Ingxelo yeNgxelo: Iingxaki zeMidlalo yokuHlalwa kweeNtanethi ezixhamene neZonografi Sebenzisa (2015)

Izimvo: Kolu phononongo lwemeko, iingcali zichaza ukuba ukuchacha kwi-intanethi yokudlala ukuphazamiseka (IGD) kusashiye isigulana sisebenzisa iphonografi ye-intanethi ngokugqithisileyo ngeziphumo ezibi. Babongoza iingcali ukuba zijongane nokusetyenziswa kwe-porn "njengesifo esiqhubekayo kunye ne-IGD," hleze kube lula kwaye kube nzima ukunyanga.

Yale J Biol Med. 2015 Sep 3;88(3): 319-324. I-eCollection ka-2015.

Ashley Voss, YENZA,a Hilarie Cash, PhD,b Sean Hurdiss, MD,a UFrank Bishop, MD,c UWarren P. Klam, MD,a kwaye Andrew P. Doan, MDa,c,*

Abstract

Ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi (IGD) ayisosixilongo saziwayo okwangoku Uvavanyo lweNgcaciso kunye neNcwadi yeNgxelo-manani yeNtloko yeNgqondo-5 (DSM-5). Nangona kunjalo, i-IGD iye yaqatshelwa ukuba iqinisekise uphando olongezelelweyo lokubandakanywa okunokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo kwi-DSM. Ngeendlela ezininzi, i-IGD ifana kakhulu neziyobisi kunye neziyobisi zongcakazo. Ezo mpawu zibandakanya ukunyamezelana, ukurhoxa, kunye nokungahoywa kwezentlalo kunye nomsebenzi okubangelwa kukwanda kwexesha elityalwe kusetyenziso lomdlalo wevidiyo kunye nokufumana. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba efanayo okanye esondeleleneyo nayo iyabonwa, ebonisa ikhondo lendalo leziyobisi kunye neziyobisi zongcakazo. Sibonisa imeko yendoda eneminyaka engama-22 ubudala ebonise i-IGD kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi. Le ngxelo yetyala ingumzekelo wokulandelelana kwe-IGD. Iphepha lethu liphinda liphonononge iindlela ezinokubakho zokukhobokisa ngokuziphatha, kunye nesimo se-IGD njengenxalenye enokubakho yokukhotyokiswa kokuziphatha. Uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukuze kubonwe ukuba ngaba i-IGD iyenzeka nengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi.

Internet: Ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi, umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo, imifanekiso engamanyala

intshayelelo

Ukusetyenziswa kwePathologic Versus Addiction

Ukonakala ngokwasentlalweni nasemsebenzini okubangelwa kusetyenziso olugqithisileyo lomdlalo wevidiyo kusoloko kuchazwa njenge "pathologic" [1-3]. Ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo," kwelinye icala, kuyaphikisana. Iimpembelelo zentlalo kunye nebhayoloji ecetyiswe ligama elithi "umlutha" ibandakanya ukuxhomekeka komzimba, ukunyamezela, kunye nokurhoxa, okunokufuna ukuvuselelwa kunye nokucetyiswa. Ngenxa yoko, ubukho bokuziphatha kakubi ngokubanzi kuye kwabuzwa kuba kunzima kakhulu ukubonisa ukuba abantu "banokuba likhoboka" kwimisebenzi yabo [4,5]. Endaweni yoko, kucetyiswe ukuba abantu abathile sele benotyekelo lokuziphatha okukhobokisayo, olunokuthi lungabonakalisi iimpawu zendalo zawo nawuphi na umsebenzi, kodwa endaweni yoko lunokuba luphawu lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuphambili [4,6]. Lo mbono uxhaswa zizifundo ezicebisa ukuba iziyobisi ziphakathi ukuya kwilifa eliphakamileyo ngokuguquguquka kwemfuzo [7].

Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa iziyobisi ezinje nge-cocaine zazi iindlela zesenzo ezibandakanya ukongezwa kwe-dopaminergic neurotransmission ngeendlela ezisisiseko zomvuzo, ngakumbi ngaphakathi kwenkqubo ye-mesolimbic, kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba abantu abaneziyobisi zokuziphatha bangene kwinkqubo efanayo [8]. Kwezi meko, kucetywa ukuba imisebenzi ethile ibangele uvuselelo lwengqondo lwe-hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis kunye ne-endogenous dopaminergic iindlela zomvuzo ezikhokelela kwipatheni yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kunye nokuziphatha njengoko kubonwa ngokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi [9]. Ke ngoko, imisebenzi efana nokungcakaza kunye nomdlalo wevidiyo unokuba neempawu ezikhobokisayo ngenxa yemeko yokusebenza. Imeko yokusebenza ibhekisa kwindlela iziphumo zezenzo zethu ezinokuthi zithintele okanye zomeleze iindlela zokuziphatha. Ukuba umntu uziva evuzwa, kunokwenzeka ukuba aphinde abandakanyeke kuloo kuziphatha. Uphando luka-BF Skinner lubonise ukuba xa umvuzo ungalindelekanga (owaziwa njengoqinisekiso lwethutyana) kodwa rhoqo ngokwaneleyo, oku kunefuthe elinamandla ekwandiseni isimilo. Lo ngowona mgaqo uphambili emsebenzini ekungcakazeni kwaye ngomnye wemigaqo ebaluleke kakhulu kumdlalo wevidiyo. Kubantu abangcakazayo abangcakazayo, kukho impendulo ye-HPA enciphileyo, echaphazela inguqu yengqondo ehambelana nokuziphatha okukhobokisayo okuhambelana nommiselo ophantsi wendlela ye-HPA [10].

