IINGCACISO ZOKUFUNDA OKUFUNDIWEYO KWI-INTERNET PORN SEP
Ukuqikelela Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ngokugqithisileyo: Yonke into malunga nocansi! (2006)
Meerkerk GJ, Van Den Eijnden RJ, Garretsen HF.
Cyberpsychol Behav. 2006 Feb; 9 (1): 95-103.
Injongo yolu phando kwakuyikuhlola ubungqina bokugqibela Izicelo ezahlukeneyo ze-intanethi ekuphuhliseni ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi (ICIU). Uphononongo lunemilo emibini yomswakalo kunye nexesha le-1 ngonyaka.
Kwi-section-sectional basis, i-gaming kunye ne-erotica ibonakala njengezona zibalulekileyo ezibalulekileyo ze-intanethi ezihambelana neCIU. Ngokwexesha elide, ukuchitha ixesha elininzi kwi-erotica kwabikezela ukuba kunyuka kwe-CIU 1 ngonyaka kamva. TUkwazi ukulutha kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zezicelo ziyahluka; Ukubonakalisa i-erotica kubonakala kunakho okuphezulu.
Ukubukela Imifanekiso Engamanyala kwi-intanethi: Indima yeZingqinisiso zokuThatshazwa ngokwesondo kunye neZengqondo ze-Psychiatric Symptoms for Using Internet Sites Sites Excessively (2011)
I-Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011 Jun;14(6):371-7. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0222.
Uvavanyo lweNtsholongwane ye-Intanethi (i-IAT) kunye neenguqu eguqulelwe i-IAT kwimisebenzi yezocwangciso ze-intanethi (i-IATsex), kwakunye neminye imibuzo ephakamileyo yokulinganisa iimpawu zengqondo kunye neembalo zobuntu nazo zalawulwa ngabathathi-nxaxheba.
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba iingxaki ezizixelileyo zobomi bemihla ngemihla ezixhomekeke kwimisebenzi yezocansi zakwa-intanethi zachazwa ngokulinganiswa kobulili obuphathekayo obuphathekayo bezinto eziphathekayo zobulili, ubunzima bomhlaba beempawu zengqondo, kunye nenani lezicelo zesondo xa zisetyenziselwa iisayithi zocansi nge-intanethi kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla, ngeli xesha ixesha elisetyenziselwa kwiisayithi zezesondo ze-Intanethi (imizuzu ngemini) azizange zenze igalelo elikhulu ekuchazeni ukungafani kwinqanaba le-IATsex. Ubunobuntu bokubambisana bekungakhange luhambelane kakhulu namanqaku e-IATsex.
Nangona isihloko soxilongwane lwe-inthanethi sinobuchule obuphezulu beklinikhi, kuye kwagqitywa ngokungafuneki kuphando olwangaphambili. I-16,17 Kwiinkalo ezininzi zeengcamango zengqondo kunye nobuntu bemisebenzi ye-Intanethi ngokubanzi, i-online / computer gamers ngokuyinhloko ifakwe kwiisampuli18-20 okanye akukho nto eyahlukileyo phakathi kwemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ye-intanethi yenziwe.Izifundo ze-21-24 eziphambili ziphanda iindlela zokuzama ukusebenzisa ukulaliswa kwe-cybersex ilahlekile.
sibona ukufana okuphakathi kweendlela zokuqonda kunye neengqondo ezingabangela ukuba kugcinwe i-cybersex ngokweqile kunye nalabo bachazwa ngabantu abanexhomekeke kwimpahla okanye umlutha wokuziphatha (umz. Ngokomzekelo, kwaziwa ukuba iingqondo zezifundo ngokuxiliswa kotywala okanye ukuxhomekeka kwezinto ezichaphazelekayo zichaphazela emoyeni (ukusebenza kwe-ventral striatum) xa zijongene nemifanekiso enxulumene notywala okanye imichiza .30-32 Ezinye izifundo zigxininisa ukuba iimpendulo zokulangazelela (cue -kusebenza) kunokufunyanwa kwizifundo ezinemizila yokuziphatha, njengengcakazo yokugembula33 kunye-ngoku kutshanje-nakwezo zifundo ezidlala ngokugqithiseleyo iWorld Warcraft19 okanye enye imidlalo yeekhompyutheni. I-18 Ezi zifundo ziguqulela kumbono wokuthi ukulangazelela ukujonga ukujonga umlutha i-stimuli ibalulekile ukulungelelaniswa kokuziphatha komlutha.
Ngako oko, kubonakala ngathi kunokwenzeka ukuba ezo ndawo zengqondo zibandakanyeka ekusebenziseni i-sexual stimulation, kunye nokuvusa isondo kunye nomsebenzi, kunye nokuthanda abantu ngabanye abanomlutha wokuziphatha, nazo zibaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kokuziphatha kakubi kwimeko ye-cybersex.
ingxoxo
Sifumane ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kokuvuswa kwezesondo ngokuzithoba xa ubona imifanekiso ye-intanethi yoxilongo kunye neengxaki ezixeliweyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla ngenxa yokugqithisa kwe-cybersex njengokuba kulinganiswa yi-IATsex. Ukulinganiswa okuvakalayo okuvukisayo, ubunzima bomhlaba beempawu zengqondo, kunye nenani lesicelo sezesondo esetyenzisiweyo liyi-predictors of score ye-IATsex, ngeli xesha ixesha elichithwa kwiisayithi zezesondo ze-Intanethi azizange zenze igalelo elikhulu ekuchazeni ukungafani kwinqanaba le-IATsex.
Ukufumanisa ukuba ukulinganiswa kobulili obuzimeleyo ngokubheka iifoto zoonobumba be-intanethi kuhambelana neengxaki ezibikwayo kwizinto zobomi bemihla ngemihla ngenxa yokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwiisayithi ze-intanethi zingachazwa ngokubhekiselele kwizifundo zangaphambili kwi-cue reactivity kubantu abanokuxhomekeka kwimizimba okanye izilingo zokuziphatha.
Njengoko kuboniswe kwisingeniso, qwa lasela i-reactivity njengendlela yokwenza uncedo ekugcinweni kokuziphatha okuxilisayo kuye kwabonakaliswa kumaqela amagulane amaninzi anokuxhomekeka kwimeko okanye ukuxhatshazwa kokuziphatha. I-18,19,30-33 Ezi zifundo ziguqukela kwimbono yokuba ukuthanda ukujonga ukujongana nezidakamizwa ezinxulumene nomlingo kubalulekile ukuba kulungelelanise ukuziphatha komlutha.
Nangona asizange sihlolisise ubuchopho beengqondo zokubukela imifanekiso ye-intanethi ye-intanethi kwisifundo sethu, sithole ubungqina bokuqala bokungqinelana nokuxhamla okuphakathi kokuziphendulela kwi-intanethi yezinto eziphathekayo zobulili kunye nokunyamekela kwi-cyber sex addiction.
Umfanekiso we-Pornography Ukucwangcisa ama-Interferes kunye noMsebenzi wokuMemori wokuSebenza (2012)
Abanye abantu baxela iingxaki ngexesha kunye nangemva kokubandakanyeka ngesondo ngo-intanethi, njengokungaphumeleli ukulala nokukhumbula ukuqeshwa, ezihambelana nemiphumo emibi yokuphila. Enye indlela enokubangela ezi ntlobo zeengxaki kukuba ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo ngexesha le-intanethi kungaphazamisa umthamo wokusebenza (WM), okubangelwa ukunganyanzelwanga kolwazi olufanelekileyo lwendalo kwaye ngoko-ke ukwenziwa kwesigqibo. Iziphumo zityhila kakubi ukusebenza kwe-WM kwisimo somfanekiso wesithothosiso somsebenzi we-4-back xa kuthelekiswa neemeko ezintathu eziseleyo.
Ukongezelela, ukuhlaziywa kwezinto zokuziphatha ngokugqithiseleyo kubonakalisa inkcazo yokwahlukana kobuzwe besimo sengqondo esichaphazelekayo ngokubonakalisa ukuzithoba kweefoto zoononografi kwakunye nokuchaphazeleka kokumodareyitha. Riziphumo zifaka isandla kwimbono yokuba izibonakaliso zokuvusa ngesondo ngenxa yokucoca iinthombe zoonografi ziphazamisa ukusebenza kweWM. Iziphumo zixubusha ngokubhekiselele kwi-intanethi ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwe-WM ngemigaqo yokuxhatshazwa kwezidakamizwa eyaziwayo ngokuxhomekeka kwezinto eziphathekayo.
UkuCwangciswa koBucala beZithombe zoSondo kunye noKwenziwa kweNqumo ngaphantsi kobuchule (2013).
I-Sex Sex Behav. 2013 Jun 4.
