Uphuhliso kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-Smartphone Advent Inventory (SPAI) (2014)

Citation: I-Lin YH, i-Chang LR, i-Lee YH, i-Tseng HW, i-Kuo TBJ, et al. (I-2014) Uphuhliso kunye nokuQinisekiswa kweNdawo yokuHlutha ii-Smartphone (SPAI). I-PloS ONE 9 (6): e98312. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0098312

umhleli: IJeremy Miles, iZiko loPhando kunye noPhuhliso, i-United States yaseMelika

I funyenwe: Oktobha 18, 2013; Zamkelwa: Epreli 30, 2014; Yashicilelwe: Juni 4, 2014

Copyright: © 2014 Lin et al. Eli linqaku lokufikelela ngokuvulekileyo elihanjiswe phantsi kwemiqathango ye Ilayisenisi yeCreation Commons Licribution, evumela ukusetyenziswa, ukuhanjiswa, nokuvelisa okungahambisani naluphi na uhlobo, ukuba unobumba bokuqala kunye nomthombo baxelwe.

Inkxaso: Aba babhali abanayo inkxaso okanye imali yokuxela.

Injongo yokunyanzela: Ababhali baye bavakalisa ukuba akukho mfuno ekhuphisanayo.

intshayelelo

Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwee-smartphones kuye kwavela njengombandela obalulekileyo wentlalo kunye nokukhula okuthandwayo kwe-smartphone. “Isikhoboka se-Smartphone” sinokuthathwa njengenye yeendlela zobugcisa zobugcisa. I-Griffiths [1] Isebenza ngokuchaseneyo ichaza ubuchwephesha njengotywala kwindlela yokuziphatha ebandakanya intsebenziswano yomatshini ongumntu kwaye ingeyonxalenye yekhemikhali kwindalo. Indlela yokuziphatha efanayo, umlutha we-Intanethi, yahlulwe ngohlobo lwento “enxulumene nokuchaphazeleka kweziyobisi” kwiDiagnostic nakwi-Statistical Manual of Disental Mental, 5th edition (DSM-5) [2]. Iyaqondakala into yokuba iziyobisi ezingalunganga zithathwa njengemilinganiselo yokuqonda iziyobisi ezichongiweyo ukuze zinike imeko yengqondo nengqondo yentlalo kunye nesikhokelo semodeli ebanzi yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. [3], [4]. Umzekelo, sichonge izinto ezintlanu, okt ukunyamezelana, ukurhoxa, iimpawu ezinyanzelekileyo, ukulawulwa kwexesha, kunye nokujongana nabantu kunye neengxaki zempilo kwikhoboka le-Intanethi. [5].

I-Smartphone ayisebenzisi kuphela imisebenzi ephathekayo ye "fowuni", ikhamera, umdlalo kunye nabadlali beendaba zosasazo oluninzi, kodwa amawaka amawaka esicelo eselula (usetyenziso) nge-Intanethi ekhoyo. Ke, ezinye iimpawu zokulutha i-smartphone zinokuba zahlukile kwezi zikumlutha we-Intanethi. Uphononongo lwakutshanje luhlolisise izinto ezintandathu zikhobokisa i-smartphone [6]. Iphakamise ukuba ubukhoboka be-smartphone kufuneka buqwalaselwe njengokwakhiwa okunemilinganiselo emininzi. Kolo phononongo, nangona kunjalo, uluhlu lwezifundo zobudala lwalubanzi kakhulu (ukusuka kwi-18 ukuya kwi-53 iminyaka) kwaye abantu ababhinqileyo babephambili [6]. Ngaphandle koko, inkcazo "yokunyamezelana" kunye "nokurhoxiswa" kwisifundo sangaphambili [6] ayifani nezo zikwiDSM [2]. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukulutha kwe-Intanethi kuyaziwa ukuba yinto exhaphake kakhulu kwabafundi bezikolo zekholeji, isini sobudoda yenye yezinto zalo zomngcipheko obalulekileyo [7], kwaye zihlala kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi [8]. Uvavanyo oluninzi lwe-psychometric luyimfuneko ukuvavanya ukuqinisekiswa kokwakha kwezixhobo zeSmartphone.

