I-Neurology ngoku:
I-Paturel, i-Amy MS, MPH
Isilimela / uJulayi 2014-Umqulu 10-Ukukhutshwa 3-p 32-36
I-Doi: 10.1097 / 01.NNN.0000451325.82915.1d
Kwiminyaka ye-17, uAnthony Rosner waseLondon, eNgilani, wayeligorha kwihlabathi leMfazwe yaseWarcraft ekuhlaleni. Wakha izikumkani, wakhokelela kuhlaselo, kwaye wazifaka kwihlabathi elifana nelibonakala lizalisekisa yonke intswelo yakhe. Ngeli xesha, ubomi bakhe benene babungekho. Wayewutyeshela umsebenzi wakhe wesikolo, ubudlelwane, impilo, nkqu nokucoceka kwakhe.
Andizange ndibabone abahlobo bam bokwenene. Ndifumana ubunzima bomzimba, ndaba ngamavila, kwaye ndachitha lonke ixesha lam ndatyibilika kwikhompyuter yam, ”utsho uRosner, owayedlala iiyure ezili-18 ngosuku, yonke imihla, phantse iminyaka emibini.
URosner waphantse wayilahla idigri yaseyunivesithi ngokulandela umdlalo. Ngokwophando olwenziwe liQela le-NPD, inkampani yophando yentengiso yehlabathi, ukuthanda kwakhe umdlalo akukodwa. Isithoba kwabali-10 abantwana badlala imidlalo yevidiyo. Ngabantwana abazizigidi ezingama-64 — kwaye abanye babo babethe ikhibhodi okanye i-smartphone ngaphambi kokuba badibanise isivakalisi. Ingxaki: Abaphandi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba umdlalo ogqithisileyo ngaphambi kweminyaka engama-21 okanye engama-22 unokubuyisela ingqondo kwakhona emzimbeni.
Benze uphando e-China, umzekelo, benza i-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) kwizifundo zabafundi beekholeji ze-18 abaye bachitha umyinge weyure ze-10 ngosuku kwi-intanethi, ngokuyintloko bedlala imidlalo efana neHlabathi leMfazwe. Xa kuthelekiswa neqela elilawulayo elichithe ixesha elingaphantsi kweeyure ezimbini ngemini kwi-intanethi, abadlali bezinto zokudlala babenemicimbi engwevu (icandelo lokucinga)
Ukubuyela emva njengee-1990s zokuqala, izazinzulu zalumkisa ukuba ngenxa yemidlalo yevidiyo ivuselela kuphela iingingqi zengqondo ezilawula umbono nokuhamba, amanye amalungu engqondo anoxanduva lokuziphatha, uvakalelo, kunye nokufunda kungaphuhliswa.
Isifundo esapapashwa kwijenali yezenzululwazi indalo kwi1998 yabonisa ukuba ukudlala ividiyo yevidiyo kukhupha i-dopamine ye-neurotransmitter. Inani le-dopamine elikhutshiweyo ngelixa lidlala imidlalo yevidiyo belifana nelibonakalayo emva kokufakwa inaliti ye-amphetamine okanye i-methylphenidate yeziyobisi.
Ngaba unakho isiyobisi?
Ezi zilumkiso zilandelayo zinokubonisa ingxaki:
- 1. Ukuchitha ixesha elininzi kwikhompyuter.
- 2. Ukuzikhusela xa ujongene nemidlalo.
- 3. Ukuphulukana nomkhondo wexesha.
- 4. Ukukhetha kwangaphambili ukuchitha ixesha elininzi kunye nekhompyuter kunabahlobo okanye usapho.
- 5. Ukuphulukana nomdla kwizinto ezazibalulekile ngaphambili okanye kwizinto ozithandayo.
- 6. Ukuhlala wedwa ekuhlaleni, unomsindo, okanye unomsindo.
- 7. Ukuseka ubomi obutsha nabahlobo abakwi-Intanethi.
- 8. Ukutyeshela umsebenzi wesikolo kunye nokuzabalaza ukufikelela kumabanga awamkelekileyo.
- 9. Ukuchitha imali kwimisebenzi engachazwanga.
