Amava oonografi "Ukuqalisa kwakhona" Amava: Uhlalutyo olusemgangathweni lweeMagazini zokuThintela amaTyala kwiForum ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi yezeManyala (2021)

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ponografi yinto exhaphakileyo kwilizwe eliphuhlileyo, kunye nezifundo ezibonisa ilizwe lonke ezibonisa ukuba i-76% yamadoda kunye ne-41% yabasetyhini e-Australia baxele ukusebenzisa iphonografi kunyaka ophelileyo (Rissel et al., 2017), Kwaye i-47% yamadoda kunye ne-16% yabasetyhini e-US baxele ukusebenzisa iphonografi rhoqo ngenyanga okanye ngaphezulu (Grubbs, Kraus & Perry, 2019a). PornHub (yenye yezona webhusayithi zamanyala) babika kuvavanyo lwabo lonyaka lokuba bafumana utyelelo lwe-42 yezigidigidi kwi-2019, nge-avareji yemihla ngemihla yezigidi ezili-115 zokundwendwela ngosuku 2019).

Ingxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi

Ngenxa yobuninzi bokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi, iimpembelelo ezinokubakho ezingasasebenziyo ekusebenziseni iphonografi kuye kwaba ngumxholo wokunyusa ingqalelo yenzululwazi kule minyaka idlulileyo. Ubungqina obukhoyo ngokubanzi bubonisa ukuba nangona uninzi lwabantu abasebenzisa iphonografi lungenza njalo ngaphandle kokufumana iziphumo ezibi, iseti yabasebenzisi inokukhulisa iingxaki ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwabo kwamanyala (umz., Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Potenza, Orosz, kunye neDemetrovics , 2020; UVaillancourt-Morel et al., 2017).

Enye yeengxaki eziphambili zokuzibona ezinxulumene noonografi zisebenzisa inkxalabo enxulumene neziyobisi. Ezi mpawu ngokubanzi zibandakanya ukungalawuleki, ukuzixakekisa, ukunqwenela, ukusebenzisa njengendlela yokungasebenzi kakuhle, ukurhoxa, ukunyamezelana, uxinzelelo malunga nokusetyenziswa, ukungasebenzi kakuhle, kunye nokuqhubeka nokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibi (umz., Bőthe et al., 2018; I-Kor et al., 2014). Ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki yamanyala (PPU) kuhlala kugcinwa kuncwadi njengokuziphatha gwenxa nangona "umlutha wephonografi" ungaziwa njengesi sifo (iFernandez neGriffiths, 2019). Nangona kunjalo, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO) kutsha nje ubandakanye ukuxilongwa kokunyanzelwa kokuziphatha ngokwesondo (CSBD) njengokuphazamiseka kolawulo kuxinzelelo kwinguqulelo yeshumi elinanye Ulwahlulo lwaMazwe ngamazwe (ICD-11; Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, 2019), Ngaphantsi kokunyanzeliswa kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunokuqhubeka. Kwangelo xesha, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba uphando (iGrubbs kunye nePerry, 2019; Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, kunye neReid, 2019b) ibonakalisile ukuba ukuqonda kwakho ngokwakho ukuba likhoboka lemifanekiso engamanyala akunakubonakalisa ukuba ulikhoboka lokusebenzisa iphonografi. Umzekelo ochaza iingxaki ezinxulumene noononografi (Grubbs et al., 2019b) Ucebise ukuba nangona abanye abantu benamava okwenyani kolawulo olungalunganga ngokubhekisele ekusebenziseni kwabo iphonografi, abanye abantu banokuzibona ngathi bangamakhoboka oonografi ngenxa yokuziphatha gwenxa (ngokungabikho kwendlela yokwenyani yolawulo oluphosakeleyo). Ukuziphatha okungaziphathi kakuhle kwenzeka xa umntu othile engavumelani nemifanekiso engamanyala kwaye esenza iphonografi, ekhokelela kulungelelwaniso oluphakathi kokuziphatha kwabo kunye nexabiso labo (iGrubbs kunye nePerry, 2019). Oku kungathandabuzeki kunokukhokelela ekukhuseleni ukusetyenziswa koonografi (Grubbs et al., 2019b). Nangona kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba le modeli ayikhuphi ngaphandle kokubakho kokuziphatha okungalunganga kunye nolawulo lokungaziphathi kakuhle okwenyani lunokubakho ngaxeshanye (Grubbs et al., 2019b; IKraus kunye neSweeney, 2019).

Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba abanye abasebenzisi boonografi banokufumana ukusetyenziswa kwabo koonografi kuyingxaki ngenxa yemiphumo emibi ebangelwa ukusetyenziswa kwabo koonografi (i-Twohig, iCrosby, ne-Cox, 2009). I-PPU ikwabhekiswa kuyo kuncwadi njengalo naluphi na usetyenziso lwephonografi oludala ukudibana, umsebenzi wobugcisa, okanye ubunzima bomntu ngamnye (iGrubbs, Volk, Exline, kunye nePargament, 2015). Uphando malunga nokuzichaphazela kakubi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kuye kwabonisa ukuba abanye abantu baxela ukuba banexinzelelo, iingxaki zeemvakalelo, ukunciphisa imveliso, kunye nolwalamano olonakeleyo ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi (Schneider, 2000). Nangona ubudlelwane obunokubakho phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle ngokwesondo ngokubanzi akuhambelani (jonga iDwulit kunye neRzymski, 2019b), Iziphumo zokuzibona ezimbi ekusebenzeni ngokwesondo ziye zaxelwa ngabanye abasebenzisi boononografi, kubandakanywa ubunzima be-erectile, ukunciphisa umnqweno wokuziphatha ngokwesondo, ukunciphisa ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo, kunye nokuthembela kwiingcamango zoononografi ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo kunye neqabane (umz. , 2019a; Kohut, Fisher, kunye neCampbell, 2017; ISniewski kunye neFarvid, 2020). Abanye abaphandi basebenzise amagama anjengokuthi "iphonografi-eyanyanzelisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-erectile" (PIED) kunye "noonografi-bonyuse i-libido ephantsi ngokungaqhelekanga" ukuchaza ubunzima obuthile bezesondo obubangelwa kukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwamanyala (Park et al., 2016).

Ukuziyeka kwi-Iphonografi njengoNgenelelo lweeNgxaki zoPhononongo Sebenzisa

Enye indlela eqhelekileyo yokusombulula i-PPU ibandakanya ukuzama ukuyeka ngokupheleleyo ukubukela iphonografi. Uninzi lwamaqela angama-12 alungelelanise iingxaki zokuziphatha ngokwesondo zihlala zikhuthaza indlela yokuziyeka kuhlobo oluthile lokuziphatha ngokwesondo oluyingxaki kumntu ngamnye, kubandakanya ukusebenzisa iphonografi (Efrati & Gola, 2018). Ngaphakathi kongenelelo lweklinikhi lwe-PPU, ukuziyeka kukhethwe ngabasebenzisi abathile bephonografi njengenjongo yokungenelela njengenye indlela yokunciphisa / yokusetyenziswa kweenjongo zokusetyenziswa (umz., Sniewski & Farvid, 2019; I-Twohig kunye neCrosby, 2010).

