye ukubaluleka kwenkolo ebomini bakhe kuyanda. Inkcazo evela kwisifundo:

"Nangona kunjalo, ifuthe lemifanekiso engamanyala ebisetyenziswa ngaphambili kwinkonzo yecawa nasemthandazweni yayiyeyona nto iphambili: Ukuya kwinkonzo kunye nokuthandaza kuyehla ukuya kwinqanaba kwaye kwandiswe kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokubukela iphonografi."

Eli grafu, elifundwa kulolu cwaningo, lifanisa ukuhamba kwenkonzo kunye nenani lezonyango ezisetyenziswayo:

Kubonakala ngathi njengokuba abantu abasebenzisa i-porno ngokonqulo bekhula ngaphandle kolawulo, babuyela kwinkolo njengecebo lokujongana nokuziphatha kwabo okuyingxaki. Ayothusi le nto, njengoko amaqela amaninzi okulungisa iziyobisi asekwe kumanqanaba ali-12 abandakanya icandelo lokomoya okanye lenkolo. Umbhali wephepha ucebise oku njengenkcazo enokwenzeka:

… Izifundo zokulutha zibonisa ukuba abo baziva bengenakunceda kwikhoboka labo bahlala becela uncedo olungaphaya kwendalo. Ewe, iinkqubo ezinamanyathelo alishumi elinambini ezifuna ukunceda abantu abajamelana neziyobisi zikho kuyo yonke indawo zibandakanya iimfundiso zokuzinikezela kumandla aphezulu, kunye nenani elinyukayo leenkqubo ezingama-XNUMX zamaKristu ezilondolozayo zenza olu nxibelelwano lucace gca. Kunokwenzeka ukuba abantu abasebenzisa iphonografi kumanqanaba agqithisileyo (okt, basebenzise amanqanaba anokuba luphawu lokunyanzelwa okanye umlutha) bayatyhalwa kwinkolo ngokuhamba kwexesha kunokuba bashenxiswe kuyo.

Lo mzekelo wabasebenzisi bezononophelo bezenkolo ababuyela ezinkolelweni zabo njengokuba umlutha uyingozi kakhulu kunokucacisa nayiphi na intsebenziswano phakathi kokunyaniseka kwezilonda kunye nokukholelwa kwenkolo.

Ngokwahlukileyo kwizifundo zonqulo, iphonografi yelizwe esebenzisa izifundo ayinakuzibona iimpembelelo ze-porn kuba abazami ukuyeka

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba abasebenzisi bezononophelo bezenkolo bafumana amanqaku aphezulu kwimibuzo yemibuzo engamanyala ngenxa yokuba bazamile ukuyeka, ngokungafani nabazalwana babo? Ngokwenza njalo baya kuba nakho ukufumanisa imiqondiso kunye neempawu zokuziphatha gwenxa kwe-porn njengoko kuvavanywa yi ULeonhardt, et al. Mibuzo ye-5.

Ngokusekwe kwiminyaka yokujonga iiforamu zokubuyisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi, sicebisa ukuba abaphandi mabahlule abasebenzisi abaye bazama ukuyeka iphonografi kwabo bangakhange babenze, xa bebabuza malunga neziphumo zabo zokuzijonga. Ngokwesiqhelo imeko yokuba abasebenzisi be-porn banamhlanje (bobabini abenkolo kunye nabangakholwayo) banokuqonda okuncinci kwiziphumo ze-intanethi kubo kude kube emva bazama ukuyeka (kwaye badlule nayiphi na iimpawu zokuhoxiswa).

