Isifundo esitsha sibonisa ukuba ukuphindaphinda iswekile kunye namafutha kunokuphazamisa umlinganiso we-neural ekuthatheni ukulunywa okuncinci kwe-dessert enencasa ekutyeni i-sundae yonke-kwaye ke eminye.
Uninzi lwethu luye lwazibonela oko kusothusayo umbono: emazantsi e-ice cream pint. Ufika esiphelweni somdlalo wakho bhanyabhanya owuthandayo kwaye ngequbuliso uqaphela ukuba i-ice cream ihambile- kwaye ukude kakhulu ukuba ungafumana intuthuzelo. Sisale sizibuza ukuba kutheni siyenzile. Kodwa xa kufikwa ekubeni sizilibale kwaye sizingxengxeze kuyo, amandla omkhwa anokuba namandla.
Kusenokwenzeka ukuba amava ethu okutya adlulileyo asenza ukuba singakwazi ukunceda imikhwa yethu. Isifundo esitsha kwiigundane, ishicilelwe Epreli 2 kwi Journal of Neuroscience, ibonisa ukuba ukubonwa ixesha elide kukuqhekezwa kokutya okumnandi, okunamafutha kuvelisa izilwanyana ezibonakala ngathi zifuna ukutya kungekuphela indlala, kodwa kuphume mkhuba. Kwaye iinguqu ze-neural ezihambelana nokudalwa komkhwa zihamba kunye nokutshintsha kokuziphatha. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukubethelwa okuphindaphindiweyo kwiswekile kunye namafutha kunokutsala ibhalansi ye-neural ukusuka ekuthatheni ii-scoops ezimbalwa zeCherry Garcia ngokubhekisa kwinqanaba elingaphantsi lesitya. Kodwa ngelixa iziphumo zisibonisa amandla emikhwa, imikhwa emibi ayithethi kuthi masibe kukutya.
UTeri Furlong kunye noogxa bakhe kwiYunivesithi yaseSydney eOstreliya baba nomdla kwindlela izilwanyana ezazilawula ngayo isimilo. Ezinye zeendlela zokuziphatha zijolise ngqo kumanqaku, ngelixa ezinye zithathwa ngononophelo kwimikhwa. UFurlong uchaza imikhwa njenge "kukuziphatha apho singacingi khona ngemiphumo njengoko sizenza." Uninzi lwezinto ezinokuba zizinto eziluncedo ekuphuhliseni- ukutya isidlo sakusasa yonke imihla okanye ukuxubha amazinyo, umzekelo. Kodwa ezinye izinto zinokungalunganga, njengokusebenzisa iziyobisi- okanye kukutya kakhulu.
UFurlong kunye neqela lakhe bebevavanya imikhwa kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ezijolise kwinjongo kwimeko yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi, kwaye bafuna ukubona ukuba ingaba imodeli yabo yolawulo yokuziphatha inokufikelela ekutyeni. Ke banike iigundane i-chow eqhelekileyo okanye i-chow kunye neetyiwa zobisi olunencasa. Isiqingatha seqela lobisi lifumene ubisi yonke imihla, ngokwendlela ababefuna ngayo. Elinye icala lafumana ulusu lwabo olumnandi lobisi iiyure ezimbini ngosuku.
Emva kweeveki ezintlanu zolu nyango, izazinzulu zaqeqesha zonke iigundane ukucinezela ii-lever ezizisa isposets esimnandi, kunye nokunye okuziinkozo okumnandi. Uvavanyo, izilwanyana zidla ngokutya okuziinkozo okanye i-sucrose emnandi, emva koko zanikwa ukufikelela kwi-lever. Kwimeko enye, iigundane zabona umntu ebenokutya abangazange bakwazi ukufikelela kuko ngaphambili. Ke ukuba babezalise ukutya okuziinkozo, bane-lecrose lever. Kule meko, zonke iigundane zisarhwexwa kumakhonkco abo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ukuba unesidlo sangokuhlwa esikhulu esikhulu, awuzukubuza ngakumbi kwi-steak, kodwa usenokucela ukubona imenyu yedessert.
Kwenye imeko, iigundhu zifumana i-lever ebanika oko bebesele beyigcwalisile. Ukuba babezenzele ukutya okuziinkozo, banokubanika irayisi yokutya okuziinkozo ngakumbi. Ukuba sucrose, ngakumbi sucrose. Kule meko, lawula iigundane namagundwane anikwa ukufikelela rhoqo kubisi ayekile ukucinezela i-lever. Bebegcwele, enkosi, kwaye bengafuni nto ingako bebesandula ukuphuma kuyo. Kodwa iigundane ezazineeveki ezintlanu zinexeshana, ukulunywa okufana nokufikelela kubisi olunencasa kuphendule ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Baqhubeka becinezela ingqolowa, nangona yayigcwele iinkozo, kwaye beqhubeka nokucinezela iswekile, nangona izinyo labo elimnandi lalifanele ukuba lanele. Iirayisi bezingatyhaleli i-lever kuba zinokusebenzisa ezinye iinkozo. Endaweni yoko, babecinezela umntu obolekayo ngaphandle kwemikhwa.