Xa ubrawuza kwisistim sezesondo, abantu kufuneka benze izigqibo ezininzi, zonke ezinokuthi zikhokelele kwiziphumo ezilungileyo okanye ezimbi. Uphando lokwenza izigqibo lubonakalisile ukuba izigqibo ezingahambelaniyo zichaphazeleka ziziphumo ezifunyenwe emva kwezigqibo zangaphambili. Ukuvuselela inkanuko yesini kunokuphazamisa inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo kwaye ke kungakhokelela ekuthathweni kwezigqibo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kwisifundo esikhoyo, i-82 isini esahlukileyo, abathathi-nxaxheba babukele imifanekiso yezesondo, babalinganisa ngokubhekisele ekuvuseleleni ngokwesondo, kwaye bacelwa ukuba babonise inqanaba labo ngoku lokuvuselela inkanuko yesini ngaphambili nangokulandela umboniso wesondo. Emva koko, izifundo zenze enye yeenguqulelo ezimbini eziguqulweyo zomsebenzi we-Iowa wokuNgcakaza apho imifanekiso yesondo yaboniswa kwimifanekiso eluncedo nengathathi hlangothi kumgangatho wekhadi elibi okanye ngokuchaseneyo (n = 41 / n = 41).
Umsebenzi wokwenza izigqibo wawunzima kakhulu xa imifanekiso yesondo idibaniswa neengcingo ezingekho phantsi kwamanani xa kuthelekiswa nokusebenza xa imifanekiso yesondo idibaniswe nakwiindawo ezifanelekileyo. Ukuvuswa kwezesondo ngokuvisisanayo ngokumalunga nezesondo kulungelelanisa ubudlelwane phakathi komgangatho wenkqubo kunye nokwenza izigqibo. Olu pho nonongo luye wagxininisa ukuba ukuvuswa kwezesondo kugxininisa ukuthatha isigqibo, oku kungachaza ukuba kutheni abanye abantu befumana imiphumo emibi kwiimeko zokusebenzisa i-intanethi.
Umlutha we-Cybersex: Ukuvuswa kwezesondo malunga nolwazi xa ubukela iphonografi kwaye ungaboniswanga ngoobomi bezocansi kwenza ukubahluko (2013)
Ukugqithiswa kwe-Cybersex kuxoxwa ngokuphikisana, ngelixa ubungqina obunobungqina obuninzi bukhoyo. Ngokubhekiselele kwiindlela zalo zophuhliso kunye nokugcinwa kweBrand et al. (2011) zicinga ukuba ukuqiniswa ngenxa ye-intanethi kufuneka kuholele ekuphuhlisweni kwe-cue-reactivity kunye nokuthanda ukuchaza ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukusebenzisa i-intanethi ngokubhekiselele ekukhuleni kodwa kuhoywa imiphumo emibi. Ukuxhasa le ngcamango, kwenziwa izifundo ezimbini zokuhlola.
Injongo yesifundo sesibini kwakukuqinisekisa ubungqina bokufundwa kokuqala ngokuthelekisa impilo (n = 25) kunye nabasebenzisi be-cyber (n = 25) engxaki (n = XNUMX).
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba izalathisi zesondo zovuko kunye nokukhanga kwiimpawu zoononophala ze-intanethi ezichazwe ukutyekela ukunyaniseka kwe-inthanethi kwisifundo sokuqala. Ngaphezu koko, kuboniswe ukuba abasebenzisi be-cybersexing ingxaki bavakalisa ukuvuswa kwezesondo kunye nokwenzakala kweempembelelo ezibangelwa ukuboniswa koonwabo. Kwizifundo zombini, inamba kunye nemigangatho kunye noonobumba bezonxibelelwano zangokwezesini zobomi abazange bahlobaniswe noxilongo lwe-cybersex.
Iziphumo zixhasa ukuxhaswa kwezinto zokuzikhusela, ezithatha ukuqiniswa, iindlela zokufunda, nokuthanda ukuba iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kokulutha kwe-cybersex. Ubuthathaka okanye ukunganelisekanga oonxibelelwano bobuhlobo bokwabelana ngesondo abanakho ukuchaza ngokufanelekileyo ukunyaniseka kwe-cybersex.
Ukunyaniseka kwe-Cybersex kwi-intanethi yabasebenzisi besini kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ingachazwa ngokuxhaswa kwe-XTUMX)
I-Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2014 Aug;17(8):505-11.
Kwiimeko ze-intanethi, i-intanethi iyicingwa njengesicelo se-Intanethi apho abasebenzisi basengozini yokuphuhlisa ukuziphatha kokusetyenziswa komlingo. Ngokubhekiselele kwindoda, uphando olwenziwe ngophando luye lwabonisa ukuba izibonakaliso zesondo zovuko kunye nokulangazelela ukuphendula kwiinkcukacha zoononophala ze-intanethi zihambelana nobuqili bokulutha kwe-cybersex kwi-intanethi yabasebenzisi be-pornography (IPU). Ekubeni uphando olulinganiswayo nabesifazane alukho, injongo yale sifundo kukuphanda iziganeko zokulutha kwe-cybersex kwi-women-sexual sexual.
Sihlolisise i-51 yabasetyhini be-IPU kunye ne-51 abasebenzisi be-pornography abangabasebenzisi i-intanethi (iNIPU).
Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-IPU ilinganise imifanekiso engamanyala ephakamileyo njengoko ivuselela kwaye ivakalise ukukhanga okukhulu ngenxa yokubonisa umfanekiso wesithothosiso xa kuthelekiswa neNIPU. Ngaphezu koko, ukulangazelela, ukulingana ngokwesondo, imfesane, ukukhathazeka ngokwesini, ukuziphatha okubi ngokwesini kunye nokuqina kweempawu zeengqondo ziqikelele ukutyekela kwi-IPU. Ukuba nobudlelwane, inani lezonxibelelwano zesondo, ukwaneliseka koqhagamshelwano ngesondo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi ayisebenzisanga noxilongo lwe-cybersex. Ezi ziphumo zihambelana nezo zichazwe ngabantu abesilisa kunye nabesilisa ekufundeni kwangaphambili.
Ubungqina bobuGcisa kunye nokuqwalaselwa kweengcinga kwizinto ezibangela ukuxhatshazwa kwe-Cybersex kwi-View Cognitive-Behavioral View (2014)
Ukunyanzelwa ngokwesondo kunye nokunyanzelwa: Ijenali yonyango kunye nothintelo, Volume 21, Issue 4, 2014
Umsebenzi odlulileyo ubonisa ukuba abanye abantu bangasengozini kwi-CA, ngelixa ukuqinisekiswa okuqinisekileyo kunye nokucima-ukucwangciswa kwemisebenzi kubonwa njengendlela ephambili yokuphuhlisa i-CA. Kule sifundo, abakwa-155 abesilisa abesilisa abathathu babecala iifoto ze-100 zoononografi kwaye babonisa ukwanda kwabo kwesondo sokuvusa. Ukongezelela koko, ukutyekela kwi-CA, ukukhathazeka kwintlonipho yesondo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezesondo ngokubanzi kuhlolwe. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba kukho iziganeko zengozi kwi-CA kwaye zinikezela ubungqina bendima yokuxhaswa ngokwesondo kunye nokuxhatshazwa kakubi ekuphuhlisweni kwe-CA.
Ukulawulwa kwe-Prefrontal kunye noxilongo lwe-intanethi: imodeli yezobugcisa kunye nokuhlaziywa kweziphumo ze-neuropsychological and neuroimaging (2015)
Front Hum Neurosci. 2014 Meyi 27; 8: 375.
Uninzi lwabantu lisebenzisa i-intanethi njengethuluzi elisebenzayo ukwenza iinjongo zabo kwizinto zobomi bemihla ngemihla ezifana nokwenza i-airline okanye ukubeka ihotele. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abantu bafumana ukulahleka kolawulo ekusebenziseni i-Intanethi kubangele ukukhathazeka komntu, iimpawu zokuxhomekeka kwengqondo kunye nemiphumo eyahlukileyo. Oku kudlalwa ngokuba yi-Internet. I-Intanethi yamanqaku e-Intanethi kuphela ifakwe kwisihlomelo se-DSM-5, kodwa sele sele ixelwe ukuba ukukhwabanisa kwe-intanethi kungaqukwa nokusetyenziswa kweengxaki kwezinye izicelo nge-cybersex, ubudlelwane be-intanethi, ukuthenga, kunye nokukhangela ulwazi kwiinkalo ze-Intanethi engozini yokuphuhlisa ukuziphatha komlutha.
