Ingqondo yangaphambili. 2014; 5: 250.
Ipapashwe kwi-2014 ye-Mar 31. doi: I-10.3389 / fpsyg.2014.00250
PMCID: PMC3978285
UTobias Hoch,1 I-Monika Pischetsryer,1,* kwaye NguAndreas Hess2
Abstract
Ukutya okune-snack okufana neetapile zeetapile kukwenza igalelo kumandla amaninzi ebantwini. Ngokuchasene nokutya okusisiseko, izidlo ezityiwayo zidityaniswa ukongeza kwezinye izidlo kwaye ke oko kungakhokelela ekufumaneni amandla angekho sekhaya. Ukutya okutyayo kuhlala kunxulunyaniswa rhoqo ne-hedonic hyperphagia, ukutya okungafunekiyo kwindlala. Uhlalutyo lweepateni zomsebenzi wobuchopho nge-MAN ye-manganese-eyandisiweyo i-MRI sele ityhile ngaphambili ukuba ukuthathwa kweetapile zeetapile kwi-ad libitum eyondla amagundane kusebenze ngamandla kwinkqubo yomvuzo wengqondo ye-rat, enokukhokelela kwi-hedonic hyperphagia. Isizathu sesifundo esikhoyo yayikukuphuhlisa uvavanyo olukhethiweyo olukhethayo lokuchonga imolekyuli yokutya okufumaneka ngokutya okuqalisa ukutya okuthe xaxa kwi-ad libitum feed rats. Iindidi zokutya okuvavanyiweyo zaziswa kathathu ngemini nge10 min ngexesha ngalinye. Ukunciphisa impembelelo yeepropano ze-organoleptic, ukutya kovavanyo ngalunye kwafakwa kumxube we-homo native kunye ne-chow esemgangathweni. Ukutya kunye nokutya okunxulumene nokutya okuhambelana nokutya kuhlalutywe ukuvavanya iimpembelelo ezenziwa kukutya kovavanyo kukhetho lokhetho olukhethiweyo kabini. Ngamafutshane, amanqatha (F), i-carbohydrate (CH), kunye nomxube wamafutha kunye ne-carbohydrate (FCH) kukhokelela kukutya okuphezulu kokutya xa kuthelekiswa ne-chow esemgangathweni. Ngokukodwa, ukutya i-potato chip yokutya ukutya (i-PC) kukhethwe ngokubalaseleyo ngaphezulu komgangatho oqhelekileyo (STD) kwaye nangaphezulu kwe-macronutrients zabo eziphambili ze-F kunye ne-CH. Kuphela yi-FCH eyenze ukuba batye ngokuthelekiswa nePC. Ngaphandle koxinano lwamandla asezantsi, ukutya okune-fat-free potato chip test (ffPC) nako kukhethwe kakhulu kwi-STD kunye ne-CH, kodwa kungabi ngaphezulu kwe-F, FCH, kunye nePC. Ke, kunokugqitywa ukuba ukudityaniswa kwamafutha kunye ne-carbohydrate sisigqibo esikhulu seemolekyuli zepatata chips ekubangela i-hedonic hyperphagia. Uvavanyo olukhethiweyo olukhethiweyo olukhethayo luya kuqhuba izifundo ezizayo zokuvuselela kunye nefuthe lokucinezelwa kwezinye izinto zokutya ekutyeni okungafunekiyo ekhaya.
INTSHAYELELO
Ukutya okune-asalves njengee-potato chips ebalwe phakathi kwabanegalelo abaphambili abasixhenxe bokufumana amandla kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo e-US kwiminyaka yokugqibela ye-21 (Ukutyibilika et al., 2013). Ukutya okune-snack akuyona inxenye yokutya kwethu okusisiseko, kodwa kudla ngokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwezinye izidlo. Ngapha koko, ukutya okune-snacks kubonisa kuphela isiphumo esibuthathaka kunye nomxholo wabo wekhalori awuphumeleli okanye kuphela kuhlawulwa ngokuyinxalenye ngokuncitshiswa kokutya okuqhelekileyo (Kuthenibrow et al., 2007; I-Chapelot, 2011). Ke, kunokugqitywa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kokutya okune-snack kukhokelela ekunyuseni kwamandla onke. Ukutya okubizwa ngokuba yi-hedonic kukutya okuzimeleyo kwindlala, kungangaphezulu kokulungelelanisa amandla e-homeostatic kwaye ke oko kukhokelela kwi-hyperphagia, okt, ukutya okungaphezulu kokwenza satiety (I-Berthoud, i-2011).
Izifundo ezininzi zibonisa ukuba iintlobo ezithile zokutya zinokubambisa amandla afanayo angengawo e-homeostatic kumagundane njengasebantwini abonisa ubukho bendlela emiselweyo yokugcinwa kokutya okune-phylogenetically. Umzekelo, kubonisiwe ukuba iigundane ezinokufikelela ekutyeni kwecafeteria zithatha amandla aphindwe kabini njengamagundane ngokufikelela kwi-chow esemgangathweni kuphela. Ukongeza, ipatheni yokondla etshintshileyo ukusuka kukutya okusekwe kukutya ukuya ekutyeni okusekwe ekutyeni (Umtshato et al., 2013). Ngendlela efanayo, i-ad libitum yondla amagundane ngokufikelela okongeziweyo kwiitapile zeetapile ibonise amandla aphezulu ombane kunamagundane anokongezwa kokufikelela kumgangatho wokuphela kuphela (Hoch et al., 2013).