Olunye uphando olulinganiselweyo lwangaphambili lucebise ukuba kunokubakho izibonelelo zokuyeka ukubukela iphonografi. Izifundo ezithathu ezathi zazama ukuyeka ukubukela iphonografi kwiisampulu ezingezizo ezeklinikhi zibonisa ukuba kunokubakho iziphumo ezincomekayo kwithuba elifutshane (iiveki ezi-2-3) zokuthintela iphonografi (UFernandez, uKuss, noGriffiths, 2020), kubandakanya ukuzibophelela kobudlelwane obukhulu (uLambert, Negash, Stillman, Olmstead, kunye noFincham, 2012), isaphulelo sokulibaziseka kancinci (okt, ukubonisa ukuthanda umvuzo omncinci kunye nangakumbi kunokufumana umvuzo omkhulu kodwa kamva; Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016), kunye nokuqonda kwiipateni ezinyanzelekileyo kwindlela oziphethe ngayo (uFernandez, uTee, noFernandez, 2017). Kukho iingxelo ezimbalwa zeklinikhi apho abasebenzisi bephonografi bacelwa ukuba bayeke ukubukela iphonografi ukuze kunqandwe ukungasebenzi kakuhle ngokwesondo okubangelwa kukusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi, kubandakanya nomnqweno ophantsi wesini ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo (I-Bronner kunye neBen-Zion, 2014), Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-erectile (Ipaki et al., 2016; Porto, 2016), kunye nobunzima bokufezekisa i-orgasm ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo (Porto, 2016). Uninzi lwezi meko, ukuyeka iphonografi kubonelela ngesiqabu ekusebenzeni kwabo ngokwesondo. Ngokudibeneyo, ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zibonelela ngobungqina bokuqala bokuba ukungabinako ukungenelela kunokuba luncedo kwi-PPU.

Intshukumo "yokuqalisa kwakhona"

Ngokukodwa, kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, kuye kwakho intshukumo ekhulayo yabasebenzisi bephonografi abasebenzisa iiforamu ezikwi-Intanethi (umzekelo, NoFap.com, r / NoFap, Ukuqalisa kwakhona isizwe) ukuzama ukunqanda iphonografi ngenxa yeengxaki ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi (Wilson, 2014, 2016).^{Kumzantsi 1} "Ukuqalisa kwakhona" ligama eliqhelekileyo elisetyenziswa ngabahlali ababhekisele kwinkqubo yokuthintela iphonografi (ngamanye amaxesha kuhamba nokuyeka ukuphulula amalungu esini kunye / okanye ukuba ne-orgasm kangangexesha elithile) ukuze uchache kwiziphumo ezibi zephonografi ( Deem, 2014b; NoFap.com, nd). Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba "kukuqalisa ngokutsha" ukudibanisa imifanekiso yobuchopho obubuyiselwe kwindawo yayo yasekuqaleni "kuseto lwefektri" (okt, ngaphambi kweziphumo ezibi zoononografi; 2014b; NoFap.com, nd). Iiforamu ezikwi-Intanethi ezinikezelwe "ukuqala kwakhona" zazisekwe kwangoko nge-2011 (umzekelo, r / NoFap, 2020) kunye nobulungu kwezi foram zikhula ngokukhawuleza ukusukela oko. Umzekelo, enye yeeforamu ezinkulu zesiNgesi "zokuqalisa kwakhona", i-subreddit r / NoFap, yayinamalungu amalunga ne-116,000 ngo-2014 (Wilson, 2014), Kwaye eli nani likhule ngaphezulu kwamalungu angama-500,000 ngo-2020 (r / NoFap, 2020). Nangona kunjalo, into ekusafuneka ilungiswe ngokwaneleyo ngaphakathi koncwadi olunamandla, zeziphi iingxaki ezithile eziqhuba inani elandayo labasebenzisi bephonografi kwezi forum ukuba bayeke ukubukela iphonografi kwasekuqaleni, kwaye nokuba yintoni iphonografi "yokuqalisa kwakhona" amava anje ngala bantu .

Izifundo zangaphambili ezisebenzisa uluhlu olwahlukileyo lweesampulu zinokubonelela ngesizathu kunye namava abantu abazama ukuyeka iphonografi kunye / okanye ukuphulula amalungu esini. Ngokubhekiselele kwizizathu zokuziyeka, ukuyeka uonografi kuboniswe ukuba kuqhutywa ngumnqweno wokucoceka ngokwesondo kwisifundo esifanelekileyo samadoda angamaKristu (okt, iDiefendorf, 2015), Ngelixa isifundo esifanelekileyo samadoda ase-Italiyane kwiforum yokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo kwi-intanethi "yabonisa ukuba ukuyeka ukubukela iphonografi kwakukhuthazwa yimibono yokulutha kunye neziphumo ezibi ezibangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwamanyala, kubandakanya ukonakala kwezentlalo, emsebenzini nakwezesondo (Cavaglion , 2009). Ngokwentsingiselo enxulunyaniswa nokuyeka, uhlalutyo olusemgangathweni lwamva nje lwamabali enkolo yamanyala okubonisa ukubonwa gwenxa kwabonisa ukuba basebenzisa inkolo kunye nesayensi ukwenza ingqiqo yokuba babebonakala bengamakhoboka oonografi, kwaye ukuzikhwebula kwimifanekiso engamanyala kula madoda Ukutolikwa njengesenzo “sobudoda obukhululayo” (Burke & Haltom, 2020, iphe. 26). Ngokunxulumene nezicwangciso zokulwa nokuzikhusela kwimifanekiso engamanyala, iziphumo ezivela kwizifundo ezintathu ezifanelekileyo zamadoda avela kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo, la malungu sele ekhankanyiwe e-Italiya amalungu eCavaglion, 2008), Amalungu amaqela angama-12 (Ševčíková, Blinka, & Soukalová, 2018), kunye namadoda angamaKristu (Perry, 2019), bonisa ukuba ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ubuchule obusebenzayo, aba bantu baqonda ukuba ukubonelela ngenkxaso omnye komnye kumaqela abo axhasayo kuye kwaba luncedo kubuchule babo bokuhlala bengenanto. Uphononongo lwamva nje lwamanani amadoda avela kwi-subreddit r / EveryManShouldKnow (Zimmer & Imhoff, 2020) ifumanise ukuba inkuthazo yokuyeka ukuphulula amalungu esini yayiqikelelwa ngokuqinisekileyo ngempembelelo yokuphulula amalungu esini, imbono yokuphulula amalungu esini njengongenampilo, ukunciphisa ubuntununtunu besini, kunye nomba omnye wokuziphatha gwenxa (okt, dyscontrol). Ngelixa liluncedo, iziphumo ezivela kwezi zifundo zilinganiselwe ekutshintshelweni kwabo basebenzisa iphonografi bayayeka ukubukela iphonografi namhlanje njengenxalenye yentshukumo "yokuqalisa ngokutsha" kuba bangaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi ubudala, ngaphambi kokuvela kwentshukumo (okt, iCavalgion, 2008, 2009), ngenxa yokuba babekekiwe kwimeko ethile yokufumana kwakhona amanyathelo ali-12 (Ševčíková et al., 2018) okanye umxholo wenkolo (iBurke neHaltom, 2020; Diefendorf, 2015; Perry, 2019), okanye ngenxa yokuba abathathi-nxaxheba baqeshwa kwiforum engafakwanga "yokuqalisa ngokutsha" (Zimmer & Imhoff, 2020; Jonga kwakhona i-Imhoff kunye neZimmer, 2020; Osadchiy, Vanmali, Shahinyan, Mills, kunye ne-Eleswarapu, 2020).

