Ezinye zeengcali eziphezulu zokuziphatha kweziyobisi zipapashe isifundo esitsha "Ukuphindaphindwa kokusetyenziswa, ukungaziphathi kakuhle, kunye nenkolo kunye nobudlelwane babo nokuzikhohlisa okubonakalayo kwimifanekiso engamanyala, ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi, inethiwekhi yoluntu kunye nokudlala kwi-Intanethi. ” Ungavumeli isihloko sayo semfundo eside sikhohlise. Iyaphula ngamandla enye yeentsomi eziyingozi kakhulu ukuba abaphandi abangamanyala abangamanyala baye bayikhuthaza kwaye bayikhuthaza kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo.
Olu pho nonongo lufumene ukuba izilingo zokuziphatha (kungekhona nje izilwanyana ezingamanyala) zihlala zingavumi ukuziphatha kwabo banzima ukuphelisa. Ukuba oko kuvakala njengengqondo eqhelekileyo, kunjalo. Kodwa oko akuzange kumise iqela labaphandi ekusebenziseni ubungqina bezilwanyana ezingamanyala ezingamanyalao yenza i-meme enamandla, ephosakeleyo yokuba iingxaki zoononophala zibangelwa nje kukuhlazeka kwenkolo okanye ukuziphatha kakubi (kwaye ke, ngokubonisa, ukuba likhoboka le-porn alonyani). Nantsi indoda engemva kwentsomi, uJosh Grubbs, etyhala i-ajenda yakhe:
Yintoni iGrubbs kunye noogxa bakhe abalibaleyo ukuphanda kukuba ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ngokunjalo amava okuchasana nokuziphatha kwabo bazama ukuphelisa. Ukunyusa kwabo imodeli yabo ye-MI ngaphandle kokuphanda kuqala ukuba ingcinga esisiseko ityhila ubu-sloppiness okanye iphose ukuthandabuza kwinjongo yabo yesayensi. Ngelishwa, kukho ubungqina obuninzi bokugqibela.
UJosh Grubbs weYunivesithi yaseBowling Green State (ngokuncediswa nguRory Reid we-UCLA kunye nabanye asebenza nabo) ubelilizwi kakhulu kumaphepha-ndaba nakwiincwadi ezijongwa ngoontanga-uhlala ethoba iziyobisi kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo ezibonisa amanyala. Kwaye ihlala ichaza ukuba ukungavisisani nokuziphatha (nangaphambi kokuba "kubonwe ukuba likhoboka") icacisa ngaphezulu kwayo nayiphi na into enxulumene nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-porn.
Umzekelo, uGrubbs ushwankathela izimvo zakhe koku 2016 Psychology Namhlanje inqaku, ukubanga ukuba likhoboka le-porn alikho ngaphezulu kwehlazo lenkolo, kwaye alinxulumene namanqanaba okusetyenziswa kwe-porn (Ubuxoki obucacileyo).
Aba baphandi balungelelanise eli phulo "lokungavumi ukuziphatha" nangona befumene iziphumo kumaphepha abo ukuba umlutha wobugqwetha uhambelana kakhulu hayi ngokungavumi kodwa ngamanqanaba okusetyenziswa kwe-porn! Iziphumo zokugqibela zibonisa ukuba umlutha we-porn uyinyani. Ukanti aba baphandi baphinde bazitshayela ezi zinto zingathandekiyo phantsi kombhoxo.
Endaweni yoko babalekela kwimixholo ephambili, amabali agubungelayo, kunye nezicatshulwa zemithombo yeendaba ezazigxininisa kuphela kwiziphumo ezibuthathaka "zokungavumi". Umzi mveliso we-porn wonwabe kakhulu ukunceda papasha amabango abo alahlekisayo. (Qaphela - iGrubbs kunye nomlobi wesibini uSam Perry baqinisekisile ukuthanda kwabo okuqhutywa yi-ajenda xa zombini ngokusemthethweni bajoyina nziswano UNicole Prause kwaye UDavid Ley njengamalungu anekratshi Indawo eyaphula uphawu uphawu lwentengiso olungekho mthethweni "RealYourBrainOnPorn.com").