Ukutshixiza kwePhantom kunye nokukhala kweefowuni eziphathwayo, umbono oqhubeka okokoko uthathwa siselfowuni njengowokungcungcuthekisa nokukhala xa ungekhoyo, ziimpawu ezixhaphakileyo kuluntu ngokubanzi. Uphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili lwe-longitudinal lubonise ukuba le syndromes zimbini zazinxulunyaniswa noxinzelelo ngexesha loqeqesho lwezonyango, kwaye ukungcungcutheka okukhulu kwe-phantom kunye nokukhala kuye kwahambelana noxinzelelo noxinzelelo [9]. Nangona kunjalo, unxibelelwano phakathi kweziganeko mbini zeminxeba, oko kukuthi, "iphantom vibration /khala" kunye "nokulutha i-smartphone", ayaziwa.

Iinjongo zolu phononongo yayikukukhulisa isikali esilawulwa nguwe esisekwe kwiimpawu zokulutha kwi-Intanethi kunye neempawu ze-smartphone, kunye nokuchonga iziyobisi ze-smartphone. I-hypothesised addiction ye-smartphone inezinto ezininzi ezifanayo nezo ze-Intanethi neziyobisi, njengokunyamezelana, ukurhoxa, indlela yokuziphatha enyanzelekileyo, kunye nokuphazamiseka kokusebenza kwemihla ngemihla. I-Inventory ye-Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) yenzelwe ngokukodwa kwisiseko se-Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) nesakhiwo sayo esilungelelaniswe kakuhle. Olu phononongo luvavanye ukuthembeka kunye nokuqinisekisa ubunyani bokwakhiwa kwe-Inventory esekwe ngokutsha ye-Smartphone.

tindlela

nxaxheba

Bebonke abantu abadala abancinci be283 baye baqeshwa kwiCandelo lobuNjineli boMbane kunye neCandelo leKhompyutha kunye neNjineli yoNxibelelwano kwiiyunivesithi ezimbini kuMantla weThupha ngexesha le-2012 ukuya kuJul. 2013. Icebo lokuqesha lalusekwe kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokungena lokusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone kwaba bafundi. Bonke abafundi abane-smartphone abathathe inxaxheba kolu phando. Kwezi, i-260 yayingamadoda kwaye i-23 yayingamabhinqa, ngeminyaka ye-22.9 ± 2.0. Olu phando lwamkelwe yiBhodi yokuPhononongwa kweZiko leSizwe kwiSibhedlele iYunivesithi yaseTaiwan, elandula isidingo semvume ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo evela kubathathi-nxaxheba, kuba idatha yahlalutywa ngokungaziwa. Lonke uphando lwezonyango lwenziwa ngokwemigaqo eboniswe kwiSibhengezo saseHelsinki.

Ukuphuhliswa kwe-SPAI

Iingcali zengqondo ezimbini ezifanelekileyo, uLin kunye noChang, onamava ngokuchaphazela okunxulumene neziyobisi kunye notywala kwi-Intanethi, walungisa i26-into Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) kuvavanyo lwe "smartphone addiction". Isifundo se-psychometric yinguqulelo eguqulweyo ye-CIAS yaqhutywa nguLin ngemvume yeC Chen, apho iinkxaso-mali ezintlanu zachongwa ngohlalutyo lwezinto ezihlolayo [5]. Igama '' i-Intanethi '' latshintshelwa kwi - '' smartphone ''. Inguqulelo yesiMandarin yesiThai yemilinganiselo yagqitywa yiphaneli yengcali. Uhlaziyo lokugqibela lubandakanya oku kulandelayo: (1) Item 4 kunye ne-6 zathathelwa indawo zizinto ezifanayo ze-2 kunye ne-3 ye-12-Into eyinxaki yokusetyenziswa kwefowuni yeSelula. [10], kuba into yentsusa ayinakuba nengqondo ngokusebenzisa nje "ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone" ukufaka endaweni "yokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi" (2). Ngenxa yokwahluka kokusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone, into 21, okt, “ukubukela i-smartphone xa unqumla isitalato; ukuphathaphatha i-smartphone yakho xa uqhuba okanye ulindile, kwaye kukhokelela kwingozi ”kongezwa ekupheleni kwesikali (3). Kwinto 23, isivakalisi siguqulwe ukusuka kwinto yoqobo "Ndenza umkhwa ukulala kancinci ukuze ixesha elininzi kwi-Intanethi." njengo "Ndikwenza umkhwa ukusebenzisa i-smartphone kwaye umgangatho wokulala kunye nexesha lokulala lilonke lehlile." (4) Yento 25, isigwebo siguqulwe sivela koqobo "Ndiyasilela ukutya ukutya ngexesha eliqhelekileyo kuba ndisebenzisa i-Intanethi" Uhlaziyo (3) kunye (4) zazingqinelana nokuphatheka kwe-smartphone eyahlukileyo Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi "ngokwesiko" ngekhompyuter. Abathathi-nxaxheba baceliwe ukuba babhale amanqaku kwinqanaba le-4-point Likert, 1 = andivumi tu ", 2 =" andivumi tu ", 3 =" ndiyavuma ngandlela ithile "kunye no-4 =" ndivuma kakhulu, ukuze amanqaku eSPAI ewonke ukusuka ku-26 kuye 104.

