Iingingqi ze-Anterior Cingulate I-Cortex Ifomu yokuHlanganisa okuSebenzayo yokuSebenzisana Iipatheni kumaBafana abancinci Nge-Disorder Gaming Disorder ne-Comorbid Depression (2018)

Iingingqi ze-Anterior Cingulate I-Cortex Ifomu yokuHlanganisa okuSebenzayo yokuSebenzisana Iipatheni kumaBafana abancinci Nge-Disorder Gaming Disorder ne-Comorbid Depression (2018)

I-Psychiatry yangaphambili. 2018 Aug 29; 9: 380. I-doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00380. eCollection 2018.

Lee D1,2, Lee J2, Namkoong K2,3, Jung YC2,3.

Abstract

Uxinzelelo yenye yezona meko ziqhelekileyo zeComorbid kuKhuphiswano lokuDlala lwe-Intanethi (IGD). Nangona bekukho izifundo ezininzi kwi-pathophysiology ye-IGD, isiseko se-neurobiological esisiseko sobudlelwane obusondeleyo phakathi koxinzelelo kunye ne-IGD asikacaciswanga ngokupheleleyo. Izifundo zangaphambili ze-neuroimaging zibonise ukusebenza okungaqhelekanga kunye nolwakhiwo kwi-anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) kwizigulana ze-IGD. Kolu phononongo, sivavanye uxhulumaniso olusebenzayo (i-FC) ubuchwephesha obubandakanya ukumiselwa kwe-ACC kwizifundo ze-IGD ngoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid. Senze uhlalutyo lwembewu olusekwe kwiFN ngemeko ye21 yabantu abadala abancinci abancinci abane-IGD ngoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid (IGDdep + iqela, i-23.6 ± iminyaka ye-2.4), abadala be22 abadala abancinci ngaphandle kwe-IGD ngoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid (iqela le-IGDdep−, i24.0 ± 1.6 iminyaka, kunye ne-20 yamadoda amadala aphathelene nolawulo lwezempilo (24.0 ± 2.2 iminyaka). I-ACC yembewu ye-ACC yavavanywa kusetyenziswa ibhokisi yezixhobo yeCNN-fMRI FC. I-dorsal ACC (dACC), i-ACC yangaphambi kokuzalwa (pgACC), kunye ne-ACC (sgACC) ekhethiweyo njengemimandla yembewu. Omabini la maqela e-IGD ayenamandla e-pgACC FC ngokuchaneka okuchanekileyo, umva we-cortex cortex, kunye negrasi / insula engaphambukiyo engaphantsi kweqela lokulawula. Iqela le-IGDdep + lalinamandla kwi-dACC FC nge-precuneus yangakwesobunxele kunye ne-cocabellar lobule IX elungileyo kunolawulo kunye namaqela e-IGDdep. Iqela le-IGDdep + lalinobuthathaka be-pgACC FC kunye ne-dorsomedial ekunene dortomalial preortal cortex kunye nendawo efanelekileyo yokufaka iimoto kwaye yayine-sgACC FC ene-precuneus yangakwesobunxele, i-lingyrig ye-lingual gyrus, kunye ne-gyrus yasekhohlo yecala lasekhaya kunamanye amaqela. Amandla oqhagamshelo phakathi kwe-sgACC kunye ne-precuneus yasekhohlo edibene kakuhle kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lemposiso yovavanyo kuvavanyo lokuqhuba okuqhubekayo kwiqela le-IGDdep +. Ukongeza, iqela le-IGDdep- lalinamandla e-sgACC FC nge-cortex yangaphambili dorsolateral. Iziphumo zethu ziphakamisa ukuba abancinci abancinci abane-IGD comorbid yoxinzelelo banefomathi ye-FC yothungelwano lwendlela engagqibekanga kwaye iyinciphise iFC ngomgca wangaphambili. Le patheni eguqulweyo yeFC ingabandakanyeka kumanyano olusondeleyo lwe-IGD kunye noxinzelelo.

Internet: i-cortex ye-anterior cortex, inethiwekhi yendlela engagqibekanga, uxinzelelo, intsebenzo esebenzayo, Ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo kwi-Intanethi

Yiya e:

intshayelelo

Kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, uphando oluninzi sele lwenziwe kwi-Intanethi yeMidlalo ye-Intanethi (IGD), ebonakaliswa bubunzima bokulawula ukusetyenziswa komdlalo we-Intanethi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka ngokwengqondo (1). Amanqanaba aphezulu e-comorbidity kunye nolwalamano lwe-caasm phakathi kwe-IGD kunye nezinye izifo zengqondo zitsale ingqalelo enkulu (2). Uxinzelelo yinto eqhelekileyo yovavanyo lwengqondo lwe-comorbid kwi-IGD, kwaye ukuqaqamba kwe-IGD noxinzelelo kunxulumana nemithwalo yengqondo enkulu kakhulu (3). Isicwangciso sokulawulwa kwemvakalelo esingalunganga esixhokonxa kunokuba sisebenzise ukuphononongwa kwakhona kwengqondo sithathwe njengento enegalelo kubuchwephesha be-IGD noxinzelelo (4). Iimpawu ezahlukeneyo ze-neurobiological, ezinje njengokuncipha kokunxibelelana kwe-hemispheric kwimimandla engaphambili kunye notshintsho lolwakhiwo kwi-dorsolateral pre mapemaal cortex, kucetyisiwe ukuba kubuyelane ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-IGD kunye nokudakumba koxinzelelo (5, 6). Nangona ezi zifundo zangaphambili ziphucule ukuqonda kwethu kobudlelwane phakathi kwe-IGD noxinzelelo, uphando malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kwe-IGD noxinzelelo kuhlala kunqabile nangona zibaluleke kakhulu kwikliniki. Kuba ukuvumelana ngezixhobo zonyango lwe-IGD kusasilela (7), ukuqonda ngakumbi ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-IGD noxinzelelo kunokunika iithagethi ezintsha zongenelelo lwe-IGD. Umzekelo, uphononongo lwakutsha nje uxele ukuba ibupropion ibisebenza ngakumbi kune-escitalopram njengonyango kwizigulana ze-IGD zoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid (8).