Kukho uphando oluncinci olucwangcisiweyo lokukhuthaza ukuziyeka kunye namava phakathi kwabasebenzisi bephonografi kwiiforamu "zokuqalisa ngokutsha" kwi-intanethi, ngaphandle kwezifundo ezibini zakutshanje. Isifundo sokuqala (Vanmali, Osadchiy, Shahinyan, Mills, & Eleswarapu, 2020Usebenzise iindlela zokulungisa ulwimi ukuthelekisa iiposti kwi-r / NoFap subreddit (iforamu "yokuqalisa kwakhona") eyayinombhalo onxulumene ne-PIED (n = 753) kwizithuba ezingakhange (n = 21,966). Ababhali bafumanise ukuba nangona zombini iingxoxo ze-PIED kunye nezingezizo ze-PIED zibonisa imixholo enxulumene nemiba eyahlukeneyo yobudlelwane, ukusondelelana kunye nenkuthazo, ziingxoxo ze-PIED kuphela ezigxininise imixholo yoxinzelelo kunye ne-libido. Kwakhona, iiposti ze-PIED ziqulathe "amagama angangqinelaniyo" ambalwa, iphakamisa "indlela yokubhala eqinisekileyo" (UVanmali et al., 2020, iphe. 1). Iziphumo zolu phononongo zicebisa ukuba amaxhala kunye neenkxalabo zabantu abathile kwiiforum "zokuqalisa ngokutsha" zahlukile ngokuxhomekeke kwingxaki enxulumene nokujonga iphonografi, kwaye uphando oluthe kratya luyafuneka ukuqonda ngcono izizathu ezahlukeneyo zabantu abasebenzisa ezi foram . Okwesibini, uTaylor noJackson (2018Uqhube uhlalutyo olusemgangathweni lwezikhundla ngamalungu e-r / NoFap subreddit. Nangona kunjalo, iinjongo zophando lwabo yayingekokujolisa kumava obuchule bokwala, kodwa yayikukusebenzisa ilensi ebaluleke kakhulu besebenzisa uhlalutyo lwentetho, ukubonisa indlela amanye amalungu asebenzise ngayo "iingxoxo ezifanelekileyo zobudoda kunye nemfuno" yokwabelana ngesondo okwenyani "ukuthethelela ukuxhathisa ukusebenzisa iphonografi nokuphulula amaphambili ”(Taylor & Jackson, 2018, iphe. 621). Ngelixa olu hlalutyo lubaluleke kangaka lubonelela ngokubonakalayo kwisimo sokuziphatha samalungu athile eforum, uhlalutyo lwamava amava amava amalungu athi "anike ilizwi" kwiimbono zawo kunye neentsingiselo ziyafuneka (iBraun & Clarke, 2013, iphe. 20).

Isifundo Soku

Ngokuhambelana, besifuna ukugcwalisa lo msantsa kuncwadi ngokuqhuba uhlalutyo olusemgangathweni lwamava okuziyeka phakathi kwamalungu kwiforum "yokuqalisa kwakhona" kwi-Intanethi. Sihlalutye iijenali zokuzilahla ze-104 zizonke ngamalungu angamadoda kwiforum "yokuqalisa ngokutsha" esebenzisa uhlalutyo olusebenzisa umxholo, kusetyenziswa imibuzo ebanzi yophando ukukhokela uhlalutyo lwethu: (1) zithini izizathu zamalungu zokuyeka ukubukela iphonografi? kwaye (2) anjani amava okuziyeka kumalungu? kwaye (3) benza njani ukuba baqonde amava abo? Iziphumo zophononongo lwangoku ziya kuba luncedo kubaphandi nakwiiklinikhi ukufumana ukuqonda okunzulu (1) kweengxaki ezithile eziqhuba ngenani elandayo lamalungu kwiiforamu "zokuqalisa ngokutsha" ukuba ziyeke ukubukela iphonografi, ezinokuthi zazise ukuqondwa kweklinikhi kwePPU; kunye (2) namava “okuqala ngokutsha” anjani kumalungu, anokukhokelela kuphuhliso lonyango olusebenzayo lwePPU kunye nokwazisa ukuqonda kokuziyeka njengongenelelo lwePPU.

I zifundo

Siqokelele idatha kwiforum "yokuqalisa kwakhona" kwi-intanethi, Ukuqalisa kwakhona isizwe (Qalisa kwakhona isizwe, 2020). Ukuqalisa kwakhona isizwe yasekwa ngo-2014, kwaye ngexesha lokuqokelelwa kwedatha (ngoJulayi 2019), iqonga lalinamalungu angaphezu kwe-15,000 abhalisiweyo. Kwi Ukuqalisa kwakhona isizwe iphepha lasekhaya, kukho amakhonkco kwividiyo ezinolwazi kunye namanqaku achaza iziphumo ezingalunganga zoononografi kunye nokubuyiselwa kwezi ziphumo "ngokuqalisa kwakhona." Ukuba lilungu elibhalisiweyo le Ukuqalisa kwakhona isizwe iforum, umntu ngamnye kufuneka enze igama lomsebenzisi kunye negama lokugqitha kunye nokubonelela ngedilesi efanelekileyo ye-imeyile. Amalungu abhalisiweyo anokuqalisa kwangoko ukuthumela kwiforum. Iforum ibonelela ngeqonga lamalungu ukuba linxibelelane kunye kwaye lixoxe ngokuchacha kwiingxaki ezinxulumene nemifanekiso engamanyala (umzekelo, ukwabelana ngolwazi oluncedo kunye nezicwangciso "zokuqalisa kwakhona," okanye ukucela inkxaso). Kukho amacandelo amahlanu kwiforum ahlelwe ngesihloko: "umlutha we-porn," "iphonografi yenze ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-erectile / ukubambezeleka kwe-ejaculation," "amaqabane abaqala ngokutsha kunye neziyobisi" (apho amaqabane abantu abanePPU banokubuza imibuzo okanye babelane ngamava abo), " amabali empumelelo ”(apho abantu abaphumeleleyo ukuziyeka ixesha elide banokwabelana nohambo lwabo ukubuyela umva), kunye" neejenali "(ezivumela amalungu ukuba abhale amava abo" okuqalisa kwakhona "besebenzisa iijenali ngexesha lokwenyani).

Amanyathelo kunye neNkqubo

Phambi kokuqala ukuqokelelwa kwedatha, umbhali wokuqala wazibandakanya kuphononongo lokuqala lwecandelo "lejenali" ngokufunda izithuba ezivela kwisiqingatha sokuqala sonyaka we-2019 ukuze aqhelane nolwakhiwo kunye nomxholo wejenali kwiforum. Amalungu aqala iijenali ngokwenza intambo entsha kwaye basebenzise isithuba sabo sokuqala ukuthetha ngemvelaphi yabo kunye neenjongo zokuziyeka. Lo msonto emva koko ube lijenali yabo yobuqu, amanye amalungu akhululekileyo ukuba ayijonge kwaye aphawule ngayo ukunika ukhuthazo nenkxaso. Ezi jenali zingumthombo weeakhawunti ezicebileyo nezineenkcukacha zamava okuyeka amalungu, kunye nendlela abona ngayo kwaye aqonde amava abo. Uncedo lokuqokelela idatha ngale ndlela ingabonakaliyo (okt, ukusebenzisa iijenali esele zikhona njengedatha ngokuchaseneyo nokusondela kumalungu kwiforum ukuze bathathe inxaxheba kuphononongo) kuvunyelwe ukubonwa kwamava amalungu ngokwendalo, ngaphandle kwempembelelo yomphandi (Holtz, Kronberger, & Wagner, 2012). Ukuthintela ukungafani ngokweqile kwisampulu yethu (iBraun & Clarke, 2013), Sikhethe ukuthintela uhlalutyo lwethu kumalungu ebhunga lendoda aneminyaka eli-18 nangaphezulu.^{Kumzantsi 2} Ngokusekwe kuphononongo lwethu lokuqala lwejenali, sizimisele ngeendlela ezimbini zokubandakanya iijenali eziza kukhethelwa uhlalutyo. Okokuqala, umxholo wephephancwadi uya kufuna ukuba ucebile ngokwaneleyo kwaye uchaze ukuba kuxhomekeke kuhlalutyo lomgangatho. Iijenali ezichaze izizathu zokuqalisa ukungabinakho ukuzichaza kwaye zichaze ngokweenkcukacha uluhlu lwamava abo (okt, iingcinga, imbono, iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha) ngexesha lokuzama ukuyeka ukuzalisekisa le mfundo. Okwesibini, ixesha lokuzama ukungazichazi elichazwe kwijenali kuya kufuneka lihlale ubuncinci iintsuku ezisixhenxe, kodwa hayi ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezili-12. Sithathe isigqibo ngeli xesha lokuphendula kuwo omabini amava okuyeka (<iinyanga ezi-3; UFernandez et al., 2020) kunye namava alandelayo amaxesha okuziyeka ixesha elide (> iinyanga ezi-3).^{Kumzantsi 3}