Kubaphandi abaninzi, oku kuqatshelwe ngasentla kunokuba ngumtyibilizi, kuba ngale nkcazo phantse yonke into inokuba “yikhoboka” ukuba ifunyaniswa iyonwabisa okanye inomvuzo. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwe-magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) lubonisa ukuba oku kunokuba njalo. Ngokomzekelo, izifundo ze-fMRI zibonisa ukuba abantu abahlangabezana nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kakubi babonisa izibonakaliso ze-BOLD nge-cortex yangaphambili kunye nokwandisa izibonakaliso ze-BOLD nge-nucleus accumbens, oku kuthetha ukunciphisa ukulawulwa kwempembelelo kunye nokunyuka kokuvula iindlela zomvuzo, ngokulandelanayo [11]. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zikwajongwa nakubantu abahlangabezana nemigaqo yokukhotyokiswa ziziyobisi [12-14].

Umbono wokuba izinto ezifanayo ezingaqhelekanga zibonwa kumxholo wezinto zombini kunye neziyobisi zokuziphatha zibonisa ukuba iindlela zabo ze-pathophysiological ziyafana [15]. Ngenxa yezi ndlela zisisiseko zemolekyuli ezinxulumene nokukhotyokiswa, ayimangalisi into yokuba abantu abane-IGD babelane ngendlela efanayo nezigulana ezinengxaki yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi, ezibonisa izinto ezibangela ingqondo, iminqweno, kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ezifuna ukuba likhoboka. Ke, ayiqhelekanga into yokuba izimilo ezikhobokisayo zenzeke [16]. Ngenxa yeempembelelo zofuzo kunye nemeko yendawo, umlutha wokwenyani kwimisebenzi efana nemidlalo yevidiyo inokwenzeka. Oku kuquka imisebenzi enomvuzo ngokomelezwa kakubi, apho umntu anokuthi aphephe ubunyani obungafunekiyo ngokubandakanyeka kwenye. Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluthe kratya luyafuneka kwicandelo lokuziphatha kakubi ukuze kuphandwe amandla okukhobokisa kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo enamazinga aphezulu okuxhatshazwa. Ukusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo we-Pathologic, umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo, kunye ne-IGD ngamagama ahlala esetyenziswa ngokutshintshanayo, kodwa okwangoku, kucetywa ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwawo nawuphi na umsebenzi kunokuchazwa ngokufanelekileyo njenge "pathologic" ukuba iphazamisana nomsebenzi wemihla ngemihla [17].

Ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo kwi-Intanethi (IGD)

Ngaphandle kwengxoxo malunga nesemantics, inani lopapasho olunxulumene ne-IGD likhula ngokukhawuleza [1,5,18,19]. Oku kusenokuba ngenxa yesixa sedatha yokubuyela umva eye yafumaneka kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu edlulileyo, ekubeni imidlalo yevidiyo iyinto entsha yenkcubeko. Umdlalo wokuqala wevidiyo kwimbali ucingelwa ukuba "yiTennis yaBabini," umdlalo we-cathode ray tube-based owenziwe yifizikhi uWilliam Higinbotham ngo-3. [18]. Ngokutsho kweQela le-NPD, inkampani yophando lwezentengiso, imidlalo yevidiyo yenza i-15.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2013 eUnited States kuphela [20]. Isibheno esikhulayo kunye nokuthandwa kwemidlalo yevidiyo kunokubalelwa kumava antywilayo abawavelisayo [21]. Ngokungafaniyo ne-Higinbotham's "Itennis yaBabini," imidlalo yevidiyo yanamhlanje ibandakanye ukuphuculwa ngokukhawuleza kwemizobo kunye nokuvuselela okubonakalayo kunye nolandelelwano oluntsonkothileyo lweploti kunye nekhono labadlali abaninzi, ivumela oontanga ukuba banxibelelane omnye nomnye ngemidiya. Abasebenzisi banokubandakanyeka kwezinye izinto zokwenyani, apho imbuyekezo yethutyana yokufezekisa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ifumana ixabiso elingaphakathi nelingaphandle kwinkcubeko yokudlala [22]. Ngale ndlela, imidlalo yevidiyo yomeleza ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngendlela efanayo noomatshini abagcina abadlali bebandakanyeka.

Ngapha koko, kuye kwaphawulwa ngabaphandi abaninzi ukuba imidlalo yevidiyo kunye noomatshini be-slot babelana ngeempawu ezifanayo, kwaye ukuba kukho umgangatho wokulutha kwimidlalo yevidiyo ngokwabo, inokuphononongwa ngokuthelekisa nokungcakaza.23]. Ngo-1996, uGqr. Kimberly Young wasebenzisa olu xhulumaniso ukwenza isindululo sokuba ukusetyenziswa kwekhompyuter okunengxaki kunokuhlangabezana nemigaqo yokuba likhoboka.2]. Ngoku kukho izikali ezininzi ezisekwe kwiikhrayitheriya zokungcakaza ezijolise ekufanelekeni nasekulinganiseni ukusetyenziswa kwekhompyuter kuphando ngesihloko somdlalo we-pathologic [24]. Ezi zikali ziquka, kodwa azikhawulelwanga, i-Young's Internet Addiction Questionnaire, i-Ko's Internet Addiction Scale, kunye ne-Chen Internet Addiction Scale [25]. Izikali ezinje ngezi zidlale indima enkulu kuphando lwakutsha nje ngesihloko esithi "umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo," oye wafumana upapasho ngenxa yokwanda kweziganeko zokusetyenziswa kwe-pathologic okukhokelela ekungahoywa kweendawo eziphambili zobomi ezinje ngokusebenza, ukuzikhathalela, kunye ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu [1,18,19].