Ubungqina bubonakalisile ukuba ukungasebenzi kakuhle kobume kunye nokusebenza kwe-cterex cortex (ACC) eyakhiwayo engaphantsi kophuhliso kunye nolondolozo lwe-IGD (9). Ukudibana okuguqukayo phakathi kwe-ACC kunye neminye imimandla yobuchopho kunokuba negalelo kuphuhliso lwe-IGD kunye neempawu zayo zeklinikhi ezinxulumene noko. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-ACC kunye neminye imimandla yobuchopho inzima; Imvumelwano nganye ye-ACC iqhagamshela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yobuchopho ngemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo nethe ngqo (10). Kucetyisiwe ukuba i-dorsal ACC (dACC) ibandakanyeka kulawulo lwengqwalaselo nolawulo ngokuqhagamshelwa kwecortex dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (11, 12) kunye nokuba i-rostral ACC (rACC) ibandakanyeka kulungiso lweemvakalelo ngokunxibelelana ne-amygdala, hippocampus, kunye ne-orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (13). I-RACC yahlulwe yangumlinganiso wemveliso ye-ACC (pgACC) kunye ne-ACC (sgACC) yangaphambili14). I-pgACC ibonakalisiwe ukuba ine-dense yokunxibelelana kunye ne-cortex yangaphambili yangaphambili kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo oluphezulu lweemvakalelo (15). I-SgACC ifunyenwe inonxibelelwano olomeleleyo kunye ne-amygdala kunye ne-ventral striatum kwaye inegalelo kulawulo lwe-autonomic kunye nemeko yokufunda yokulungisa imvakalelo (16).

Ukubuyisela uxhulumaniso olusebenzayo kurhulumente (FC) phakathi kwe-ACC kunye neminye imimandla yobuchopho inokusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukusebenzisana kwe-ACC kunye neminye imimandla yobuchopho. Izifundo zangaphambili zokuphumla okusebenzayo kokusebenza kwe-magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) zibonisa ukuba abantu abane-IGD banciphisile i-FC phakathi kwe-dACC kunye neminye imimandla yobuchopho, kubandakanya i-dorsal striatum, i-pallidum, kunye ne-thalamus, kunye nokwanda kwe-FC phakathi kwe-RACC kunye nengubo yangaphandle (17, 18). Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ziyahambelana nembono enciphise ulawulo oluphezulu kunye nokuphuculwa kwembuyekezo yokufuna amandla kunokufumana i-IGD (19). Kwizigulana ze-IGD zoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid, comorbidity nokudakumba okunxulunyaniswa nokucinezelwa kwengcinezelo yendlela engagqibekanga (DMN), enokuba negalelo kwiingxaki zokunaka (20). I-DMN kunye nokudibana kwayo nolunye uthungelwano lobuchopho kwafunyanwa kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kuxinzelelo (21). Kucetyisiwe ukuba i-DMN ngexesha loxinzelelo lubandakanya i-RACC, ngakumbi i-sgACC (22, 23). Abantu abanoxinzelelo kubonisiwe ukuba bayakhula i-FC phakathi kwe-sgACC kunye neendawo ze-DMN zangaphandle (24) kunye nenethiwekhi ye-salience (SN) (25). Ke, zombini i-IGD kunye noxinzelelo zitshintsha i-FC yokuhanjiswa kwe-ACC. Ezi zilungiso zeFC zinokuba negalelo ekonwabeni kwe-IGD noxinzelelo kunye neempawu zayo zeklinikhi ezinxulumene noko, kodwa uphando ngakumbi luyafuneka kubudlelwane phakathi kwe-IGD noxinzelelo kunye neenguqu kwiFC.

Umsebenzi omkhulu yinkqubo ephezulu yokuqonda eyimfuneko kulawulo olufanelekileyo ngokuziphatha, kwaye izifundo zangaphambili zibonakalise ukuba imisebenzi yolawulo ayoneleki kwi-IGD (26), umzekelo, izifundo ezine-IGD zibonise ukunganyanzelekanga okuphezulu, oku kungumzekelo wokuncitshiswa kolawulo oluphezulu (27, 28). Intsilelo yolawulo ikwanxulumene noxinzelelo (29), umzekelo, abaguli abadandathekileyo babonakalisile ukutshintsha kwengqondo30,, ke ngoko, ingqalelo yoqwalaselo ibikujoliso lonyango ekujoliseni uxinzelelo (31). Ukusilela kolawulo yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ye-pathophysiology kunye nokunyangwa kwekliniki ye-IGD kunye noxinzelelo. Nangona kunjalo, eyona ndima yomsebenzi olawulayo kubudlelwane phakathi kwe-IGD noxinzelelo ayikacaciswa ngokupheleleyo.

Iinjongo zolu phononongo yayikukuphanda nge-ACC-imbewu ye-FC yezifundo ze-IGD ngoxinzelelo. Ukuhanjiswa kathathu kwe-ACC, i-dACC, i-pgACC, kunye ne-sgACC, kwahlaziywa. Siye safumanisa ukuba izifundo ze-IGD ziya kubonisa iipatheni ezahlukeneyo ze-ACC-based FC ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni uxinzelelo lwe-comorbid lwalukhona okanye alukho. Ngokusekwe kwizifundo zangaphambili, besilindele ukuba izifundo nge-IGD zinokuthi ziyinciphise i-FC phakathi kwe-dACC kunye nemimandla engaphantsi kunye nokunyusa i-FC phakathi kwe-RACC (pgACC okanye i-sgACC) kunye nembewu ye-SN ngaphandle kobukho be-comorbidity nokudakumba. Sikwalindele ukuba i-FC phakathi kwe-sgACC kunye neminye imimandla enxulumene nembewu ye-DMN- okanye i-SN iya kuba phezulu kwizifundo ze-IGD ngoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid olubonisa ubugwenxa be-DMN. Sivavanye oku kulindelwe ngokuphumla ngohlalutyo olusekwe kwimbewu kuRhulumente, saze savavanya unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-FC notshintsho kunye nolawulo kwizigulana ze-IGD zoxinzelelo lweComorbid. Iinkqubo zokunyanzeliswa kunye nokunikwa kwengqwalaselo, eziguquguqukayo zeklinikhi yemisebenzi yolawulo, zavavanywa kunye nemibuzo yokuzixela ngokwenzekileyo kunye novavanyo oluqhubekayo lomsebenzi (CPT) kwiinkqubo zokunikwa ingqalelo.