Ngokubanzi, abasebenzisi be-agnostic be-porn bakholelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-porn akunabungozi, ngenxa yoko abanasizathu sokuyeka… de babe bangena kwiimpawu ezinganyamezelekiyo (mhlawumbi, ukukhathaza uxinzelelo lwentlalontle, ukungakwazi ukulala ngesondo kunye neqabane lokwenyani okanye ukunyuka komxholo abakufumanayo kuyadida / kuyaphazamisa. okanye ubungozi kakhulu). Ngaphambi kwelo tshintsho, ukuba ubabuza malunga nokusetyenziswa kwabo kwe-porn, baya kunika ingxelo yokuba konke kulungile. Ngokwendalo bacinga ukuba "ngabasebenzisi nje," abanokuyeka nanini na, kwaye iimpawu abanazo, ukuba zikhona, zibangelwa yinto ethile enye. Ihlazo? Nope.

Ngokwahlukileyo, abaninzi abasebenzisi bezononophelo zonqulo baye baxwayiswa ukuba ukusebenzisa iifostile kuyingozi. Ngako-ke, baninzi amathuba okusebenzisa ubulili obungaphantsi kwaye bazama ukunikela, mhlawumbi ngaphezu kweyodwa. Ezi zilingo zokuyeka i-intanethi ye-intanethi zikhanyisa kakhulu, njengoko kubangelwa ukuba abasebenzisi bezononophelo (unqulo okanye ungekho) bafumanisa:

  1. Kunzima kangakanani ukuyeka (ukuba banomlutha)
  2. Ukusetyenziswa kobugqwetha kubathintele kangakanani, ngokwasemzimbeni, ngokwesondo nangenye indlela (kaninzi ngenxa yokuba iimpawu ziqala ukuyeka emva kokuyeka)
  3. [Kwimeko yeempawu ezinjalo] Indlela ukuhoxiswa ngayo kungenza iimpawu zibe zibi ngakumbi ixesha elithile, ngaphambi kokuba ubuchopho buyabuyisela
  4. Kubi kangakanani xa befuna ukuncama into kwaye bangakwazi (Yiyo lihlazo, kodwa hayi "inkolo / isondo" Uninzi lwazo zonke iziyobisi ngelishwa ziziva zineentloni xa ziziva zingenamandla okuyeka, nokuba ziyayithanda na.)
  5. Ukuze babe nesifiso esinamandla sokusebenzisa iifostile. Iminqweno ivame ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza ngeveki okanye ukuyeka ixesha elide ekusebenziseni ubulili.

Amava anje enza ukuba abo bazamile ukuyeka ukulumka ngakumbi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-porn. Kuba abasebenzisi bezenkolo ngakumbi baya kwenza uvavanyo olunje, izixhobo zengqondo ziya kubonisa ukuba banenkxalabo yokusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi kunabo bangengabo abenkolo - nangona besebenzisa iphonografi!

Ngamanye amagama, akufuneki abaphandi baphande nokuba ngamanye amaxesha ngabasebenzisi be-porn ukungaqondi kakuhle Ukusetyenziswa kwe-porn kungenabungozi, endaweni yokucinga ukuba ngabantu abakholwayo ababuqondayo ubukho beengxaki ezinxulumene ne-porn nangona besebenzisa kancinci? Umlutha, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, awuvavanywa ngokusekwe kubungakanani okanye rhoqo kusetyenziso, kodwa endaweni yoko kuyimpembelelo.

Kukho nawuphi na, ukuhluleka ukuhlukanisa abo baye bazama ukuyeka kwabo bangenawo, kukudibanisa okukhulu ukuzama ukufikelela kwizigqibo malunga neempembelelo phakathi kobuxoki, ukuhlazeka kunye nokusetyenziswa koonwabo. Kulula ukuyitolika gwenxa idatha njengobungqina bokuba “inkolo yenza abantu baxhalabele iphonografi nokuba basebenzisa ngaphantsi kunabanye, kwaye ukuba bebengengabo abenkolo abazukukhathazeka. ”

Isiphetho esisiso sisenokuba sesokuba abo bazamile ukuyeka, kwaye bafumanisa ukuba la manqaku angentla axhalabile, kwaye inkolo sisizathu nje sokwenza kwabo olo vavanyo (kwaye ngenye indlela ubukhulu becala alunamsebenzi). Kuyadimaza ukubona iingcali zengqondo zenza unxibelelwano olulula nenkolo / nokomoya kwaye zenze izigqibo "ezihlazo", ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuba bathelekisa "iiapile" kunye "neeorenji" xa bethelekisa abasebenzisi abaye bazama ukuyeka kunye nabasebenzisi abangakhange benze njalo. Kwakhona, kuphela abo baqala ukufumana ingozi kunye nokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa koononophelo ngokucacileyo, nokuba okanye bengenayo inkolo.