Ngexesha lokuqokelelwa kwedatha, bekukho yonke imicu engama-6939 kwicandelo lejenali eyindoda. Iforamu yahlula iijenali ngokobudala beminyaka (okt ulutsha, ama-20, ama-30, ama-40, nangaphezulu). Kuba eyona njongo yethu iphambili yayikukuchonga iipateni eziqhelekileyo zamava okuziyeka, ngaphandle kweminyaka yobudala, saqala ukuqokelela inani elifanayo lejenali kumaqela amathathu eminyaka (18-29 iminyaka, 30-39 iminyaka, kunye neminyaka engama-40). Umbhali wokuqala ukhethe iijenali ukusuka kwiminyaka ye-2016-2018 ngokungacwangciswanga kwaye wayisebenzisa umxholo wejenali. Ukuba idibene neendlela ezimbini zokufakwa, ikhethiwe. Kuyo yonke le nkqubo yokukhetha, kwaqinisekiswa ukuba kuhlala kukho inani elilinganisiweyo lejenali kwiqela ngalinye leminyaka. Nanini na xa kukhethwa ijenali nganye, yayifundwa ngokupheleleyo ngumbhali wokuqala njengenxalenye yenkqubo yolwazi lwedatha (echazwe kamva kwicandelo "lohlalutyo lwedatha"). Le nkqubo yaqhubekeka ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo de kwagqitywa ukuba kugcwalisiwe idatha. Siligqibile isigaba sokuqokelelwa kwedatha kule ndawo yokugcwalisa. Imicu engama-326 iyonke yavavanywa kwaye iijenali ezili-104 zonyulwa ezihlangabeza iikhrayitheriya zokubandakanywa (iminyaka eyi-18-29]N = 34], iminyaka engama-30-39N = 35, kunye ≥ neminyaka engama-40 [N = 35]. Inani elichaziweyo lokungeniswa kwincwadi nganye ngu-16.67 (SD = 12.67), kwaye inani elithethayo leempendulo kwijenali yayingu-9.50 (SD = 8.41). Ulwazi lwedemokhrasi kunye nolwazi olufanelekileyo malunga namalungu (okt. Iimpawu zesampulu zishwankathelwe kwiTheyibhile 1. Qaphela, amalungu e-80 axele ukuba likhoboka lemifanekiso engamanyala, ngelixa amalungu e-49 axele ukuba unengxaki yesini. Inani elipheleleyo lamalungu e-32 axele bobabini ukuba likhoboka lemifanekiso engamanyala kwaye banobunzima kwisini.

Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha

Sihlalutye idatha sisebenzisa uhlalutyo olunolwazi olunolwazi (TA; IBraun kunye neClarke, 2006, 2013). Uhlalutyo lomxholo yindlela eguquguqukayo ithiyori evumela abaphandi ukuba baqhube isityebi, uhlalutyo olunentsingiselo yentsingiselo yipateni kuyo yonke idathasethi. Ngenxa yendlela yethu yokwenza uhlalutyo lwedatha, injongo yethu yayikukufumana "inkcazo eneenkcukacha yamava njengoko iqondwa ngabo banamava ukuze babone ubume bayo" (uCoyle, 2015, iphe. 15) -kule meko, amava "okuqalisa kwakhona" njengoko aqondwa ngamalungu eforum "yokuqalisa kwakhona". Sibeke uhlalutyo lwethu kwisakhelo esibalulekileyo se-epistemological, esithi "siqinisekisa ubukho bokwenyani… kodwa kwangaxeshanye siyayiqonda into yokuba ukumelwa kwayo kubonakalisiwe kwaye kuyalamulwa yinkcubeko, ulwimi, kunye nomdla wezopolitiko osekwe kwizinto ezinje ngobuhlanga, isini, okanye iklasi yezentlalo ”(Ussher, 1999, iphe. 45). Oku kuthetha ukuba sithathe iiakhawunti zamalungu ngokwexabiso lobuso kwaye sazithatha njengezichanekileyo ngokubanzi kwamava abo, ngelixa sivuma iimpembelelo ezinokubakho kwimeko yezenkcubeko apho zenzeka khona. Ke ngoko, kuhlalutyo lwangoku, sichonge imixholo kwinqanaba lesemantic (iBraun kunye neClarke, 2006), ukubeka phambili iintsingiselo kunye nemibono yamalungu.

Sisebenzise isoftware yeNVivo 12 kuyo yonke inkqubo yohlalutyo lwedatha kwaye salandela inkqubo yohlalutyo lwedatha echazwe eBraun naseClarke (2006). Kuqala, iijenali zazifundwa ngumbhali wokuqala xa kukhethwa emva koko ziphinde zifundwe ukulungiselela ulwazi lwedatha. Emva koko, yonke idathasethi yayibhalwe ngekhowudi ngumbhali wokuqala, ngokubonisana nababhali besibini nabesithathu. Iikhowudi zithathwe kusetyenziswa inkqubo ezantsi, oko kuthetha ukuba iindidi zokubhala iikhowudi ezingafakwanga zibekwe kwidatha. Idatha ibhalwe ikhowudi kwinqanaba lesiseko le-semantic (iBraun kunye neClarke, 2013). Ezi khowudi zaye zadityaniswa zakuba nje iipateni ziqala ukuvela zenze amanqanaba amanqanaba aphezulu. Umzekelo, iikhowudi ezisisiseko "ukunyaniseka kuyakhulula" kunye "noxanduva lokuphendula kwenza ukuba ubani akwazi ukuzibamba" zahlulwa zadweliswa kwinqanaba elitsha, "uxanduva lokuphendula kunye nokunyaniseka," nelathi lahlulwa labekwa ngokwamaqela phantsi "kweendlela ezisebenzayo zokujongana nezixhobo kunye nezixhobo." Ukongeza, ulwazi oluchazayo olusuka kwiphephancwadi ngalinye ngokubhekisele kumzamo wokuyekisa ukubamba (okt, injongo yokuyeka kunye nexesha elithatyathwayo lokuzama ukuzibamba) lukhutshwe ngokulandelelana. Nje ukuba iseti yedatha yonke ibhalwe ngekhowudi, iikhowudi ziye zaqwalaselwa zaze zongezwa okanye zahlengahlengiswa njengoko kufanelekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukufakwa kweekhowudi okungaguqukiyo kuseto lwedatha. Imixholo yabagqatswa emva koko yaveliswa kwiikhowudi ngumbhali wokuqala, ekhokelwa yimibuzo yophando yesifundo. Imixholo yacocwa emva koqwalaselo ngumbhali wesibini nowesithathu kwaye yagqitywa kwakugqitywa kwisivumelwano ngabo bobathathu iqela lophando.

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha

Ikomiti yokuziphatha yeqela lophando yeyunivesithi yamkele isifundo. Ukusuka kwimbono yokuziphatha, kwakubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngaba idatha yayiqokelelwe kwindawo ye-intanethi ithathwa njengendawo "yoluntu" (I-British Psychological Society, 2017; Eysenbach kunye kude kube, 2001; Mhlophe, 2007). I Ukuqalisa kwakhona isizwe iqonga lifumaneka ngokulula kusetyenziswa iinjini zokukhangela, kwaye izithuba kwiforum ziyafikeleleka ngokulula ukuba zijongwe nakubani na ngaphandle kokufuna ubhaliso okanye ubulungu. Yiyo ke loo nto kwagqitywa kwelokuba iqonga beli "eluntwini" ngokwendalo (Whitehead, 2007), kunye nemvume enolwazi evela kumalungu ngamanye ibingafuneki (njengoko bekwenzile ababhali bekomiti yokuziphatha eyunivesithi). Nangona kunjalo, ukukhusela ngakumbi ubumfihlo kunye nokugcinwa okuyimfihlo kwamalungu ebhunga, onke amagama abasebenzisi axelwe kwiziphumo awachazwanga.