Izifundo ezininzi ziphande iindlela ezingasasebenziyo zomzimba ezinxulumene nokutya okungathatyathwa ekhaya. Kutshanje, kwaboniswa ukuba ukutya kwecafeteria kuchaphazela inkqubo yomvuzo kwingqondo ye-rat (Epstein noShaham, i-2010) kwaye ukuba izidlo zokutya okune-snack potato zilungisa imisebenzi yeendawo zobuchopho eziphendula kwimikhwa yokulawula umvuzo kunye nokulutha, ukutya, umsebenzi we-locomotor, kunye nokulala (Hoch et al., 2013). Kwinqanaba leemolekyuli, iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ziyabandakanyeka kwiindlela zokulawula zokutya okungekho sekhaya okubandakanya iihomoni, i-dopamine, i-melanocortins okanye ezinye iimolekyuli zomqondiso.I-Berthoud, i-2011; I-Pandit et al., 2011; Alsio et al., 2012). Umzekelo, ukuthathwa kwe-hedonic yokutya okune-snack okubonakala kulawulwa yinkqubo ye-opioid ye-opioid, ngenxa yokuba i-opioid antagonist naltrexone ifumene indawo ekhethiweyo yindawo ebangelwa kukutya okuqinileyo okune-snack kwi-ad libitum feed rats (Jarosz et al., 2006). Inkqubo ye-endocannabinoid yesisu ingaba ngummiselo obalulekileyo wokutya kwamafutha (UDiPatrizio et al., 2011).
Nangona kunjalo, ukutya okumiselweyo kwemolekyuli okubangela ukuba ukutya kungabikho sekhaya kungabonakali ngokupheleleyo. Izifundo ezininzi zisebenzisa isidlo sekhabhathi njengokutya okusisidudu, okuqulethe ukukhethwa kwamanqaku ohlukeneyo anjengekhekhe, ipasta, iitapile, iikeyisi, itshizi, okanye amandongomane (Prats et al., 1989; Umtshato et al., 2013). Kwezinye izifundo, izinto ezizodwa zokutya zazisetyenziswa, ezinjengee-potato chips (Hoch et al., 2013) okanye iiFroot Loops® iinkozo (Jarosz et al., 2006). Ukutya kakhulu okutya kakhulu kunxulumana namandla-, amafutha-, okanye umxholo weswekile wokutya. Ukongeza, iipropathi zeemvakalelo zaphakanyiswa ukuba zibe nempembelelo: kwiigundane ezondliwe kakuhle, ukutya okuziinkozo kubangelwe kukutya kokutya okanye amandla eemvakalelo, ngelixa umxholo wekhalori ubonakala njengowona mnikelo ophambili kumagundwane anokulinganisela amandla amabi (Scheggi et al., 2013).
Iinjongo zesifundo esikhoyo ngoku, yayikukusebenzisa uvavanyo lokhetho olukhethwayo lwesibini olunokusetyenziselwa ukumisela umsebenzi wezinto ezizodwa zokutya okungezizo ukwenza ukutya. Iimvavanyo zokhetho ezikhethiweyo ezimbini ziye zafakwa ngaphambili, umzekelo, ukuvavanya ukuthanda kwamagundane kulusu lokutya, ifuthe lolawulo lwe-galanin kukhetho lokutya okanye ukubakho kwesalamana kwe-sucrose / emulsions yeoyile (Naim et al., 1986; Smith et al., 1996). Ukulungiselela injongo yethu, umgaqo-nkqubo okhetha ukukhethwa kokukhetha ezimbini zokutya okuqinileyo uguqulwe ngendlela yokuba iinxalenye zesalathiso somgangatho we-chow (STD) zithathelwe indawo kukutya okutyayo okanye ngamacandelo akodwa kubukho bokutya okukhoyo. Ke, ukutya okwahlukileyo kokuvavanywa kunokuvavanywa kuthelekiswa nesithenjwa se-STD kunye nokunye okunye. Njengomfuziselo wemeko yokuntlokothisa, ukutya okuvavanyiweyo kuboniswa ixesha ngalinye i-10 min kuphela kwaye iigundane zihlala zinokufikelela kwe-libitum kwi-pellets esemgangathweni. Le nkqubo yovavanyo yaze yasetyenziswa ukuhlalutya iziphumo zeemacronutrients ekutyeni kweetapile zeetapile.
IMPAHLA NENKQUBO
INKCAZO YE-ETHIC
Olu phononongo lwenziwe ngokungqinelana neengcebiso zeSikhokelo soKhathalelo kunye nokuSetyenziswa kweeLebhu zeZilwanyana zaselabhoratri zamaZiko esizwe ezempilo. Inkqubo yavunywa yiKomiti kwi-Ethics yeZilingo zeZilwanyana zeFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU).
IZIMPILO
Uvavanyo lokuziphatha kakuhle lwenziwe ngeerandi ze18 zizonke. Ekuqaleni, iimvavanyo beziqhutywa ngegundane ezisibhozo zamadoda e-Wistar (iikati ezimbini zizilwanyana ezine nganye, ubunzima bokuqala i-210 ± 8 g, igcinwe kumjikelo we-12 / 12 h emnyama / ukukhanya, ithengwe kuCharles River, eSulzfeld, eJamani). Uninzi lovavanyo lwenziwe ngokutsha nge-10 eyindoda i-Sprague Dawley rats (amakheji amabini anezilwanyana ezihlanu nganye, ubunzima bokuqala i-181 UM 14 g, igcinwe kwi-12 / 12 h emnyama / umjikelo wokukhanya, othengwe kuCharles River, eSulzfeld, eJamani). Iigundane zazinokufikelela kwii-pellets ze-STD (iAltromin 1324, iLage, eJamani) kunye netephu yamanzi yendawo yokuhambisa iintengiso kwisifundo siphela.