I-DSM-5 iqale yamkelwa i-IGD ngo-2013 [26]. Nangona kunjalo, ifakwe kwisihlomelo kwaye ayidweliswanga ngokusemthethweni njengoxilongo kuba uphando olungakumbi luyafuneka malunga nepateni ye-comorbidity, ikhosi, umphumo, kunye nonyango [17]. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwangoku lubonisa ukuba iingxaki ezininzi zinxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa okugqithisileyo komdlalo wevidiyo njengokutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo, ubundlobongela, ixhala, ukusebenza kwesikolo esisezantsi, ukoyikwa ekuhlaleni, kunye nokudakumba [27,28]. Ukongeza, imiba ethile esemngciphekweni wokuba ngumdlali we-pathologic ichongiwe, kubandakanywa amandla asezantsi entlalontle kunye nokungxamiseka okukhulu [18]. Ulutsha luhlala lufanelekile le profayile, kwaye ngokungothusiyo, izifundo kuphuhliso lwe-neurocircuitry zibonisa ukuba ulutsha lunyuse umngcipheko wokuba likhoboka [29]. Ngenxa yokuba imidlalo yevidiyo ihlala ithengiswe ukubhenela olu hlobo lwabantu, ukuthandwa kwayo okubanzi akumangalisi [30]. Ungenelelo olusekwe kuphando lwexesha elizayo kweli candelo lunokuba luncedo, nangona lunokuchaphazela kakhulu ishishini lomdlalo wevidiyo.

Amatyala afana nalawo aboniswe kule ngxelo abonisa ngokucacileyo ipateni yokuziphatha efana ngokusondeleyo naleyo ibonwa kwiziyobisi kunye nokukhotyokiswa kokungcakaza njengoko zichazwa kwi-DSM-5. Ukubonakaliswa okunjalo kubandakanya ukunyamezela kunye nokurhoxa, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwentlalo kunye nomsebenzi. Ezinye izicelo ze-Intanethi ngokufanayo ziyavuselela; oko kukuthi, umgaqo wokuqiniswa kwesikhashana kwizenzo ezithathiweyo ngelixa i-intanethi ingakhokelela kwiingxaki zokusetyenziswa, ngakumbi xa idibene neminye imivuzo (umzekelo, ukuvuselela ngokwesondo okanye uthando). Kwimeko evezwe apha, imifanekiso engamanyala ekwi-intanethi nayo yasetyenziswa ngulo mntu kwaye yaba negalelo kwindlela yakhe yokulutha. Kukho imidlalo emininzi yevidiyo enomxholo wesondo, efana neGrand Theft Auto kunye nemidlalo yeMfazwe kaThixo, apho abadlali banxibelelana ngokwesondo noonongogo kunye nabasetyhini. Ke, imidlalo yevidiyo enemixholo yesondo kunye nephonografi inokuqwalaselwa ngokusondeleyo kumajelo eendaba [31]. Injongo yolu phononongo kukuqalisa ingxoxo exhokonxa ingcinga malunga nendlela oogqirha kunye nabaphandi abajongana ngayo nesihloko se-IGD kunye nolawulo lwayo.

Inkcazo yamatyala

Indoda eneminyaka engama-22 ubudala yaseMzantsi Korea enembali yengqondo yangaphambili yokudakumba okukhulu kunye neempawu ezixhalabileyo eziboniswe kwikliniki yempilo yengqondo kwi-reSTART kuba ukusebenzisa kwakhe umdlalo wevidiyo okunyanzelekileyo kuye kwaphazamisana nobudlelwane bakhe phakathi kwabantu kunye nenkuthazo yokusebenza. Waqala ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo eneminyaka eyi-6 kumxholo wokuxhatshazwa ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwentetho. Ekuqaleni wayedlala iyure ngeentsuku zeveki ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ze-5 ngeempelaveki, kunye nemida engqongqo yexesha elibekwe ngabazali bakhe. Wayekuphela konyana ekhaya, kwaye kwakulindeleke ukuba afumane indawo yokufundela kwiyunivesithi edumileyo ngokufumana amanqaku aphakamileyo kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Ngenxa yezi meko, intsebenziswano yakhe yentlalontle kunye noontanga yayilinganiselwe, kwaye ixesha elichithwe ngaphandle kwekhaya lalidimazekile kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuthandana nomntu obhinqileyo emfihlakalweni ixeshana elifutshane kwaye ebaleka kwiqela elinqumla ilizwe, uchithe ixesha lakhe elininzi ezindlini kwaye ngokuya wabhenela kwimidlalo yevidiyo, iphonografi, kunye ne-anime yokuzonwabisa kunye nokukhululwa ngokwesondo.