- 10. Ukuzama ukufihla izinto zokudlala.
Ukanti ngaphandle kobu bungqina bukhulayo malunga nokuqonda, indlela yokuziphatha, kunye nefuthe lokonwaba kwimidlalo, umbono wokulutha lomdlalo (kwi-Intanethi okanye hayi) kunzima ukuchaza. Abanye abaphengululi bathi kukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okubonakalayo, ngelixa abanye bakholelwa ukuba inokuba yenye yeengxaki zengqondo. Uguqulelo lwangoku lwe-Diagnostic kunye neNcwadi yeNgxelo yeNtloko yeNgxaki yeNgqondo, DSM-V, ithi uphando olongezelelekileyo kufuneka lwenziwe ngaphambi kokuba i- “Internet Gaming Disorder” ifakwe ngokusemthethweni.
Ukanti, iingcali ziyavuma ukuba umdlalo wokudlala uneempawu zokulutha. Ingqondo yomntu ifakwe umnqweno wokufuna ukwaneliseka ngephanyazo, ukukhawuleza, kunye nokungalindeleki. Bobathathu banelisekile kwimidlalo yevidiyo.
UDavid Greenfield, Ph.D., umsunguli weCentre for Internet and Technology Addiction kunye noprofesa wezonyango kwiYunivesithi yaseCloudicut of Medicine uthi: "Ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo kuthambisa iziko leengqondo. Oko kunika abadlali ithuba lokubaleka-kodwa okwethutyana, uyacacisa. Ngayo yonke loo dopamine yongeziweyo ijikeleza, ingqondo ifumana umyalezo wokuba ivelise kancinci le neurotransmitter. Isiphelo: abadlali banokuphelisa ngokuncipha kokunikezelwa kwe-dopamine.
Thatha umdlalo onje kude kulutsha olungamakhoboka kwaye bahlala bebonisa iingxaki zokuziphatha, iimpawu zokurhoxa, nokuba ngumsindo, ngokukaGqr. Greenfield.
Imidlalo yokudlala: Isikhokelo somzali
Ngeendaba malunga nemidlalo yevidiyo eguqula abantwana babe ngabaxhaphazi-okanye i-zombies-kunye nenani elikhulayo leengcali ezilumkisa malunga nobungozi bexesha elininzi lescreen, kunokuba ngumtsalane ukuvala iikhompyuter kunye neefowuni ezi-smart ngokupheleleyo. Sukutsho iingcali.
Ukuba uyakwalela ukudlala umdlalo, uya kuphulukana naliphi na ithuba lokuchaphazela indlela abantwana bakho abaziphethe ngayo. Indlela ebhetele: dlala nabo, utshilo uJudy Willis, MD, ugqirha wezigulo zelungu kunye nelungu leAmerican Academy of Neurology eseSanta Barbara, CA, ocebisa ngokuqala ngemidlalo yasimahla ekwi-Intanethi.
Isitshixo sokuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana bakho banobudlelwane obunempilo kunye nemidlalo yevidiyo (kwaye, ewe, kukho into enjalo) kuthetha ukuba bafumana ithuba lokufumana amava amnandi ngaphandle kwale midlalo. Iingcebiso ezimbalwa:
- ▸ QWALASELA NgokukaDavid Greenfield, Ph.D., umsunguli weZiko le-Intanethi kunye neTekhnoloji yeTekhnoloji kunye nonjingalwazi wezonyango kwezonyango kwiYunivesithi yaseConnecticut School of Medicine, iipesenti ezingama-80 zexesha umntwana alichitha kwikhompyuter alinanto yakwenza izifundiswa. Ukubeka iikhompyuter, iifowuni ezifanelekileyo kunye nezinye izixhobo zokudlala kwindawo esembindini-kwaye hayi ngasemva kweminyango evaliweyo-kukuvumela ukuba ujonge imisebenzi yabo. Funda indlela yokujonga imbali yokukhangela kwikhompyuter ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana bakho bebesenza ntoni kwi-Intanethi.