I-Phantom vibration kunye nemibuzo ekhalayo

Ukuthintela abo baphendule ngokungathandabuzi, ikhweshine inemibuzo ithi: “Sicela ukuba uthathe inxaxheba kwisifundo malunga neeselfowuni.” Imibuzo ibandakanya ukuba ummangalelwa unamava otyibiliko phantom kunye nokukhala ngexesha kwiinyanga ezintathu ezidlulileyo [9], [11]. Kwabo baxela ukungcungcutheka kwePhantom okanye ukukhala, sikwabuza ukuba ingaba bekhathazekile kangakanani kumanqanaba okhetho lwamanqaku ama-Likert, okt, i-1 = "akukho ntsholongwane ye-phantom / ikhala", i-2 = "ayisihluphi nakancane" 3 = "ingxaki encinci" I-4 = "iyakhathaza" okanye "iyakhathaza kakhulu" ngokokufunda kwindlela yangaphambili [9].

Uhlalutyo lwesatisatisti

Zonke iimvavanyo zeenkcukacha-manani zenziwa kusetyenziswa inguqulelo ye-SPSS 15.0 yeWindows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Iinkcukacha-manani ezichazayo zesampulu iyonke zenziwa ukubonisa iimpawu zabathathi-nxaxheba. Ubunyani bokwakhiwa kwe-SPAI kwavavanywa ngohlalutyo lwezinto ezisetyenziswayo kusetyenziswa indlela ephambili yokuqikelela indlela yokujikeleza kunye nokujikeleza kwe-promax. Icebo lokucekisa ii-eigenvalue ezi-odolwe kwimatriki yokulungelelanisa zazisetyenziselwa ukugqiba inani elifanelekileyo lezinto ezikhutshiweyo. Ukulayisha kwezinto kwi-0.30 kwasetyenziselwa ukumisela izinto kwinto nganye. Ukudityaniswa kwangaphakathi kweklasi kwabalwa ukuthembeka kokuvavanywa kwakhona, kunye nealpha yeCronbach yabalwa ngokungqinelana kwangaphakathi. Unxibelelwano lwePearson phakathi kwenkxaso-mali (izinto) kunye nokushukuma kwefantom / ukukhala kubonisiwe.

iziphumo

Ubume bezinto ze-SPAI

Amanqaku apheleleyo e-SPAI kolu phando aqala kwi-26 ukuya kwi-82 (kuthetha: 51.31 ± 11.77). Iziphumo zohlalutyo lwezinto zibonisiwe kwi 1 Table. Izinto ezine ezine-eigenvalues ​​ezidlula i-1 zakhutshwa, kunye zichaza i-57.28% yesikali sonke. Ukulinganiswa okugqibeleleyo kwesampulu yenqanaba le-26-into yovavanyo kwavavanywa kusetyenziswa i-Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, kwaye ixabiso eliphezulu le-0.93 laxelwa. I p-Uvavanyo lweBartlett lwalungaphantsi kune-0.001, olubonisa ukuba uhlalutyo lwento belulungile.

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Itheyibhile 1. Uhlalutyo lwezinto zeArhente yokuHlutha ye-Smartphone (SPAI).

I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0098312.t001

Ukungqinelana kwangaphakathi kunye nokuvavanywa kwakhona kokunyaniseka

I-alpha yeCronbach yesikali esipheleleyo yayiyi-0.94, kwaye kwizinto ezine, "indlela yokuziphatha enyanzelekileyo", "ukungasebenzi kakuhle", "ukurhoxa", kunye "nokunyamezelana" yayingu-0.87, 0.88, 0.81, kunye no-0.72 ngokwahlukeneyo. Siphinde sagaya abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-85 ukuba baphonononge ukuthembeka kokuvavanywa kwakhona kweeveki ezimbini (intsebenzo yodidi lwangaphakathi) lwe-SPAI kunye neenkxaso zayo ezi-4, nezikhokelela kwi-0.80-0.91 (p<0.001).

Ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kokulutha kwe-smartphone kunye ne-phantom vibration /khala

2 Table ityhila ukuba ii-subscales ezine ze-SPAI zazinokumodareyitha ukuya kufakelo oluphezulu lwe-inter-factor (0.56-0.78). I-phantom vibration ayivelanga unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo ngayo nayiphi na inkxaso-mali ye-SPAI. Ukukhala kwe-phantom yayinolungelelwaniso oluphantsi kakhulu "kukuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo" kunye "nokungasebenzi kakuhle ukusebenza", kodwa ngaphandle kokudibana ne "kurhoxiso" okanye "ukunyamezelana".

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Itheyibhile 2. Ulungelelwaniso, iindlela, kunye nokuphambuka okumiselweyo kwenkxaso-mali ye-Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) kunye ne-phantom vibration / syndrome ekhalayo.

I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0098312.t002

ingxoxo

Siphuhlise i-SPAI kwisiseko se-CIAS kwaye samisela isakhiwo sayo esinezinto: ukusebenza okunyanzelekileyo, ukungasebenzi kakuhle, ukurhoxa, kunye nokunyamezeleka, kuhlalutyo lwezinto ezinokuphononongwa. OIziphumo ezifunyenweyo ze-ur zibonisa ukuba umlutha we-smartphone unemiba eliqela efana naleyo yokuchaphazeleka kwento kunye nokuchaphazeleka kwiDSM-5. Ezi nkxaso-mali zibonakalise ukungqinelana okungaphakathi kwangaphakathi kunye nokuthembeka okwamkelayo kwe-2-veki-yokuxhomekeka kwakhona. I-Smartphone inezibonelelo zokunxibelelana kwi-Intanethi, ukuhambisa kunye nonxibelelwano lwangempela. Iimpawu zokulutha i-smartphone zinokuthi ke zahluke kwezo zikwi-Intanethi [5] okanye "ingxaki yokusebenzisa iselfowuni" [10]. Umzekelo, into ye-25 "Andikwazi kutya ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-smartphone" eguqulwe kwinto yentsusa yento engu "ngxaki solawulo lwexesha" kwi-CIAS, yahlelwa njengeempawu zokurhoxa kwi-SPAI.

"Ukuziphatha okunyanzeliswayo" kuthathwe njengeyona nto iphambili ebukhobokeni, kwaye kulinganiswa ngokubanzi kubantu abaxhomekeka kotywala [12] kunye nesiyobisi se-Intanethi [13]. Into ye-7, "Nangona ukusebenzisa i-smartphone kuzisa iziphumo ezibi kubudlelwane bam nabanye, ixesha elichithwe kwi-Intanethi lihlala lingafakwanga", eyona nto iphambili yokulayisha okunyanzelekileyo yokuziphatha igubungela iimpawu ezimbini ezihambelana nengxaki yokwenza izigqibo kuphando lwangaphambili yokusetyenziswa kweselfowuni okunengxaki [10]. Kubonakalisile ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone okunyanzelekileyo akunakumiswa naxa abantu abakhobokisayo besazi iziphumo ezibi. "Ukuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo" kwi-SPAI kubandakanya izinto zezinto ezine, ukunyamezelana, ukurhoxa, ukunyanzeliswa kunye nabantu kunye neengxaki zempilo kwi-CIAS yoqobo. Ezi zinto zikwagubungele izinto ezifanayo "kuphazamiso lobomi bemihla ngemihla", "ulindelo oluqinisekileyo", "Ukurhoxa", "Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa", "Ukunyamezelana", kodwa akukho nto ikwi "ubudlelwane obujolise kwi-Intanethi" ye-Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) [6]. Oku kuthetha ukuba kungekuphela nje iimpawu eziguqukayo ukusuka kwikhompyuter- ukuya kwi-smartphone enxulumene noko kodwa kunye nokukwazi ukwahlulahlulahlulahlula iisampula ezahlukeneyo.