Le ndlela yokucinezela ye-lever yayinxulunyaniswa nomsebenzi owandisiweyo kwisikhundla sokuqina kwengqondo, indawo yengqondo enxulumene nokuziphatha. Isazinzulu saqonda ukuba into eyonyukayo kule ndawo ingangunobangela wokuphindaphinda. Sukuphosa iziyobisi kwi-dorsolateral striatum to block glutamate, isithunywa samachiza esidityaniswa nomsebenzi owandisiweyo wengqondo, sibuyise isimilo seempuku, sibenze bayeke okomzuzwana kwaye baqonde ukuba ngenene, bebegcwele iinkozo, enkosi. Iigundane ziwuyekile umkhwa wazo wokucinezela xa abaphandi bevala izilwanyana ezisebenzisa i-dopamine, isithunywa samachiza esinxulunyaniswa neemvakalelo zomvuzo ekuphenduleni ukutya, isini okanye iziyobisi.
UFurlong uthi iziphumo ziyafana nezinye izifundo ezinamachiza okuphatha gadalala njengecocaine, avelise “ilahleko efanayo yolawulo lokuziphatha.” Olahleko luhambo ekuthabatheni isigqibo esijolise kwinjongo (Ngaba ngenene ndiyakufuna ukutya okuziinkozo?) cofa nje lever). U-Laura Corbit, ugqirha wezobuchwephesha kwi-Dyunivesithi yaseSydney kunye nombhali kolu phando, uthi olu phando lubonisa ukuba amnandi kunye namafutha yimivuzo enamandla "enefuthe elibonakalayo ekwenzeni izigqibo." Izilwanyana bezingaphenduli nje ubisi ababengcamngci ngalo, umkhwa ogqithiselwe kokunye ukutya okuthandekayo.
UCorbit uthi izifundo ezinje zinokunceda ukumisela indlela yokungenelela kwezi zinto ziqhutywa kukuziphatha. “Ungenelelo olusekwe kulwazi alunakwenzeka ukuba lusebenze ukuba indlela umntu aziphatha ngayo ixhomekeke kumkhwa,” utshilo. "Ukuxelela nje umntu ukuba angadli kungasebenzi, kufuneka siqonde ukuba yintoni ebangela lo mkhwa kwaye sifumane iindlela zongenelelo ezifanelekileyo."
Kuphinda Ukuluma Ukutya okumnandi kubukeka njengokutshintsha kweempuku ukuya kwimikhwa apho bengacingi ngokwenzekayo. Kodwa ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba sinokuthetha ngalo mkhwa njengesiyobisi sokutya? USietse Jonkman, ugqirha we-neurosologist oziphatha kwi-Mt. ISinayi yeSikolo sezoNyango kwiSixeko saseNew York, ithi ukucinga malunga nokutya ngokutya malunga nomkhwa kunokuba luncedo kokubini ukuba likhoboka leziyobisi kunye nokutya kakhulu. “Kukho ukuxhaphaka kwezinye iindlela zokuziphatha esizibona emva kokutya iziyobisi kunye nokutya okuthandekayo,” utshilo. Siyazi ukuba iziyobisi zokusebenzisa gadalala zenza ukuba ukujikeleza kwembuyekezo kwenzelwe umvuzo wokutya, ngenxa yoko unokubona ukuba ziyafana, kwaye kukho izinto ezithile zokutyeba kakhulu ezibonakala zilingana nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.
Kodwa uTrevor Robbins, ugqirha wezengqondo kwiDyunivesithi yaseCambridge eNgilane, uthi xa ukutya kakhulu kungathatyathwa njengento yokuziphatha, "awukwazi ukukujonga njengokutya njengesiyobisi ngokubanzi. Ndicinga ukuba ukuthelekisa okungcono kukutya ngokutya kakhulu kunye nokutya iziyobisi. ”Ucacisa ukuba ubisi olunambithekayo lweengcongconi, lufana neendawo ezinesiyobisi kuba" yimeko enomtsalane ekhokelela ekufundeni okukhawulezileyo. "
Oosonzululwazi kusafuneka baqonde ukuba zeziphi iindlela ezisebenza phantsi kotshintsho olusuka kwizinto ezimbalwa zangokuhlwa ezineepuzzle ze-ayisikhrim ziye kwimeko yokutya engacinganga. Kwaye okwangoku asazi ukuba yimaliniezifanaIsiyobisi. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, sinokuphila ngaphandle kwe-cocaine okanye utywala, kodwa ubomi ngaphandle kokutya hayi ubomi nakanye. Ngelixa ukulidla ngokutya kunye nokusebenzisa iziyobisi kunokuba lula efana ngeendlela ezithile, nazo zininzi umahluko malunga nokufikelela kunye neziphumo zentlalo. Ekugqibeleni, ngobo busuku ngepayisi ye-ice cream kunokuba bubusuku nje obubi. Musa ukwenza umkhwa wayo.
Ndilandele kwi-Twitter: @scicurious
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