IZIXHOBO ZOKUGQIBELA
Zonke izidlo zokuvavanya zalungiswa, zaxutywa, zaza zaphanziswa kwiprosesa yokutya ukuqinisekisa i-homogeneity kunye nokuma okufanayo. I-PC yokutya yokuvavanywa yayiquka i-STD enomgubo (iAltromin 1321, iLage, eJamani) kumxube weetshipsi ze-50% ("PFIFF Chips Salz", engagungxulwanga, enetyiwa, ngaphandle kongezelelwa komxube okanye incasa yabathengi, ethengiweyo Ivenkile enkulu yendawo; 49 I-% i-carbohydrate, i-35% inqatha, i-6% iprotheyini, i-4% yokutya ifayibha, i-1.8% ityuwa). Ukutya okuvavanyiweyo ffPC yayinee-50% iitapile ezingenazithambiso ("uLud's Light Original®", Kunye ne-olestra ebambeleyo ye-olestra (OLEAN®), engafakwanga ivumba, enetyiwa, ngaphandle kokongezwa komxube okanye incasa yokuphucula incasa, ithengwe Ivenkile enkulu eMelika; I-61% iikhabhohayidrethi, i-7% iprotheyini, i-3.4% yokutya ifayibha, i-1.7% ityiwa, i-0% yamafutha) kwi-STD yomgubo. Ukuvavanya impembelelo edibeneyo ye-macronutrients fat kunye ne-carbohydrate kwi-palatability ye-potato chips, kwalungiswa imodeli yeetapile chips (FCH), ebandakanya i-50% i powdered STD kunye namanqatha kunye ne-carbohydrate yee-potato chips. Inxalenye eseleyo yee-potato chips (iiproteni, i-fiber, ityuwa, kunye nezinto ezingaziwayo) itshintshwe iicarbohydrate endaweni ye-STD ukuze ihambelane nobunzima bamandla bemodeli kunye nePC ngokusondeleyo. Ke, i-FCH yayiquka i-50% STD, i-17.5% inqatha (ioyile yelanga, ithengwe kwivenkile enkulu yendawo) kunye ne-32.5% i-carbohydrate (dextrin evela kwisitatshi sombona, imaltodextrine, iFluka, iTaufkirchen, eJamani). Ukongeza, amanqatha kunye ne-carbohydrate iinxalenye zokutya okuvavanywayo FCH zavavanywa ngokwahlukeneyo. Ke, kuvavanyo lwempembelelo yomxholo wamafutha (F), i-17.5% inqatha yayixutywe ne-82.5% STD. Iziphumo zomxholo we-carbohydrate (CH) kuvavanywa ngokutya okubandakanya i-32.5% i-carbohydrate kunye ne-67.5% STD. Ubungakanani bamandla okutya okuhlukeneyo okuvavanyiweyo kwabalwa ngokusebhelini lomenzi. Amaxabiso abaliweyo kunye nokwenziwa kokutya okuvavanyiweyo kuboniswe ngaphakathi inani Umfanekiso11.
UKUHLAZIYWA KWESIQINISEKISO
Kwiimvavanyo ezikhethiweyo ezikhethiweyo ezimbini, ukutya okuvavanyiweyo kuboniswe kathathu ngemini (kwi9 am, 12: 30 pm, and 4 pm), ixesha ngalinye kwi-10 min (inani Isazobe2A2A) kwizongezelelo zokutya ezimbini (inani Isazobe2B2B). Ukutya ukutya okuvavanywayo kumiselwe ngumahluko wobunzima bezinto zokuhambisa ngaphambi nasemva kwexesha lokufikelela ngalinye. Ukuthathwa kwamandla kuye kwabalwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwezi zixa zokutya okungenisiweyo kunye nemixholo yamandla efanelekileyo. Ukutya okulinganiselweyo kunye nokutya kwamandla kuye kwabalwa ngokwahlula ubungakanani bokutya okanye amandla okutya okukodwa okuvavanyiweyo sisixa sokutya okubini okubonelelweyo. Indawo yokukhuphela ukutya kunye nokutya okugcwaliswe kwisibambisi esithile kutshintshwe lonke uvavanyo ukuphepha impembelelo yokhetho lwendawo. Ukongeza, umsebenzi onxulumene ne-locomotor weerayisi wawulinganiswa. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, imifanekiso yathathwa yonke i-10 s ngewebhubhu ezibekwe ngaphezulu kwezisele (inani Isazobe2C2C). Imifanekiso ebangelwa yi-60 erekhodwe ngexesha elinye lokufikelela kokutya yavavanywa ngokubalwa: ukubalwa okukodwa kuchazwe ngokuthi "i-rat enye ithatha ukutya kumthengisi omnye wokutya". Izixa zokutya, amandla, kunye nokubala kwasetyenziswa ukubala umnikelo wokulingana wokutya kokuvavanywayo kuyo yonke into etyiwayo ekufumaneni ukongeza kwi-pellets esemgangathweni kuzo zonke iimvavanyo ezizodwa. Uvavanyo ngalunye lwenziwa ngaxeshanye kwiibhokisi ezimbini ngeentsuku ezimbini ezilandelelanayo neemvavanyo ezintathu ngemini. Ukudityaniswa kokutya okukhethiweyo kwakuphindwa ngeentsuku ezintathu. Olu vavanyo lulandelayo lwenziwa ngamaqela amabini ahlukeneyo ezilwanyana: PC vs CH, PC vs F, PC vs FCH, F vs CH, FCH vs CH, FCH vs. F, ffPC vs. PC, ffPC vs. CH , ffPC vs. F, kunye ffPC vs. FCH.
UVAVANYO LWEZIFUNDO
Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani, sibala ipesenti yokutya okuvavanyiweyo, okufakwa kwigumbi elinye ngexesha lokuvavanywa okukodwa kwe-10 min, ngokunxulumene nokufumana okuphakathi kweziqulatho zokutya zovavanyo zombini. Uvavanyo lokhetho lwenziwa njenge-6-50 iimvavanyo ezizodwa (i-10 min nganye) kunye ne-2-4 amaqela azimeleyo ezilwanyana (amakheji) abandakanya i-4-5 umntu ngamnye. Uvandlakanyo lwendlela enye ephindaphindiweyo yokuvavanywa kokwahluka (ANOVA) kunye "neentsuku zovavanyo" eziguquguqukayo khange kubonakalise naluphi na impembelelo ebalulekileyo koluguquguqukayo (p <0.05) kuninzi lweemeko zovavanyo (jonga Iziphumo kunye neNgxoxo ngaphandle). Indibaniselwano yovavanyo lwePC vs FCH (p = 1.06 × 10-7kunye ne-PC vs F (p = 4.13 × 10-5) I-ANOVA ibonise impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiintsuku zovavanyo. Ngenxa yoko, sazihlalutya ezi nkcukacha ngokwahlukeneyo mihla le.