Uphando lwe-neuropsychological luye lwabonisa ukuba imisebenzi ethile yolawulo ngokukodwa kwimisebenzi yolawulo olulawulayo ihambelana neempawu ze-intanethi, ehambelana nemifanekiso yamatyala evelayo ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi. Iinkqubo zolawulo ziyancitshiswa xa abantu abanomlutha we-intanethi bejongene neengxelo ezihlobene ne-intanethi ezimela ukusetyenziswa kwazo kokuqala. Umzekelo, ukucubungula iingqinamba ezihlobene ne-intanethi kukuphazamisa ukusebenza komemori nokusebenza kwezigqibo. Ngokuhambelana nale nto, iziphumo ezivela kwi-neuroimaging esebenzayo kunye nezinye iingxoxo ze-neuropsychological zibonisa ukuba u-cac-reactivity, ukulangazelela, kunye nokuthatha izigqibo ziyizinto ezibalulekileyo zokuqonda umlutha we-Intanethi. Iziphumo zokunciphisa ukulawula okulawulayo zihambelana nezinye izilingo zokuziphatha, ezifana nokugembula. Baphinde bagxininise ukuhlelwa kobuqhetseba njengomlutha, kuba kukho ukufana okufanayo kunye nokufunyaniswa nokuxhomekeka kwezinto eziphathekayo. Iziphumo ze-neuropsychological and neuroimaging ziyimpembelelo ebalulekileyo yekliniki, njengoko injongo enye yonyango kufuneka ikhulise ulawulo ekusebenziseni i-Intanethi ngokuguqula iinkcukacha ezithile kunye nokulindela ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi.
Ngokubhekiselele ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kokusetyenziswa komlingo kwezicelo ezithile ze-intanethi (SIA), siphikisana - ngokuhambelana nophando olwedlulileyo kwaye ngokuhambelana nomzekelo nguDavis (2001) - ukuba iimpawu ze-psychopathological zichaphazeleka ngokukodwa (Brand et al., 2011; Kuss noGriffith, 2011; Pawlikowski kunye neBrith, 2011; Laier et al., 2013a; Pawlikowski et al., 2014). Siphinde sinyanzise ukuba loo mntu uqobo lwakhe ulungelelanise ukuba amathuba omntu athola ukuxhaswa ekusebenziseni ezithile izicelo kunye nokugqithisa kwezi zicelo kwakhona. Omnye umzekelo wolu hlobo oluthile luyi-excitation (Cooper et al., 2000a,b; Bancroft noVukadinovic, 2004; Salisbury, 2008; Kafka, 2010), okwenza kube lula ukuba umntu asebenzise i-intanethi ye-intanethi, kuba ukhangele ukuvusa isondo kunye nokwanelisa (Meerkerk et al., 2006; Selula, 2008). Siyakholelwa ukuba ulindeleke ukuba izicelo ezinjalo ze-intanethi ziyanelisa iimfuno ezithile zandisa amathuba okuba izicelo ezi-intanethi zisetyenziswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, njengoko kuthathwa njengendlela yokuziphatha kakubi ngokubanzi (URobinson neBerridge, 2000, 2003; Everitt noRobbins, 2006) kwaye loo mntu unokuhlakulela ukulahleka kolawulo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwakhe kwezicelo. Ngenxa yoko, ukufumana umgangatho wokufumana umgangatho kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezicelo ezinjalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ethile kunye nesitayela sokuthintela siyaqiniswa. Oku sele kubonisiwe, umzekelo wokuxhatshazwa kwe-cybersex (Brand kunye al., 2011; Laier et al., 2013a) kwaye kusenokwenzeka nokuba yindlela yokudlala i-intanethi (umzekelo, iTychsen et al., 2006; Ewe, 2006). Ukuthambekela kwengqondo ngokubanzi (umz., Ukudandatheka kunye nokuxhalaba kwezenhlalakahle) kufuneka kuqinisekiswe kakubi. Oku kungakho ngenxa yokuba ezinye iinkqubo ze-Intanethi (umz., I-intanethi ye-intanethi) ingasetyenziselwa ukuphazamisa kwiingxaki ebomini bwenene okanye ukuphepha iimvakalelo ezingathandekiyo, njengesizungu okanye ukwahlukana kwezentlalo. Iingxoxo eziphambili zemizekelo yethu zishwankathelwe kumzobo Umfanekiso11.
Ukubambelela kwiimifanekiso engamanyala? Ukusetyenziswa ngokweqile okanye ukungahoywa kwimiba ye-intanethi kwiimeko ezininzi zihlobene neempawu zokulutha kwe-cybersex (2015)
J Behav Addict. 2015 Mar;4(1):14-21.
Abanye abantu basebenzisa i-intanethi ye-intanethi, njengezinto eziphathekayo zobulili, ngendlela engumlutha, ekhokelela kwimiphumo emibi kwimpilo yabucala okanye emsebenzini. Enye indlela ekhokelela kwimiphumo emibi inganciphisa ukulawula okulawulayo malunga nokuqonda kunye nokuziphatha okunokuba kuyimfuneko ukufumanisa ukutshintshwa kwinjongo phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex kunye neminye imisebenzi kunye nezibophelelo zobomi.
Ukujongana nale ngongoma, saphonononga abathathi-nxaxheba be-104 besine-paradigm yokulawula i-multitasking iiseti ezimbini: Isethi enye iqukethe imifanekiso yabantu, enye isethi ibandakanya imifanekiso yezocopu. Kuzo zombini zibeka imifanekiso kufuneka ihlelwe ngokwemiqathango ethile. Sifumene ukuba ukusebenza okulinganayo kangako kule paradigm eneenkcukacha ezininzi kunxulumene nesimo esiphezulu sokubheja kwe-inthanethi. Abantu abanalo mkhuba badla ngokugqithiseleyo okanye bengakuhoxiswa ekusebenzeni kwimifanekiso engamanyala.
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukulawulwa kokulawula okunciphise ukuqhutyelwa kwe-multitasking, xa kujongene nezinto eziphathekayo zoononophelo, kunokufaka isandla kwimilinganiselo engasebenziyo kunye nemiphumo emibi ebangelwa ukulaliswa kwe-cybersex. Nangona kunjalo, Abantu abanokutyekela kwi-cyber sex addiction kubonakala benomnqweno wokuphepha okanye ukufikelela kwiimpawu zoononophala, njengoko kuxoxwa kwiimodeli zokukhuthaza umlutha.
Iziphumo zengqwalasela yangoku ejongene nendima yemisebenzi yolawulo olulawulayo, oko kukuthi isebenzisana nomphathi we-prefrontal, ukuphuhliswa nokugcinwa kweengxaki zokusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex (ingcebiso njengoko UBrand et al., 2014). Ngokukodwa ukunciphisa amandla okubeka iliso ukusetyenziswa kunye nokutshintshana phakathi kwezinto eziphathekayo zoonobumba kunye nezinye izinto ezikuyo kwinjongo eyaneleyo inokuba yindlela enye ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kokulutha kwe-cybersex.
Imibutho engabonakaliyo kumlingo we-cybersex: Ukutshintshwa kovavanyo lweMbutho oluPhezulu kunye neefoto zoonografi (2015)
Umlutha Behav. 2015 Meyi 16; 49: 7-12.
Uphononongo olutshanje lubonisa ukufana phakathi koxilongo lwe-inthanethi kunye nokuxhomekeka kwezinto eziphathekayo kwaye uphakamise ukuhlukanisa umlutha we-inthanethi njengengxaki yokuziphatha. Ngokuxhomekeka kwezinto ezinxulumene nezidalwa, iminyano engqalileyo iyaziwa ukuba idlale indima ebalulekileyo, kwaye imibutho enjalo ayizange ifundwe kwi-cyber sex addiction, kude kube ngoku. Kulo vavanyo lokulinga, abaxhamli be-128 abafazi abathathi-nxaxheba bazalisa i-Implicit Association Test eguqulelwe ngemifanekiso yezocopu.
Iziphumo zibonisa ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kwemibutho ephosakeleyo yeefoto zoonografi kunye neemvakalelo ezintle kunye nokunyamekela ukuxhatshazwa kwe-cybersex, ukuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo, ukuvakalelwa kwintlonipho yesini kunye nokuthanda. Ngaphezu koko, uhlalutyo olulinganisiweyo lokuhlaziywa kwemboniso luye lwabonisa ukuba abantu abavakalisa ukuzithanda ngokuzimela baze babonisa ubudlelwane obuphathekayo beefoto zoonografi kunye neemvakalelo ezintle, ngokukodwa zixhomekeke ekubhekeleni kwe-cybersex. Izinto ezifunyanisiweyo zibonisa inxaxheba engabonakaliyo enxulumene nemibutho yoononografi ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kokulutha kwe-cybersex. Ngaphezu koko, iziphumo zophando olulandelayo zifaniswa nokufunyaniswa nokuphanda ngokuxhomekeka kwendalo kunye nokugxininisa iifayile phakathi kokuxhatshazwa kwe-inthanethi kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwempahla okanye ezinye izilingo zokuziphatha.
Iimpawu zoxhatshazo lwe-inthanethi lunokudibaniswa kokubili kokusondela kwaye ziphepha ukunyaniseka: iziphumo ezivela kwisampuli yama-analog abasebenzisi be-inthanethi rhoqo (i-2015)
Front Psychol. 2015 Meyi 22; 6: 653.
Akukho mvumelwano malunga neempembelelo, ukuhlengahlengiswa, kunye neendlela zokuxilonga ze-cyber sex addiction. Ezinye iinkqubo zibhekiselele kwizinto ezinxulumene nokuxhomekeka kwezinto eziphathekayo apho ukuthambekela / ukuphepha ukuthambekela kubaluleke kakhulu. Abaphandi abaninzi baphikisa ukuba kwimeko yesigqibo esinxulumene neziyobisi, abantu bangabonisa ukunyamekela ukuthetha okanye ukuphepha isicupho esichaphazelekayo.
Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba abantu abanomdla wokubheja kwe-inthanethi baxhomekeke ekubeni bangene okanye baphephe ukunyanzelisa iifoslim. Ukongezwa koko, ukuhlaziywa kweemodareyithwa kweemodareyibhile kubonisa ukuba abantu abanexhala eliphezulu lezesondo kunye nokuziphatha okubi ngokobulili abonisa ukuthambekela okuphezulu / ukuthintela ukukhusela, babonisa iimpawu eziphezulu zokulutha kwe-cybersex. Ukuxhomekeka kwizinto ezixhomekeke kwizinto eziphathekayo, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba zombini iindlela zokuzikhusela nokukhusela zingabamba indima ekukhuselweni kwe-cybersex.
Ukongezelela, ukusebenzisana novelwano malunga nokuxhaswa ngokwesini kunye nokuziphatha okubi ngokwesini kunokuba nempembelelo ekubandezelweni kwezikhalazo ezizimeleyo kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi.
Ezi ziphumo zibonelela ubungqina obuninzi bokufanisa phakathi kokuxhatshazwa kwe-inthanethi kunye nokuxhomekeka kwezinto eziphathekayo. Ukufana okunjalo kunokubuyiselwa kwintsebenziswano ehambelana ne-neural ye-cybersex- kunye nezixhumo ezinxulumene neziyobisi.
Izikhombisi zengqondo kunye nempilo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezobugcisa ngokucacileyo ngokwesimo sabantu abadala (2011)
J Sex Med. 2011 Mar;8(3):764-72.
Eyona nto ingabonakaliyo, kwaye kugxininiswe apha, ngaba ubudlelwane obunokwenzeka phakathi kwe-SEMB kunye neziboniso zempilo yengqondo kunye nezempilo.
Ukungafani kwezi sixhotho zempilo ezilinganiselwe ngokuqhubekayo (iimpawu ezixinezelekileyo, iintsuku zempilo yengqondo kunye nezomzimba ezinciphile iintsuku, isimo sempilo, umgangatho wobomi kunye nenani lenkcazo yomzimba) yahlolwa ngamanqanaba amabini (abasebenzisi, abangenanto) ye-SEMB.
Isampula ye-559 Seattle-Tacoma Abantu abadala basebenzisa i-intanethi bahlolwe kwi-2006. Iimodeli eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo ezikhethiweyo kwiSEMB ngohlobo lwesini esiphendulayo (i-2 × 2) yoyilo lwenkcazo yenziwe iquka ukulungiswa kwamanani amaninzi.
IINKCUKACHA: I-SEMB ibikwe ngu-36.7% (n = 205) isampuli. Abasebenzisi abaninzi be-SEMB (78%) babengamadoda. Emva kokulungelelanisa abantu, abasebenzisi be-SEMB, xa kuthelekiswa nabangenanto, babonisa iimpawu ezidityanisiweyo zokubandezeleka, umgangatho wobomi obuthathaka, iintsuku ezingaphantsi kweengqondo kunye nezempilo ezincitshiswayo, kunye nesimo sempilo esezantsi.
AbaThuthi be-Dopamine eStriam eyancitshiswa kubantu abane-Disorder Addiction Disorder (2012)
Umbhalo we-Biomedicine kunye ne-Biotechnology, Volume 2012
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukukhubazeka kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi (IAD) sele ixhaphake kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye ukuqonda kwefuthe layo elichaphazelayo kubasebenzisi kunye noluntu landa ngokukhawuleza. Ucwaningo lwangoku lujoliswe ukuba lunqume ukuba ngaba amazinga okutshatyalaliswa kwe-dopamine transporter (DAT) alinganiswa ne-99mTc-TRODAT-1 eyodwa ye-photon yokuchithwa kwe-tomography (SPECT) isicatshulwa sengqondo yatshintshile kubantu abane-IAD. I-SPECT scans scans yafunyanwa kwii-5 zindoda ze-IAD kunye ne-9 yokulawula iminyaka enempilo.
Izifundo ze-IAD zisetyenziselwa i-intanethi malunga nosuku, kwaye zichitha ngaphezulu kweeyure ze-8 (zithetha? ± SD, ii-10.20 ± 1.48 iiyure) imihla ngemihla phambi kwesosa, kakhulu ukuxoxa nabangani be-cyber, ukudlala imidlalo ye-intanethi, nokubukela iifoto-mifanekiso zentengiso kwi-intanethi okanye iifilimu zabantu abadala. Ezi zifundo zaziqhelaniswe ne-intanethi ikakhulukazi kwinqanaba lokuqala lokukhula kwabo (ubunzima beminyaka yobudala ± SD, i-12.80 ± 1.92 ubudala ubudala) kunye nezibonakaliso ze-IAD kwiminyaka engaphezulu kwe-6 (ithetha i-± SD, i-7.60 ± 1.52 iminyaka).
Kwaboniswa ukuba i-DAT inqanaba lokubhaliweyo le-striatum lancinci kakhulu kwaye i-V, W, neRa yancitshiswa kakhulu kubantu abane-IAD xa kuthelekiswa nokulawula. Kuthatyathwe ndawonye, ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-IAD ingabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwiingqondo kunye nokufunyaniswa kweengcinga ze-neuroimaging ezibonisa ngakumbi i-IAD idibanisene neentsholongwane kwiinkqubo zeengqondo ze-dopaminergic. Iziphumo zethu zixhasa inkxaso yokuba i-IAD ingabelana ngokungaqhelekanga kwe-neurobiological nezinye izifo ezibangelwa ngumlutha
Impembelelo ehlukeneyo yengqondo yefuthe le-intanethi kwii-addicts ze-intanethi (i-2013)
PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e55162. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055162.
Uphononongo luhlolisise impembelelo esheshayo ye-intanethi kwimoya kunye neengqondo zengqondo ze-intanethi kunye nabasebenzisi abasebenzisa intanethi. Abathathi-nxaxheba banikezwa ibhetri yeemvavanyo zengqondo ukuhlola amanqanaba e-intanethi, ukukhathazeka, ukuxinezeleka, i-schizotypy, kunye neempawu ze-autism. Baye banikezwa kwi-intanethi ye-15 min, kwaye bavavanyelwa kwakhona ukukhathazeka kunye nokuxhalaba kwangoku.
Abasebenzisi abakhulu be-intanethi babonisa ukuhla kweemeko ezilandelayo emva kokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kuthelekiswa nabasebenzisi abasebenzisa intanethi. Impembelelo engxamisekileyo yokubonakalisa kwi-intanethi kwisimo se-addicts ye-intanethi sinokufaka isandla ekusebenziseni ukwandiswa ngabantu abazama ukunciphisa isimo sabo sengqondo ngokuzibandakanya ngokukhawuleza kwi-intanethi.
Ngokufanayo, ukuchazwa kwento yokuziphatha okuyingxaki kuye kwafunyanwa ukunciphisa imizwa [26], ngakumbi kubantu abanomlutha woonografi [5], [27]. Njengoko zombini kwezi zizathu (okt ukugembula kunye noonografi) ekusebenziseni i-intanethi zidibaniswa ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi [2], [3], [14], kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezi zinto zingabangela negalelo kwi-intanethi [14]. Enyanisweni, kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba iimpembelelo ezintle zokubandakanyeka ekuziphatheni ezinengxaki, ngokwabo, zivelise ukubandakanyeka ngakumbi kule miqobo yokuziphatha enengxaki enokuzama ukubalekela ezi zivakalelo [28].
Iziphumo zibonisa impembelelo engafanelekanga ye-intanethi kwi-intanethi 'yezilwanyana ze-intanethi'. Esi siphumo siphakanyisiwe kwiimodeli ze-intanethi ze-intanethi [14], [21], iKwakhona ukufumanisa okufanayo kuye kwaphawulwa ngokwemiphumo emibi yokungabonakali kwimizila engamanyala kwi-intanethi yesilonda [5], ezingabonisa ukuba iziganeko eziphakathi kwezi zilingo. Kuyafaneleka ukubonisa ukuba le mpembelelo engathandekiyo kwimvakalelo ingaqwalaselwa njengento ehambelana nesiphumo sokuhoxiswa, esicetyiswayo njengoko kuyimfuneko yokuhlelwa kwezidakamizwa 1, [2], [27].
Kufuneka kuboniswe ukuba, njengezinto ezimbini ezisetyenzisiweyo ze-intanethi kwinani elininzi labasebenzisi be-intanethi kufuneka bafumane ukufikelela kwiimifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokugembula [4], [5], iLe mi sebenzi yokugqibela ilawulwa ngokubhekiselele kwiimeko zokulutha, mhlawumbi ukuba kukho naziphi iziphumo ezinxulumene ne-intanethi ye-intanethi yezinye izilwanyana (oko kukuthi uonografi okanye ukugembula).