Kwisithuba esingangeveki yokuya ekholejini, wazibandakanya nenkcubeko yokudlala kwi-Intanethi kwaye wadlala imidlalo yevidiyo ekwi-Intanethi iiyure ezili-10 mihla le ngelixa egcina amabanga amancinci ukuze aphumelele iiklasi zakhe. Uchithe iminyaka emi-2½ elandelayo erhoxa kwiiklasi awayengakwazi ukuzigqiba ngenxa yomkhwa wakhe wokudlala. Kunyaka wakhe wesibini ekholejini, wafudukela kwiflethi nabanye oogxa bakhe bemidlalo kwaye wayedlala iiyure ezili-14 mihla le kwimidlalo yevidiyo ekwi-intanethi, njengabadubuli bomntu wokuqala kunye nemidlalo yokudlala indima. Isigulana sathi: “Ndaqala ukuziqhelanisa nezakhono zam zokudlala kwi-Counter-Strike naxa izandla zam zibuhlungu, kwaye ndandingasafuni ukudlala ngenjongo yokuzonwabisa. Kulapho ndaqala khona ukutshona eklasini ndaza ndaqalisa ukuyeka isikolo phakathi kwikota ukunqanda ukuyekwa ekubhaliseni.” Wadala imibhalo yobuxoki ukuze afumane inkxaso yemali kubazali bakhe, kodwa emva kweminyaka emi-3 wagxothwa eyunivesithi. Usapho lwakhe lwazazi izenzo zakhe lwaza lwayeka ukumnceda, ngoko ke waya kwigumbi elincinane kwigumbi elinengeniso ephantsi apho waye wachitha khona imali awayeyongile edlala imidlalo yevidiyo, ehlawula irenti, kwaye ephila ngokutya kwamaTshayina kunye nokukhupha ipizza. Ngeli xesha, isigulana sasidlala ngokuyintloko umdlalo wokudlala indima ye-intanethi Ihlabathi leWarcraft 16 kwiiyure ze-17 imihla ngemihla. Isigulana sabelana nathi: “Ngokungathandabuzekiyo le yayiyeyona nto imbi kakhulu kumlutha wam wokudlala kwaye yayilelona xesha lobumnyama ebomini bam bonke. Ndikhumbula uloyiko oluhlala lukhona kunye nomthwalo wengcinezelo kum ngezo mini, ukuba ndithe ndahluba umqolo wezo [zemihla ngemihla] iiyure ezili-16 ukuya kwezili-17 zemidlalo, iingcinga zam beziya kuguqukela kubomi obubi endizenzele bona. , ukudelelwa ngoontanga bam, ukudodobala kwezimali zam, neempuku. Indlu endala ye-ramshackle yayingakhathalelwanga kangangokuba yayigcwele iimpuku. Ndikhumbula ukuba babedla ngokukhwela kwiintambo zam zokuhlola ngoxa ndidlala ngamanye amaxesha, yaye ndaye ndaqhela ukuvala isandi sokuncwina nokugqobhoza kwimigqomo yam yenkunkuma njengoko ndandibiwa bubuthongo ebusuku. Bendiwavala amehlo ndizame ngamandla ukungacingi ngobunyani bam ngoku.” Le ndlela yokuphila yayingakhuselekanga ngokwasezimalini, nangona kunjalo, kwaye kwakungelo xesha awathi wathi thaca kwikliniki yempilo yengqondo, edakumbile ecinga ukuzibulala kwaye evakalisa umnqweno wakhe wokunciphisa ukusebenzisa kwakhe umdlalo wevidiyo ukuze afumane umsebenzi.

Ngexesha leeseshoni zakhe, wala ukuzama ukuphelisa ngequbuliso kunye nokuphela kokusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo, kwaye umbono wokwenza oko wavusa unxunguphalo olukhulu kunye nokucaphuka. Endaweni yoko, wakhetha ukuyeka ngokuthe ngcembe ukubandakanyeka kwakhe kwimidlalo yevidiyo ngokwehlisa inani leeyure zokudlala imihla ngemihla. Injongo yakhe yonyango yayikukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo ukuze afumane umsebenzi, kodwa ngenxa yeminyaka yokuba yedwa ekuhlaleni ngelixa edlala, ixhala lakhe lasentlalweni lalibi kakhulu kunangaphambi kokudlala. Esebenzisa iindlela ezicetywayo ziiNtlanga, uhambelana nenkqubo ye-IGD ngokuphendula ewe kuyo yonke imibuzo eli-11 [1]. Ngokusetyenziswa konyango lokuziphatha kwengqondo (CBT) kunye nonyango lwengqondo iminyaka emi-2, ekugqibeleni wakwazi ukuvuma ukuba likhoboka lomdlalo wevidiyo, ayeke ukudlala, kwaye alawule ukudakumba kwakhe ngaphandle kweyeza. Wakwazi ukuseka ukutya okuqhelekileyo kunye neshedyuli yokulala. Wabuyela eyunivesithi, apho ubomi bakhe bentlalo kunye nezifundo zakhe zanelisayo. Emva kwamava aliqela okudlala imidlalo yevidiyo nokubona indlela ephazamisana ngayo nendlela aqhuba ngayo ezifundweni, waxhathisa umnqweno wakhe wokudlala ngokugcina ikhompyutha yakhe ekhayeni labazali bakhe.

Nangona ehlakulela ubuhlobo obutsha, akazange aphinde athandane. Iphonografi yaba ngumthombo wakhe oyintloko wokuvuseleleka ngokwesondo. Nangona ukubukela kwakhe iphonografi kungazange kuphazamise umsebenzi wakhe okanye ezinye izinto zemihla ngemihla, ukungabandakanyeki kwakhe kulwalamano olusenyongweni nomnye umntu kwakuyinto nje ephakathi ukuya kwekamlinganiselo emkhathazayo. Ngenxa yobume bobuqu bomcimbi, wayengenamdla wokuxoxa ngayo kunyango, eyaba ngumqobo ongalindelekanga kulawulo lwetyala lakhe ekuhambeni kwexesha.

ingxoxo

Iikhrayitheriya ezicetywayo ze-American Psychiatric Association ze-IGD zazisekwe kuphando lokuqala, oluthelekisa ukusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo kunye nokungcakaza [1,32]. Ezi nqobo zibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

  • ukusebenza kwangaphambili ngemidlalo yevidiyo;
  • unyamezelo olubonakaliswa ngokwandisa ixesha elityalwe kusetyenziso lomdlalo wevidiyo;
  • ukubaleka kwiimvakalelo ezingathandekiyo ngokusebenzisa umdlalo wevidiyo;
  • ukulahleka kobudlelwane/amathuba ngenxa yokusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo;
  • ukunciphisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kweminye imisebenzi ngenxa yokusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo;
  • inkohliso ukuze uqhubeke nokusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo;
  • ukuqhubeka nokusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi;
  • ubunzima bokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo;
  • Ukurhoxiswa (okubonakaliswa njengokungaphumli kunye nokucaphuka) ekuyekisweni kokusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo.