Iimpawu zokutya okufumanekayo kovavanyo lokutya okunikiweyo kwabalwa ngabafundi abaziintloko ezimbini t-Sebenzisa iTolPak yoHlaziyo, iMicrosoft Excel 2013. Amaxabiso athethwayo kuvavanyo olulodwa abalwa amaqela azimeleyo (amakheji) kwaye asetyenziselwa uvavanyo lweenkcukacha-manani (n = 2-4). Iinkcukacha zinikezelwe Amanani 3-5 nangaphakathi Tables Iitheyibhile11-4. A pIxabiso <0.05 yathathelwa ingqalelo ibalulekile.
Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani malunga nokuthatha amandla kunye nomsebenzi wokunxulumana ne-locomotor kwenziwa ngokufanelekileyo. Ukudityaniswa ngokubanzi phakathi kokutya kunye nomsebenzi onxulumene nokutya kugqitywe luhlahlelo lokuhlengahlengiswa komgangatho phakathi kokutya [g] kunye nomsebenzi wokunxulumana ne-locomotor ehambelana nawo wonke uvavanyo olunye kuzo zonke iimeko zovavanyo.
IINKCUKACHA
Kumiselwe kakuhle ukuba ukutya okune-snack okufana neetapile zeetapile kuyakwazi ukubangela ukutya okungekho sekhaya. Injongo yesifundo esikhoyo yayikukuqulunqa inkqubo yovavanyo yokuchonga izinto ezithile zokutya ezinesidenge ezinoxanduva lwezi nkqubo. Inkqubo yovavanyo ephuhlisiweyo yaze yasetyenziswa ukuphanda igalelo lezinto eziphambili ze-macronutrients (iikhabhohayidrethi kunye namanqatha) ekutyeni ukutya okune-snack.
Ukuphuhlisa i-assay yokuhlola, amandla okutya okuvavanya ukufunxwa kokutya kwiintengiso ezingahluthwanga zentengiso yasetyenziswa njengento yokufunda. Umsebenzi wokondla urekhodwe ziiparamitha ezimbini ezizimeleyo. Kuqala, isixa sokutya okutyelweyo silinganiswe. Ukongeza, umsebenzi onxulumene ne-locomotor urekhodwe ngekhamera. Zombini iindlela zibonisa unxibelelwano oluphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke iimeko zovavanyo (r = 0.9204, R2 = 0.8471, p <0.001). Umsebenzi wokondla oboniswe njengokutya okuhambelana nokutya okanye njengokutya kwamandla okubonelela ngeziphumo ezifanayo, ezahluka kuphela ngeepesenti ze -3% njengoko kubonisiwe Amanani I-3A, B.
Njengoko inani elipheleleyo lokutya ukutya kovavanyo kwakuhluka imihla ngemihla kwaye, umzekelo, kuxhomekeka kubudala bezilwanyana (idatha engakhange iboniswe), kwenziwa uvavanyo lokhetho lokukhetha ezimbini (inani Isazobe2B2B), erekhoda intelekelelo yokutya ngokunxulumene nokutya okubhaliweyo. Nangona ulingo lokondla lwenziwa ngexesha lomjikelo wokukhanya kwemini, okt, isigaba sokuphumla kweempuku (Hoch et al., 2013), ukuthathwa kokutya okongeziweyo kwaqwalaselwa, oko kwakuxhomekeke ekubunjweni kokutya kovavanyo. Ukunqongophala kwecala- okanye indawo okhethwe kuyo yaqwalaselwa xa kunikezelwa nge-STD enomthamo kuzo zombini izinto zokuhambisa ukutya okukhokelela kukutya okufanayo kunye nokutya kwamandla okuvela kubathengisi bobabini ngaphandle kokungafani nganto (p = 0.3311, Amanani I-3A, B; Iitafile I-1A, B). Ukongeza, umsebenzi ofanayo wokudityaniswa okunxulumene nencindi yababini ababeki bokutya babonwa (p = 0.5089, inani Isazobe3C3C; itafile Itheyibhile1C1C). Awukho umahluko obalulekileyo (p <0.05) yokhetho olunxulumene nolunye lwezi zimbini zovavanyo lokutya phakathi kweentsuku zovavanyo kunokujongwa kuyo nayiphi na imeko yovavanyo, ngaphandle kwePC ngokuchasene neFC kunye nePC kunye neF.
Uvavanyo lokuqala, xa i-PC yavavanywa ngokuchasene ne-STD, yakhokelela ekungeneni okukhethekileyo kwi-PC (Amanani I-3A, B; Iitafile I-1A, B). Okulandelayo, igalelo lee macronutrients ezimbini eziphambili zePC, ezizezo-carbohydrate kunye namafutha, ekufundeni ukutya kwafundwa. Ukulungiselela le njongo, ikhabhohayidrethi (ukutya okuvavanywayo CH) okanye amanqatha (ukutya okuvavanywayo F) njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla kongezwa kwi-STD. Zombini ukutya okuvavanya i-CH kunye no-F zibangele ubukhulu becala (CH: p <0.05, F: p <0.001, inani Isazobe4A4A; itafile Table22) umthamo ongaphezulu kune-STD, apho uF wawoyisa khona ngokuchasene ne-CH (p <0.001, inani Isazobe4A4A; itafile Table22), kodwa i-CH okanye i-F azikwazanga ukwenza ukutya okufunwayo okufanayo ne-PC (Amanani I-3A, B; Tables I-1A, B). Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba umsebenzi weetapile zeetapile ukungenisa ukutya ngaphakathi kwiigundane ezingathathwanga akunakuchazwa ngomxholo wamafutha okanye umxholo we-carbohydrate weetshiphu zezaqanda kuphela.