Ukubonelela ngemeko yohlalutyo lwethu, isishwankathelo seempawu zokuzama ukuziyeka sinikezelwe kwiTheyibhile 2. Ngokuphathelele kwiinjongo zokuziyeka, amalungu e-43 enzelwe ukuba ayeke ukubukela iphonografi, ukuphulula amalungu esini, kunye ne-orgasm, amalungu e-47 enzelwe ukuba ayeke ukubukela iphonografi kunye nokuhambisa amalungu esini, kunye namalungu e-14 azimisele ukuyeka iphonografi. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubungakanani besampulu (ubuncinci i-86.5%) yayijolise ekubeni iyeke ukuphulula amalungu esini ukongeza ekuyekeleni iphonografi. Nangona kunjalo, kwasekuqaleni kwemizamo yabo yokuyeka, phantse onke amalungu awachazanga elona xesha lifanelekileyo leenjongo zokuyeka okanye ukubonisa ukuba bazimisele ukuyeka naziphi na ezi zinto zokuziphatha ngonaphakade. Ke ngoko, asikwazanga kuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu enomdla wokuyeka okwethutyana okanye ayeke isimilo ngokusisigxina. Sithathe ixesha elipheleleyo lokuzama ukungazenzi kwijenali nganye ngokusekwe kwiingxelo ezicacileyo zamalungu (umz., "Ngosuku lwe-49 lokuqalisa kwakhona"), okanye xa kungekho zinkcazo zicacileyo, ngokuncitshiswa ngokusekwe kwimihla yezithuba zamalungu. Uninzi lwexesha lokufumana inzame zokuzilahla zaziphakathi kweentsuku ezisixhenxe ukuya kwezingama-30 (i-52.0%), kunye nexesha eliphakathi lokuthathwa kwexesha lokuzama ukurhoxa yayiziintsuku ezingama-36.5. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba amalungu awakhange ayeke ukuzama ukungazenzi ngaphezulu kwala maxesha-la maxesha abonisa nje ubude bexesha lokuzama ukuyeka ukubhalwa kwirekhodi. Amalungu anokuqhubeka nokuzama ukuyeka, kodwa ayeke ukuthumela kwiijenali zawo.

Itotali yemixholo emine enee-subthemes ezilithoba zachongwa kuhlalutyo lwedatha (jonga kwiTheyibhile 3). Kuhlalutyo, ukubalwa kwamaza okanye amagama achaza amaxesha ngamanye amaxesha axelwa. Igama "abanye" libhekisa kumalungu angaphantsi kwama-50%, "amaninzi" abhekisa phakathi kwama-50% ukuya kuma-75% yamalungu, kwaye “uninzi” luthetha ngaphezulu kwama-75% amalungu.^{Kumzantsi 4} Njengenyathelo lokuncedisa, sisebenzise umsebenzi we "crosstab" kwi-NVivo12 ukuphonononga ukuba ngaba akukho mahluko ubonakalayo kumaxesha okuziyeka kuwo onke amaqela eminyaka emithathu. Ezi ziphantsi kohlalutyo lwesikwere ukuze kubonwe ukuba ngaba lo mahluko ubalulekile ngokweenkcukacha-manani (jonga iSihlomelo A). Umahluko onxulumene nobudala ucacisiwe phantsi komxholo wabo ohambelana apha ngezantsi.

Ukucacisa umxholo ngamnye, ukhetho lweekowuti ezibonisa zibonelelwa, kunye nekhowudi yelungu ehamba nayo (001-104) kunye nobudala. Iziphene ezingabalulekanga zopelo zilungisiwe ukunceda ukufundwa kwezicatshulwa. Ukuqonda olunye ulwimi olusetyenziswa ngamalungu, inkcazo emfutshane yamagama asetyenziswa rhoqo ayimfuneko. Isichazi esithi "PMO" (iphonografi / ukuphulula amalungu esini / i-orgasm) ihlala isetyenziswa ngamalungu ukubhekisa kwinkqubo yokubukela iphonografi ngelixa uphulula amalungu esini kwi-orgasm (Deem, 2014a). Amalungu ahlala eqokelela ezi ndlela zintathu zokuziphatha kunye ngenxa yokuba kusetyenziswa iphonografi rhoqo kuhamba nokuphulula amaphambili kwi-orgasm. Xa bexoxa ngezi ndlela zokuziphatha ngokwahlukeneyo, amalungu ahlala esenza isifinyezo sokubukela iphonografi njengo "P," ukuphulula amaphambili njengo "M" kunye nokuba ne-orgasm njengo "O." Izichazi zokudityaniswa kwezi ndlela zokuziphatha ziqhelekile (umzekelo, "PM" ibhekisa ekubukeleni iphonografi kunye nokuphulula amalungu esini kodwa hayi ukuya kwinqanaba le-orgasm, kwaye "MO" kubhekisa ekuphulula amalungu esini kwinqanaba le-orgasm ngaphandle kokubukela iphonografi). La ma-akhronimi ngamanye amaxesha asetyenziswa njengesenzi (umz., “PMO-ing” okanye “MO-ing”).

Ukuziyeka isisombululo seengxaki zoonografi

Isigqibo sokuqala samalungu sokuzama "ukuqala ngokutsha" sasisekwe kwinkolelo yokuba ukuziyeka sisisombululo esisengqiqweni sokujongana neengxaki ezinxulumene nemifanekiso engamanyala. Ukuziyeka kwaqaliswa ngenxa yokuba kwakukho inkolelo yokuba ukusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi kakhulu ebomini babo-ke, ukususa ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kuya kunciphisa le miphumo ngokuthi "siphinde sijikeleze" ingqondo. Ngenxa yobume bokulutha bokusebenzisa iphonografi, ukunciphisa / ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokuziphatha elawulwa kukuziphatha akuzange kujongwe njengesicwangciso esifanelekileyo sokufumana kwakhona.

UkuThintela okuKhuthazwa ziimpembelelo eziNgezelelweyo eziNikezelwe kwiPhonografi Sebenzisa

Iziphumo ezintathu eziphambili ezibangelwa kukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi zikhankanyiwe ngamalungu njengezizathu zokuqalisa ukuziyeka. Okokuqala, kumalungu amaninzi (n = 73), ukuyeka ukuzibamba kwakushukunyiswa ngumnqweno wokoyisa indlela ebonakalayo yokulutha kwephonografi (umzekelo, "Ndingu-43 ngoku kwaye ndinomlutha we-porn. Ndicinga ukuba umzuzu wokubaleka kulo mkhwa mbi ufikile" [098, iminyaka engama-43]). Iakhawunti yokulutha yabonakaliswa ngamava okunyanzelwa kunye nelahleko yolawulo (umzekelo, "Ndizama ukuyeka kodwa kunzima kakhulu ndiziva ngathi kukho into endityhala kwi-porn" [005, iminyaka eyi-18]), ukungafuneki kunye nokunyamezelana neziphumo zoononografi ekuhambeni kwexesha (umzekelo, "Andiva nto nantoni na xa ndibukela iphonografi. Kuyadabukisa ukuba nokuba iphonografi sele ingathandekiyo kwaye ingakhuthazi" [045, 34 yeminyaka]), kunye neemvakalelo zokudakumba zokudakumba kunye nokungabi namandla ("Ndiyakucaphukela ukuba andinawo amandla OKUYEKA UKUYEKA… Ndiyayithiya into yokuba andinamandla okulwa iphonografi kwaye ndifuna ukubuyisa amandla am" [087, iminyaka engama-42].

Okwesibini, kwamanye amalungu (n = 44), ukuzibamba kwakuqhutywa ngumnqweno wokunciphisa iingxaki zabo zesini, ngokusekwe kwinkolelo yokuba obu bunzima (ubunzima be-erectile [n = 39]; ukunciphisa umnqweno wesini esahlukileyo [n = 8]) zazinokwenzeka (kunokwenzeka) ukuba kwenziwe iphonografi. Amanye amalungu akholelwa ukuba iingxaki zabo ekusebenzeni ngokwesondo zibangelwe yimeko yokuphendula kwabo ngokwesondo ikakhulu kwimixholo enxulumene noononografi kunye nomsebenzi (umzekelo, "Ndiyaqaphela indlela endiswele ngayo umdla kumzimba womnye… Ndiye ndazibeka kwimeko yokonwabela ukwabelana ngesondo kunye neelaptop" [083, iminyaka engama-45]). Kwamalungu e-39 axele ubunzima be-erectile njengesizathu sokuqalisa ukuziyeka, i-31 yayiqinisekile ukuba babenengxaki "yamanyala e-erectile disys function" (PIED). Abanye (n = 8) babengaqinisekanga ncam ngokubhala ngokucacileyo ubunzima babo be-erectile njengokuthi "babukela iphonografi" ngenxa yokufuna ukukhupha ezinye iinkcazo ezinokwenzeka (umzekelo, uxinzelelo lwentsebenzo, izinto ezinxulumene nobudala, njl.), Kodwa bagqiba kwelokuba baqale ukuzibamba kwimeko apho ngokwenene babenxulumene noonografi.