Okonwabisayo kukuba, kule meko, inzululwazi ekugqibeleni izilungisile (indlela eyiyo ku funeka ukuya). "Ukuziphatha okungathandekiyo" ayifumaneki kumakhoboka eziyobisi. bonke Ukuziphatha kakubi kubangelwa "ukuziphatha kakubi." Ke, ekugqibeleni kuyacaca ukuba ziiGrubbs okqhubekayo bakhe iphulo labo kwindlu yamakhadi. Isiphumo kukuba zonke iziphumo ze-MI ukuza kuthi ga ngoku zikulungele ukuzamla okungathandekiyo- hayi izihloko ezinengxolo, ezikhohlisayo abazifumeneyo.
Okwangoku, mkhulu umonakalo osele wenziwe. Abaphengululi abalahlekisayo bakhohlisile uninzi lwezesini kunye noogxa babo bezengqondo ukuba iziyobisi ezingamanyala ziyinto ethandabuzekayo. Abo bakhohlisiweyo ababuhoyanga okanye babuphelisile ubungqina obuninzi obucebisa ukuba iziyobisi ezingamanyala ziyinyani njengokungcakaza kunye nokulutha kwezokudlala (zombini ngoku zidityaniswe kwiincwadana ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zokuqonda isifo).
Ngokudabukisayo, i-meme "MI = i-pornography" ayiyi kuqhubeka ijikeleza ixesha elithile, nangona intloko inqunyulwe. Jonga ngononophelo kwabo baphanda ngenjongo yokuxhasa umxholo we-MI. Jonga umkhethe. (Ndiza kwenza umzekelo kamva kweli nqaku.)
imvelaphi
Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwesi sifundo sitsha kufuneka ube nemvelaphi ethile.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, imodeli "yokungaziphathi kakuhle" (MI) yokuchaza iziyobisi ezingamanyala yayiyingqondo yomphandi we-porn uJosh Grubbs. Kodwa i-MI yayisisizukulwana sakhe sesibini sokuchasana noononophala.
Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, iGrubbs yaphakamisa kwaye yakhulisa ii-MI's Isandulela-esingalunganga ("umlutha obonakalayo") usebenzisa i-CPUI-9 yakhe, iphepha lemibuzo le-porn elikhutshiweyo labangela ukuba abasebenzisi bezono ezingamanyala baphumelele. Nantsi Intambo yam ye-Twitter (kunye neyam inqaku elideUkuchaza ukuba zonke izifundo ze-CPUI-9 zivelisa njani iziphumo ezingakhethi cala.
Ngokufanelekileyo, iphepha lemibuzo le-CPUI-9, ngelixa ubanga ukulinganisa "ukubonwa njengekhoboka le-porn," khange unamathele kwimibuzo enxulumene neziyobisi, makungabikho mntu unamandla okwahlula phakathi “kokubonwayo” kwikhoboka “lokwenene”. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lucinga ukuba luyenzile, luxhomekeke kwilebheli yayo engachanekanga kwaphelayaqonda likhoboka. ” (Ibinzana elithi "ukubonwa kweziyobisi ezingamanyala" akubonisi nto ngaphezulu kwenqaku elipheleleyo le-CPUI-9.)
I-CPUI-9 ngobuqhetseba ibandakanya imibuzo emithathu engaphandle malunga nokuziva unetyala kunye neentloni apho abasebenzisi bezenkolo bahlala befumana amanqaku aphezulu, oko ke kuqinisekisa iziphumo ezibiweyo ezivumela ukufunyanwa kwesetyhula ukuthanda kukaGrubbs: ukuba yinkolo ehambelana "nokubona iziyobisi ezingamanyala."
Nantsi i-CPUI-9 engathandabuzekiyo yeGrubbs:
Icandelo lokuXhotyiswa koBunyanzeliso
- Ndiyakholwa ukuba ndiyilwaphulo loonografi.