Yiya e:

tindlela

I zifundo

Olu phando lwenziwe ukusuka nge-4 kaFebruwari i-2015-Epreli 2017, kwaye imigaqo-nkqubo yolu phononongo yavunywa yiBhodi yeZiko lokuPhononongwa kwiSibhedlele iSeverance, iYunivesithi yaseYonsei. Izihloko zaqeshwa kwakhona ngentengiso ye-intanethi, iiflaya, kunye nomlomo. Zonke izifundo zazazisiwe ngayo yonke le nkqubo kwaye zasayina imvume yokwazi ngaphambi kokuthatha inxaxheba kuphando.

Sihlole i101 yabantu abadala abancinci kolu phando. Ngokwezifundo zangaphambili zesifo, I-IGD ixhaphake kakhulu kumadoda (32). Kuba kukho umahluko wesini kwiimpawu zokuziphatha kunye neenjongo zokudlala kwi-Intanethi (33), Olu phononongo lwenziwe kuphela kumadoda ukunciphisa isiphumo sokudideka. Izifundo zavavanywa ngokusetyenziswa kwazo kwi-Intanethi kwaye bazigqiba kuvavanyo lwe-Intanethi lweOnline (IAT) (34). Izifundo ezisebenzise i-Intanethi ngokuyintloko kwimidlalo kwaye inamanqaku e-IAT (34) ugqithile kwi-50 ekwenziwe udliwanondlebe naye malunga nemilinganiselo yokuqonda ye-IGD yoHlelo lwesihlanu lweDSM ukumisela ukuba ingaba IGD ikhona (35). Emva koko, izifundo ezine-IGD zavavanywa ngoxinzelelo kusetyenziswa i-Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (36). Phakathi kwezifundo ezine-IGD, ezo zinenqaku le-BDI le-20 okanye elingaphezulu lahlelwa njengezifundo ze-IGD zoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid, ngelixa ezo zinomgangatho we-BDI we-13 okanye ezantsi zachongwa njengezifundo ze-IGD ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwe-comorbid. Zonke izifundo bezivavanyelwe i-quotient yabo yobukrelekrele (IQ) besebenzisa i-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) (37). Zonke izifundo ziye zavavanywa ngenxa yobukho bokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwengqondo kusetyenziswa udliwanondlebe weKlinikhi eQokelelweyo evela kwi-DSM Edition yesi-4 (i-SCID-IV) (38). Zonke izifundo ezinenqaku le-BDI le-20 okanye ngaphezulu zaqinisekiswa ukuba zinoburharha ((ukwanelisa iikhrayitheriya zokubonisa udakumbile okanye isiqendu esikhulu sokudakumba). Izihloko ezinje ngezi zilandelayo azikhange zibandakanywe: ukuphazamiseka kwemithambo-luvo okanye ukugula, isigulo esikhulu ngengqondo ngaphandle kwe-IGD okanye uxinzelelo (okt. Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa isiyobisi, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo / ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwiskena seMRI.

Emva kwenkqubo yokukhangela, i-63 yamadoda amadala abantu abadala be-20-27 iminyaka yobudala (kuthetha: I-23.8 ± iminyaka ye-2.0) bathathe inxaxheba kolu phando, kwaye bonke babenelungelo lokunene. Izihloko nge-IGD zahlulwa zangamaqela amabini ngokudandatheka kwawo komzobo: Izifundo ze-IGD ngoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid (iqela le-IGDdep +, n = 21; I-23.6 ± iminyaka ye-2.4) kunye nezifundo ze-IGD ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwe-comorbid (IGDdep-group, n = 22; I-24.0 ± 1.6 iminyaka). Izifundo ezichithe ixesha elingaphantsi kwe-2 h ngemini kwimidlalo kwaye zafumana amanqaku asezantsi e-50 kwi-IAT zachongwa njengolawulo olusempilweni (n = 20; I-24.0 ± 2.2 iminyaka). Ukongeza kwi-IAT kunye ne-BDI esetyenziswe kwinkqubo yovavanyo, izifundo zigqibezela uvavanyo lokuchonga ubume bokuchazwa kotywala (AUDIT) (39), i-Beck Anxcare Inventory (BAI) (40), kunye ne-Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-version 11 (BIS-11) ye-self-ingxelo yemibuzo.41).

Uvavanyo oluqhubekayo lomsebenzi (CPT)

Sisebenzise uvavanyo lweComprehensive Attention Test lweekhompyuter ukuvavanya ubuchule bokugcina ingqalelo kunye nengqwalaselo eyahlukileyo (42). Kumsebenzi wengqwalaselo ozinzileyo, iimilo ezahlukeneyo zinikezelwa kwiscreen sekhompyuter nganye kwi-2 s njengesikhuthazi esibonakalayo, kwaye umsebenzi wenziwa nge-10 min. Izifundo zazalelwa ukuba zicinezele ibha yendawo ngokukhawuleza njengoko kunokwenzeka kubonakaliswe imbonakalo, kodwa hayi xa kuboniswa imilo u- "X". Umsebenzi woqwalaselo oluzinzileyo uvavanya ukukwazi ukukhupha iimpendulo zendlela yokuziphatha eqhubekayo ngelixa uzinika ingqalelo kwinkuthazo eqhubekayo nokuphindayo. Umsebenzi uqikelela kwakhona ukungafakwa mvavanyo ngokuvavanya ukuba ingaba isifundo esithile singazicinezela na iimpendulo zendlela yokuziphatha ethile. Kumsebenzi wengqwalaselo eyahlulelweyo, ezibonakalayo kunye nezishukumisayo ziyenziwa ngaxeshanye rhoqo kwi-2 s, kwaye umsebenzi uthatha inani elipheleleyo lemizuzu ye-3 kunye ne-20 s. Izifundo ziyalelwe ukuba zicinezele ibar spacebar ngokukhawuleza kwaso isiganeko apho iphakamiso yangaphambili yokubonisa okanye inkuthazo yophononongo iphinde ivele. Umsebenzi woqwalaselo owahlulelweyo uvavanya ukuba ingaba izifundo zinokuqhubela phambili ezimbini okanye nangaphezulu ngaxeshanye ngokwahlulahlula ingqalelo yazo. Izinto ezimbini eziguqukayo zokuziphatha zalinganiswa ukuze zisebenze kwi-CPT. Impazamo yokungafakwanga kukusilela ukwenza impendulo efunekayo kwaye ibonisa ukungakhathalelwa. Impazamo yekhomishini ubukho bempendulo zokuziphatha ebezicinezelwe kwaye zibonisa ukunganyanzelekanga.