Oku kuphazamiseka kukuxhaphazwa ngabo bafuna ukugqithisa ingqalelo kwiimpawu ezinzima abasebenzisi abangabonqulo abahlala benamava. Abasebenzisi be-Agnostic bavame ukuba nezibonakaliso ezinzima ngexesha do ukuyeka, ngenxa yokuba bathambekele ekuyekeni kwindawo esezantsi kwimpawu ezantsi kunabasebenzisi bezononophelo benkolo. Kutheni le nto abaphandi bengafundi ngale nto?

Ngapha koko, besizakubheja eso sabelo sengonyama sabo banabo ukuxhatshazwa kwezesondo zoxhatshazo i-agnostics. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba abangenayo inkolo bathambekele ekuqinisekiseni ukungenakonakala kwintsebenziswano ye-intanethi eqhubekayo ukuyisebenzisa ngokugqithiseleyo iimpawu zokulumkisa, njengokunyuka kokuxhalaba kwezenhlalakahle, ukunyuka kwezinto eziphathekayo, ukunganakwa, ukufumana ingxaki ekufezeni ukulungiswa ngaphandle koononophelo, kunzima ukusebenzisa iikhondom okanye ukuqhwabalala kunye nomlingane, njalo njalo.

Inyani yile, nokuba yinto eqhelekileyo, okanye ayifane yenzeke, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-porn kunokubeka abanye abasebenzisi kwisini esingabaphazamisi zesini kunye nokwaneliseka kobudlelwane. Nantsi akhawunti enye. Ukunyuka kwimixholo yezononwabo eyayingenakunandipha okanye ukuphinda ixhaphake isiqingatha sabasebenzisi be-intanethi. Ngamafutshane, njengoko kuthethwe ngentla, ukusetyenziswa okungaqhelekanga akukho i-panacea. Abo bangasisebenzisi rhoqo kodwa banenkxalabo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwabo koononophala banokuba nezizathu ezifanelekileyo zokuxhalabela ngokusekelwe kwiimvavanyo zabo, ngokungafani nento abaziva ngayo ngeentlobano zesini ngexesha leenkonzo zonqulo.

Ngaba kungcono ukwakhiwa kophando olucela abasebenzisi bezonyango (bobabini benkolo kunye nenye indlela) ukuba bayeke uonobumba ngexesha kunye nokuthelekisa amava abo kunye nokulawula? Yabona Ukuphelisa i-Intanethi engapheliyo I-Iphonyayili Yisebenzise Ukutyhila Imiphumo Yayo malunga noyilo lokufunda.

Izizathu zezinto eziphilayo zokuba kutheni abasebenzisi abangabonwayo bezononophelo bangaphakamisa amanqaku aphakamileyo kwiimbuzo zemibuzo yezilwanyana ezingamanyala

Ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ze-intanethi rhoqo kwi-intanethi kuneengozi eziqhelekileyo kubasebenzisi abaninzi banamhlanje. Ezi ziquka ukunyuka kwezinto ezigqithiseleyo, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kunye nolwalamano olusenyongweni, ukuxhatshazwa, kunye / okanye ukulahleka ngokukodwa kwintsebenziswano (kunye ne-anorgasmia kunye neendlela ezithembekileyo).