Nangona kunjalo, xa i-oyile edibeneyo- kunye ne-carbohydrate-amaqhekeza ee-potato chips zongezwa kwi-chow esemgangathweni, ukuthathwa kokutya kovavanyo FCH kuyafana (Amanani I-3A, B; Tables I-1A, B) kunye nomsebenzi we-locomotor onxulumene nokondliwa kancinane kancinane xa uthelekiswa nePC (inani Isazobe3C3C; itafile Itheyibhile1C1C). Efanayo kwi-PC, i-FCH nayo yaphantse yangeniswa xa yavavanywa kuqala kwi-F okanye kwi-CH (inani Isazobe4A; 4A; Itafile Table22).
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iziphumo ezikhoyo zibonisa ukuba iziphumo zeetapile zeetapile zokunyusa ukutya kwiigundane ezingathathwanga zibangelwa ngumxholo wayo wekhalori, oxutywe ngokwamafutha kunye nomxholo we-carbohydrate. Ukuvavanywa okuqhubekayo kwale hypothesis, umsebenzi wokondla we-ffPC uthelekiswa nokunye ukutya kovavanyo (STD, PC, FCH, F, kunye ne-CH). Njengoko kulindelwe, i-ffPC ibonise umsebenzi ongezantsi ngokuthelekisa kwi-PC, FCH kunye ne-F (inani Isazobe4B; 4B; Itafile Table22). Nangona kunjalo, inyanzelisa intamo ephezulu kakhulu xa ithelekiswa ne-STD (p <0.05) kunye ne-CH (p <0.001), ngaphandle komxholo wekhalori ephezulu kwezi zokutya zimbini zovavanyo (Amanani Iifayile11 kwaye 4B4B). Ke ngoko, kunokugqitywa ukuba ezinye izixhobo zichaphazela ukuthathwa kwe-PC ukongeza kubunzima bamandla.
I-ANOVA yenziwa ngendlela ephindaphindiweyo yokuvavanya ifom yeentsuku zovavanyo ezithile kwiziphumo. Zimbini kuphela iimvavanyo eziye zabonakalisa impembelelo ebalulekileyo yeentsuku zovavanyo, ezizezi uvavanyo lokukhetha i-PC vs FCH (p = 1.06 × 10-7kunye ne-PC vs F (p = 4.13 × 10-5) (inani Isazobe5; 5; Iitafile Iitheyibhile33 kwaye 44). Ngeentsuku ezintathu zokuqala zovavanyo, ukuthathwa kwe-FCH ngamagundwane, awayefakwe kwi-FCH, kodwa enxibelelana nePC kuvavanyo lwangaphambili lwe-PC vs STD, PC vs F kunye ne-PC vs CH, lwaluphantsi kakhulu kunendlela yokusebenzisa iPC (p <0.05). Kwiintsuku zokuvavanya i-4-6, akukho kutya okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-PC xa kuthelekiswa ne-FCH kunokujongwap > 0.05, inani Isazobe5A5A; itafile Table33). Utshintsho lubangelwe kukonyuka okucacileyo kokutya kwe-FCH kuhamba kunye nokuhla kokutya kwe-PC ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngelixa ukutya okugcweleyo kokutya kovavanyo kokubini kuhleli kuhleli phakathi kwe70 kunye ne-94 g / ngosuku ngexesha lovavanyo.
Ngokwahlukileyo, akukho mkhwa ucacileyo wabonakala xa ukutya kwe-PC vs. F kuthelekiswa neentsuku ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo (inani Isazobe5B; 5B; Itafile Table44).
UKUQALA
Ngaphambili kwakuboniswa ukuba ukutya okutyayo okufana neetapile zeetapile uyakwazi ukujikeleza ingqondo kwimijikelezo enxibelelene nomvuzo, ukutya, ukutya satiety kunye nomsebenzi we-locomotor xa kuthelekiswa nomgangatho osemgangathweni (Hoch et al., 2013). Oku kuguqulwa kweepateni zomsebenzi kunokubangela uxanduva lokutya ukutya okungekuko ekhaya.
Kwizifundo ezimalunga nokutya okungathathelwa ngqalelo ekhaya okanye isiyobisi, ukutya okuziindidi ngeendidi kwasetyenziswa, njengezisombululo zeswekile, ukunqunyulwa, ikhekhe, iitapile zeetapile, iikuki, okanye itshizi (Prats et al., 1989; Avena et al., 2009; Umtshato et al., 2013). Ngokwesiqhelo, izinto zokutya zityebile iswekile, amanqatha okanye zombini zikhethiwe. Nangona kunjalo, kunokucingelwa ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokutya kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo zokutya zibangela iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba ezinxulumene nokutya. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuchaza eyona mochane yokuchonga kwento yokutya enoxanduva lokutya okugqithisileyo kunye nokuchonga iindlela zomzimba ezibangelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo zokutya.
Ke, ibiyinjongo yesifundo esikhoyo ukuvelisa uvavanyo olukhethiweyo olukhethayo lokujonga iinxalenye zokutya okune-snack ukuze zikwazi ukwenza ukuba ukutya kungabikho sekhaya. Inkqubo yovavanyo yaze yasetyenziswa ukuphanda ukuba zingakanani ii-macronutrients (iikhabhohayidrethi kunye namafutha) weetapile zeetapile ezinegalelo ekwenziweni kokutya okungafunekiyo kwe-hedonic
Umsebenzi wokondla ubhalwe warekhodwa ngabafundi abazimeleyo abazimeleyo. Kwelinye icala, isixa sokutya okutyelweyo okanye amandla (Amanani I-3A, B, I-4A, B kwaye I-5A, B; Tables I-1A, B, , 22-4) kwaye, kwelinye icala, imisebenzi enxulumene nondlayo yayibhalisiwe (iyimizekelo kwi inani Isazobe3C; 3C; Itafile Itheyibhile1C1C). Imilinganiselo yokufundwa kweeparameter zokutya kunye nomsebenzi onxulumene ne-locomotor ubonise ulungelelwaniso oluphezulu kakhulu (r = 0.9204, R2 = 0.8471, p <0.001). Ke ngoko, inokukhutshelwa ngaphandle, umzekelo, ukuchitheka ekugqibeleni kweziphumo zovavanyo lokutya.