- Ndiziva ndikwazi ukuyeka ukusetyenziswa kwimizila engamanyala e-intanethi.
- Nangona ndifuni ukujonga iifrafikhi kwi-intanethi, ndivakalelwa kuyo
Icandelo lokuPhumelela kweSigaba
- Ngamanye amaxesha, ndizama ukulungiselela ishedyuli yam ukuze ndibe yedwa ukuze ndibukele iiporografi.
- Ndenqabile ukuphuma kunye nabahlobo okanye ukuya kwimisebenzi ethile yentlalo ukuze ndibe nethuba lokujonga imifanekiso engamanyala.
- Ndiyekile izinto ezibalulekileyo ekujongeni imifanekiso engamanyala.
Icandelo loxinzelelo lweemvakalelo (imibuzo yokufuna iziphumo)
- Ndiyintloni emva kokubukela iifoto zoononophelo kwi-intanethi
- Ndiziva ndixinezelekile emva kokubukela iphonografi kwi-intanethi.
- Ndiziva ndigula emva kokujonga iifrafikhi kwi-intanethi.
Njengoko ubona, i-CPUI-9 ayinako ukwahlula phakathi ngokwenene Iziyobisi Izifundo azizange "zizibhale njengezilonda zoononophala" nakweyiphi na iGrubbs CPUI-9 yokufunda. Baphendula kuphela imibuzo ye-9 ngasentla, kwaye bafumana amanqaku amanqaku.
Nasi isitshixo kuwo onke amabango athandabuzekayo kunye nokunxibelelana okungathandabuzekiyo: Imibuzo yokubandezeleka ngokweemvakalelo (7-9) ibangela ukuba abasebenzisi bezononophelo bezenkolo bafumane amanqaku aphezulu, kunye nabasebenzisi be-porn ukuba bafumane amanqaku asezantsi, kunye nokwenza ulungelelwaniso olomeleleyo phakathi "kokungamkelwa kokuziphatha" kunye nenqaku elipheleleyo le-CPUI-9 ("ukubonwa njengekhoboka le-porn") .
Ngamafutshane, unxibelelwano oluvela kwisifundo esaziwayo sikaGrubbs siveza ukuba imibuzo 7-9 ishukumisa yonke into kwi-ajenda yakhe yokuzama ukutyhola umlutha we-porn ngokuziphatha kunye nenkolo:
Ukubeka enye indlela, ukuba usebenzisa kuphela iziphumo ezivela kwi-CPUI-9 imibuzo 1-6 (ehlola iimpawu neempawu ngokwenene umlutha), unxibelelwano lutshintsha kakhulu- kwaye onke amanqaku athandabuzekayo abanga ukuba neentloni "ayinyani" kubangela ukuba umlutha we-porn ungaze ubhalwe. Amabango anjalo ahlala ngokupheleleyo kwimibuzo yoxinzelelo lweemvakalelo (7-9), engenandawo kuvavanyo lovavanyo ikhona likhoboka. Ukulungelelaniswa kwesifundo esinye kutyhila oko Amanqanaba okusetyenziswa kwe-porn zezona zibalaseleyo kwezona ziyobisi (imibuzo 1-6).
Ngethuba nje kungekho mntu ubheka phantsi kwe-hood, i-meme kaGrubbs yokuba "ukuxhatshazwa koononophelo kwakuyinto enecala kunye nehlazo" kwaxhaswa kakhulu. Imithombo yeendaba ibaleke nayo kwaye iGrubbs yavuselela amalangatye, njengoko kubhaliwe in eli nqaku lide.
Ekugqibeleni abaphandi, kubandakanya noGrubbs ngokwakhe (kanye xa wayephantsi komlilo), baqala ukuvavanya izifundo ngokuthe ngqo ngokubuza abasebenzisi be-porn (1) ingaba bacinga ukuba bangamakhoboka na, (2) nokuba babenenkolo kangakanani na. Kwihlazo likaGrubbs, kwakungekho lungelelwaniso lunentsingiselo. Intsomi "ebonwa ngokuba likhoboka" yahlanjwa, kwaye neGrubbs yayishiya.