Ukuguqulwa kwe-intanethi kwi-Greek ye-teenage student ngaphezu kwexesha eliyiminyaka emibili impembelelo yokubambisana kwabazali (i-2012)
I-Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Feb 4.
Senza iziphumo ezivela kwisigcawu esinqamlekileyo sabantu bonke abaselula abasuka ku-12-18 kwisiqithi saseKos kunye nabazali babo, ngokuxhatshazwa kwe-intanethi.
Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba Umlutha we-Intanethi lonyuka kule ndawo apho kungekho mizamo yokukhusela eyenziwa ukulwa nalo mcimbi kwiphando lokuqala, iminyaka eyi-2 edlulileyo. Olu konyuka lufana nokunyuka kwe-intanethi.
Abazali bathambekele ekunyaniseni izinga lokubandakanya ikhompyutha xa kuthelekiswa nabantwana babo ukuqikelela. Amanyathelo okukhusela kwabazali kwi-Intanethi yokuphequlula i-intanethi inendima encinci yokukhusela kwaye ayikwazi ukukhusela abatsha kwi-intanethi. Imisebenzi emithathu ye-intanethi eninzi inxulumene ne-intanethi ye-intanethi yayibukele i-intanethi ye-intanethi, ukugembula kwikhompyutha kunye nokudlala kwe-inthanethi.
Umlutha we-Intanethi (2012)
Duodecim. 2012;128(7):741-8.
Umlutha we-intanethi uchazwa njengokusetyenziswa okungalawulekiyo nokuyingozi kwe-intanethi, ebonisa iintlobo ezintathu: ukudlala, imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yesondo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwe-imeyile, ingxoxo okanye ukuthumela imiyalezo ye-SMS. Kwimfesane kunye nokudakumba kwamadoda kunokubangela umlutha ngaphezu kwesizathu salo. I-ADHD ibonakala iyimfuneko ebalulekileyo yokuphuhlisa imeko.
Ingxaki Internet Ukusetyenziswa kunye neeCorrelates phakathi kwabafundi abavela kwizikolo ezintathu zonyango kwiizwe ezintathu (i-2015)
Acad Psychiatry. 2015 Jul 1.
Ababhali bajolise ekuvavanyeni nasekuthelekiseni ingxaki yokusebenzisa i-intanethi phakathi kwabafundi bezonyango ababhalise kwizifundo zesidanga esinye kwisikolo ngasinye eCroatia, eIndiya naseNigeria kunye nokuvavanya unxibelelwano lokusetyenziswa kwengxaki phakathi kwaba bafundi. Iphepha lemibuzo lalibandakanya iprofayili yezentlalontle yabathathi-nxaxheba kunye noVavanyo loVavanyo lweInternet.
Uhlalutyo lokugqibela luquka izifundo ze-842. Ngokubanzi, i-38.7 kunye ne-10.5% yabaphenduli bafumana amanqaku amancinci nongqinelanayo. Iqhezu elincinci kuphela (i-0.5%) yabafundi bafumana inqanaba elibi. Ngaphezu koko, inani eliphakamileyo kakhulu labathathi-nxaxheba abaye baphonononga ngaphezu kwe-cutoff basebenzisa i-intanethi ukuphequlula, ukuxhumela intanethi, ukuxoxa, ukudlala, ukuthenga, nokujonga iifoto. Nangona kunjalo, akukho mmahluko phakathi kwamaqela amabini ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni i-intanethi ye-imeyile okanye imisebenzi yezemfundo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-Pathological - Yinto yokwakhiwa kwe-multidimensional kwaye ayiyiyo imidiyali (2013)
Ngomhla we-15 kuMeyi ka-2013 UPHANDO LOKUTHUTHA NENKCAZO
Kusengumxholo wesigxina nokuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi (i-PIU) yinto ekhethekileyo okanye ingaba kufanelekile umahluko phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ze-Intanethi ngokufana nokudlala imidlalo ye-Intanethi nokuchitha ixesha kwiindawo zezesini ze-Intanethi. Injongo yesifundo esilihlakuyo ukunikela ingcaciso ekubhekiselele kwiinkalo eziqhelekileyo nezihlukileyo ze-PIU malunga nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ye-Intanethi. Iziqendu ezintathu zabantu zihlolwe ngokwahlukileyo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwee-intanethi: iqela elinye lezifundo ze-69 ezisetyenziselwa imidlalo ye-Intanethi kuphela (i-IG) (kodwa ingekho i-intanethi ye-intanethi (i-IP)), izifundo ze-134 ezisetyenziselwa i-IP (kodwa i-IG), kunye nezifundo ze-116 ezisetyenziswa zombini i-IG kunye ne-IP (oko kukuthi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi ngokungacaciswanga).
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukunyaniseka kunye nokwaneliseka kwimiba kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqheleni ukusetyenziswa kwe-IG, kodwa kungekhona ukusetyenziswa kwe-IP. Ixesha elichithwe kwi-intanethi laliyi-predictor ebalulekileyo ekusebenziseni ingxaki kwi-IG kunye ne-IP. Ukongezelela, akukho mvumelwano efunyenwe phakathi kweempawu zokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana zeG IG kunye ne-IP. Siphetha ukuba imidlalo ingasetyenziselwa ukuhlawula ukulahlekelwa kweentlalo (umz., Ukuhlazeka) kunye nokwaneliseka ubomi ebomini, kanti i-IP isetyenziselwa ukunyaniseka ngokufikelela ekuvuseleleni kunye nokuvusa isondo.
Ezi ziphumo zixhasa imfuno yokwahlula iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kwizifundo ezizayo kunokuba ziqwalasele i-PIU njengento ebumbeneyo.
Impembelelo yenkqubo ye-dopaminergic kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi (2011)
I-Acta Medica Medianae 2011; 50 (1): 60-66.
IPHEPHA epheleleyo
Idatha ye-Phenomenological, i-neurobiological, kunye ne-pharmacological ibonisa ukufana kwi-pathopsychology ye-drug addiction kunye ne-pathological gambling, ehambelana ngokuthe ngqo ngokufana ne-intanethi ye-intanethi. Ukuphendula kwi-stimuli emdlalweni, izilutha zibonise umsebenzi obuninzi wengqondo kwindawo engasetyenziswanga, ishiya i-dorsolateral, i-correx ye-prefrontal, kunye ne-parachipocampal gyrus eshiyekileyo kuneqela elilawulayo. Emva kweeveki ezintandathu zee-proprophytic, umnqweno wokudlala i-intanethi kunye nemidlalo yevidiyo, ixesha elide lokudlala, kunye nokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi weengqondo kwi-cororsx ye-quartersolateral prefrontal.
Amacandelo e-Addiction Internet (18) Umlutha we-Intanethi ngokuqhelekileyo awuqhelekanga kwaye uquka ukusetyenziswa kwamanani amaninzi, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwenkonzo ye-Intanethi kunye nomxholo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle kwenjongo ethile yalo msebenzi. Le fom inxulumene kakhulu nentsebenziswano yentlalo efana nokuxoxa, ukuthumela imiyalezo ngokukhawuleza, iiforam kunye namaqela eengxoxo, kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokubanzi kwikhomputha kunye ne-intanethi, njengokufakela kwi-intanethi, ukusetyenziswa kweenjini ezisekelwe kwizinto zokuzilibazisa njl. Nangona kunjalo, kuqhelekile ukuba abantu bakhulise umlutha kumxholo othile we-inthanethi kunye nemisebenzi kunokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi jikelele.
Akukho mvumelwano malunga nenani elichanekileyo leengcamango ze-subtypes zokuhlukunyezwa kwe-intanethi. Nangona kunjalo, iindidi ezine okanye ezintlanu ziqhelekileyo zichazwe ngokubanzi, kwaye, emsebenzini wakhe, uHinić ukhuthaza i-6 + 1 subtypes:
1. I-Cyber-Relational Addiction
2. Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini
3. Ulwazi lokuLawula
4. Gam Gam Net
5. Ukuthengwa kwe-Intanethi kwi-Intanethi
6. Ikhompyutha kunye ne-IT
7. Uhlobo lokuxhatshazwa
Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo nge-intanethi: Izinto zobungozi, Amanyathelo okuPhuhliso kunye noTyango
I-American Behavioral Scientist, Septemba 2008 vol. 52 no. 1 21-37
UKimberly S. Young
Ukuxhatshazwa ngocansi nge-intanethi kubandakanya ukujonga, ukukhuphela, kunye nokuthengisa iinthombe zoononografi kwi-intanethi okanye ukubandakanyeka kumagumbi okudlala amacaleni omdala. IiWebhu zeMadala eziMadala ziquka inxalenye enkulu yezobugcisa zentengiso kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zesini. Ngenxa yokufumaneka kwezinto eziphathekayo zobulili kwi-Intanethi, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kwimiba ye-intanethi yindlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha kwe-intanethi phakathi kwabasebenzisi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kunye nokubandakanya intanethi kwi-intanethi kwisampuli yabafundi beekholeji
Psychiatrike. 2011 Jul-Sep;22(3):221-30.