Okwesithathu, kwamanye amalungu (n = 31), ukuyeka ukuzibamba kwakushukunyiswa ngumnqweno wokunciphisa iziphumo ezingalunganga zengqondo ezibangelwa kukusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi. Ezi ziphumo zibonwa zibandakanya ukwanda koxinzelelo, uxinzelelo kunye nokuziva ungonwabanga, kunye nokwehla kwamandla, inkuthazo, uxinzelelo, ukucaca kwengqondo, imveliso, kunye nokukwazi ukuziva wonwabile (umzekelo, "Ndiyazi ukuba ineziphumo ezibi kakhulu kuxinzelelo lwam, inkuthazo, ukuzithemba, nenqanaba lamandla" [050, iminyaka engama-33]. ” Amanye amalungu abone iimpembelelo ezimbi ekusebenziseni kwabo iphonografi ekusebenzeni kwabo ekuhlaleni. Abanye bachaze imeko yokuncipha konxibelelwano nabanye (umzekelo, "(PMO)… indenza ndingabi namdla kwaye ndibenobuhlobo ebantwini, ndizithathe ngakumbi, indinika ixhala lentlalontle kwaye indenza ndingakhathali nantoni na ngokwenyani, ngaphandle kokuhlala ndedwa kwaye ndibalekela kwi-porn "[050, 33 iminyaka]), ngelixa abanye bexela ukonakala kobudlelwane obuthile kunye nabanye ababalulekileyo kunye namalungu osapho, ngakumbi amaqabane athandanayo.

Ngokukodwa, inani elincinci lamalungu (n = 11) uxele ukuba baziphethe kakubi ngokwesondo ngandlela thile, kodwa zimbalwa kwezi (n = 4) icacise gca ukungamkelwa kokuziphatha njengesizathu sokuqalisa "ukuqala kwakhona" (umzekelo, "ndiyishiya iphonografi kuba le nto ilizothe. Amantombazana ayadlwengulwa kwaye athuthunjiswe kwaye asetyenziswa njengezinto zokudlala kule shit" [008, 18 years] ). Nangona kunjalo, kula malungu, ukungaziphathi kakuhle kokuziphatha kwakungadweliswanga njengesona sizathu sokuqala ukuyeka kodwa kwakuhamba nesinye sezizathu ezithathu zokuyeka (okt, ukubonwa njengesiyobisi, ubunzima bezesondo, okanye iziphumo ezibi zengqondo).

Ukuziyeka malunga "nokuBuyekeza" uBongo

Ukuzilahla kuye kwafika ngamanye amalungu ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni indlela ukusetyenziswa kwabo koonografi kunokuba nefuthe elibi kwiingqondo zabo. Ukuziyeka kuye kwajongwa njengesisombululo esisengqiqweni sokuguqula iimpembelelo ezingamanyala, njengenkqubo eya kuthi "ibambe" ubuchopho (umzekelo, "Ndiyazi ukuba kufuneka ndiyeke ukuze iindlela zam ziphilise kwaye zilungise ingqondo yam" [095, (40s)). Ingcamango ye-neuroplasticity ngokukodwa yayingumthombo wethemba kunye nokukhuthaza amanye amalungu, okubakhokelela ekubeni bakholelwe ukuba imiphumo emibi yoonografi inokuguqulwa ngokuziyeka (umzekelo, "Ubunono beplastiki yinkqubo yokwenene yokugcina eya kubuyisela ingqondo yethu" [036, iminyaka engama-36]). Amanye amalungu achaze ukufunda malunga nemiphumela emibi yephonografi kunye "nokuqalisa" ngezixhobo zolwazi ngamanani anempembelelo ahlonitshwayo luluntu "lokuqalisa kwakhona", ngakumbi uGary Wilson, umphathi wewebhusayithi yourbrainonporn.com. EzikaWilson (2014Incwadi) (umzekelo, "Incwadi ethi Ubungqina bakho kwi-Porn nguGary Wilson ... wandazisa ngombono wokuqalisa kwakhona, le foram kwaye ndacacisa ezinye zezinto ebendingazazi" [061, 31 iminyaka]) kunye nentetho ye-TEDx ka-2012 (TEDx Iintetho, 2012; Umzekelo, "ndibukele IXESHA ELIHLE LAMAXESHA izolo, linomdla kwaye linolwazi" [i-104, iminyaka eyi-52]) yayizizinto ezazisoloko zikhankanywa ngamalungu njengezona zinempembelelo ekubumbeni iinkolelo zabo malunga nefuthe elibi lephonografi kunye "nokuqalisa kwakhona ”Njengesisombululo esifanelekileyo sokuguqula ezi ziphumo.

Ukuziyeka njengeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokufumana kwakhona

Kwamanye amalungu axele ukuba likhoboka lemifanekiso engamanyala, ukuyeka ukubonwa kuyeyona ndlela ekuphela kwayo enokubakho yokufumana kwakhona, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yenkolelo yokuba ukusebenzisa iphonografi ngexesha lokuziyeka kunokubangela ukujikeleza okunxulumene nomlutha kwingqondo kwaye kukhokelele ekulangazeleleni nasekubuyeleni kwakhona. Ngenxa yoko, ukuzama ukubandakanya ukumodareyitha endaweni yokuyeka ngokupheleleyo kwabonwa njengecebo elingenakuphikwa:

Ndifuna ukuyeka ukubukela iphonografi kunye nayo nayiphi na into ecacileyo ngalo mbandela kuba nanini na xa ndibukela nayiphi na into ye-nsfw [engakhuselekanga emsebenzini] indlela eyenziweyo yenziwe kwingqondo yam kwaye xa ndifumana ubongo ngengqondo yam indinyanzela ukuba ndibukele iphonografi. Ke ngoko, ukuyeka ikhephu nokubanda yeyona ndlela yokufumana kwakhona kule meko. ” (008, iminyaka eyi-18)

Ngamanye amaxesha ukuzithiba kubonakala kungenakwenzeka

Umxholo wesibini ubonakalisa eyona nto ibalulekileyo yamalungu 'okuqalisa kwakhona' amava -kwakunzima kangakanani ukufezekisa ngempumelelo kunye nokugcina ukuziyeka. Ngamaxesha athile, ukuyeka into bekubonwa kunzima kangangokuba bekubonakala ngathi akunakufezekiswa, njengoko kuchaziwe lilungu elinye:

Ndibuyele eStruggle St., emva kweqela lonke lokuphinda ubuye. Andiqinisekanga ukuba ungayeka njani ngempumelelo, ngamanye amaxesha kubonakala kungenakwenzeka. (040, 30s)

Izinto ezintathu eziphambili zibonakele zinegalelo kubunzima bokufezekisa ukuziyeka: ukuhamba ngesondo ngexesha "lokuqalisa kwakhona," kubonakala ngathi akunakuphepheka iindlela zokusebenzisa iphonografi, kunye nenkqubo yokubuyela umva enamaqhinga kwaye inobuqhophololo.