Ungoyiki ngokubizwa ngokuba yimodeli ephosakeleyo enelebhile elahlekisayo ("umlutha obonakalayo"), kwi-2018, eGrubbs okqhubekayo isungule "ukungaziphathi kakuhle" okanye imodeli ye-MI. Ukuthatha apho "umlutha obonwa khona" ushiye khona, "ukungaziphathi kakuhle" kuzamile ukucacisa ukuba likhoboka lamanyala njengengxaki yokuziphatha.
Grubbs okqhubekayo kwaye abalandeli babo bakhupha ngokukhawuleza izifundo kwaye uphononongo (!) Ukulungelelanisa isimilo esingamkelekanga kwizifundo 'zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi' ngamanqaku 'amakhoboka eziyobisi. I-Grubbs tweets ezinengxaki ye-porn kunqabile ukuba ibe likhoboka lazo, "ziinkolelo" kunye "nemibono" (I-Grubbs ayisiyiyo neuroscientist):
Awu, njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, yena noogxa bakhe benza njalo ngaphandle kokujonga imeko yabo (ngoku eboniswe ukuba ayichanekanga) ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-porn ngandlela thile kwahlukile malunga ne-MI. Baye bangcwaba kakhulu iziphumo zabo ezingathandekiyo zokuba kukho unxibelelwano olunamandla ngakumbi phakathi kwamanqanaba okusetyenziswa kwe-porn kunye nokuzibona njengomlutha (yile nto umntu anokuyilindela kwizilonda) kunolungelelwaniso phakathi kwe-MI kunye nokuzibona njengomlutha. Ukushiya okuphazamisayo, kunye nezinye izitrayikhi ezibhekiselele kwiGrubbs.
Ngomzekelo we-MI ngoku obonakalisiweyo njenge-herring ebomvu, kunye nephepha lemibuzo le-CPUI-9 elivezwe njengelingenakuphikiswa, lixesha lokuba ababhali bokufunda kule ndawo bayeke ukuyifihla loo nto Unxibelelwano olomeleleyo abalufumanayo kwizifundo zabo ze-MI / CPUI-9 ziphakathi kweziyobisi ezingamanyala kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-porn- hayi phakathi komlutha we-porn kunye nenkolo okanye i-MI. Iziphumo zabo ziyahambelana neziyobisi ezingamanyala. Ixesha.
Iphulo le-MI libetha eludongeni
Nazi ezinye zezona zinto zifunyanisiweyo isifundo esitsha, ehambisa imodeli ye-MI.
- Ukuxhaphaka kokusetyenziswa kwe-porn yayiyeyona nto yomeleleyo kwezona zixeliweyo zihlaziyiweyo (ngokuhambelana nomlutha).
- I-MI inxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-porn, ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi okunyanzelekileyo, unxibelelwano lwasentlalweni olunyanzelekileyo kunye nokudlala-konke kwinqanaba elifanayo.
- Kwakukho unxibelelwano olungabalulekanga phakathi kokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-porn kunye nenkolo. Ke, akukho nkxaso kwiGrubbs okqhubekayo ndithanda kakhulu ukuba iintloni zonqulo zichaza ukuba likhoboka leziyobisi
Nazi ezinye izicatshulwa:
Ngamafutshane, abantu abangakwaziyo ukulawula indlela yokuziphatha ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibi, bafumana amanqaku aphezulu ekuziphatheni okungathandekiyo kokuziphatha (MI). Kwaye olu phononongo (kunye nabanye) bafumanisa ukuba ayisiyi-MI kodwa amanqanaba aphezulu okusetyenziswa kwe-porn eyona nto ibikezela ukuba likhoboka le-porn, kude kube ngoku. Ngokuphathelele inkolo "ebangela" ukuxhatshazwa koononophala, nayo leyo yachithwa. Kwitheyibhile engezantsi fImfuneko yokusetyenziswa kwe-porn idityaniswe ngokuqinileyo ne ukuxhatshazwa koonografi (0.42), kodwa ayinalo unxibelelwano oluncinci kunye yonqulo (0.03).