Ngokwe-DSM-5, abaguli abane-IGD kufuneka babonise ukonakala okubalulekileyo kwezonyango ezintlanu okanye ngaphezulu kwezi ndlela zingasentla kwixesha leenyanga ezili-12. Umonakalo obalulekileyo ngokwezonyango umiselwa ngokubonakaliswa kokungasebenzi kakuhle kwemihla ngemihla okukhokelela kwiingxaki ezinzulu zentlalo, iimvakalelo, okanye ezinxulumene nomsebenzi. Isigulana esichazwe kolu phando ludibene nazo zonke iindlela zokuxilongwa phantsi kwale nkcazo icetywayo ye-IGD. Ukusetyenziswa kwakhe kwemidlalo yevidiyo kwaqala njengokuphuncuka koxinzelelo losapho olulindelweyo kwaye kwanda ngokuhamba kwexesha (ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwiiyure ze-2 zokudlala kwansuku zonke ngaphambi kwekholeji kunye nokunyuka ukuya kwi-16 kwiiyure ze-17 zokudlala imihla ngemihla ngaphambi kokufuna unyango). Ukuzixakekisa kwakhe ngemidlalo yevidiyo kubangele ukusebenza kakubi kwezemfundo kunye noxinzelelo lwezemali. Ngaphaya koko, ukuzama kwakhe ukufihla ukusetyenziswa kwakhe kwemidlalo kunye neziphumo zayo ekugqibeleni kubangele ukulahleka kobudlelwane bosapho, kodwa waqhubeka nokusebenzisa. Wayeka isikolo ukuze aqhubeke nokudlala, kwaye xa ekugqibeleni wafuna uncedo ngenxa yokuba wayengenako ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwemidlalo eyedwa, wayenengxaki yokukhathazeka kunye nokucaphuka okuhambelana neenkqubo zokurhoxisa. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba isigulana sinembali yangaphambili yokuxhalaba, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukumisela inqanaba loxinzelelo oluhambelana ne-IGD. Ezi mpawu zamthintela ukuba ayeke ngokupheleleyo, yaye endaweni yoko kwafuneka ayeke ngokuthe ngcembe. Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ukuba kukho kuphela inani eliqingqiweyo leeyure ngosuku ngalunye, kudityaniswe nendalo yomdlalo ngokwawo, kwaye mhlawumbi inani eliqingqiweyo leeyure lingabonakala linyanzelela isilingi kwindlela yokuziphatha kwemidlalo. Lo mda ekuhambeni kwexesha unokuthintela abantu ekunyukeni kokusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo ngendlela efanayo nezigulana ezinokungcakaza imali eninzi okanye zithathe iidosi ezinkulu zento ethile.

Eli tyala libonisa ukuntsonkotha kwemiba yengqondo nentlalontle eqhubela phambili isimilo somdlalo we-pathologic. Isigulana kule ngxelo yaqala ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo sisebancinci, elixesha elisemngciphekweni wophuhliso lwentlalo kunye nokulutha. Ngaphaya koko, ngenxa yokuntywiliselwa kwemidlalo yale mihla, isigulana kusenokwenzeka ukuba somelezwa yimidlalo yevidiyo yokubaleka ebonelelweyo kwisakhiwo sakhe sobuzali, ukongeza kulwaneliseko lwabadlali abazivayo xa beqhubela phambili amanqanaba okanye begqibezela imisebenzi. Ulonwabo kunye nemincili ehambelana nemidlalo yevidiyo ibandakanya ukuvuswa komzimba kunye nokuvuselela i-axis ye-HPA, okukhokelela ekunyukeni kwentliziyo, uxinzelelo lwegazi, kunye nethoni yovelwano [9]. Ukuvuswa kumdlalo wevidiyo kunokubonwa kubuchopho bomdlalo wevidiyo usebenzisa iskena se-fMRI [33,34]. Ngaphaya koko, imidlalo yevidiyo, isakhelwa kwimigaqo yokunxibelelana kwezentlalo, ukwanda kokuntywiliselwa, kunye neempumelelo ezibonakala zingenasiphelo, zichazwe ukuba zivuseleleke ngokwengqondo nangokwengqondo [21]. Ngokomzekelo, umculo owakhelwe ngaphakathi wongeza kwindawo yokuntywila yomdlalo wevidiyo, uvuselela impendulo yoxinzelelo lwe-HPA kunye nokukhululwa kwe-cortisol [35]. Ukudlala umdlalo weTetris® ngokhuphiswano nabanye abadlali abangabantu kubangela amanqanaba aphezulu e-testosterone xa amanqanaba e-cortisol ephantsi emadodeni [36]. Kwisigulane sethu, wabonakalisa umtsalane kwinkcubeko yokudlala kwi-Intanethi kunye nokudlala nabanye, kwaye mhlawumbi ukuvuseleleka okunxulumene nokudlala nabanye abantu kube negalelo kumlutha wakhe wokudlala ividiyo ye-Intanethi. Ngelixa i-IGD ibonakala ichaphazela amanani amakhulu amadoda, oku kunokuba ngenxa yohlobo kunye nohlobo lwemidlalo ekhoyo [37]. Kwimeko yangoku, kwakungekho mbali yaziwayo yentsapho yokukhobokisa, nangona oku kufuneka kuhlaziywe kujongwe ukuguquguquka kofuzo olunegalelo kwindlela yokuziphatha ekhobokisayo. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukuxhalaba kwesigulana ekuhlaleni kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kunokuba negalelo kusetyenziso olugqithisileyo lwesigulana kumdlalo wevidiyo kunye nophuhliso lwe-IGD.