- ▸ IMIQATHANGO YOKUGQIBELA Setha-kwaye unyanzelise-umda ngexesha lesikrini. “Abantwana bahlala bengakwazi ukulijonga ngokuchanekileyo ixesha abalichitha badlala. Ngapha koko, baqiniswa ngokungazi ukuba bahlale kulo mdlalo, utshilo uGqr. Greenfield, ocebisa ukuba kungabikho ngaphezulu kweyure enye okanye ezimbini zexesha lesikrini ngeempelaveki. Ukuthatha indawo yewallows, imida ye-elektroniki, kunye neebhloko kwiiselfowuni kunye neewebhusayithi zinganceda.
- ▸ QALA UKUQALISA Xoxa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kunye nokudlala kwangoko nabantwana bakho. Beka ulindelo olucacileyo lokunceda ukubakhokelela kwicala elisempilweni ngaphambi kokuba iqale ingxaki. Unxibelelwano aluthethi intetho esesikweni. Endaweni yokuba imalunga nokunika umntwana wakho ithuba lokwabelana naye ngezinto abanomdla kunye namava kuzo.
- ▸ Yazi i-KID yakho Ukuba umntwana wakho uqhuba kakuhle kwihlabathi lokwenyani, ukuthatha inxaxheba esikolweni, kwimidlalo nakwimidlalo yentlalo, ke ukumisela umda kumdlalo wokudlala kungangabalulekanga. Isitshixo, utsho iingcali, kukugcina ubukho kubomi babo nokuba nolwazi ngezinto abanomdla kuzo kunye nezinto abazenzayo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba unomntwana osele enengxaki yokuphuphuma ngumsindo, unokufuna ukumisela umda kwimidlalo enobundlobongela, ucebisa uTom A. Hummer, Ph.D., unjingalwazi ophando kwisebe lezonyango lwengqondo kwiYunivesithi yaseIndiana University of Medicine e. Indianapolis.
- ▸ FUMANA UNcedo Abanye abantu abancinci, ukugembula kuba yinto engathandekiyo. Ukuba umntwana wakho ubonakalisa imiqondiso kumdlalo wevidiyo, uncedo luyafumaneka. Iinketho zonyango ziqala ukusuka kunyango olungaphandle olunikwa umda ukuya kwizikolo ezihlala abantu kakhulu kunye neenkqubo zokungenelela.
Kodwa ayisiyo yonke into yokudlala engalunganga. Imidlalo yevidiyo inokunceda ubuchopho ngeendlela ezininzi, ezinjengokuphuculwa kokubonwayo, ukuphuculwa kobuchule bokutshintsha phakathi kwemisebenzi kunye nokulungiswa kolwazi okungcono. "Ngendlela, imodeli yomdlalo wevidiyo uyakhazimla," utshilo uJudy Willis, MD, ugqirha wezifo zengqondo, utitshala, kunye nelungu leAmerican Academy of Neurology (AAN) eseSanta Barbara, CA. Uthi: “Inokusinika ulwazi kwingqondo ngendlela eyandisa ukufunda.
UKUQHUTYELWA KWESAKHIWO KWI GAMESI
Imidlalo yevidiyo yenzelwe isakhiwo somvuzo esingalindelekanga kwaphela. Uxinzelelo lokwazi ungazuza amanqaku (okanye ubulale i-warlock), kodwa ungazi ngqo ukuba nini, kukugcina kumdlalo. UGqirha Greenfield uthi: “Ngumsebenzi wokwakha kanye ofana noweslot,” utshilo uGqirha Greenfield. Umdlali uvelisa ukholo olungagungqiyo, emva kwethutyana, lokuba “lo lixesha lokuba ndiyibethe. ”
Ingqondo yakho kwimidlalo: Ubungqina bovavanyo
Lo ngumzobo onamandla wokukhula kwengqondo yokufikisa, enokuphawuleka. UTom A. Hummer, Ph.D., unjingalwazi ophandayo kwezophando kwisebe lezengqondo e-Indiana University School of Medicine uthi: “I-correx ye-prefrontal — indawo yokugweba, ukuthatha izigqibo, kunye nokulawulwa kwempembelelo — iyaqhubeka nokulungiswa kwakhona ngexesha lokufikisa. eIndiyapolis. Eliziko lolawulo oluphezulu lubalulekile ekulinganiseni umngcipheko kunye nembuyekezo kunye nokubeka iziqhoboshi ekulandeleni imbuyekezo ekhawulezileyo (njengemidlalo yokudlala) ukulungiselela iinjongo zexesha elide (ezinje ngovavanyo lwechemistry lweveki ezayo).