Ukuhambahamba ngesondo ngexesha le "Qalisa kwakhona"

Isigqibo esinzima esenziwe ngamalungu ekuqaleni kwenkqubo yokuziyeka malunga nokusebenza ngokwesondo okwamkelekileyo ngexesha "lokuqalisa kwakhona": ngaba kufuneka ukuphulula amalungu esini ngaphandle kwamanyala kunye / okanye nokuba ne-orgasm ngokwabelana ngesondo ngokubambisana kuvunyelwe kwixesha elifutshane? Kumalungu amaninzi, injongo yexesha elide yayingekokuphelisa isenzo sokwabelana ngesondo ngokupheleleyo, kodwa yayikukuchaza ngokutsha nokufunda “isini esifanelekileyo” (i-033, iminyaka eyi-25) ngaphandle kwamanyala. Oku kunokuba kuthetha ukubandakanya isini esahlulelweyo (umzekelo, "Into esiyifunayo ngokwesondo esempilweni kunye neqabane lethu, akunjalo? " [062, 37 iminyaka]) kunye / okanye ukuphulula amalungu esini ngaphandle kwemifanekiso engamanyala (umzekelo, "Ndilungile nge-MO yakudala. Ndicinga ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuyilawula ngendlela esempilweni ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibuthathaka zeziyobisi ezingamanyala." [061, 31 iminyaka]). Nangona kunjalo, into efuna ukuqwalaselwa ngakumbi kukuba ngaba ukuvumela ezi ndlela zokuziphatha kwixesha elifutshane kuya kunceda okanye kuthintele inkqubela phambili ekuyekeleni ukubukela iphonografi. Kwelinye icala, ukuvumela le misebenzi kumanqanaba okuqala okuziyeka kuye kwaqondwa ngamanye amalungu kunokuba sisongelo sokuziyeka, ikakhulu ngenxa yento ababeyibiza ngokuba "sisiphumo sokungakhathali." "Impembelelo yokutshutshisa" ibhekisela kwiminqweno enamandla kwi-PMO evela emva komsebenzi wesondo (Deem, 2014a). Abanye baxele ukufumana esi siphumo emva kokubini ukuphulula amalungu esini (umzekelo, "Ndifumana okungakumbi ndi-MO kokukhona ndiyirhalela kunye ne-porn" [050, 33 iminyaka]) kwaye ndabelana ngesondo kunye (umzekelo, "Ndiqaphele ukuba emva kokwabelana ngesondo nomfazi iminqweno yomelele emva koko ”[043, 36 yeminyaka]). Kula malungu, oku kukhokelele kwisigqibo sokuthintela ukuphulula amalungu esini kunye / okanye isondo xa usabelana ngesondo. Kwelinye icala, kwamanye amalungu, ukuyeka ngokupheleleyo imisebenzi yesondo kwaxelwa ukuba kukhokelele ekwakhiweni komnqweno wesini kunye nokunqwenela iphonografi. Ke ngoko, kula malungu, ukuba neentlobano zesini ngexesha "lokuqalisa kwakhona" khange kuthintele inkqubela phambili, kodwa eneneni kuncede amandla abo okuziyeka kwi-ponografi (umz. Andinamathuba okuba ndiqale ngezizathu zokuba ndisebenzise iphonografi ”[061, 36 iminyaka]).

Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuba, ngokuxakayo, kufutshane nesinye kwisithathu samalungu axele ukuba endaweni yokufumana ukwanda komnqweno wesini, baye bancipha umnqweno wesondo ngexesha lokuziyeka, abathi yi "flatline". "I-flatline" ligama elisetyenziswe ngamalungu ukuchaza ukwehla okubonakalayo okanye ukulahleka kwe-libido ngexesha lokuziyeka (nangona abanye babonakala benenkcazo ebanzi yoku kubandakanya ukuhambelana nomoya ophantsi kunye nomoya wokungakhathali ngokubanzi: (umzekelo, " Ndiziva ngathi ndikwi-flatline ngoku njengokuba umnqweno wokuzibandakanya kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwezesondo phantse ungabikho ”[056, 30s]) Ukungaqiniseki malunga nokuba umnqweno wesini uza kubuya nini kwakuphazamisa abanye (umzekelo, "Ewe, ukuba andinakuba nayo i-orgasm rhoqo xa ndiziva ngathi, liphi ithuba ngokuphila?" Ngexesha le "flatline" (umzekelo, "into embi nangona kunjalo ndiyaqala ukuzibuza ukuba ingaba yonke into isasebenza ngendlela ebifanele ngayo kwiibhulukhwe zam" [089, 42 yeminyaka]).

Ukungaphepheki kweeNdlela zokuSebenzisa iphonografi

Yintoni eyenze ukuba ukuyeka iphonografi kube ngumceli mngeni kumalungu amaninzi kwakubonakala ngathi ayinakuphepheka imikhwa ebangele iingcinga zamanyala kunye / okanye umnqweno wokusebenzisa iphonografi. Kuqala, bekukho izinto ezibonakalayo zangaphandle zokusebenzisa iphonografi. Owona mthombo uxhaphakileyo wezinto ezingaphandle ezibangelwe yimithombo yeendaba ye-elektroniki (umzekelo, "ukuthandana iisayithi, i-Instagram, iFacebook, iimuvi / iTV, iYouTube, iintengiso ezikwi-Intanethi zonke zinokubangela ukuba ndibuyele umva kwakhona" [050, 33 iminyaka]). Ukungaqiniseki komxholo ovusa isondo ovela kumdlalo kamabonwakude okanye ukondla imithombo yeendaba kwezentlalo kuthetha ukuba ukukhangela kwi-Intanethi kunokuba yingozi. Ukubona abantu abanomtsalane ngokwesini kubomi bokwenyani nako bekusisenzo samalungu athile (umzekelo, "Ndiyekile nokuzivocavoca bendisiya namhlanje njengoko kunendlela yokujonga apho ngebhinqa elinxibe ibhulukhwe yeyoga eqinileyo" [072, 57 iminyaka ]), Oko kwakuthetha ukuba ukubukela nantoni na evusa isondo, nokuba ikwi-Intanethi okanye ngaphandle kweintanethi, inokubangela. Kananjalo inyani yokuba amalungu ahlala efikelela kumanyala ngelixa bebodwa kwigumbi labo lokulala kwakuthetha ukuba imeko yabo engagungqiyo yayisele ilusetyenziso lokujonga iphonografi (umzekelo, "ukulala nje ebhedini xa ndivuka kwaye ndingenanto yokwenza yinto ebaluleke kakhulu" [ 021, 24 yeminyaka]).

Okwesibini, bekukho neendlela ezininzi zangaphakathi zokusebenzisa iphonografi (ikakhulu imeko engalunganga). Kungenxa yokuba amalungu ebekade exhomekeke ekusebenziseni iphonografi ukulawula ukungahambi kakuhle, iimvakalelo ezingathandekiyo zibonakala ngathi ziyimeko efanelekileyo yokusebenzisa iphonografi. Amanye amalungu axele ukuba afumene ukuphazamiseka okungalunganga ngexesha lokuyeka. Abanye bazitolike ezi meko zichaseneyo ngexesha lokuziyeka njengenxalenye yokurhoxa. Izinto ezichasayo ezichaphazelekayo okanye ezomzimba ezazitolikwa njenge (kunokwenzeka) "iimpawu zokurhoxa" kubandakanya ukudakumba, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, unxunguphalo, "inkungu yengqondo," ukudinwa, intloko ebuhlungu, ukuqaqanjelwa sisisu, ukungazoli, isizungu, unxunguphalo, ukuba nochuku, uxinzelelo kunye nokwehla kwenkuthazo. Amanye amalungu awakhange abonakalise ifuthe elibi ekurhoxisweni kodwa enze ezinye izizathu ezinokubangela iimvakalelo ezingalunganga, ezinje ngeziganeko zobomi ezingalunganga (umzekelo, “Ndizifumana ndikhathazeka msinya kwezi ntsuku zintathu zidlulileyo kwaye andazi ukuba kuyasebenza na. ukudana okanye ukurhoxa ”[046, 30s]). Amanye amalungu acinga ukuba ngenxa yokuba ngaphambili babesebenzisa iphonografi ukuze bandise imeko yeemvakalelo ezingalunganga, ezi mvakalelo zazivakala kakhulu ngexesha lokuyeka (umzekelo, "Inxalenye yam iyazibuza ukuba ezi mvakalelo zomelele kangakanani ngenxa yokuqalisa kwakhona" [032, 28 yeminyaka]). Ngokukodwa, abo bakwiminyaka yobudala eyi-18-29 iminyaka babenethuba lokuxela ifuthe elibi ngexesha lokuziyeka xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaqela amabini, kwaye loo minyaka ingama-40 nangaphezulu yayingenakufane ichaze iimpawu "zokurhoxa" ngexesha lokuyeka xa kuthelekiswa amanye amaqela amabini ubudala. Nokuba yeyiphi imvelaphi yezi mvakalelo zingalunganga (okt ukurhoxa, iziganeko zobomi ezingalunganga, okanye imeko yeemvakalelo esele ikho), kubonakala ngathi kungumngeni omkhulu kumalungu ukuba ajongane nefuthe elibi ngexesha lokuyeka ngaphandle kokubhenela kwimifanekiso engamanyala ukuze uzinyange. .