"Umsebenzi osebenzayo" ubandakanya (i-1) izinto ezine ezifanayo zokuphazamiseka kwendlela yokusebenza kwiPrinta yePrinta esetyenziswa kwiFowuni, (2) izinto ezintathu ezinxulumene neengxaki zokulala zithathwe "yingxaki yokulawulwa kwexesha" kwi-CIAS kunye (3) ye24 ebandakanyekayo "Ixesha elonyukayo kwi-smartphone" kunye "nokufumana ukwaneliseka okufanayo njengangaphambili". Ukuqaqanjiswa kweengxaki ezinxulumene nokulala kuyahambelana nobudlelwane phakathi kokuhlwa kunye nokusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kokusebenzisa i-Intanethi kuphando lwethu lwangaphambili [13]. Uvavanyo lwe-Epidemiological alubonisanga ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi ngokwayo kodwa kunye "nexesha lesikrini" kuchaphazela ukulala [14], kunye nokufunda ngokomzimba kuchaze ukuba ukukhanya okukhutshwa zi-diode ukukhanya kuphembelela kwinkqubo ye-circadian [15]. Ubungqina buchaze indlela efanayo kwi-smartphone. Izinto ezimbini, i-12 kunye ne-24, yayinokulayishwa kwemithambo "kukhubazeko olusebenzayo" kunye "nokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo". Ngenxa yeempawu zokulutha i-smartphone kunokubangela "ukungasebenzi kakuhle", umthwalo ophambili ubukho.

Into ye-2, i-4 kunye ne-16 yezinto ezintandathu "ezikhutshiweyo" ezivela kwizinto zokurhola ezifanayo kwi-CIAS. Into ye-2 kunye ne-4 nayo iyahambelana nento ye-19 kunye ne-23 yento yokurhoxa kwi-SAS. Ngaphandle koko, into eyi-25 iyafana nento ehambelana nayo "Ukuzisa i-smartphone yam kwindlu yangasese nokuba ndikhawulezile ukufika apho" kwi-SAS. Ichaze uphawu olukhethekileyo lokurhoxiswa kwe-smartphone ngenxa yesimo sayo. Kwinto 14, "ukuvulwa kwamehlo" kuboniswe nakwi-SAS, kodwa kwagxininiswa kunxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi yoluntu. Kuyaziwa isigulana ngokuxhomekeka etywaleni kuhamba ngokurhoxa ekuseni, kungoko kufuneka isiselo "njengendawo evula iliso"[16]. Ngenxa yokufikeleleka kwe-smartphone kunye nokufikeleleka kwi-Intanethi, "ukuvulwa kwamehlo" kubalulekile kwaye kuya rhoqo kwiimpawu zokurhola ku-smartphone. Into ye-19 "ukuziva umnqweno wokusebenzisa i-smartphone yam kwakhona emva kokuba ndiyekile ukuyisebenzisa" inokulayisha phakathi “kokungasebenzi kakuhle” kunye “nokurhoxa”. Ngokubanzi, iimpawu zokurhoxiswa kwento azenzekanga "emva kokumiswa kwayo". Sikhethe le nto "ukurhoxisa" sithathele ingqalelo le nto ikhethekileyo yokurhoxiswa ekusebenziseni i-smartphone.

Into "enyamezelayo" inezinto ezintathu kwi-SPAI kodwa into yokulayisha iphezulu kakhulu kwizinto ezimbini zokuqala. Ukunyamezelana kuchazwa njengokuchitha ixesha elininzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone, eyayiyinto efanayo yokunyamezelana kwi-DSM [2] kodwa yahlukile kwinkcazo "uhlala uzama ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone kodwa uhlala usilela ukwenza njalo" kwi-SAS [6]. Nangona kunjalo, kunomdla kakhulu ukuba into yokunyamezelana ine-eigenvalue ephantsi kuzo zombini i-SPAI kunye ne-SAS [6]. Iimbonakaliso ezahlukeneyo zonyamezelo nge-smartphone ukusuka kubuchwephesha okanye ukusebenzisa iziyobisi kuyaphawuleka ukuba ziqwalaselwe. Abantu batshintshiselane ngolwazi oluthe kratya kunxibelelwano lwabo kwezoluntu ukusukela ekuqaleni kokusebenzisa i-smartphone. Njengabantu abasebenzisa kakhulu i-cannabis ngokubanzi abazi ukuba banokunyamezelana [17]Iimpawu zonyamezelo kumlutha we-smartphone zisenokungafane zichongwe. Ukunyamezelana kunokuba nzima ukufumanisa imbali ukuthatha wedwa xa into esetyenzisiweyo ixutywe nezinye izinto [17]. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba esifundweni basebenzise i-smartphone kunye ne-Intanethi kwikhompyuter, umzekelo, banokungena kwi-network yentlalo ngeendlela zombini. Ke ngoko, unyamezelo kufuneka luchazwe ngolwazi olusecaleni, olunjengento ye-1, okt, "ndaxelelwa kaninzi ukuba ndichithe ixesha elininzi kwi-smartphone." uphononongo, "ukunyamezelana" kungabahlula abo babebenakho ukusebenza kakuhle okubangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwefowuni yeselula kwabo bangenakho ukuphazamiseka emsebenzini [10]. Ubungqina obucetyiswayo bokunyamezelana luphawu olunenjongo. Into yokunyamezelana inezinto ezimbalwa (ezine) kwi-CIAS yentsusa [5], kwaye bekukho ukunqongophala okulinganiselweyo komxholo "wokuphela kwesiphumo esichanekileyo ngokuqhubeka kwesixa esifanayo" okwinkalo ebalulekileyo yokunyamezelana kwi-DSM [2]. Kuhlaziyo olulandelayo, lo mxholo kufuneka wongezwe ngaphakathi.