Abantu baqhelisela into abafuna ukuba yiyo, kwaye abantu ngabanye kufuneka bayilumkele into abayenzayo nendlela abacwangcisa ngayo ubuchopho babo. Xa umntwana omncinci echitha ixesha elininzi kwimidlalo ye-Intanethi okanye kwiphonografi, kunokubakho iingxaki ezibalulekileyo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo [37-43]. Sicebisa isifaniso ukucacisa ukuba inkqubo yemithambo-luvo yomntwana inokukhula njani xa evezwe ixesha elininzi lokubandakanyeka kumdlalo we-Intanethi okanye eminye imisebenzi ye-Intanethi. Jonga isandla sakho sasekhohlo. Isithupha siya kumela iindawo ze-cortical ezinxulumene nazo zonke izibonelelo zemidlalo yevidiyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwethekhnoloji: izakhono zokuhlalutya ngokukhawuleza, ukulungelelaniswa kwesandla-eye-eye, kwaye mhlawumbi ukuphucula i-reflexes. Umnwe wesalathisi uya kumela iindawo zecortical ezinxulumene nezakhono zonxibelelwano. Umnwe ophakathi uya kubonisa ukuziphatha okuhambelana nobudlelwane boluntu kunye nosapho kunye nabahlobo. Umnwe weringi uya kumela amandla okuqonda iimvakalelo zakho kunye nabanye (uvelwano). Ekugqibeleni, umnwe omncinci uya kumela iindawo ze-cortical ezinxulumene nokuzithiba. Ngelixa le misebenzi yolawulo ephezulu isekwe ngokwebhayoloji, ayichazwanga ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokwenza okufanelekileyo kunye nengxelo. Xa umntwana echitha umyinge we-7h 38m phambi kwesikrini sedijithali ukuzonwabisa [44], loo mntwana ungaphezulu kwethamo lemihla ngemihla elicetyiswayo ngexesha lesikrini esisempilweni [45]. Ukusonga iminwe entendeni yesandla sakho kubonisa le meko. Njengoko ingqondo ikhula, isiphelo esinokubakho ngumntu omdala osemtsha onazo zonke izithupha ekucingeni kwakhe: unezakhono zokuhlalutya ngokukhawuleza kunye neemvakalelo ezikhawulezayo, kodwa hayi njengoko ziphuhliswe kwizakhono zonxibelelwano, ukuba nobudlelwane obumbalwa nabantu, ukubonakalisa uvelwano oluncinci, kunye nokubonakalisa kancinci. Ukuzibamba. Ke ngoko, i-IGD kubantwana abancinci inokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezinkulu kamva njengabantu abadala. Uphando olongezelelekileyo lokuphonononga iingqikelelo zokuvezwa ngokugqithisileyo kwimidlalo yevidiyo kunye nephonografi ebantwaneni lufanelekile.

izigqibo

Nangona isigulana ekugqibeleni soyisa ingxaki yakhe yokudlala, wayesasokola ukubandakanyeka kubudlelwane obunentsingiselo yothando kwaye endaweni yoko wasebenzisa iphonografi njengendawo yokwabelana ngesondo. Oku kunomdla ngakumbi, kuba enye yeendlela ezidweliswe kuninzi lweengxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi “kukusebenzisa izinto ezifanayo.” Ukusebenzisa kwesi sigulana imifanekiso engamanyala kunokugqalwa njengokusetyenziswa kwamajelo eendaba afanayo. Uphando olongezelelweyo oluphonononga ukwenzeka ngokubambisana kwe-IGD kunye nokusetyenziswa okuyingxaki kwephonografi kuya kuba nomdla. Kwakhona, kuya kuba ngumdla ukufumanisa amandla edijithali eendlela ezahlukeneyo zemithombo yeendaba yedijithali, iphonografi, kunye nemidlalo yevidiyo ukumisela amandla abo okuvuselela ukusebenza kwe-HPA, ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine yobuchopho, kunye ne-neuroendocrine arousal. Ngaphaya koko, kunzima ukuxela ukuba ngaba ixhala lesigulana lentlalontle lisisiphumo seminyaka yokuhlala sodwa okwesibini kusetyenziso lomdlalo wevidiyo okanye ukuba ubudlelwane bakhe kwimidlalo yevidiyo buqale njengokuphepha iimeko zentlalo. Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, ngokwembono yolawulo, kubalulekile ukuchonga izinto ezinokubakho kwi-IGD, kubandakanya ukuxhalaba ekuhlaleni, ukudakumba, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi. Izigulana azinakwenzeka ukuba zize malunga nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi ngenxa yobuntununtunu kunye nobume bomntu wesifundo, kwaye ukuba awulungiswanga kunye nokuxhalaba okunokwenzeka koluntu okunokwenzeka, lo mbandela unokuba ukhohlakele kwaye unzima ukuwunyanga. Okokugqibela, iingcali zempilo yengqondo kwiikholeji kunye neeyunivesithi kufuneka zizazi iimpawu kunye neempawu ze-IGD ukuze zichonge abafundi abanengxaki yokusetyenziswa kwemidlalo yevidiyo.

izifinyezo

IGDIngxaki yokudlala ye-Intanethi
DSM-5Incwadana yokuHlola kunye neNkcazo yeNgqondo yeNgqondo-5
HPAi-hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
fMRIukucatshulwa kwemifanekiso yamagnetic
CBTUkuziphatha kakuhle
 

Amanqaku ababhali

Akukho nkxaso-mali isetyenzisiweyo kolu phando. Kwakungekho uphando okanye ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngaphandle kweleyibhile. Iimbono ezichazwe kweli nqaku zezo zababhali kwaye azibonakalisi umgaqo-nkqubo osemthethweni okanye isikhundla seSebe leNavy, iSebe lezoKhuselo, okanye uRhulumente waseUnited States.