Ukufunyanwa komfanekiso we-MRI kunye nokulungiswa kwangaphambili

Imifanekiso ye-MRI yafunyanwa kusetyenziswa iskena se-3T Nokia Magnetom MRI esine-coil yentloko yesibhozo. Idatha ye-fMRI yaqokelelwa kusetyenziswa i-T2 enesisindo esine-gradient gradient ecar planar pulise sequence (ixesha le-echo = 30 ms, ixesha lokuphindaphinda = 2,200 ms, iflip angle = 90 °, intsimi yokujonga = 240 mm, matrix = 64 × 64, ubukhulu be-slice = 4 mm) ye-6 min. Izifundo beziyalelwe ukuba zijonge emnqamlezweni omhlophe embindini wemvelaphi emnyama ngaphandle kwengqondo, ulwimi, okanye imisebenzi yemoto. Itemplate ye-anatomical yedatha ye-fMRI yafunyanwa kusetyenziswa ukulandelelana kwe-T1-weighted gradient echo sequence (TE = 2.19 ms, TR = 1,780 ms, flip angle = 9 °, field of view = 256 mm, matrix = 256 × 256, slice thickness = 1 mm). Ukucwangciswa kwangaphambili kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha lwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-SPM8 (iZiko leTrasti elamkelweyo leNeuroimaging; http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm). Kwisifundo ngasinye, amanqaku asixhenxe okuqala kuthotho lwamaxesha alahliwe ukuphelisa ukubola komqondiso. Ukulungelelanisa izinto ezenziwayo zeemoto kwisifundo ngasinye, sijongile ukuba intshukumo yentloko ephezulu kwi-axis nganye yayiyi- <2 mm kwaye kwakungekho ntshukumo yentloko ingalindelekanga ngokujonga ngokungqamanisa ulungelelwaniso lweparadesi. Kwisifundo ngasinye, imifanekiso yobuchopho esebenzayo yenziwa yasebenza kwakhona yabhaliswa kwimifanekiso eyakhiweyo. Imifanekiso ebhalisiweyo yenziwa ngokwesiqhelo kwindawo yeetemplate zeMontreal Neurological Institute (MNI) (enikezwe yi-SPM8) kusetyenziswa i-12-parameter affine transformation and non-linear iterations. Iiparameter zendlela yesiqhelo zazisetyenziswa kwimifanekiso engafakwanga esongwayo, eyathi emva koko yaphinda yasampulwa kubungakanani be-voxel ye-2 × 2 × 2 mm. Idatha yacocwa kusetyenziswa i-8 mm epheleleyo-ububanzi kwi-kernel yesiqingatha-ubuninzi.

Uhlalutyo lweFC

Iimephu zeMbewu-to-voxel FC kwisifundo ngasinye zakhiwa kusetyenziswa isixhobo sebhokisi yesixhobo seCNN-fMRI FC (http://www.nitrc.org/projects/conn). Imimandla yembewu yokuhanjiswa kwe-ACC ichazwe njenge-5 mm indawo yolungelelwaniso egxile kwizifundo ze-FC (dACC: 4 14 36; pgACC: −2 44 20; sgACC: 2 20 − 10) (43, 44). Ifom wave wave nganye ye-voxel yengqondo yahluzwa okwethutyana kusetyenziswa isihluzo se-bandpass (0.008 Hz <f <0.09 Hz) ukulungelelanisa isantya esisezantsi sokuhamba kunye nefuthe eliphezulu lengxolo. Uhlalutyo oluhambelanayo lwenziwa ukuze kususwe imiqondiso evela kwindawo yangaphakathi kunye nomba omhlophe (45). Ukunciphisa iimpembelelo zokuhamba kwentloko, iiparameter zentshukumo zangeniswa kuhlalutyo lomgama. Ukuqikelela amandla e-FC, ii-coefficients zokudibanisa zabalwa zaza zaguqulwa zangamaxabiso kusetyenziswa inguqu kaFisher r-to-z. Emva koko, uqikelelo lwamandla e-FC lwaluthelekiswa phakathi kwamaqela asebenzisa uhlalutyo lokwahluka (ANOVA) kwi-voxel nganye. Njengokungeniswa kweenkcukacha-manani kuhlalutyo lobuchopho obupheleleyo, isihloko esakha umqobo sisebenzisa umqobo wokuphakama ongalunganga p-Ixabiso <0.001 kunye nomda wobungakanani be-voxels ezili-100 ezisetyenzisiweyo. Emva kokuvavanywa kwamaqela aneqela elinomahluko omkhulu, uBonferroni iposi Iimvavanyo zenziwa ukujonga ukuba ngawaphi amaqela awahlukileyo kwamanye.