Lo mmandla wengqondo awufikeleli kubuninzi bobudala kude kube kubudala be-25 okanye i-30, enokuthi ichaze ukuba kutheni abantu abancinci kunokwenzeka ukuba babandakanyeke kwiiyure zokudlala ngelixa betyeshela iimfuno ezisisiseko njengokutya, ukulala nococeko. Ngaphandle kwama-lobes aqolileyo angaphambili okutsala, ulutsha kunye nolutsha abanako ukulinganisa iziphumo ezingalunganga kunye nokuthintela isimilo esinokuba yingozi njengokudlala ividiyo ngokugqithileyo, okuchaphazela nophuhliso lwengqumbo engaphambili.
Imidlalo yevidiyo enogonyamelo iyabakhathaza iingcali ezininzi. Kwisifundo sokufikisa kwabakwishumi elivisayo i45, ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo enogonyamelo kwimizuzu ye-30 kwangoko yehlise ngokukhawuleza imisebenzi kwimimandla engaphambi kwengqondo xa kuthelekiswa nabo bathathe inxaxheba kumdlalo ongenabundlobongela. Uphando lwangaphambili lubonise ukuba nje imizuzu ye-10-20 yemidlalo enobundlobongela yonyusa umsebenzi kwimimandla yobuchopho enxulumene nokuvuka, unxunguphalo, kunye nokuphendula ngokweemvakalelo, ngelixa ngaxeshanye kunciphisa umsebenzi kwii-lobes zangaphambili ezihambelana nokulawulwa kweemvakalelo kunye nolawulo oluphezulu.
Ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine evela kwimidlalo kunamandla amakhulu, utsho abaphandi, inokuphantse ivale imimandla ephambili. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba abadlali abafana noRosner badlale iiyure ezili-18 ngokuthe ngqo. UGqirha Greenfield uthi: “Abantwana bazibamba phambi kwekhompyutha kwaye bahlala apho iiyure ezisi-8, 10, 25, 36.
Kwaye kubantwana abanjengoRosner, abavakalelwa ngathi bayakhutshelwa ngaphandle, ukugqwesa kwihlabathi lokudlala kunganikeza umbono wokuzithemba nokuzithemba ulahlekile kubomi babo bokwenyani. “Xa usiba ngomnye wabadlali abaphambili kumdlalo onjengeWorld of Warcraft, amashumi amawaka wabadlali abaphantsi kwakho, uya kuba njengothixo,” ucacisa uGqirha Greenfield.
"Ndenze i-Blood Elf Paladin ebizwa ngokuba yi-Sevrin, ndaseka iqela lam-iQT Yacht Club-kwaye ndayithatha njengomsebenzi osisigxina, ukugcina iwebhusayithi, ukugaya abadlali abatsha, kunye nokuququzelela nokukhokela ugqogqo," utshilo uRosner, iphumelele ngokukhawuleza inqanaba lodumo kuluntu lokudlala. Abantu endandingabazi babendithumelela umyalezo kwaye bandixelele indlela endandimangalisa ngayo. Yayichasene ngokupheleleyo noko ndandinako ebomini. ” Kungekudala iWorld Warcraft yathatha indawo yayo yonke into.
UQEQESHO OLUFUNDILEYO KWI GAMESI
Ukuziqhelanisa nayo nantoni na ephindaphindayo kutshintsha ingqondo. Ngexesha kunye nomzamo, uya ubangcono kulo msebenzi uzilolongela wona, nokuba kukudubula utshaba kumdlalo wevidiyo okanye ukubetha ibaseball. Ezo zenzo ziphindaphindwayo kunye neengcinga zikhuthaza unxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli zengqondo, ukudala iindlela ze-neural phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho bakho. Okukhona uziqhelanisa nomsebenzi othile, kokukhona indlela ye-neural iba namandla. Esi sisiseko sokufunda.