Ucaphulo

  1. I-Gentile D. Ukusetyenziswa kwevidiyo ye-Pathological phakathi kolutsha oluneminyaka eyi-8 ukuya kwi-18: isifundo sesizwe. Psychology Sci. 2009;20(5):594–602. [PubMed]
  2. Oselula u-KS. Uphando kunye nempikiswano ejikeleze umlutha we-intanethi. Ukuziphatha kweCyberpsychol. 1999;2(5):381–383. [PubMed]
  3. Oselula u-KS. IPsychology yokusetyenziswa kwekhompyuter: XL. Ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi ngokukhobokisayo: ityala elophula i-stereotype. I-Psychol Rep. 1996; 79 (3 Pt 1): 899-902. [PubMed]
  4. Wood RTA. Iingxaki kunye neNgcaciso yoMdlalo weVidiyo "Umlutha": Eminye imizekelo yeCase Study. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2007;6(2):169–178.
  5. Carbonell X, Guardiola E, Beranuy M, Belles A. Uhlalutyo lwebhayibhiliometri yoncwadi lwenzululwazi kwi-Intanethi, imidlalo yevidiyo, kunye nokulutha kweselfowuni. J Med Libr Assoc. 2009;97(2):102–107. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]
  6. Krivanek J. Iziyobisi. eLondon: UAllen no-Unwin; 1988.
  7. Bevilacqua L, Goldman D. Imfuza kunye neziyobisi. UClin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;85(4):359–361. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]
  8. IHyman SE, iMalenka RC, uNestler EJ. Iindlela zokuzibonakalisa: Inxaxheba yokufunda okunxulumene nomvuzo kunye nememori. Annu Rev Neurosci. I-2006; 29: 565-598. [PubMed]
  9. Chaput JP, Visby T, Nyby S, Klingenberg L, Gregersen NT, Tremblay A. et al. Ukudlala umdlalo wevidiyo kwandisa ukutya kwabakwishumi elivisayo: isifundo esingacwangciswanga se-crossover. NdinguJ Clin Nutr. 2011;93(6):1196–1203. [PubMed]
  10. I-Paris JJ, i-Franco C, i-Sodano R, i-Frye CA, i-Wulfert E. I-pathology yokungcakaza inxulumene nempendulo ye-cortisol edibeneyo phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini. I-Physiol Behav. 2010;99(2):230–233. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]
  11. I-Dong G, i-Devito EE, i-Du X, i-Cui Z. Ukulawulwa kokuphazamiseka kwe-inhibitory 'kwi-intanethi ye-addiction disorder': isifundo esisebenzayo somfanekiso we-magnetic resonance. Psychiatry Res. 2012;203(2-3):153–158. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]
  12. Sinha R, Lacadie C, Skudlarski P, Fulbright RK, Rounsaville BJ, Kosten TR. okqhubekayo. Umsebenzi we-Neural onxulunyaniswa noxinzelelo-olubangelwa kukunqwenela i-cocaine: isifundo esisebenzayo sokucinga ngemagnethi. I-Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005;183 (2): 171-180. [PubMed]
  13. McClure CM, Berns GS, Montague PR. Iimpazamo zoqikelelo lwexeshana kumsebenzi wokufunda wokwenziwa zivule istriatum yomntu. Neuron. 2003;38(2):339–349. [PubMed]
  14. Schmidt A, Borgwardt S, Gerber H, Wiesbeck GA, Schmid O, Riecher-Rossler A. et al. Iimpembelelo ezibukhali zeHeroin kwiNkqubo yeMvakalelo embi: Ubudlelwane boMsebenzi we-Amygdala kunye neeMpendulo eziNxulumene neStress. I-Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76(4):289–296. [PubMed]
  15. Grant JE, Potenza MN, Weinstein A, Gorelick DA. Intshayelelo kwimikhwa yokuziphatha. Am J Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi kotywala. 2010;36(5):233–241. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]
  16. Pettinati HM, Kampman KM, Lynch KG, Suh JJ, Dackis CA, Oslin DW. okqhubekayo. Umahluko ngokwesini kunye nedosi ephezulu ye-naltrexone kwizigulana ezine-cocaine kunye nokuxhomekeka kotywala. J Ukuphathwa gadalala kweziyobisi. 2008;34(4):378–390. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]
  17. Kuss DJ. Umlutha womdlalo we-Intanethi: iimbono zangoku. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2013;6:125–137. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]
  18. Iintlanga GA, Choo H, Liau A, Sim T, Li D, Fung D. et al. Ukusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo we-Pathological phakathi kolutsha: isifundo seminyaka emibini. Unyango lwabantwana. 2011;127(2):e319–e329. [PubMed]
  19. Choo H, iiNtlanga DA, Sim T, Li D, Khoo A, Liau AK. Umdlalo wevidiyo wePathological phakathi kolutsha lwaseSingapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2010;39(11):822–829. [PubMed]
  20. UPhando lubonisa i-15.39 yeBhiliyoni yeebhiliyoni ezichithwe kuMxholo woMdlalo weVidiyo e-US ngo-2013, i-1 yepesenti yokunyuka ngaphezulu kuka-2012. Iqela le-NPD [I-intanethi] Ifumaneka ku: http://www.npd.com/wps/portal/npd/us/news/press-releases/research-shows-15.39-billion-dollars-spent-on-video-game-content-in-the-us-in-2013-a-1-percent-increase-over-2012/ .
  21. Ewe N. Inkuthazo yokudlala kwimidlalo ye-Intanethi. I-cyberpsychol Behav. I-2006; 9 (6): 772-775. [PubMed]
  22. UDoan AP, uBrooke S. Ubotshelelwe kwiMidlalo: I-Lure kunye neXabiso loMdlalo weVidiyo kunye nokuLuleka kwi-Intanethi. eMaryland: FEP International; 2012.