Uhlalutyo lwesatisatisti

Iimvavanyo zendlela enye ze-ANOVA zazisetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa amanani e-demographic neeklinikhi, kubandakanya ubudala, IQ, IAT, AUDIT, BDI, BAI, kunye neBIS, phakathi kwamaqela amathathu. Ngenxa yokuba iingcinga zokufezekiswa kwemeko eqhelekileyo azange zifezekiswe, uthelekiso lwendlela yokuziphatha kwi-CPT phakathi kwamaqela lwahlaziywa kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lwe-Kruskal Wallis. Isicelo sokulungiswa kweBonferroni iposi uhlalutyo. Uhlalutyo oluhambelana nolungelelwaniso lwamandla onxibelelwano, ii-BIS subscales, kunye nokusebenza kwe-CPT kwenziwa emva kokulawulwa kwe-BDI kunye ne-BAI. Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani lwenziwa kunye ne-SPSS (eChicago, IL) ngokubaluleka okumiselweyo p <0.05 (enemisila emibini).

Yiya e:

iziphumo

Ubume bezinto eziguqukayo kunye nezifo zekliniki

Izifundo zokulawula kunye nezifundo ze-IGD azange zahluke kakhulu kubudala, IQ, kunye ne-AUDIT amanqaku (Itheyibhile (Itheyibhile1) .1). Isikali sokusebenza kwengxelo yengqondo sabonisa ukungafani kwi-IAT [F(2, 60) = 111.949, p <0.001], BDI [F(2, 60) = 185.146, p <0.001], kunye neBAI [F(2, 60) = 30.498, p <0.001] amanqaku. Inkxaso-mali ye-BIS yahlukile phakathi kwamaqela [ayicwangciswanga: F(2, 60) = 11.229, p <0.001; Injini: F(2, 60) = 11.246, p <0.001; ukuqonda: F(2, 60) = 11.019, p <0.001]. Post post Ukuvavanywa kubonise ukuba omabini amaqela e-IGD ayenamanqaku aphezulu e-IAT kunye ne-BIS kuneqela lokulawula. Iqela le-IGDdep + libonisa amanqaku aphezulu e-BDI kunye ne-BAI kunamanye amaqela. Ukuthelekisa intsebenzo yokuziphatha kwi-CPT kubonise umahluko kuphela kumyinge wemposiso yomsebenzi wengqwalaselo eyahlukileyo (χ 2 = 6.130, p = 0.047). Post post Ukuvavanywa kubonise ukuba iqela le-IGDdep + lalinomgangatho ophezulu wemposiso kunamanye amaqela.

1 Table

Ubume bezinto eziguqukayo kunye nezifo zekliniki.

Ulawulo (n = 20)IGDidipozithi(n = 22)IGDdep + (n = 21)uvavanyop-IgamaPost post uvavanyo
Ubudala, unyaka24.0 ± 2.224.0 ± 1.623.6 ± 2.4F(2, 60) = 0.2670.767
Inqaku elipheleleyo le-IQ107.9 ± 10.7109.9 ± 11.9102.2 ± 12.5F(2, 60) = 2.4520.095
IAT26.4 ± 9.869.4 ± 12.571.7 ± 10.1F(2, 60) = 111.949<0.001IGDidipozithi, IGDdep + > HC
BDI5.0 ± 3.57.6 ± 3.425.6 ± 4.3F(2, 60) = 185.146<0.001IGDdep +> HC, IGDdep-
I-BAI4.8 ± 4.46.7 ± 5.119.9 ± 9.7F(2, 60) = 30.498<0.001IGDdep +> HC, IGDdep-
UHLU9.8 ± 7.114.1 ± 7.511.5 ± 7.8F(2, 60) = 1.7680.179
IISEKHODI ZE-BIS
Ukungacwangcisi ukunyanzelwa16.5 ± 5.625.6 ± 7.722.9 ± 5.4F(2, 60) = 11.229<0.001IGDidipozithi, IGDdep + > HC
Ukuqhutywa kwemoto12.9 ± 3.318.5 ± 4.417.7 ± 4.4F(2, 60) = 11.246<0.001IGDidipozithi, IGDdep + > HC
Ukunyanzeliswa kwengqondo11.2 ± 4.015.0 ± 2.716.1 ± 3.7F(2, 60) = 11.019<0.001IGDidipozithi, IGDdep + > HC
UQINISEKILEYO UMSEBENZI WOKUQALA, INANI
Impazamo yokungena1.4 ± 2.61.1 ± 1.61.6 ± 3.6χ2 = 0.1140.944
Impazamo yekhomishini5.4 ± 3.08.3 ± 7.09.2 ± 9.2χ2 = 1.1630.559
UMSEBENZI WOKUQALA WOKUQALA, INANI
Impazamo yokungena4.7 ± 6.15.4 ± 8.110.3 ± 10.4χ2 = 6.1300.047IGDdep +> HC, IGDdep-
Impazamo yekhomishini3.5 ± 2.23.4 ± 5.24.3 ± 7.8χ2 = 1.7860.409

Vula kwifestile eyahlukileyo

Ukuthelekiswa kweqela kwenziwa ngokuvavanywa kwendlela enye yeemvavanyo zokwahluka (ANOVA). Ngenxa yokuba iingcinga zokulingana ngokubanzi azange zifezekiswe kwiimpawu zokuziphatha kwimisebenzi yokuqwalaselwa, uvavanyo lwe-Kruskal Wallis lwalusetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa.

IGDidipozithi, Izifundo zokuPhazamiseka kweMidlalo ye-Intanethi ngaphandle kokudakumba kwe-comorbid; IGDdep +, Izifundo zokuPhazamiseka kweMidlalo ye-Intanethi nge-comorbid yokudakumba; IQ, intelligence quotient; IAT, Uvavanyo lwe-Intanethi lwe-Intanethi; I-BAI, i-Beck yoxinzelelo kwi-Intanethi; I-BDI, i-Beck yoXinzelelo loLuhlu; I-AUDIT, Uvavanyo lokuchongwa kwezaTywala; I-BIS, iBarratt Impulsiveness Scale.