Okungaziwa kakuhle kukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza (umzekelo, iiyure ze-2 zokuxilwa koononophelo ezilandelwa iiveki ezimbalwa zokuzilahla phambi kwesinye iseshoni sesono) zibeka umngcipheko omkhulu wokulutha. Izizathu zizinto eziphilayo, kwaye kukho uphando olumalunga nomlingo wonke se benzisa kwizilwanyana nakubantu abaqhelanisa iziganeko zengqondo ezijongene nazo.

Umzekelo, zombini iziyobisi kwaye ukutya okungenamsoco Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukusebenzisa okuphakathi kunokukhokelela ngokukhawuleza inguqu enxulumene neziyobisi (nokuba mhlawumbi umsebenzisi ungena kwi-addiction). Utshintsho oluphambili ku khuthazwa ephazamisa isikhokelo somvuzo wengqondo kunye nezibonakaliso ezivelisa kanzima ukungaziboni iimfuno. Ngokukhuthaza, iingcingo zengqondo ezibandakanyekayo ekukhuthazeni nasekuzuzeni umvuzo zifuna ukuxhamla imemori okanye iziganeko ezinxulumene nokuziphatha komlutha. Ukumiswa kwePavlovian enzulu kuphumela kuyo ukwanda "ukufuna" okanye ukunqwenela. Iimpawu, ezifana nokuguqula ikhompyutha, ukubona i-pop-up, okanye ukuba yedwa, kubangela ukuthanda izinto ezingamanyala. (Ucwaningo lweengxelo zokukhuthaza ukukhutshwa kweengxelo okanye ukuchithwa kwemisebenzi kubasebenzisi bezononunu: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.)

Okumangalisa ngakumbi kukuba amaxesha okuyeka (ii-2-4 iiveki) kukhokelela ekutshintsheni kwe-neuroplastic ezingenakwenzeka kumsebenzisi ongazithathi ixesha elide. Ezi zinguqu echosheni zikhuphula iiminqweno ezisetyenziswayo ekuphenduleni kwiziganeko. Ngaphezulu, i inkqubo yoxinzelelo okokuba nokuba uxinzelelo oluncinci lungabangela imbangela nqwenela ukusebenzisa.

Ukusetyenziswa okungapheliyo (ingakumbi kwi ifom yo kutywala) unokuvelisa iimpawu zokurhoxa, ezifana nokunyenga, ukudangala kwaye nqwenela. Ngamanye amagama, xa umntu esebenzisa emva kwexesha lokuziyeka, kunye neebinges, inokubetha umsebenzisi onzima - mhlawumbi ngenxa yomelela ngamava.

Ngokusekelwe kulolu uphando, izazinzulu ziye zagqiba ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke kuthetha cocaine, alcohol, ugwayi, okanye ukutya okungenamsoco akuyimfuneko ukuvelisa inguqu yengqondo yomlutha. Ukuxinwa okungekho nto kunokukwenza into efanayo nokusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko zenza Kaninzi.

Ngoku, masibuyele kumzekeliso wabasebenzisi bezononophelo abangabonqulo. Yiliphi iqela elinokuthi libandakanye abasebenzisi abangaphezulu? Uphando olunikeziweyo olubonisa ukuba Abasebenzisi bezononophelo zonqulo banqweneli ukuba basebenzise i-pornography, mhlawumbi unqulo kunokuba abasebenzisi belizwe banamathele emjikelezweni wokuzincama. Okokuthi, isabelo esingenasiphelo sabasebenzisi benkolo siya kuba "ngabasebenzisi abasebenzisayo." Abasebenzisi baseburhulumenteni baxela ukuba bavamise ukuthatha ikhefu ezingaphezu kweentsuku ezimbalwa - ngaphandle kokuba babe ngabasebenzisi abasemkhatsini ngenxa yokuba bazama ukuyeka ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana.