[Iinqununu ngesiGrike, namhlanje]
Abathathi-nxaxheba bebafundi beekholeji ze-514 zaseYunivesithi yaseAthene abagqibile umbuzo wemibuzo eyahlukeneyo ye-intanethi, Uvavanyo oluncinci lwe-Intanethi lweziyobisi kwi-Intanethi, izikali eziphanda ukuba likhoboka lokungcakaza kwi-Intanethi kunye neziyobisi kwi-cybersexual kunye nezikali eziphanda umbono wokuzibulala kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi zengqondo..
Izifundo ezisengozini yokuphuhlisa intsebenziswano ye-intanethi yayinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokungcakaza kwe-intanethi, ukukhwabanisa ngokocansi, ukuxhatshazwa ngokobulili nokusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala, xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaqela. Intsebenziswano ye-intanethi ye-intanethi, ngokukodwa kubantu abatsha, iiparameter entsha ye-psychopathological into ekufuneka ifakwe kwi-diagnostic and treatment painting of professionals.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwi-Intanethi Abafundi be-University of Greek: i-reginal control regression kunye nemingcipheko yeenkolelo zengqondo ezingathandekiyo, ii-site zoononografi kunye nemidlalo ye-intanethi (2011)
I-Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011 Jan-Feb;14(1-2):51-8.
Ngokomyinge, abasebenzisi be-Intanethi abanenkathazo basebenzisa i-MSN, iifom, i-YouTube, iiwebhusayithi zoononografi, amagumbi encoko, ii-advertise sites, Google, Yahoo, i-imeyile, i-ftp, imidlalo kunye neeblogi ezingaphezu kwabangabikho kwi-intanethi.. Imiba ebalulekileyo yengozi ye-PIU yayiyindoda, ubhaliso kwiinkqubo zokungabikho kwemisebenzi, ukukholelwa kweenkolelo ezingendawo, ukuvakashela iisayithi zoononografi, nokudlala imidlalo ye-intanethi. Ngaloo ndlela i-PIU ixhaphake phakathi kwabafundi base-Greek university kwaye kufuneka banikwe ingqalelo ngamagosa ezempilo.
Iziganeko zobungozi kunye neempawu zengqondo zengxaki ezinokuba yingxaki kunye neengxaki kwi-intanethi: I-cross-sectional study (2011)
BMC yezeMpilo. 2011; 11: 595.
Iziphumo zophando zibonise ukuba i-PIU kunye ne-PIU ezinokuthi zizimeleyo zixhomekeke ekusebenziseni i-intanethi ngenjongo yokufumana ulwazi lwezesondo, intlalo kunye nokuzonwabisa, kuquka nokudlala umdlalo. Ukongezelela koko, kuyaphawuleka ukuba i-PIU enokuthi idibene ngokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ngeenjongo zemfundo. Iingxelo zangaphambili zibonisa ukuba ngaphezu kwekota enye yabasebenzisi be-intanethi rhoqo zisebenzisa i-intanethi yokufumana ulwazi lwezesondo kunye nemfundo [19,37,38].
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi rhoqo kunye nokufikelela kwi-intanethi kwiinjongo zesifundo sezesondo sele kufunyenwe ukuqikelela okubonakalayo kokusebenzisa i-intanethi ye-intanethi [39,40] kunye ne-PIU elandelayo [41]. Ngenxa yoko, kucetywayo ukuba i-PIU inokuphuhlisa kwaye / okanye ibonakalise isondlo kumxholo othile weendawo ze-intanethi ezifumanekayo, kunokuba i-intanethi nganye.
Iziganeko zokulandela kunye nemiphumo yengqondo yengqondo ye-intanethi yokuziphatha kakubi kuma-cypriot asetsheni (2014)
I-Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2014 Meyi 6.
Ukuqulunqwa kwecandelo locwangciso oluphambene nendawo luye lwasetyenziswa phakathi kwesampula esingahleliyo (n = 805) yabaseCyprus abaselula (Kuthetha iminyaka yobudala: i-14.7 iminyaka).
Phakathi koluntu lwabafundi, ukulinganiselwa kwamazinga okusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi (BIU) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi (AIU) kwakuyi-18.4% kunye ne-2%, ngokulandelanayo. Izigqibo ze-BIU ne-AIU ziquka ukungena kwi-intanethi ngenjongo yokufumana ulwazi lwezesondo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimidlalo ngamabhaso emali
Bobabini i-BIU ne-AIU babandakanyeka kakhulu kunye nokuziphatha kakubi kokuziphatha kunye nentlalo phakathi kwabantu abaselula.
I-Intanethi yoLwaphulo lweMiphumo ye-Intanethi: Ukuhlolwa kweeNtsholongwane kwiinkqubo ezilungiselelwe i-intanethi (i-2015)
Behav Sci (Basel). 2015 Jul 28;5(3):341-352.
Uvavanyo lweNkqubo ye-Intanethi yoThintelo (IPAT) lwenzelwe ukukhusela isimilo sokuziphatha esinokubakho kwi-intanethi. I-IPAT yenziwa yacinga ukuba igama elithi "umlutha we-Intanethi" liyingxaki ngokwendlela, njengoko i-Intanethi isisixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukufikelela kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokulutha. Indima ye-intanethi ekuququzeleleni izilingo, nangona kunjalo, ayikwazi ukuncitshiswa.Isixhobo esitsha sokuhlola esiphumelele ngokubhekiselele kubaphandi nakwiiklinikhi kwiinkqubo ezithile eziqhutywe yi-intanethi kuya kuba luncedo. Olu pho nonongo lubonisa ukuba i-Internet Process Addiction Test (IPAT) ibonisa ukufaneleka nokuthembeka. Iinkqubo ezine zokulutha zicwangciswe ngempumelelo nge-IPAT: Ukudlala imidlalo ye-intanethi ye-intanethi, intanethi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi, umsebenzi wezesondo kwi-intanethi kunye nokukhwa kwewebhu. Iingqinisiso zophando olongezelelweyo kunye nemida yokufundwa zixutyushwa.
Ukuxhaswa ngokwesondo kunye nokuxhatshazwa okungafanelekiyo Ukunqumanisa ukuxhatshazwa kwe-Cybersex kumadoda angqingili (2015)
I-Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2015 Sep 16
Iziphumo zamva nje zibonise umanyano phakathi kweCyberSex Addiction (CA) ubukhali kunye nezalathi zokuzonwabisa kwezesondo, kwaye ukujongana nokuziphatha ngokwesini kulamle ubudlelwane phakathi kokuzonwabisa ngokwesondo kunye neempawu ze-CA. Iinjongo zolu phononongo yayikukuvavanya oku kulamla kwisampulu yamadoda angamafanasini. Amaphepha emibuzo avavanye iimpawu ze-CA, uvakalelo kwimincili yesini, iphonografi isebenzisa inkuthazo, ingxaki yokuziphatha ngokwesondo, iimpawu zengqondo, kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kubomi bokwenyani nakwi-Intanethi. Ngaphaya koko, abathathi-nxaxheba bajonga iividiyo ezingamanyala kwaye babonisa ukuvuswa kwabo ngokwesondo ngaphambi nasemva kokubonisa ividiyo. Iziphumo zabonisa ukudibanisa okunamandla phakathi kweempawu ze-CA kunye nezibonakaliso zokuvusa ngokwesondo kunye nokuxhaswa ngokwesondo, ukuhlangabezana nokuziphatha ngokwesini, kunye neempawu zeengqondo. I-CA yayingabandakanywa nokuziphatha kakubi kwezesondo kunye nexesha lokusebenzisa i-intanethi ngesonto. Ukujongana nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kuyingcipheko ngokukhawuleza ubudlelwane phakathi kokuxhaswa ngokwesondo kunye ne-CA. Iziphumo zifaniswa nezo zichazwe ngabantu abesilisa kunye nabesifazana kwizifundo zangaphambilini kwaye zixutyushwa malunga nemvelaphi yeengcamango ze-CA, ezigqamisa indima yokuqiniswa okulungileyo nokungalunganga ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex.
Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-intanethi, uxinzelelo lweengqondo kunye nokuphendula okuphendulayo phakathi kwabantwana abancinci kunye nabadala (2017)
I-Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2017 Apr 17. I-doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2016.0669.