Inani lokutya okuchithiweyo okwahluka kusuku nosuku kubo bonke abantu abohlukeneyo kwaye kwakuxhomekeke nakwezinye iiparamitha ezinje ngobudala bezilwanyana. Ukongeza, ibonakalisiwe ukuba imvakalelo yokuvuzwa kokutya okunencasa kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokuphuhla kweempuku (UFriemel et al., 2010). Ke ngoko kwenziwe uvavanyo lokhetho lokukhetha ukhetho okwahlukileyo (inani Isazobe2B2B), erekhoda ukutya okulinganiselweyo kokutya ezimbini kovavanyo kwiseshoni yesidlo esinikiweyo. Phantsi kwezi meko, isiphumo soqeqesho sinokwenzeka ngenxa yokuboniswa kokutya okungaziwayo ngokuchaseneyo nokutya okwaziwayo kwengxelo. Ke ngoko, uvavanyo ngalunye lokhetho lwenziwe okungenani kwiintsuku ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, okt, amaxesha amathandathu. Ngaphaya koko, imeko yabathengisi bokutya equlathe ukutya kovavanyo yatshintshwa emva kovavanyo olunye ukuphepha ukuphuculwa kokukhethwa kwindawo. Ukungabikho kwecala okanye indawo okhethe kuyo kwaqwalaselwa ngokuvavanya i-STD ngokuchasene ne-STD ukuphindaphinda kathathu ngokulandelelana kwesimo sovavanyo ngeentsuku ezimbini zilandelelana. Apha, akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kokutya kovavanyo ezimbini ezifanayo ngokutya ukutya / amandlap = 0.3311, Amanani I-3A, B; Iitafile I-1A, B) okanye umsebenzi owondlayop = 0.5089, inani Isazobe3C; 3C; Itafile Itheyibhile1C1C) ityhilwe. Okokugqibela, ukwenzela ukunciphisa impembelelo ye parameter yovakalelo, enje ngokufana kunye nokunambitheka, ukutya kovavanyo kwanikezelwa emva kokufakwa homogenization kumxube kunye ne-STD yomgubo. Phantsi kweemeko zovavanyo ezisetyenzisiweyo, kungafikelela ke kwisigqibo sokuba, kuphela umahluko ekubunjweni kokutya kovavanyo luxanduva lomahluko ekutyeni kokutya. Isishwankathelo, uvavanyo olukhethiweyo olukhethiweyo olukhethileyo lukhangeleka ngathi lubonelela ngeziphumo ezinokuthenjwa, kwaye zinokusetyenziselwa ukukhusela izinto zokutya ezinxulumene nokutya okungekosekhaya.
Ukuvavanywa kokuziphatha okuphuhlisiweyo emva koko kwasetyenziselwa ukuphanda ifuthe lamacandelo aphambili e-oyile kunye ne-carbohydrate kwityhubhu ye-potato ye-hedonic yokutya kwi-ad libitum fed rats. Uvavanyo lokuqala luqinisekisile ukuba i-PC ibiza ukutya okuphezulu kunye nokutya okunamandla kune-STD ngokwenene (Amanani I-3A, B; Iitafile I-1A, B). Njengoko kulindelekile, ukutya okuninzi okuthe xaxa kuthelekiswa ne-STD nako kwabonwa xa iicatchip chip eseleyo inamafutha kunye neecarbohydrate zinikwa ngoxinzelelo olufanayo njengangoku kwiitapile zeetapileinani Isazobe4A; 4A; Itafile Table22). Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba icandelo leoli lalisebenza ngakumbi kwecandelo le-carbohydrate. Ngenxa yoko, kunokugqitywa ukuba amanqatha abonakala njengegalelo elinye kwimbonakalo yokutya kovavanyo. Kuxelwe ukuba kukhethwa iigundane kumanqatha ngamafutha afundwayo kwaye kukhokelela ekuthandeni ukutya okunamafutha: iigundane ezondliwe ngokutya okunamafutha aphezulu zibonise ukuphucula ukutya kwe-emulsions yeoyile kuthelekiswa namagundane afumene ukutya okuphezulu kwi-carbohydrate (UReed noFriedman, 1990). Ngaphandle kwale mpembelelo kukhetho lokutya, amanqatha anegalelo elinamandla kukutya okuphuculweyo ngokwongeza ubukhulu besidlo (EWarwick naseSynowski, 1999).
Nangona kunjalo, iimpembelelo zokunatha i-oyile kubonakala ngathi zinzima. Amafutha (ioyile yombona) kwilungu lomlomo weempuku kunokwenzeka ukuba kukhokelele kwinkqubo ye-dopaminergic ngokusebenzisa i-dopamine D1 receptor, ebebonakala ngathi ngumlamli weziphumo zayo zokuqinisa (Imaizumi et al., 2000). Mhlawumbi, i-CD36 enamafutha ininzi ekubandakanyekeni kokutya kweenqatha zokutya kwindawo yomlomo yeempuku okanye amagundane. Oku kufunyaniswa kwangoko kwamafutha kunokukhokelela ekukhetheni ngokukhawuleza ukutya okunamafutha (I-Laugerette et al., 2005).
Ukongeza, iziphumo zokungena ngaphakathi zinoxanduva lokunyuka kwamafutha. Yaboniswa kwiparadigm yokuzilawula ye-intragastric ukuba iigundane zithatha isixa esiphezulu sokutya okunamafutha aphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nokutya okune-carbohydrate ephezulu ngokufakwa ngaphakathi kwe-intragastric (UWarwick et al., 2003). Iziphumo ezinjalo zokungena emva kweentaka zinokuthi zingenwe ngamafutha e-fatty acid anjenge-CD36, GPR40, kunye ne-GPR120 emathunjini amancinci akhokelela kukhuthazo lwasemva komlomo wokutya (I-Sclafani kunye ne-Ackroff, 2012; Sclafani et al., 2013).