Lumkela izini zesondo ezityhala imodeli ye-MI egxothiweyo
Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, "ukungaziphathi kakuhle" kwimem-iphulo linamandla eliya kuthi liqhubeke ixesha elithile. Uninzi lwabafundi abafunda amanqaku oontanga ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo baya kuhlala kwi-bubble yabo ye-sexology engalunganga. Banokuba neziphumo zesitampu zerabha abazithandayo, bengazi ngophando olutsha olubonisa ukuba imodeli ye-MI ihlala ihleli kwindlu yamakhadi (ngoku idilikileyo). Umzi mveliso we-porn uza kuqhubeka nokukhalisa ezo ziphumo ukukhusela inzuzo.
Ngokomzekelo, cinga esi sifundo esitsha apho iqela labaphandi bezesondo lazama nzima kakhulu ukudibanisa i-MI kunye "nehlazo-ukubonakala" njengendlela yokuqinisekisa abantu ukuba iintloni zibangela ukuba abantu bazibone ngathi bangamakhoboka (okanye "balawulwa" njengoko aba baphandi bachasene nomlutha babhala ukusebenzisa okunyanzelekileyo). I-hypothesis yabo ayiphumelelanga, kwaye umntu unokuva umbhali okhokelayo uBrian A. Droubay (umlweli wokuchasana neziyobisi) utshixiza amazinyo.
Kolu phando, i-MI idityaniswa "neemvakalelo zokusebenzisa gwenxa iphonografi" (njengoko isenza kuzo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha). Kodwa ulungelelwaniso "lweentloni" lwalungabalulekanga. Mhlawumbi u-Droubay kufuneka achithe ixesha elithile kwiiforamu zokubuyisela kwi-intanethi efunda oko kunikwa yingxelo ngabasebenzisi endaweni yokuthembela kwiingcinga zakhe eziphelelwe lixesha malunga neentloni zonqulo.
Ukuba u-Droubay ngokwakhe wayehlazekile malunga nokuziphatha kwakhe ngokwesini, ngelishwa. Kodwa ukuba wayeyinkolo okanye ephikisana "nokuziphatha," njengabahlohli abaninzi be-pro-porn, mhlawumbi kufanelekile ukuba ahlukane nengxoxo. Isenokuba kukugubungela ukuqonda kwakhe kunye nokukwazi ukuyila uphando olungakhethi cala, njengoko kunjalo nakwabanye abasebenza naye ngokwesini.
Isingeniso sikaDroubay kunye noogxa bethu yingoma yokudumisa umsebenzi wabanye babhali ababonisa amanyala (uPrause, uLey, uWalton, uReid, uCantor noGrubbs kunye noogxa), betyeshela uninzi lophando oluchasene nengxelo abayithandayo. . Okothusayo kukuba, abayamkeli ngokupheleleyo into yokuba "Ukunyanzelwa kokuziphatha ngokwesondo okunyanzelekileyo" (isifo esitsha kwi-ICD-11 incwadana yokuqonda isifo eyamkelwe kunyaka ophelileyo nguMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi) nakanjani kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa koononophelo okunyanzelekileyo!
Endaweni yokuba bazame ukweyisela umfundi onqwenela ukuphulula amalungu esini (mhlawumbi kwi-porn) bubungqina nje benkanuko yesini ephezulu-nangona umnqweno omkhulu inokubonisa iminqweno yokulutha. Ngelishwa, aba baphandi zange bayikhankanye loo nto Izifundo ziye zahlula ukusetyenziswa okuchaseneyo nomnqweno wesini. Ezi zimbini azifani, kodwa i-pro-porn sexologists zihlala zisenza ngathi ezi ngcamango ziyatshintshana.