  23. van Rooij AJ, Schoenmakers TM, van de Eijnden RJ, van de Mheen D. Ukusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kwe-Intanethi: indima yokudlala kwi-intanethi kunye nezinye izicelo ze-intanethi. J Impilo yabakwishumi elivisayo. 2010;47(1):51–57. [PubMed]
  24. Winkler A, Dorsing B, Rief W, Shen Y, Glombiewski JA. Unyango lokulutha kwi-intanethi: uhlalutyo lwe-meta. I-Clin Psychol Rev. 2013; 33 (2): 317-329. [PubMed]
  25. Frangos CC, Sotiropoulos I. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi ngeNgxaki phakathi kwabafundi baseyunivesithi yaseGrisi: i-ordinal logistic regression kunye nemingcipheko yeenkolelo ezingezizo zengqondo, iisayithi zephonografi, kunye nemidlalo ye-intanethi. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011;14(1-2):51–58. [PubMed]
  26. Ukuphazamiseka kweMidlalo ye-Intanethi. I-DSM-5 [I-Intanethi] Ifumaneka ku: http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Internet Gaming Disorder Fact Sheet.pdf .
  27. UMelchior M, Chollet A, Fombonne E, Surkan PJ, Dray-Spira R. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kunye nomdlalo wevidiyo ngokumalunga nokukhuluphala kwabaselula. Am J Health Promo. 2014;28(5):321–324. [PubMed]
  28. Messias E, Castro J, Saini A, Usman M, Peeples D. Usizi, ukuzibulala, kunye nokudibanisa kwabo kunye nomdlalo wevidiyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-intanethi phakathi kwabaselula: iziphumo ezivela kwi-survey risk behaviour yolutsha 2007 kunye ne-2009. Ukuzibulala Ukuphila Threat Behav. 2011;41(3):307–315. [PubMed]
  29. Amagumbi RA. I-Psychiatrist ye-Addiction Psychiatrist njengoGqirha we-Dual Diagnosis: Umsebenzi kwiMfuno eNkulu kwaye ifuneka kakhulu. J Isilingo esiMabini. 2013;9(3) [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]
  30. U-Knorr C. Iindlela ezikhohlakeleyo abakhangisi abaJonga abantwana. I-Common Sense Media [Internet] 2014. Ifumaneka ku: https://www.commonsensemedia.org/blog/sneaky-ways-advertisers-target-kids .
  31. UMercer D, uParkinson D. Umdlalo wevidiyo kunye nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo: ukucinga kwakhona ngobunesi be-forensic kwixesha ledijithali. J Abongikazi baseForensic. 2014;10(1):27–35. [PubMed]
  32. Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen SH, Wang PW, Chen CS, Yen CF. Uvavanyo lwendlela yokuxilonga yokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi kwi-DSM-5 phakathi kwabancinci abadala eTaiwan. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;53:103–110. [PubMed]
  33. Sun Y, Ying H, Seetohul RM, Xuemei W, Ya Z, Qian L. et al. Uphononongo lwe-FMRI yobuchopho yokunqwenela okubangelwa yimifanekiso ye-cue kumlutha womdlalo we-intanethi (abakwishumi elivisayo abangamadoda) i-Behav Brain Res. 2012;233(2):563–576. [PubMed]
  34. Ko CH, Liu GC, Yen JY, Chen CY, Yen CF, Chen CS. Ubuchopho bunxibelelene nokulangazelela umdlalo we-intanethi phantsi kokuvezwa kwe-cue kwizifundo ezinomlutha wokudlala kwi-Intanethi nakwizifundo ezixolelweyo. Umlutha weBiol. 2013;18(3):559–569. [PubMed]
  35. UHebert S, uBeland R, uDionne-Fournelle O, iCrete M, uLupien SJ. Impendulo yoxinzelelo lwePhysiological kumdlalo wevidiyo: igalelo lomculo owakhelwe ngaphakathi. Ubomi beSayensi. 2005;76(20):2371–2380. [PubMed]
  36. Zilioli S, Watson NV. Imilinganiselo efihliweyo yesiphumo sokhuphiswano: i-basal cortisol kunye ne-basal testosterone ngokudibeneyo ziqikelela utshintsho kwi-testosterone yamathe emva kokuphumelela kwezentlalo emadodeni. I-Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37(11):1855–1865. [PubMed]
  37. UZimbardo P. Ukutshatyalaliswa Kwabafana: Kutheni Amakhwenkwe Enzima kwaye Yintoni Esinokuyenza Ngayo. Seattle: Iinkonzo zeDijithali zeAmazon; 2012.
  38. URowan CA. Umntwana obonakalayo: Inyaniso eyoyikisayo malunga nokuba iteknoloji yenza ntoni ebantwaneni. North Charleston: CreateSpace; 2010.
  39. Healy J. Ingqondo ekhulayo yomntwana wakho: uPhuhliso lwengqondo kunye nokuFunda ukusuka ekuzalweni ukuya kwi-Adolescence, uHlelo lwesithathu. ENew York: EHarmony; 2004.
  40. Ukhululwe R. Wired Umntwana: Debunking Popular Technology Myths. North Charleston: CreateSpace; 2015.
  41. UBrown S. Dlala: Indlela Ebumba ngayo Ubuchopho, Ivula Ingcamango, kwaye Ivuselele uMphefumlo. ENew York: eAvery; 2010.
  42. I-Sax L. Boys Adrift: Imiba emihlanu eQhuba ubhubhani okhulayo wamakhwenkwe angenamdla kunye naMadoda aBancinci abangaPhumelelanga. UJackson, TN: Iincwadi eziSiseko; 2009.
  43. UWilson G. Ubuchopho bakho kwi-Porn: Iphonografi ye-Intanethi kunye neSayensi ekhulayo ye-Addiction. eMargate, eKent: Upapasho lwaMazwe aManyeneyo; 2009.
  44. Isizukulwana M2: Imidiya kuBomi be-8- ukuya kwi-18-Ubudala obudala. UHenry J. Kaiser Family Foundation [Internet] 2010. Ifumaneka ku: http://kff.org/other/event/generation-m2-media-in-the-lives-of/ .
  45. Przybylski AK. Imidlalo ye-Electronic kunye noLungiso lweNgqondo. Unyango lwabantwana. 2014;134(3):716–722. [PubMed]