Enye impembelelo ebalulekileyo yokujikeleza ukuzithiba nokugqithisileyo kukuba abasebenzisi bezononophelo abaphakathi bafumana amava okuphucula (kunye nokuphucula rhoqo). Basenokubona ngokucacileyo indlela abasebenzisa ngayo iifayili abathintele ngayo, ngokuchasene nabasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo. Oku kuphela kunokukhokelela kumanqaku aphakamileyo kwi-questionnaire ye-addiction drug. Okwesibini, umphumo obaluleke kakhulu kukuba abasebenzisi bezononono abaphakathi baya kuba namaqhinga amaninzi anqwenelekayo. Okwesithathu, xa abasebenzisi abasebenzisanayo bakhawula, inzululwazi ikhankanywe ngasentla iqikelela ukuba baya kuziva bengaphaya kokulawula, kwaye banamava amaninzi emva kokuxilwa. Ngamafutshane, abasebenzisi abaphakathi (abanokwenkolo) banokuba ngumlutha kwaye banamanqaku amaninzi kwiimvavanyo zokuxhatshazwa koononophelo, nangona basebenzisana neenkokeli ezincinci kunabo abazalwana.

Ngaphantsi kweemeko, kungekudala ukugqiba ukuba ihlazo lenza ukubahluko phakathi kwabasebenzisi benkolo nabangenabunyani. Abaphandi kufuneka balawulwe ngempembelelo yokusetyenziswa okuphakathi. Kuthetha ngokungafaniyo, ukuba ngaphezulu ULeonhardt et al Izifundo zonqulo zazibandakanya ipesenteji eziphezulu zabasebenzisi abangenazo izinto ezingekho zonqulo, umntu wayekulindele ukuba abasebenzisi benkolo bafumane amanqaku aphezulu kwiimvavanyo zokulutha umlingo naphezu kokusebenzisa kangangoko.

Ewe, umngcipheko wokusebenzisa umlingo we-admitti awugcini kubasebenzisi bezononophelo benkolo. Le nto ibonakala kwimifanekiso yezilwanyana kunye nabasebenzisi bezentlekele belizwe abazama ukuyeka kodwa besoloko bexhala. Ingongoma yinto yokuba ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kunye nokuxhatshazwa koononophala kufuneka kufundwe ngokuzimeleyo ngaphambi kokudweba nokupapasha iingcinga malunga neentloni (okanye "ukuqonda" ukutshabalalisa i-pornography) njengokuba yintoni isizathu esichazelayo isizathu sokuba abasebenzisi bezononophelo bezenkolo baxele amanqaku aphezulu okuxhatshazwa kwi-konsathi kunye ukusebenzisa rhoqo.

Isishwankathelo seNkolo yokuThembeka kunye noTshwayo Sebenzisa:

  1. Ukunyaniseka akuqapheli umlutha woonopopayi (obonwayo okanye ngenye indlela). Ipesenti ephakamileyo kakhulu yabantu basebenzisa i-pornography.
  2. Ekubeni ipesenti elincinci labantu abanokholo basebenzisa i-porno, kubonakala ukuba inkolo khusela ukuxhatshazwa koonwabo.
  3. Grubbs kunye ULeonhardt, et al. iisampulu ezithathiweyo zimbalwa "zabasebenzisi be-porn zonqulo" zitshintshiwe ngokubhekisele kubasebenzisi benkolo, ekunokwenzeka ukuba zikhokelele kwipesenti ephezulu kakhulu yesampulu yenkolo enezinto ezihlekisayo. Ngenxa yoko abasebenzisi bezononophelo bezenkolo banamanani aphezulu aphezulu kwizixhobo zokulutha i-porn kunye nokuxela ubunzima bokulawula ukusetyenziswa.
  4. Njengoko ukusetyenziswa koononophelo kudla rhoqo okanye kubangele, abasebenzisi bezononophelo zonqulo babuyela kwiimfundiso zabo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abo bajonga phezulu kwiimvavanyo zokuxhatshazwa koononophelo baza kuphinda bafumane amanqaku aphezulu kwiinkonzo zonqulo.
  5. Ininzi yabasebenzisi bezononophelo zonqulo baye bayicetyiswa ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonwabo kuyingozi. Ngako-ke, baninzi amathuba okusebenzisa ubulili obungaphantsi kwaye bazama ukunikela. Ngokwenza njalo banokukwazi ukubona iimpawu kunye neempawu zokuxhatshazwa koononophelo njengoko kuhlolwe ngu ULeonhardt, et al. Into ye-5 (kunye efanayo) iphepha lemibuzo (s) -ngakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni ukusetyenziswa koononophelo.
  6. Abasebenzisi boononophelo abangahlaliyo banokuba ngamakhoboka kwaye banamanqaku aphezulu ngokumangalisayo kuvavanyo lweziyobisi ezingamanyala, nangona besebenzisa rhoqo kunakwizifundo ezinokuthelekiswa zehlabathi (abangabo abasebenzisi abaphakathi).