Nangona kunjalo, kwisifundo esikhoyo, akukho nxalenye yamafutha, okanye icandelo le-carbohydrate lilodwa elalinakho ukubambisa ukutya ukutya okufanayo ne-PC. Ukudityaniswa kwezi zinto zombini (FCH) kukhokelele kukutya / ukutya okunamandla ngokuthelekiswa nePC ebonisa isiphumo se-fani kunye ne-carbohydrate (Amanani I-3A, B; Iitafile I-1A, B). Ngenxa yoko, i-FCH ifumana ukutya okuphezulu kune-F, CH, okanye STD (inani Isazobe4A; 4A; Itafile Table22). Uphononongo lwangaphambili kunye namaqela amabini ahlukeneyo eempuku lubonisa ukuba eli qela lalinokufikelela kukutya okuxubileyo okubandakanya amanqatha kunye ne-carbohydrate ifake inani elikhulu lokutya xa kuthelekiswa neqela lamagundane elinikezwe ngokutya kuphela elinomxholo omkhulu wamafutha (URamirez noFriedman, 1990). Esi siphumo sihambelana nesiphumo sangoku sovavanyo olukhethiweyo olukhethiweyo kwizidlo ezi-snack eziqinileyo. Iimvavanyo zokhetho ngokutya okuvavanywayo kulwelo sele lubonisile ukuba iigundya zikhetha i-emulsion enamafutha kunye neswekile kwizinto ezizodwa kunye nangaphezulu komgangatho oqhelekileyoU-Lucas no-Sclafani, 1990).
Ukusuka kwezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo, kunokucingelwa ukuba ukudityaniswa kwee-macronutrients, amanqatha kunye ne-carbohydrate, zibangela ezinye iziphumo xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo lwento enye kuphela. Olunye uphononongo lubonise, umzekelo, ukuba kwiigundane, ulawulo lwe-GABA-B receptor agonist baclofen ivuselela ukutya okungamafutha-okumnandi, kucinezelwe ukutya ukutya okunamafutha, kodwa akunampembelelo ekutyeni ukutya kwe-sucrose (UBerner et al., 2009). Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zibonisa ngokucacileyo ubukho beendlela ezithile ezinxulumene nokufumana kakhulu i-macronutrients ezahlukeneyo okanye ukudityaniswa kwazo. Ngaphaya koko, uphononongo ngamagundwane la Fleur et al. (2010) Kuqaphele ukuba umxube wamafutha kunye neswekile, kodwa hayi izinto ezizodwa, ezikhokelela ekutyebeni kakhulu nge-hyperphagia. Ukongeza, umxube wamafutha kunye noshukela otshintshiwe i-hypothalamic neuropeptide ngendlela eyahlukileyo xa kuthelekiswa namafutha okanye iswekile yodwa (la Fleur et al., 2010).
Kuba ukutya okuvavanyiweyo kuvavanywa ngokudibeneyo ngokudibeneyo, iimeko zinokwenzeka ukuba izilwanyana zaziqhelene nokutya kovavanyo ukusuka kuvavanyo lokuthandwayo lwangaphambili, kodwa naïve kukutya okutsha okwenziwe ngovavanyo. Ke, ukungabinamava okanye ukuqheleka kokutya okuvavanywayo kunokuphembelela ukutya. Ke ngoko, iimvavanyo zokhetho lwenziwa okungenani amaxesha amathandathu, ukuze izilwanyana ziqaphele zombini ukutya kovavanyo sele kwenziwe emva kovavanyo lokuqala. Uhlalutyo olulandelayo lwe-ANOVA lubonise ukuba "usuku lovavanyo" olwahlukileyo alunazimpembelelo zibalulekileyo ngaphandle kovavanyo lukhetho kwi-PC vs FCH kunye ne-PC vs F. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba, indlela ecacileyo yabonwa kudibaniso lwePC kunye ne-FCH: iigundane, ababeqhelene ne-PC ukusuka kwiimvavanyo zangaphambili zokhetho ngeli xesha lokufunda (PC vs. STD, F or CH), bakhetha kakhulu i-PC ngaphezulu kwe-FCH kwiintsuku ezintathu zokuqala zovavanyo (p <0.05). Kwiintsuku ezilandelayo zovavanyo, ukhetho lwePC luyancipha (inani Isazobe5A; 5A; Itafile Table33). Ke ngoko, kunokugqitywa ukuba i-FCH kunye nePC zinamandla afanayo okuphembelela ukutya ukutya kwi-ad libitum feed rats, kodwa iPC yayikhethelwa xa iigundana zazikho kwiFCH kodwa ingekho kwiPC. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, akukho mkhwa ucacileyo waqatshelwa xa kwakuvavanywa iPC ngokuchasene neF. Endaweni yoko, ukhetho oluphezulu nolusoloko lukhethwa kwi-PC ngokuchasene no-F lwabonwa ngeentsuku ezintlanu zokuvavanywa. Ke ngoko, ukungafumaneki kolunye uvavanyo lokutya akubonakali ngathi kunefuthe kukhetho lokondliwa ngokubanzi, kodwa kuphela xa kuvavanywa iPC ngokuchasene ne-FCH.
Ukongeza kwimpembelelo yokungaqhelekanga, i-odolo yokuboniswa kokutya inokuba nefuthe ekuziphatheni kokondla. Umzekelo, ukukhathala kokutya okanye i-acclimation inokwenzeka. Ke ngoko, ezinye iimvavanyo zokhetho, ezazenziwe ekuqaleni kophononongo, zaziphindaphindeka emva kokulandelelana (umz. PC vs F, PC vs. CH). Uphinda-phindo lubonelele ngeziphumo ezifanayo kwiimvavanyo zokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, ayinakukhutshwa ngokupheleleyo ukuba ukukhathala kokutya okanye iziphumo zokulimala zenzeka phantsi kweemeko ezisetyenzisiweyo.