Siphakamise ukuba i-phantom vibration kunye ne-ringing ye-smartphone zizinto ezizimeleyo zokulutha i-smartphone ngokusekelwe kulungelelwaniso olusezantsi kakhulu. Nokuba ulwakhiwo lwezinto ezintandathu kwi-SAS, ukukhala kwe-phantom akunakuhlukaniswa naziphi na izinto.

Kuthelekiswa nophando lwangaphambili [6]Zintathu izinto eziphambili zolu phando. Okokuqala, abathathi-nxaxheba yayingumfundi oyintloko wekholeji eyindoda, elona qela lisengozini kakhulu kwikhoboka leziyobisi kunye ne-Intanethi [7]. Okwesibini, ulwakhiwo lwezinto ezine ze-SPAI zihambelana kakhulu nezinto ezine, okt, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa, ukurhoxa, ukunyamezelana, kunye nokuphindaphinda okungalunganga, ukuba konke ukwahluka kweziyobisi kwi-Intanethi kwabelwana ngazo. [18]. Okwesithathu, sisebenzise iinkcazo zemigangatho yokunyamezelana nokurhoxa kwi-DSM kunokuba nje sishwankathele inkcazo yazo zonke izinto ngaphakathi kwento enye.

Kukho iindlela ezithile zokusikelwa umda ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo xa kutolikwa iziphumo zethu. Kuqala, zonke uphando bezizixela, kwaye indlela yeyona njongo iyimfuneko yokuhlola ubunyani obufanayo. Umzekelo, usetyenziso lurekhode ubushushu kunye nobude bexesha lokwenziwa kwe-smartphone [19], [20]. Okwesibini, isampulu yayinabafundi beekholeji kuphela, abathintela ngokubanzi okufunyenweyo. Izifundo zexesha elizayo kufuneka zivavanye iipropathi zephemikhali yeli sixhobo kwiisampulu zabantu ngokubanzi. Okwesithathu, zithathu kuphela izinto ezikhoyo ekunyamezeleni, ekufuneka zandisiwe ukwenza ulwazelelelo ngakumbi. Okokugqibela, njengenye yezifundo zokuqhuba kule ntsimi, isiseko sethiyori sesifundo esikhoyo sasingonelanga.

Isishwankathelo, iziphumo ezivela kolu phononongo zibonelela ngobungqina bokuba i-SPAI sisixhobo sokuhlola esisebenzayo nesithembekileyo sokuchonga isiyobisi se-smartphone. Uqoqosho lwentengiso engaguqukiyo enento yokwenza nokuchaphazeleka okukwiDSM lithetha ipropathi "yobukhoboka" efanayo kwi-smartphone.

Imibulelo

Sibulela uMnu Yu-De Liao, Nks Yu-Jie Chen kunye no-Ying-Zai Chen ngoncedo lobuchwephesha.

Umbhali Wemivuzo

Yamkela kwaye yayila iimvavanyo: Y. Lin. Benze uvavanyo: LRC Y. Lee HWT. Uhlalutyo lwedatha: I-TBJK SHC. I-reagents enegalelo / izixhobo / izixhobo zohlalutyo: i-LRC. Bhala iphepha: Y. Lin.