Uhlalutyo lweFC

Kuhlalutyo lobuchopho luphela, amaqela ahlukeneyo anamahluko omkhulu kwiFC afunyanwa phakathi kwamaqela (iThebhile (Itheyibhile2) .2). Uhlalutyo olusekwe kwi-dACC lubonise ukuba iqela le-IGDdep + lalinamandla kwi-DACC FC ngokuchanekileyo nangobunxele bayo kunye ne-cerebellar lobule IX kunamanye amaqela (Umzobo (Figure1) .1). Uhlalutyo olusekwe kwi-pgACC lubonise ukuba iqela le-IGDdep + libuthathaka pgACC FC nge-dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) kunye nendawo efanelekileyo yokuxhasa iimoto (SMA) kunamanye amaqela (Umzobo (Figure2) .2). Omabini la maqela e-IGD ayenamandla e-pgACC FC ngokuchaneka ngokuchanekileyo, umva wasekhohlo we-cingxe cortex (PCC), kunye ne-gyrus / i-anterior insula yangaphambili (IFG / AI) engaphezulu kolawulo. Uhlalutyo olusekwe kwi-sgACC lubonise ukuba iqela le-IGDdep + laliba buthathaka sgACC FC nge-precuneus yasekhohlo, i-lingual gyrus yangakwesobunxele, kunye ne-gyrus yasekhohlo yangasemva kunamanye amaqela (Umzobo (Figure3) .3). Iqela le-IGDdep lalinamandla e-sgACC FC nge-dorsolateral pre mapemaal cortex (dlPFC) kunamanye amaqela.

2 Table

Uhlalutyo lwembewu olusekwe ngokupheleleyo kwimisebenzi (FC).

UmmandlaicalakEZXyzPost post uvavanyo
ISAHLUKO: I-ACCADAL ACC
I-Precuneusekhohlo2564.50-2-4648IGDde + > IGDisixhobo> Ulawulo
I-Cerebellar lobule IXKunene1294.1210-42-40IGDde + > IGDisixhobo, Ulawulo
ISAHLUKO: I-ACC YENDALO
Indawo eyongezelelweyo yeemotoKunene3525.1132664IGDisixhoboUlawulo> IGDde +
Dorsomedial preortal cortexKunene1114.71105234IGDisixhoboUlawulo> IGDde +
I-PrecuneusKunene1844.4616-4254IGDde +, IGDisixhobo> Ulawulo
I-cortex cingxe yangaphandleekhohlo3594.02-12-2242IGDde +, IGDisixhobo> Ulawulo
Ngaphantsi gyrus ongaphambiliekhohlo1354.29-42216IGDisixhobo> IGDde + > Ulawulo
ISAHLUKO: I-ACC YOKUFUNDA
Dorsolateral preortal cortexekhohlo2544.34-363438IGDisixhobo> IGDde +, Ulawulo
I-Lingual gyrusekhohlo1454.21-18-86-12IGDisixhoboUlawulo> IGDde +
I-Precuneusekhohlo1003.75-8-6246Ulawulo> IGDde +
I-Postcentral gyrusekhohlo1863.75-42-1238IGDisixhobo> IGDde +

Imimandla yobuchopho apho i-FC ibonise umohluko obonakalayo phakathi kwamaqela [ukuphakama komda wexabiso elingachanekanga le-p <0.001, umda wobungakanani ke > Iifowuni ezili-100 (18)].

IGDdep, Izifundo zokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo kwi-Intanethi ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwe-comorbid; IGDdep +, Izifundo zokuPhazamiseka kweMidlalo ye-Intanethi kunye nokudakumba kwe-comorbid; I-ACC, i-cortex yangaphandle yangaphandle.

Umzobo 1

Imimandla yobuchopho ebonisa umohluko obonakalayo kwi-dACC-based FC phakathi kwamaqela. (A) I-precuneus yasekhohlo kwaye (B) ekunene i-cerebellar lobule IX. Umphakamo wobude obungachanekanga p-xabiso <0.001 kunye nobungakanani bomqobo wee-voxels eziyi-100. Ukulungelelaniswa kweqela ngalinye kuboniswe yinkqubo yeMontreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Post post Iimvavanyo zenziwa ukufumanisa umohluko kumaqela kusetyenziswa ukulungiswa kweBonferroni. *p <0.05.

Umzobo 2

Imimandla yobuchopho ebonisa umohluko obalulekileyo kwi-PC esekwe kwi-pgACC phakathi kwamaqela. (A) Indawo yemoto yokuxhasa eyongezelelweyo, (B) ekunene dortomedial preortal cortex, (C) ngqo intle (D) cortex yasekhohlo yangasemva, kunye (E) ngasekhohlo gorus yangaphakathi / isiphelo sendlela yangaphandle. Umphakamo wobude obungachanekanga p-xabiso <0.001 kunye nobungakanani bomqobo wee-voxels eziyi-100. Ukulungelelaniswa kweqela ngalinye kuboniswe yinkqubo yeMontreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Post post Iimvavanyo zenziwa ukufumanisa umohluko kumaqela kusetyenziswa ukulungiswa kweBonferroni. *p <0.05.

Umzobo 3

Imimandla yobuchopho ebonisa umohluko obalulekileyo kwi-sgACC-based FC phakathi kwamaqela. (A) Icortex yokuqala yasekhohlo yangaphambili. (B) I-lingual gyrus, (C) i-precuneus yasekhohlo, kwaye (D) ekhohlo kwasemva kwe-postcentral. Umphakamo wobude obungachanekanga p-xabiso <0.001 kunye nobungakanani bomqobo wee-voxels eziyi-100. Ukulungelelaniswa kweqela ngalinye kuboniswe yinkqubo yeMontreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Post post Iimvavanyo zenziwa ukufumanisa umohluko kumaqela kusetyenziswa ukulungiswa kweBonferroni. *p <0.05.

Uhlalutyo lolungelelwaniso lubonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-pgACC-IFG / AI indibaniselwano yamandla kunye nokugxila kwengqondo kwiqela le-IGDdep- (r = 0.482, p = 0.031; Umzobo Isazobe4A) 4A) kunye nonxibelelwano phakathi kwamandla e-sgACC-precuneus yokunxibelelana kunye neempazamo zokushiya kwimisebenzi yokunikela ingqalelo kwiqela le-IGDdep + (r = -0.499, p = 0.030; Umzobo Isazobe4B) .4B). Olunye uvavanyo lokudityaniswa alubonisanga ukubaluleka kwamanani.