Njengoko ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kukhula, zikwanjalo izibonelelo kunye nomngcipheko. Ke, kubalulekile ukuba uchonge xa ukusetyenziswa kwabantu kwi-Intanethi kuyingxaki. Kwisifundo esikhoyo, abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-449 abaneminyaka eli-16 ukuya kwengama-71 ubudala bafunyanwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuthetha isiNgesi kwiiforum ze-Intanethi, kubandakanya amajelo eendaba ezentlalo kunye namaqela okuzinceda. Kwezi, i-68.9% yahlelwa njengabasebenzisi abangenangxaki, i-24.4% njengabasebenzisi abanengxaki, kunye ne-6.7% njengabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abakhobokisayo. Ukusetyenziswa okuphezulu kweeforamu zeengxoxo, amanqanaba aphezulu e-rumination, kunye namanqanaba asezantsi okuzikhathalela yayiyeyona nto iphambili ekubambeni iziyobisi kwi-Intanethi (IA) phakathi kolutsha. Kubantu abadala abadala i-IA yayixelwe ngokubanzi ngokubandakanyeka kwimidlalo yokudlala ye-intanethi kunye nomsebenzi wesondo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-imeyile ephantsi, kunye nokuxhalaba okukhulu kunye nokukhusela okukhuselekileyo. Abasebenzisi be-intanethi baxhamla phezulu kwiimvakalelo kunye nokuphepha ukuphendula iimpendulo kubantu abadala nangaphezulu ekuhambeni nasekunciphiseni ukuzinyamekela kwabaselula. Ukuphepha ukuphendula iimpendulo zongqinelana nobudlelwane phakathi kwengcinezelo yengqondo kunye ne-IA. Ezi ziphumo zingancedisa iiklinikhi ngokucwangcisa ukungenelela ukujolisa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene ne-IA.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kwi-intanethi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyberbullying kunye nokusetyenziswa kwefowuni yeselula ekufikeni kwentsha: isifundo esisekelwe esikolweni eGrisi (2017)
I-Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2017 Apr 22. pii: /j/ijamh.ehead-of-print/ijamh-2016-0115/ijamh-2016-0115.xml. ikhonkco:
Olu pho nonongo luphanda ukuxhaphaka kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi (IA) kunye ne-cyberbullying kwaye ihlolisise iiprofayili zabantwana abaselula kwimingcipheko yokwenza iimpawu zokuziphatha. Kule nqanaba eliphambanweni, isifundo esisekelwe esikolweni, abafundi be-8053 ye-30 phakathi kunye nezikolo eziphakamileyo ze-21 (i-12-18 ubudala ubudala) bamenyiwe ukuba bathathe inxaxheba, ngokusekelwe kwiinkqubo zokulandelelanisa ezingaqhelekanga. Uvavanyo lwe-intanethi ye-intanethi (IAT) lusetyenziswe kunye nolwazi malunga noluntu-lwentlalo, imisebenzi ye-intanethi kunye namava e-cyberbullying.
Abafundi amahlanu amahlanu anamakhulu amahlanu anesithandathu (inqanaba lokuphendula i-69.4%). Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-Intanethi (i-IAT ≥50) itholakala kwi-526 (10.1%), ngelixa i-403 (7.3%) yabhekana nokuxhatshazwa kwe-cyberbullying njengamaxhoba kunye ne-367 (6.6%) njengabagwenxa kulo nyaka wokugqibela. Kwiimodeli ezinokuxhatshazwayo, iingxaki ze-IA zanda ngeeyure ze-intanethi kwiifowuni ze-intanethi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ngeempelaveki, ukutyelela i-intanethi, ukusetyenziswa kwamagumbi kunye nokubandakanyeka kwi-cyberbullying. Amaxhoba angama-cyberbullying ayengabadala, abesifazana, i-Facebook kunye nabasebenzisi beengxoxo, ngelixa abenzi bobubi babenokuba ngamadoda, abasebenzisi be-intanethi abakhulu kunye nabalandeli bezithombe zoononografi. Umenzi wobugwenxa wayenokuba nzima kakhulu ukuba ube nexhoba [ubunzima bomlinganiselo (OR) = 5.51, ixesha lokuzithemba (CI): 3.92-7.74].
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kwi-intanethi phakathi kwabafundi besikolo esiphakamileyo: Ukubandezeleka, imiba edibeneyo kunye nokungafani kwesini (2017)
Psychiatry Res. 2017 Jul 24; 257: 163-171. I-doi: 10.1016 / j.psychres.2017.07.039.
Olu pho nonongo lujolise ukulinganisa ukuxhaphaka kwe-Intmatic Usetyenziso lwe-Intanethi (PIU) phakathi kwabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo kunye nokuchonga iziganeko ezihambelana ne-PIU echaza ukungafani kwesini. Abafundi bazalisa i-questionnaire engaziwayo, engaziwa iqokelela ulwazi malunga neempawu zabantu kunye neendlela zokusebenzisa i-intanethi. Uhlalutyo oluninzi lokuguqulwa kwamagama olwenziwe luyenziwa ukwenzela ukuchonga izinto ezinxulumene ne-PIU kwisampula jikelele kunye ngokwesini.
Izikolo ezingamashumi amabini anesithandathu kunye nabafundi be-2022 bathatha inxaxheba kwiseshwankathelo. Ubuninzi be-PIU be-14.2% phakathi kwamadoda kunye ne-10.1% phakathi kwabesifazane. Abafana be-15 abaneminyaka engama-20 kunye nabesifazane abaneminyaka engama-14 baneminyaka engama-PIU ehamba phambili ekuhlaleni ngokunyuka ngokunciphisa ngobudala phakathi kwamabhinqa. Kuphela i-13.5% yabantwana abavakalisa abazali balawula ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi. TUvakalelwa kukuba unesizungu, ukusetyenziswa kwexesha, ukuhamba kweeyure zokudibanisa kunye nokuvakashela iiwebhusayithi zoononografi zidibene nomngcipheko we-PIU kumabini omabili. Ukuya ezikolweni zengqesho, imisebenzi yokuxoxa kunye nokukhuphela iifayili, kwaye indawo yokusebenzisa kwi-intanethi kwinqanaba phakathi kwamadoda, kwaye ubuncinci phakathi kwabesifazane babandakanyeka ne-PIU, ngeli xesha ulwazi olufunayo lukhusela phakathi kwabasetyhini. I-PIU ingaba yingxaki yempilo yoluntu kwiminyaka ezayo. Imiphumo yempilo yengqondo nengqondo kufuneka ifundwe.
Ukugqithiswa kwemidlalo yevidiyo kumntu omdala okhulayo: Ubungqina obunqamlezileyo bokugula kwividiyo yemilutha xa kuthelekiswa nokulawulwa kweempilo (2017)
Ichaphazela ukungavumelani. 2017 Aug 18; 225: 265-272. I-doi: 10.1016 / j.jad.2017.08.045.
Stockdale L1, Coyne SM2.
I-Intanethi ye-Intanethi ye-Gaming Disorder Scale (IGDS) ngumlinganiselo osetyenziswayo ngokubanzi wokudlala umdlalo wevidiyo, ukugula okuchaphazela ipesenti yabantu bonke abadlala imidlalo yevidiyo. Amadoda amadala aphakamileyo aphezulu kakhulu ukuba abe ngumlutha wemidlalo yevidiyo. Bambalwa abaphengululi baye bahlola indlela abantu abafanelekayo njengemidlalo yezilwanyana eziluthayo ngokusekelwe kwi-IGDS xa kuthelekiswa nokulawula okuhambelana nokusekelwe kwiminyaka yobudala, isini, ubuhlanga kunye nemeko yomtshato.
Izilingo zazinempilo yengqondo empofu kunye nokusebenza kwengcamango kubandakanya ukulawulwa kwempembelelo embi kunye neempawu ze-ADHD xa kuthelekiswa nokulawula. Ukongezelela, izilonda zonakalisa ubunzima beemeko ezibandakanya ukunyuka kwengcinezelo kunye nokuxhalaba, bazive beninzi kunye noluntu, kwaye banakho amathuba okubonisa iifayili engamanyala. Umlutha womdlalo womdlalo wezilwanyana wawunomngcipheko owodwa kwiziphumo ezimbi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ngeengxaki njengengxaki enxulumene neminyaka eninzi: Ubungqina obuvela kwi-survey yesibini (2018)
Umlutha Behav. 2018 Feb 12; 81: 157-166. I-doi: 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2018.02.017.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi yeengxaki (i-PIU; enye eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Internet Addiction) yinkinga ekhulayo kwimimandla yanamhlanje. Injongo yethu yayikukuchonga imisebenzi ekhethekileyo ye-intanethi ehambelana ne-PIU kwaye ihlolisise indima yokumodareyitha yobudala kunye nobulili kuloo mihlangano. Siye sabamba iqhaza abachaphazelekayo be-1749 abaneminyaka engama-18 nangaphezulu ngezaziso zentengiso kwi-intanethi esekelwe kwi-intanethi kwiindawo ezimbini, enye e-US, enye enye eMzantsi Afrika; Sasebenzisa ukulungiswa kweLasso kuhlalutyo.