Icandelo 5: Izifundo ziyaqonda ukuba "amanqanaba okusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-porn" ayiyo ngokubhekiselele kumxholongwane wezobisi

Kwiingxelo zeGrubbs kunye ULeonhardt, et al. Ukunyanzeliswa kokuhamba kweeyure zokusetyenziswa kwe-porn kuyafana "nokulutha kwezesondo." Oko kukuthi, ubungakanani bokuba "likhoboka lokwenyani le-porn" liboniswe ngcono ngoku "ziiyure zangoku zokusetyenziswa" okanye "ukusetyenziswa rhoqo," endaweni yokuvavanywa kweziyobisi ezingamanyala okanye ngeempawu ezibonisa amanyala. Iingcali zeziyobisi azivumelani.

Umngxunya kwezi zinto zisisiseko sombhali, onokuqhuba ngazo ilori, kukuba uphando kwi-intanethi kunye neziyobisi kwi-intanethi (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) libikile ukuba iintlobo zee-adware ze-intanethi azihambelani ngokuhambelanayo kunye neeyure zokusetyenziswa. Ngapha koko, iiyure zokusetyenziswa eziguquguqukayo linyathelo elingathembekiyo lokulutha. Izixhobo zovavanyo eziqinisekisiweyo zokuvavanya umlutha usebenzisa ezinye izinto ezininzi, ezinokuthenjwa (ezinje ngezo zidweliswe kumacandelo amabini okuqala e-CPUI-9 okanye ULeonhardt, et al. mibuzo). Ezi zilandelayo zifundo zoxilongo lwe-cybersex zichaza ubuhlobo obuncinane phakathi kweeyure kunye nezibonakaliso zomlutha:

1) Ukubukela Imifanekiso Engamanyala kwi-intanethi: Indima yeZingqinisiso zokuThatshazwa ngokwesondo kunye neZengqondo ze-Psychiatric Symptoms for Using Internet Sites Sites Excessively (2011)

"Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba iingxaki zokuzixela kubomi bemihla ngemihla ezinxulunyaniswa nezinto ezenziwa ngokwesondo kwi-Intanethi zaxelwa kwangaphambili ngamanqanaba ezesondo okuziphatha ngokwesondo, ubungqongqo behlabathi beempawu zengqondo, kunye nenani lezicelo zesondo ezisetyenziswa xa ubukwiisayithi zesini ze-Intanethi kubomi bemihla ngemihla , ngelixa ixesha elisetyenziselwa kwiisayithi zezesondo ze-intanethi (imizuzu ngemini) azizange zenze igalelo elikhulu ekuchazeni ukuhlukahluka kwi-Intanethi yokuThengiswa koLuntu kwiSondo (IATsex). Sibona ukufana phakathi kwengqondo kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo okunokuba negalelo ekugcineni isybersex egqithisileyo kunye nezo zichazwe kubantu abaxhomekeke kwiziyobisi. ”

2) Ukuxhaswa ngokwesondo kunye nokuxhatshazwa okungafanelekiyo Ukunqumanisa ukuxhatshazwa kwe-Cybersex kumadoda angqingili (2015)