Ukuxela, ababhali baqokelela, kodwa khange baxele, unxibelelwano phakathi kokujonga iphonografi kunye nokuziva ungalunganga. Uqikelelo lwam kukuba ibiya kuba namandla kunolungelelwaniso lwe-MI abafuna ukuyigxininisa. Endaweni yoko bakhuphele ngaphandle ukubukela iphonografi kwaye baphikisa ngelithi, nangayiphi na imeko, ubuninzi buya kujongwa ngcono njenge… uyithelekelele… umlinganiso "wesifiso sodwa sokwabelana ngesondo" kunendlela yokufumana isisu.
isiphelo
Inani lomonakalo owenziweyo kunye nolwazi olungelulo olusasazeke ngokusebenzisa "imodeli yokuziphatha okungalunganga" intsomi ayinakulinganiswa. Uluntu luye lwalahlekiswa kakubi malunga nomthombo woxinzelelo lweziyobisi. Abasebenzisi abangamanyani abangakholelwayo kubukho be-porn kunye ne-agnostic banokukholelwa ngempazamo ukuba bakhuselekile kwizikhobokisa ze-porn kuba abanazo izimilo zokuziphatha malunga nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Kwaye okona kubalulekileyo kubo bonke ababoneleli ngezempilo bakhohlisiwe. Bawile kwinkolelo yokuba umlutha we-porn ayiyonyani kwaye ngenxa yoko ayinakufunyanwa, ngenxa yoko abazikhathazi ngokuyivavanya ngokufanelekileyo besebenzisa uvavanyo esele lukhona.
Lixesha lokuba kuphele intsomi yokuba i-MI isixelele nantoni na eluncedo malunga neengxaki ezibangelwa zi-porn, ukuze yona kunye nenzala yayo iyeke ukugqwetha intsimi yophando lweziyobisi ezingamanyala. Umlutha we-porn yonke into iyinyani kwaye iyingozi njengokudlala kunye nokungcakaza. Akukaze kuncitshiswe ukuba "kuhlazeke" nokuba lukhona kangakanani na uphando oluqhutywa yi-ajenda oluqhutywa okanye oluthengiswa eluntwini.
Intsomi ye-MI yayingeyonto ingaphaya kwepropaganda. Ixesha lokuyiyeka.
Ukugxekwa ngokusesikweni (ngabaphandi) "Iingxaki zoonografi ngenxa yokungaziphathi kakuhle: Imodeli yokudibanisa noVavanyo oluCwangcisiweyo kunye noVavanyo lweMeta" (2018):
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala amanyala Sebenzisa kunye nokuBakho kweNdlela eNgajonganga ndlela (2018), nguPaul J. Wright
- Uqhube kwiBhokisi lezono (2018), nguBrian J. Willoughby
- Ukubetha ithagethi: Ukuqwalaselwa kokwahlulahlula isifo xa usinyanga abantu abathile kusetyenziso olunengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi (2018), nguShane W. Kraus noPatricia J. Sweeney
- Iingqikelelo zethiyori kwiiNgxaki zePhonografi ngenxa yokuNgaziphathi kakuhle kwiindlela zokuziphatha kunye neendlela zokuSebenzisa gwenxa iziyobisi okanye zoSinyanzelo: Ngaba ezi ziMeko zimbini ziNgafani ngokwahlukileyo njengoko kucetyisiwe? (2018) nguMatias Brand, uStephanie Antons, uElisa Wegmann, uMarc N. Potenza
- Yintoni ekufuneka ibandakanywe kwiikhrayitheriya zokunyanzelwa kokuziphatha gwenxa ngokwesondo? (2020): Icandelo "lokuziphatha gwenxa" kwiCandelo.
Okokugqibela, nantsi i-Grubbs yokuzenzela ngokwakho, endaweni yokuphelelwa lithemba ukuzama ukuphefumla ubomi ubuyele kwisidumbu semodeli yakhe "yokuziphatha gwenxa". Ingashwankathelwa njengelinge lakhe lokugcina "ukungaziphathi kakuhle" kudlalwa, ngaphandle kokungaqhubi kakuhle njengethiyori. Kutheni ungafumani nje ithiyori ehambelana nenyaniso?
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