Umzobo 4

Uhlaziyo lonxibelelaniso oluyinxalenye emva kolawulo lwe-BDI kunye ne-BAI. Iindawo zokuhlala ezingekho mgangathweni zazisetyenziselwa ukwenza iziza zokusasaza. (A) Izifundo ze-IGD ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwe-comorbid zibonise unxibelelano olungileyo phakathi kwe-pgACC-IFG / AI unxibelelwano kunye ne-BIS-cognitive impulsivity subscale amanqakur = 0.482, p = 0.031). (B) Izifundo ze-IGD zoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid zibonise unxibelelwano olubi phakathi konxibelelwano lwe-sgacC-precuneus kunye neqondo lokuyeka okungalunganga kumsebenzi woqwalaselo ohlukeneyo (r = -0.499, p = 0.030).

Yiya e:

ingxoxo

Kolu phando, i-ACC-based FC kwizifundo ze-IGD ngaphandle nangokudakumba yahlalutya. Omabini la maqela e-IGD ayenamandla e-pgACC FC ngokuchanekileyo nangokuchanileyo, i-PCC, kunye ne-IFG / AI yasekhohlo kunezifundo zokulawula, kodwa kukho umahluko kwiipateni ze-FC phakathi kwezifundo ze-IGD ngaphandle nangokudakumba. Izifundo ze-IGD zoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid zazinamandla kwi-dACC FC nge-precuneus kunye nelungelo le-cerebellar lobule IX kunezinye izifundo. Izifundo ze-IGD zoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid nazo zazinobuthathaka be-pgACC FC nge-dmPFC yasekunene kunye ne-SMA yasekunene kunye ne-sgACC FC ene-precuneus yangakwesobunxele, i-lingual gyrus, kunye negrus yekhohlo yangasemva kunezinye izifundo. Ezi zilungiso ze-FC, ezahlukileyo ngokuyinxalenye kubukho okanye ukungabikho koxinzelelo lwe-comorbid, ziyahambelana nengqondo yethu yokuba izigulana ze-IGD zinexinzelelo lwe-comorbid zinokuba nesiseko se-neurobiological yento enegalelo kuzo zonyango olwahlukileyo kuzo.

Xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaqela, izifundo ze-IGD zoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid zibonisa i-dACC FC eyomeleleyo kunye nokuchaneka kwe-Icoolear eyiyo, ebedibene ne-DMN (46, 47). Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ziyahambelana nobungqina obudlulileyo bokuba izifundo ze-IGD zinexinzelelo lwe-comorbid zinokuba ne-hyperconnectivity phakathi kwe-ACC kunye nemimandla enxulumene nengqondo ye-DMN, ebonisa ubunzima bayo ekucinezeleni i-DMN (20). Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo olusekwe kwi-sgACC lubonise ukuba i-FC phakathi kwe-sgACC kunye ne-precuneus yasekhohlo yayibuthathaka kakhulu kwizifundo ze-IGD ngoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid kunakwamanye amaqela. Izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba i-DMN yangaphandle nangasemva inemilinganiselo yemisebenzi yokubonisa imekoxakaxaka yoxinzelelo (48). Ukufumana kwethu i-sgACC-precuneus FC exhasa isifundo sangaphambili esibonise utshintsho kwi-FC phakathi kwe-DMN yangaphandle kunye neyasemva yoxinzelelo (49). Ukongeza, ukunxibelelana okubuthathaka kwe-sgACC-precuneus kulungelelaniswe nenqanaba eliphezulu lemposiso yokushiya umsebenzi wengqwalaselo ozinzileyo kwizifundo ze-IGD ngoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid. Ukuphindaphindiweyo kweempazamo zokushiya kwizifundo ze-IGD ngoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid zibonisa ukuba iingxaki zokunaka zichazwa ngakumbi kwizifundo nge-IGD xa uxinzelelo lubandakanyeka. Unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi konxibelelano lwe-sgACC-kunye neqondo lokuyeka ukuxhasa kuxhasa ulwazelelo lokuba uguquko lweFC lwe-DMN lubanegalelo kukhubazeko kwiinkqubo zononophelo.

Xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaqela, izifundo ze-IGD zoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid zibonise ubuthathaka be-pgACC FC nge-dmPFC elungileyo kunye ne-SMA elungileyo. Kubonakalisiwe ukuba i-dmPFC ifakwa ngaphakathi kwi-dopamine kwaye inxulunyaniswa noshintsho lwesiseko kunye namaxabiso ashukumisayo esiphumo (50). I-dmPFC inxulunyaniswa nokuphinda iphinde ibenomdla kwiimvakalelo (51), kunye nenguquko ye-FC ye-dmPFC neminye imimandla yengqondo kuye kwaxelwa kwizigulana ezixinzelelweyo (52, 53). I-dmPFC iye yacetyiswa ukuba idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwinethiwekhi ye-neurocircuitry54). Ithathiwe kunye, i-FC eguqulweyo ye-dmPFC inokuba likhonkco elibalulekileyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa komdlalo we-Intanethi kunye nokudakumba. Ngapha koko, izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba i-FC phakathi kwe-pgACC kunye ne-dmPFC inxulumana ngokusondeleyo neempendulo kunyango lokunyusa amandla (i-TMS) ye-transcranial55) kunye nokuba ibupropion inyusa indawo yokuphumla ye-FC kwi-dmPFC (56). I-FC eguqulweyo ye-dmPFC inokubakho okubalulekileyo njengokujolisa ekungeneleleni kwezonyango kwizigulana ze-IGD zoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid. Ukongeza, i-SMA inxulunyaniswa nokulawulwa kokuziphatha kakuhle (57), kunye nolwakhiwo okanye ukusebenza kwe-SMA kwi-IGD kuxeliwe ((58, 59). Ukufumana kwethu i-FC etshintshileyo kwi-SMA kunokuhambelana nokuncipha kwendlela yokuziphatha kulawulo olugqithisileyo.

Xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo, izifundo ze-IGD zibonise i-FC eyomeleleyo phakathi kwe-pgACC kunye ne-IFG / AI yasekhohlo. Ngaphaya koko, izifundo ze-IGD ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwe-comorbid zibonisa unxibelelwano lwe-pgACC-IFG / AI enamandla, olunxibelelana kakhulu nokuxhotyiswa kwengqondo okuphezulu okubonakalisa utyekelo lokwenza izigqibo olusekwe kulwaneliseko lwexesha elifutshane (60). Kuba IFG / AI ekhohlo ngumhlaba wembewu ye-SN (61), ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ziyahambelana nolindelo lwethu lokuba izifundo nge-IGD zinokuyonyusa i-FC ye-RACC ngembewu ye-SN. Unxibelelwano olutshintshileyo phakathi kwe-SN kunye nolunye uthungelwano lweengqondo luye lwacetyiswa ukuba negalelo kukukhuthaza, umdla, kunye neempawu ezibonakalayo ezibonwe kumlutha (62). Iziphumo zethu zangoku kunye nobungqina bangaphambili (63) bonisa ukuba utshintsho kwi-FC kwi-SN, ngakumbi uxhulumaniso phakathi kwe-DMN kunye ne-SN, dlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-pathophysiology ye-IGD. Izifundo ze-IGD ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwe-comorbid zikwabonisa namandla e-sgACC FC nge-dlPFC yasekhohlo kunamanye amaqela. Ukudibana kwentsebenzo phakathi kokunxibelelana kwengqondo kuchazwe njengenxalenye ye-pathophysiology ye-IGD (64, 65). Umsebenzi woxinzelelo lweengxaki phakathi kwe-DMN kunye nenethiwekhi ephezulu yolawulo inokuba yinto ye-neurobiological engaphantsi kwe-IGD.

Kwakukho imida eliqela kolu phononongo. Kuqala, olu phononongo lwalunamacandelo ahlukeneyo, kwaye nangona olu phononongo lwaluphanda ukonwaba koxinzelelo kunye ne-IGD, okwangoku akukho lwazi malunga nobudlelwane bembangela phakathi kwezi zifo zibini. Izifundo ezongezelelweyo zexesha elide ziyafuneka ukutolika ngokufanelekileyo iziphumo zangoku zokucinga. Okwesibini, olu phononongo lubandakanye inani elincinci lezifundo kwaye lijolise kuphela kwimimandla ethile yobuchopho nangona ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-IGD noxinzelelo olunokwenzeka lubandakanya iindlela ezintsonkothileyo ze-neurobiological. Kuya kuba luncedo ukuphonononga ukuqhagamshela kwengqondo kwinani lezifundo ezininzi ngaphandle kokujolisa kwimimandla yembewu ethile. Okwesithathu, isifundo senziwa kunye nezifundo zamadoda kuphela. Izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba i-IGD iya ixhaphaka kakhulu kubantu basetyhini (66). Ukuze iziphumo zolu phononongo zenziwe ngokubanzi, ezinye izifundo kufuneka zibandakanye iziyobisi zabasetyhini kunye nabesilisa. Okokugqibela, isifundo khange silawule ngokwaneleyo kwizinto ezinokuchaphazela ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo kunye ne-IGD, kwaye olu phononongo alukhange lubuchaze ngokupheleleyo ubudlelwane bokuziphatha kwengqondo kwi-IGD. Izifundo ezongezelelweyo ziya kufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngokubanzi kweempawu zeklinikhi yezifundo, ezinokuthi zihambelane nemidlalo yabo ye-Intanethi engalawulwayo.

Ukuqukumbela, uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo lwe-IGD abaguli abahlukileyo kwiipateni zabo ze-ACC-based FC. Izifundo ze-IGD ngoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid zibonise utshintsho oluchaziweyo kwi-FC kwi-DMN. I-FC etshintshiweyo phakathi kwe-DMN yangaphandle nangasemva inokunxulumana neenkqubo zononophelo ezingalunganga kwizifundo ze-IGD ngoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid. Izifundo ze-IGD zoxinzelelo lwe-comorbid nazo zazine-FC ebuthathaka phakathi kwe-ACC kunye ne-dmPFC ebonisa ukungalawuleki kommiselo wokuqhutywa kweemvakalelo. Iziphumo zethu zokuphumla ze-fMRI zicebisa ukuba kukho isiseko se-neurobiological somanyano olomeleleyo phakathi kwe-IGD noxinzelelo, olunokuba lujoliso lonyango ekujolise kulo kwikamva.

Yiya e:

Inkcazo yokuziphatha

Zonke iinkqubo ezichaphazela abathathi-nxaxheba zenziwa ngokomgangatho wokuziphatha wekomiti yeziko kunye nophando lukazwelonke kunye nesibhengezo se-1964 Helsinki kunye nezilungiso zalo kamva. Iprothokholi yovavanyo yavunywa yiBhodi yokuHlola iZiko kwiSibhedlele Severance, iYunivesithi yaseYonsei, Seoul, Korea.

Yiya e:

Igalelo lababhali

I-DL kunye ne-Y-CJ yamitha kwaye yalungiselela isifundo. U-JL uqeshe abathathi-nxaxheba kwaye wafumana idatha yokucinga. U-DL uyile uxwebhu. I-KN kunye ne-Y-CJ baphinde bayihlolisisa ngokunzulu le mibhalo-ngqangi kwaye babonelela ngomxholo obalulekileyo wokuqonda. Bonke ababhali baphonononge ngokunzulu kwaye bamkele inguqulelo yokugqibela yalo mbhalo wesandla ukuze ipapashwe.

Ukungquzulana kwintetho yomdla

Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba uphando lwenziwe ngokungabikho naluphi na ulwalamano lwezorhwebo okanye lwezezimali olubhekiswa njengengxabano yenzuzo.

Yiya e:

Imihlathi

Inkxaso-mali. Olu phononongo luxhaswe sisibonelelo esivela kwiProjekthi ye-R & D yeTekhnoloji yezeMpilo yaseKorea, uMphathiswa Wezempilo kunye neNtlalontle, kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseKorea (HM14C2578).

Yiya e:

Ucaphulo

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