"Yisebenzise okanye uyilahle" ayisebenzi kuphela kwimisipha emzimbeni, kodwa nakwengqondo. Iindlela ze-Neural ezingasetyenziswanga ekugqibeleni ziyathenwa.
Kwii-2000s zakuqala, uninzi lophando lwacebisa ukuba uqeqesho lokuqonda kunye nokuqonda lwaluchaze ngqo umsebenzi owenziweyo. Enye yeengxaki kwizixhobo ezininzi zokuqeqesha ubuchopho: kulula ukuba abantu baphucule kwimisebenzi emincinci abayinikiweyo- yithi, ukuhlela uluhlu ngokulandelelana kwealfabhethi okanye ukugcwalisa iphazili elinamagama - kodwa loo misebenzi ayisoloko iguqulela. ekucingeni okungcono ngokubanzi. Imidlalo yevidiyo ibonakala yahlukile kwezinye iintlobo zoqeqesho lobuchopho.
"Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izixhobo zokuqeqesha ubuchopho, imidlalo yevidiyo ivuselela amaziko emivuzo, yenza ukuba ingqondo yamkele ngakumbi ukuba itshintshe," ucacisa uC. Shawn Green, Ph.D., unjingalwazi oncedisayo kwezengqondo kwiYunivesithi yaseWisconsin-Madison.
Izifundo zibonakalisa, umzekelo, ukudlala ividiyo yevidiyo imidlalo yandisa amandla okubonakalayo, njengokulandela izinto ezininzi, ukujikeleza kwengqondo, kunye nokuzigcina nokuzisebenzisa kumanqanaba okukhumbula engqondo. Oko kuyinyani nakwimidlalo engalunganga kakhulu-yezolonwabo.
Imidlalo enjalo ifuna ukuba abadlali bacinge ngesicwangciso esipheleleyo, benze imisebenzi emininzi ngaxeshanye, kwaye bathathe izigqibo ezinempembelelo kwangoko kunye nexesha elide. UGqr. Willis uthi: "Le nto ifana kakhulu nokwenza imisebenzi emininzi ekhoyo kwimisebenzi emininzi namhlanje." "Olu lutsha lunokuxhotyiswa ngcono ukutshintsha phakathi kwemisebenzi ngokulula, ukuqhelana nolwazi olutsha, kunye nokuguqula isicwangciso-qhinga sabo njengoko kungena ngegalelo elitsha."
Izakhono eziluncedo, ukuqiniseka, kodwa ukuziqhelanisa ngokugqithileyo zinokuba yingxaki. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, xa abantwana beqhela kakhulu ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi kwaye baqhubekeka nezixa ezininzi zolwazi ngaxeshanye, banokuba nengxaki yokugxininisa kwisifundo kwilungiselelo leklasi.
IBHUNGA ELIQHELEKILEYO KWIIPHULO ZEVIDIYO
Ubunjani bemidlalo eyonwabisayo-ayonwabisi kuphela abantu abancinci ngokugxila, ingqalelo, kunye nemicimbi yomsindo (ngakumbi kwimeko yemidlalo enobundlobongela); ikwafuna ukugxininisa koku kuziphatha gwenxa.
Ngelixa inani leenkampani lizamile ukwenza imidlalo eluncedo yabantwana abanengxaki yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (ADHD), babenempumelelo encinci. UGqr. Hummer uthi: “Kunzima ukwenza imidlalo enika umdla kubantwana abanemiba yokuqwalaselwa, kodwa ingabangeli mdla ungako wokuba umdlalo ubethelele isimilo esifana ne-ADHD.
Endaweni yokuba abantwana abane-ADHD badla ngokudlala imidlalo yevidiyo ukuze bazikhusele iimvakalelo zabo ngokukhuthaza ukubonwa, imiceli mngeni yemoto kunye nembuyekezo yangoko. Kule meko, ingqondo ye-ADHD isebenza ngendlela evumela aba bantwana ukuba bagxile, kangangokuba bangabonisi zimpawu, njengokuphazamiseka, ngelixa udlala.