Imisebenzi ethile ye-intanethi yayixhomekeke kwiinkcukacha zokusebenzisa i-intanethi ezinzulu, kubandakanya ukufakela ngokubanzi (i-lasso β: 2.1), umdlalo we-intanethi (β: 0.6), ukuthengwa kwe-intanethi (β: 1.4), ukusetyenziswa kweewebhu zintengiso ze-intanethi (β: 0.027), ezentlalo inethiwekhi (β: 0.46) kunye nokusetyenziswa kweefografi (β: 1.0). Ubudala bemodareyitha ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-PIU kunye nemidlalo yokudlala indima (β: 0.33), ukungcakaza kwi-Intanethi (β: 0.15), ukusetyenziswa kwewebhusayithi zefandesi (β: 0.35) kunye nokusasaza imithombo yeendaba (β: 0.35), kunye nobudala obudala obudibene nendawo ephezulu amanqanaba ePIU. Kwakukho ubungqina obungacacanga besini kunye nesini × imisebenzi ye-intanethi enxulunyaniswa nengxaki yokusebenzisa amanqaku e-intanethi. Ukuchaphazeleka kwengqondo kukuchaphazeleka kwengqondo (ADHD) kunye noxinzelelo lwentlalo kunxulunyaniswa namanqaku aphezulu e-PIU kubathathi-nxaxheba abancinci (iminyaka eyi-25, β: 0.35 kunye ne-0.65 ngokwahlukeneyo), ngelixa isifo soxinzelelo ngokubanzi (GAD) kunye nokuphazamiseka okungafunekiyo (OCD) Inxulunyaniswa namanqaku aphezulu e-PIU kubathathi-nxaxheba abadala (iminyaka> 55, β: 6.4 kunye no-4.3 ngokwahlukeneyo).
Zininzi iintlobo zokuziphatha kwe-intanethi (umzekelo, ukuthenga, zoonografi, ukuqhubeka ngokubanzi) kuthwala ubudlelwane obunzulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-intanethi kunokudlala ngokuxhasa udidi lokuxilonga lwe-intanethi ngokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi njenge-disorder multifunctional disorder. Ukongezelela, imisebenzi ye-intanethi kunye nokuxilongwa kweengqondo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi engxaki zihluka kunye nobudala, kunye nempilo yomphakathi.
Ukufingqa, i-DSM-5 igxininisa ingxaki yokudlala ye-intanethi njengengxaki yomviwa, kodwa ezinye iintlobo zokuziphatha kwe-intanethi (umz. Ukuyothenga, ukuzithokozisa, ukutshiza ngokubanzi) kuthwala ubudlelwane obuqinileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-intanethi kunokudlala. Ukuxilongwa kweengqondo kunye nemisebenzi ye-intanethi ehambelana nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi yeNgxaki iyahluka kunye nobudala, ukufumana oko kunempembelelo yempilo karhulumente. Ezi ziphumo zifaka isandla kwiinkcukacha ze-intanethi ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi engxaki kwaye zinokufaka isandla kwisigaba sokuxilongwa kwe-intanethi yokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi njengengxaki eninzi.
Iimpawu zengqondo kunye neziphathamandla ezinxulumene nomlutha ebusheni (2018)
J Behav Addict. 2018 Apr 12: 1-14. i-doi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.22.
Rømer Thomsen K1, ICallesen MB1, Hesse M1, I-Kvamme TL1, Pedersen MM1, Pedersen MU1, Vonon V2.
Imvelaphi kunye neenjongo
Impembelelo yinto ebangela umngcipheko wokuziphatha kakubi. Umzekelo we-UPPS-P wokunyamekela umonakalo uye wadibanisa nokuxhatshazwa kweziyobisi kunye nokungcakaza komngcakaza, kodwa indima yawo kwezinye izinto ezingahambisani neziyobisi ezinxulumene neziyobisi. Sifuna ukuhlolisana imibutho phakathi kwe-UPPS-P iimpawu zengqondo kunye nezibonakaliso zezinto ezininzi kunye nokuziphatha kakubi kweziyobisi ezinobutsha kunye nokubandakanya okungafaniyo kwezi ziphatha.
tindlela
Abathathi-nxaxheba (N = 109, iminyaka eyi-16-26, iminyaka engama-69% yamadoda) bakhethwa kuvavanyo lukazwelonke ngokusekwe kwinqanaba labo lokugxotha iingxaki ukufikelela kulwabiwo olubanzi lokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okunxulumene neziyobisi. Abathathi-nxaxheba bayigqibile iphepha lemibuzo le-UPPS-P kunye nemibuzo esemgangathweni yokuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki kwezinto (utywala, i-cannabis, kunye nezinye iziyobisi) kunye nezinto ezingezizo (imidlalo ye-Intanethi, iphonografi kunye nokutya). Uhlalutyo loxinzelelo lwalusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya unxibelelwano phakathi kweempawu zokunyanzeliswa kunye nezalathi zokuziphatha okunxulumene neziyobisi.
iziphumo
Umzekelo we-UPPS-P wawunxulumene ngokuqinisekileyo kunye nezibonakaliso zonke iziphathamandla ezinxulumene nomlutha ngaphandle kokudlala i-intanethi engxaki. Kwiimodeli ezitshintshile ngokupheleleyo, ukufunwa kwemvakalelo kunye nokungabikho kokunyamezela kwakunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala, ukungxamisekileyo kwadibaniswa nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-cannabis, kwaye ukungabi nonyameko kwakunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezinye iziyobisi ngaphandle kwe-cannabis. Ukongezelela, ukuphuthuma kunye nokungabikho kokunyamezela kwakunxulumene nokutya ngokutya kunye nokungabi nxamnye nokunyamezela kwakunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezonografi.
Ingxoxo kunye nezigqibo
Sigxininisa indima yesimo sengqondo esishukumisayo kwimimandla enxulumene neziyobisi ezininzi. Ukufunyaniswa kwethu kwintsholongwane engumngcipheko kubonisa ukuphuthuma kunye nokungabi nokunyamezela njengokuba zikhona iingqikelela zokuphuhliswa kwezilwalathiso kunye neenjongo zokuthintela unyango.
PMID: 29642723
I-Manifesto yenethiwekhi yophando yaseYurophu kwi-Intanethi Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi (i-2018)
Oktobha 2018, European Neuropsychopharmacology
INGXELO: 10.1016 / j.euroneuro.2018.08.004
Iprojekthi: I-COST Action I-16207 yaseYurophu inethiwekhi ye-Intanethi Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi
Lebhu: ILebhu yezoNyango
I-Intanethi ngoku iphela yonke indawo kwihlabathi. Nangona kunokusetyenziswa okulungileyo (umz. Ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza kolwazi, ukusasazwa kweendaba ngokukhawuleza), abaninzi abantu bahlakulela ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi ye-Intanethi (i-PUI), ixesha elivulekileyo elibandakanya uluhlu lokuphindaphinda ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo. I-intanethi inokusebenza njengendoda, kwaye inokuba negalelo ekusebenziseni izixhobo zokuziphatha, kubandakanya ukudlala ngokugqithiseleyo nokuzonwabisa, ukuziphatha, ukugembula, ukusasaza okanye amanethiwekhi asekuhlaleni usebenzisa. Kukhula inkxalabo yoluntu kunye negunya lempilo likaZwelonke malunga neendleko zempilo nezentlalo ze-PUI ngalo lonke ixesha lokuphila. Ukuphazamiseka kwimidlalo kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukubandakanywa njengokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwiinkqubo zokuhlelwa kwesifo, kwaye yadweliswa kuhlobo lwe-ICD-11 olukhutshwe ukuze luqwalaselwe ngamalungu eLungu. Uphando oluthe kratya luyafuneka kwiingcaciso zokungahambi kakuhle, ukuqinisekiswa kwezixhobo zeklinikhi, ukwanda, iiparameter zeklinikhi, i-biology esekwe kubuchopho, ifuthe kwezentlalo nakwezempilo noqoqosho, kunye nongenelelo oluqinisekisiweyo olunamandla kunye neendlela zomgaqo-nkqubo. Umahluko onokubakho kwinkcubeko kubukhulu kunye nobume beentlobo kunye neepateni ze-PUI kufuneka ziqondwe ngcono, ukwazisa umgaqo-nkqubo wezempilo kunye nophuhliso lwenkonzo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-EU phantsi kwe-Horizon 2020 isungule iNkqubo eNtsha yeNtsebenzo yaseYurophu kwiNzululwazi neTekhnoloji (COST) Inkqubo yokuSebenza (i-CA 16207), idibanisa izazinzulu kunye noochwephesha abavela kuwo onke amabakala okunyanzeliswa, okunyanzelekileyo, kunye nokulutha, ukuqhubela phambili uphando oluxubeneyo phakathi kwe-PUI kwiYurophu iphela nangaphaya, ekugqibeleni ifuna ukwazisa imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo kunye nokusebenza kweklinikhi. Eli phepha lichaza izinto zophando eziphambili ngokubaluleka kwaye ezinokufezekiswa ezichongwe yiNethiwekhi, ezifunekayo ukulungiselela ukuqhubela phambili kokuqonda kwe-PUI, ngenjongo yokuchonga abantu abasesichengeni ngongenelelo kwangoko. Uthungelwano luya kwenza uthungelwano lophando oluhlanganyelwayo, iziseko zolwazi ezabelwana ngazo zamazwe ngamazwe, izifundo ezininzi kunye nokupapashwa ngokudibeneyo.
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