Ukubanakho kokutya okuvavanywayo i-STD, CH, F, FCH kunye nokufunxwa kokutya kungasisiphumo sobunzima bamandla abo, kuba ukutya okuvavanyayo okuthelele ukutya okuthe kratya kuhlala kunomxholo wekhalori ephezulu (inani Umfanekiso11). Nangona kunjalo, uvavanyo lwe-ffPC lubonisa ukuba umxholo wamandla ngokuqinisekileyo awukuphela kwesizathu sokutya okutyayo kwizilwanyana ezingathathwanga. Ukuboniswa kweffPC kukhokelele ekucuthekeni kakhulu ukutya okongezelelekileyo kuthelekiswa nePC eqhelekileyo (p <0.001, inani Isazobe4B; 4B; Itafile Table22). Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukutya ukutya kwamafutha kungaphantsi kunobunobunkunkqele kumhlaba wamafutha, njengokuva komlomo, kodwa kunoko kumxholo we-caloric okanye i-chemoreception yamafutha acid asimahla kwindlela yokugaya ukutya okanye kwinkqubo yegustatory (IPittmann, i-2010). Ngokuchasene noku kufunyanisiweyo, kuye kwaxelwa ngaphambili ukuba akukho sithathelwa sinokuqatshelwa kwiigundane ezingafakwanga ikhekhe enamafutha aphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nekhekhe elingadibaniyo. Kuphela kukutya okuphekwe kukutya okhethe kakhulu ikhekhe elinamafutha aphezulu (Sclafani et al., 1993). Ngokukodwa, i-ffPC ibekhetheke kakhulu kwi-STD kunye ne-CH nangona ubuncinci bexinisa beffPC (inani Isazobe4B; 4B; Itafile Table22). Ke, ezinye izinto okanye iipropathi zeffPC engaphaya komxholo wamandla zibonakala zinefuthe elongezayo emsebenzini wokutya okungekuko ukuze uthambise ukutya. Umzekelo, ityiwa okanye ifayibha inokuchaphazela ukutya (I-Beauchamp kunye neBertino, i-1985; UVitaglione et al., 2009). Oluvavanyo lukhetho olukhethayo olukhethiweyo olusetyenzisiweyo kwisifundo esikhoyo ngoku lunokubonelela ngenkqubo yokuvavanya elongezelelweyo yokuphanda ngakumbi izinto (ezincinci) zeetapile zeetapile ezinegalelo kukutya okungafunekiyo ekhaya. Isiphelo sokuba umxholo wamandla asisiyiyo kuphela iparamitha yokuphelisa ukutya kukuxhaswa sisifundo esedlule apho ukongezwa kwe-saccharin kwi-emulsion yamafutha kuye kwanefuthe elifanayo lokuphucula ekutyeni kokutya njengokongezwa kwe-sucrose (U-Lucas no-Sclafani, 1990).
Ukuqukumbela, uphononongo lwangoku lusungule isixhobo sokuhlola esikulungiselelwe ukuphonononga amandla okutya okuvavanywa okwahlukileyo ukuba angenise ukutya kwiintengiso ezikhululekileyo zentengiso. I-assay yayisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukuba zingakanani ii-macronutrients zeetapile zeetapile, ezizezo zinamafutha kunye ne-carbohydrate, ezinegalelo ekubambeni ukutya kwe-hedonic. Kwaboniswa ukuba amanqatha aneempembelelo eziphezulu kukutya okongezelelekileyo kokutya, kodwa ukudityaniswa kwezi macronutrients zombini kwabonwa njengoyena ndoqo ophambili kubuhle bezipho zeetapile. Ukuxinana kwamandla ayisiyiyo kuphela into enoxanduva lokunyuka kokutya, kuba i-ffPC ibangele ukutya okuphezulu kunokutya okuthe kratya okunomxholo ophezulu wamandla. Oluvavanyo lukhetho olukhethileyo lusebenzise kolu phononongo luza kusetyenziswa kuphando lwexesha elizayo ukungahambisi ifuthe lezinto ezincinci zeetapile zeetapile ukuze oko kuqondakalayo kwimolekyuli yabo kuqondwe ngakumbi. Ukongeza, kuya kufuneka kuphandwe ukuba ngaba umxube wamafutha kunye ne-carbohydrate uyakwazi ukwenza utshintsho olufanayo kwiipateni zomsebenzi wobuchopho njengokutya okutyayo.
IZIXHOBO ZOKUTHENGA
Uqaphele kwaye uyile izilingo: UTobias Hoch, uMonika Pischetsrieder, uAndreas Hess. Yenza uvavanyo kwaye wahlalutya idatha: uTobias Hoch. Kuthunyelwe idatha: nguTobias Hoch, Monika Pischetsrieder, u-Andreas Hess. I-reagents enegalelo / izixhobo / izixhobo zokuhlalutya: Monika Pischetsrieder, Andreas Hess. Bhala iphepha: Tobias Hoch, Monika Pischetsrieder, Andreas Hess. Ekugqibeleni kuvunywa le nguqulo ukuba ipapashwe: nguTobias Hoch, uMonika Pischetsrieder, uAndreas Hess. Igwetyelwe uxanduva lokuphendula kulo lonke icandelo lomsebenzi ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imibuzo enxulumene nokuchaneka okanye ingqibelelo yayo nayiphi na imisebenzi iphandwa kwaye isonjululwe: uTobias Hoch, uMonika Pischetsryer, u-Andreas Hess.
Ukuxabana kweNkcazo yeNzala
Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba uphando lwenziwe ngokungabikho naluphi na ulwalamano lwezorhwebo okanye lwezezimali olubhekiswa njengengxabano yenzuzo.
Imibulelo
Olu phando luyinxalenye yeProjekthi yeSondlo, exhaswa liLinge lamaQela aMileyo e-FAU. Sibulela uGqirha Miriam Schneider, kwiZiko eliPhakathi lezeMpilo yeNgqondo, eMannheim, eJamani ngengcebiso zakhe zokuseka uyilo lovavanyo, kunye noChristine Meissner ngokufunda umbhalo obhaliweyo. Ngaphezu koko, sinombulelo ongazenzisiyo koosompempe, abathe bancedisa ukuhlengahlengisa iinkcukacha.
IZALATHISO
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