"Iziphumo zamva nje zibonise umanyano phakathi kobukrakra beCyberSex (CA) kunye nezalathi zokuzonwabisa kwezesondo, kwaye ukujongana nokuziphatha ngokwesini kulamle ubudlelwane phakathi kokuzonwabisa ngokwesondo kunye neempawu zeCA. Iziphumo zabonisa unxibelelwano olomeleleyo phakathi kweempawu ze-CA kunye nezalathi zokuvuselela inkanuko yesini kunye nokuzonwabisa ngokwesondo, ukujongana nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kunye neempawu zengqondo. I-CyberSex Addiction ayinakunxulumene nokuziphatha okungaxhomekanga kwizesondo kunye nexesha lokusebenzisa i-intanethi nge-weekly. "

3) Ziziphi izinto: Ubungakanani okanye umgangatho we-pornography? Izizathu zengqondo kunye neZenzo zokufuna unyango lweengxaki zoononografi Sebenzisa (2016)

Ngokwezifundo zethu ezilungileyo ngolu hlolo luhlolo lokuqala lokubambisana kwemibutho phakathi kobuninzi bokusetyenziswa koononophelo kunye nokuziphatha okwenene kunyango-ukufuna ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ezinobunzima (kulinganiswa nokuhambela isazi sezengqondo, isifo sengqondo okanye isifo sengqondo ngenxa yale njongo). Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba uphando lwexesha elizayo, kunye nonyango le ntsimi kufuneka igxininise ngakumbi kwimpembelelo ekusebenziseni ubugqwetha ebomini bomntu (ubunjani) kunokuba iimpawu zaso (ubuninzi), njengoko iimpawu ezingekho phantsi kokusetyenziswa koonobumba yokuziphatha.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwe-PU kunye neempawu ezimbi zazingqiniswanga kwaye zixubushe ngokuzimela ngokwabo, ngokuzimela (ukunganakali, ukungqinelana) phakathi kwabangenayo unyango. Phakathi kwabangenayo unyango lwenkolo abaxhomekeke kwiimpawu ezimbi.

4) Ukuhlolisisa i-Correlates yeengxaki ze-Intanethi ze-Intanethi Sebenzisa kwi-University Student (2016)

Amanqaku aphakamileyo kwimilinganiselo yokulutha kwe-intanethi yokusetyenziswa kweentlobo ze-intanethi yayihambelana nokusetyenziswa kwimihla ngemihla okanye ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba kwakungekho nxu lumene phakathi kwexabiso kunye namaxesha amaninzi okusetyenziswa koonografi komntu ngamnye kwaye ulwa nexhala, ukuxinezeleka, kunye nobomi kunye nolwanelwane lobuhlobo. Ukubambisana okuphawulekayo kumanqaku aphezulu e-adware e-intanethi kuqukwa ukuqala kwangoko kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi, umlutha wemidlalo yevidiyo kunye nokuba yindoda. Nangona ezinye iziphumo ezintle zentengiso ye-intanethi ziye zabhalwa kwiincwadi zangaphambili zethu iziphumo azibonakalisi ukuba ukusebenza kweengqondo kukuphucula kunye nokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi.

5) Ukubukela iinthombe zoononopasho ze-Intanethi: Ngoobani Ubunzima, njani, kwaye kutheni? (2009)

Olu pho nonongo luphanda ukusabalalisa kweengxaki zoonopopasho ze-intanethi ezijongene neengxaki, indlela enengxaki ngayo kunye neenkqubo zengqondo ezijongene nengxaki kwisampula se-84 yobudala beekholeji ngokusebenzisa inzululwazi engaziwa kwi-intanethi. Kufunyenwe ukuba malunga ne-20% -60% yesampuli ejonga iifrafikhi ikufumanisa ukuba yingxaki ngokuxhomekeka kwi-domain yesithakazelo. Kule sifundo, inani lokubukela alizange liqikelele iqondo leengxaki eziye zenzeka.