"Omnye wemicimbi ephambili kwimbono yonyango uthi: uyamxelela njani umntwana osele eqhuba ilizwe kwi-Intanethi kwaye efumana amanqanaba aphezulu okufaka imvakalelo ukuze asebenze kwihlabathi lokwenyani, elingonwabisiyo ngokuthelekisa? IGreenfield.
Izibonda zinokuba phezulu kumntwana onomsindo kunye nemicimbi yokuziphatha efumana intuthuzelo kwimidlalo yevidiyo enogonyamelo. Ngelixa iingcali zingavumelani malunga (nokuba kukho nayiphi na) ifuthe kumdlalo wobundlobongela onalo ekuziphatheni okunobundlobongela koqobo, olunye uphando lubonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kokudlala imidlalo enobundlongondlongo kunye neengcinga ezinobundilele kunye nokuziphatha.
Kumntwana osele enobuntu obunoburharha, oko kunokuba yingxaki, utsho iingcali, kuba imidlalo yevidiyo iyawavuza loo mkhwa. Ngapha koko, izifundo ezibini ezahlukileyo zafumanisa ukuba ukudlala umdlalo wevidiyo onogonyamelo ngemizuzu nje ye-10-20 yandisa iingcinga ezihlaselayo xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadlale imidlalo engekho mthethweni.
Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke imidlalo ezilinganayo-kwaye indlela umntu ngamnye asabela ngayo kule midlalo yahlukile, nayo. UGqr. Hummer uthi: "Ukubuza ukuba zeziphi iziphumo zemidlalo yevidiyo kufana nokubuza ukuba ziyintoni na iimpembelelo zokutya ukutya." “Imidlalo eyahlukeneyo yenza izinto ezahlukeneyo. Banokufumana izibonelelo okanye izinto ezimbi ngokuxhomekeke kwinto ojonge kuyo. ”
KuRosner, umdlalo wawuyingozi. Amabanga akhe abandezeleka, waphoswa zizabelo, kwaye waphantse wasilela ukugqiba unyaka wakhe wokuqala ekholejini. "Apha ndandiseyunivesithi, ekugqibeleni ndakwazi ukuqhuba iphupha lam lokuba ngumlawuli wefilimu, kwaye ndandiyilahla," utsho. Umcebisi wakhe kwezemfundo wamnika iindlela ezimbini: zigqibe zonke izincoko zakhe zonyaka wokuqala kwisithuba seeveki ezintathu, okanye usilele kwaye uphinde unyaka wokuqala. "Bendingafuni ukuziyeka okanye ndishiye abazali bam, ke ndayeka i-World of Warcraft ndagxila emsebenzini wam, utshilo.
Emva kokufulathela umdlalo, uRosner wafumana eminye imithombo yolonwabo. Ujoyine indawo yokuzivocavoca, waqala u-DJing kwiyunivesithi yakhe, kwaye waba nomdla ngakumbi ekuhlaleni. Uthi: "Andizange ndikholelwe into ebendilahlekile."
Ngelishwa, i-World of Warcraft ikhokelele uRosner ukufezekisa iphupha lakhe lokwenza iifilimu. Iincwadi zakhe, IRL-Kubomi bokwenene, ubalisa ngokudibana kwakhe noSevrin kunye nendlela afunde ngayo ukwahlukana nemidlalo. Ngaphezulu kwesigidi se-1 emhlabeni wonke abukele ifilimu yakhe, enokuthi ibonwe kwiYouTube bit.ly/1fGbYEB. Iboniswe kwiminyhadala yeefilimu, kumabonwakude, kumaphephandaba nakwiimagazini.
Namhlanje, umdlalo yenye yeendlela zokuzonwabisa zeRosner. Ude adlale iWorld Warcraft ngamanye amaxesha. Kodwa ukudlala akusalawuli ubomi bakhe. "Abantu basabuza ngomlinganiswa wam, uSevrin," utshilo uRosner, "kodwa ndiye ndafumanisa ukuba kunomvuzo omkhulu ukufezekisa amandla akho kubomi bokwenyani."
© 2014 iAmerican Academy ye-Neurology
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