Khawufane ucinge xa ​​uzama ukuvavanya ubukho bomlutha ngokubuza nje, "Zingaphi iiyure ozichitayo ngoku usitya (umlutha wokutya)?" okanye "Zingaphi iiyure ozichitha ungcakaza (ukongeza ukungcakaza)?" okanye "Uchitha iiyure ezingaphi usela (utywala)?" Ungafumana kakhulu iziphumo ezilahlekisayo. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, "ukusetyenziswa kwe-porn yangoku" imibuzo iyasilela ukubuza malunga neendlela eziphambili zokusetyenziswa kwe-porn: ukusetyenziswa kobudala kwaqala, iminyaka yokusetyenziswa, nokuba umsebenzisi uye wanyuka waya kuhlobo lwentlobano yesini okanye wakhulisa iimfesane ezingalindelekanga, umyinge we-ejaculation kunye ne-porn to ejaculation ngaphandle kwayo, inani lezesondo kunye neqabane lokwenyani, njalo njalo. Ukudityaniswa kwale mibuzo kungasikhanyisela ngakumbi malunga nokuba ngubani onengxaki yokusetyenziswa kwe-porn kunokuba kunjalo "ngokuhamba rhoqo / iiyure zokusetyenziswa."

Abstract

Iimpawu ezilimazayo: Ukuqonda kweengcamango zoononografi njengoMlamli phakathi kobuNkokeli kunye noBudlelwane Ukuxhalabisa ngeentlobo zoononophala.

J Sex Res. 2017 Mar 13: 1-12. i-doi: 10.1080 / 00224499.2017.1295013.

ULeonhardt ND1, Willoughby BJ1, Oselula-uPetersen B1.

1 - Isikolo soBomi boSapho, iYunivesithi yaseBrigham.

Uphando olutsha malunga neentlophu zoononophala lubonisa ukuba ukujonga umlutha kubangelwa iziphumo ezimbi ezingaphezulu nangaphezulu kwezinto ezingamanyala. Uphando luye lwacebisa ukuba abantu benkolo banokuziqonda ukuba banomdla wokujonga iifoto ezingcolileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba basebenzisa kaninzi imifanekiso engamanyala. Ukusebenzisa isampuli yabantu abadala abangama-686, olu pho nonongo luye lwanelise kwaye luqhube uphando lwangaphambilini ngokuvavanya ukukhwabanisa kweso sikreografi njengomlamli phakathi kweenkolelo kunye noxinzelelo olusondeleyo olujongene noonografi. Iziphumo zityhila ukuba iinthombe zoononografi zisetyenziswa kunye nokukholelwa kwenkolo zazingabandakanyekanga kunye nolwalamano olusenyongweni olujongene nokusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingamanyala, ngelixa ukujonga ukuxhatshazwa koononografi kwakuxhamle kakhulu kunye nolwalamano oluxhatshazwayo olujongene noonografi. Nangona kunjalo, xa ukujonga ukuxhatshazwa kweentlotiki ezifakwe njengomlamli kwisakhiwo sokulinganisa, ukusetyenziswa koonografi kusetyenziswa inzondelelo engathandabuzekiyo kwintsebenziswano ejongene neentlobo zoononografi ezisetyenziswayo, kunye nokujonga ukuxhatshazwa kweentlobano zoonografi ngokuthe ngqo kwintsebenziswano phakathi kobuxoki kunye noxinzelelo olusondeleyo olujongene noonografi. Ngokuqonda ukusetyenziswa koonografi, ukukholelwa enkolweni kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwezilwanyana ezingcolileyo zoonografi ezidibanisa nobudlelwane obunxunguphalo obujongene neentlobo zoononografi ezisetyenzisweni kwiinkalo zokuqala zobudlelwano, sithemba ukuphucula amathuba okubini esivumelwaneni ngokuphumelelayo ukujongana nomxholo woononografi nokunciphisa ubunzima kwiintsebenziswano zothando.

PMID: 28287845

DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1295013