Ukukhohlisa kwenkqubo yokubuyela umva

Ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sesampulu (n = 55) uxele ubuncinci ukushiyeka ngexesha lokuzama ukuzibamba. Amalungu amaninzi kwiqela le-18-29 leminyaka yobudala axele ubuncinci ukubuyela umva (n = 27) xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaqela amabini obudala: 30-39 iminyaka (n = 16) kunye neminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu (n = 12). Ukubuyela umva kufana nenkqubo efihlakeleyo edla ngokubamba amalungu engalindelanga kwaye ebashiya beziva bekhathazekile kwangoko emva. Kubonakala ngathi zimbini iindlela apho ukusilela kuye kwenzeka khona. Eyokuqala yayiyeyokuba umnqweno wokusebenzisa iphonografi wabangelwa zizizathu ezahlukeneyo. Nangona ukunqwenela ngamanye amaxesha kwakulawula, ngamanye amaxesha umnqweno wawunzima kakhulu kangangokuba wawunamava okongamela nokungalawuleki. Xa umnqweno wawunzima, amanye amalungu axela ukuba ngamanye amaxesha kwakukhatshwa bubuqhinga bokubuyela umva, ngokungathi babekhohliswa "yingqondo yomlutha" ukuba babuye umva:

Ndandinomnqweno onamandla okomeleleyo wokubukela iphonografi, kwaye ndaye ndazifumana ndiphikisana nengqondo yam kwinto ethi: "eli ingalithuba lokugqibela…," "yiza, ucinga ukuba ukujonga nje okuncinci kungaba kubi kakhulu," “Namhlanje nje, ukusukela ngomso ndiyayeka kwakhona,” “kufuneka ndiyiphelisile le ntlungu, kwaye inye kuphela indlela yokwenza lonto”… ngoko ke, emva kwemini ndikwazile ukusebenza kancinci, endaweni yoko ndalwa Ibongoza ngokuqhubekayo. (089, iminyaka engama-42)

Indlela yesibini apho ubuqili benkqubo yokubuyela umva ibonakalisile kukuba, nokuba akukho mnqweno unamandla, ukuphela ngamanye amaxesha kwakubonakala ngathi "kwenzeka nje" kwi "autopilot," ukuya kwindawo apho ngamanye amaxesha kwakungathi ukubuyela umva kuyenzeka ukuya ku (umzekelo, "Kufana nokuba ndikwi-autopilot okanye somethin '. Ndime nje ndizibukele ngaphandle, ngokungathi ndifile, ngokungathi andinakho ukulawula nantoni na" [034, 22 yeminyaka]). Oku kuzenzekelayo ngamanye amaxesha kwakubonwa xa amalungu efumanisa ngokungazenzisiyo izinto ezikhuthaza ezesondo kwi-Intanethi (umzekelo, ukuvusa iividiyo kwi YouTube) ezingakhange zilungele ukuba "njengamanyala" (zihlala zibhekiswa kumalungu "njengababambeleyo abangamanyala"). Ukuphequlula aba "babambeli be-porn" yayihlala isango elihamba kancinci ukuya ekuphelelweni.

Ukuziyeka kuyafezekiswa ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo

Ngaphandle kokuyeka ukubanzima, uninzi lwamalungu lufumanise ukuba ukuziyeka kufanelekile ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo. Indibaniselwano yezixhobo zangaphandle nangaphakathi zibonakala njengeyona nto iphambili ekwenzeni ukuba amalungu afezekise ngempumelelo kwaye agcine ukuyeka.

Izixhobo zangaphandle: Inkxaso yezeNtlalontle kunye neZithintelo ekufikeleleni kweZografi

Inkxaso kwezentlalo yayiyeyona nto iphambili kuluntu lwamalungu amaninzi ebibaluleke kakhulu kubo ukuze bazibambe. Amalungu achaze ukufumana inkxaso eluncedo evela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo eyahlukeneyo, kubandakanya usapho, amaqabane, izihlobo, amaqela enkxaso (umzekelo, amaqela angama-12), kunye nonyango. Nangona kunjalo, iqonga le-intanethi ngokwalo yayiyeyona ndawo ixhaphakileyo yenkxaso yamalungu. Ukufunda iijenali zamanye amalungu (ngakumbi amabali empumelelo) kunye nokufumana imiyalezo yenkxaso kwijenali yakho yayingoyena ndoqo wenkuthazo kunye nenkuthazo kumalungu (umz. "Ukubona ezinye iijenali kunye nezinye izithuba kuyandikhuthaza kwaye kundenza ndizive ngathi andindedwa" [032, 28 yeminyaka]). Amanye amalungu acele inkxaso ethe xhaxhe ngokucela elinye ilungu leforum ukuba libe liqabane labo elinoxanduva lokuphendula, nangona amanye amalungu, ukugcina nje ingxelo kwiqonga kwakwanele ukuziva ukwanda koxanduva lokuphendula. Ukwabelana ngokunyanisekileyo kunye noxanduva lokuphendula luchazwe ngamanye amalungu njengezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kumandla abo okugcina inkuthazo yokuhlala bangabandakanyeki (umz. "Isifungo esidlangalaleni kunye nokuzibophelela koluntu yinto eyahlukileyo ngoku. Ukuphendula. Yayiyinto engekhoyo kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyo" [089, iminyaka engama-42]).

Esinye isixhobo sangaphandle esiqhelekileyo esiqeshwe ngamalungu ngexesha lokuziyeka yayiyimiqobo eyayisithintelo ekufikeleleni ngokulula ekusebenziseni iphonografi. Amanye amalungu axele ukufakwa kwezicelo kwizixhobo zabo ezivalele imixholo yamanyala. Ezi zicelo zifunyenwe zinqunyelwe kuba bekukho iindlela zokubaphepha, kodwa ziluncedo ekwenzeni isithintelo esinye esinokungenelela ngomzuzu wobuthathaka (umzekelo, "Ndifuna ukufaka kwakhona i-K9 web-blocker. Ndingayidlula, kodwa iyasebenza njengesikhumbuzo" [100, iminyaka engama-40]). Ezinye izicwangciso zibandakanya ukusebenzisa izixhobo ze-elektroniki kuphela kwindawo ezinokubangela (umzekelo, ungaze usebenzise ilaptop yabo kwigumbi lokulala, usebenzisa kuphela ilaptop yabo emsebenzini), okanye ukuthintela ukusebenzisa kwabo izixhobo zombane ngokupheleleyo (umzekelo, ukushiya i-smartphone yabo okwethutyana nomhlobo, Ukuncama i-smartphone yabo kwifowuni engeyiyo eyeselfowuni). Ngokubanzi, izithintelo zangaphandle zibonwe ngamalungu ukuba ziluncedo kodwa azonelanga ukugcina ukungaziniki kuba bekungekho ngqiqweni ukunqanda ngokupheleleyo ukufikelela kuzo naziphi na izixhobo ze-elektroniki, kananjalo kuba nezixhobo zangaphakathi ziyafuneka ngokunjalo.

Izixhobo zangaphakathi: IArsenal yeQhinga lokuSebenza ngokuSebenza

Uninzi lwamalungu luchaze ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zangaphakathi (okt, ubuchule bokuqonda kunye / okanye bokuziphatha) ukunceda ukuyeka. Iindlela zokuziphatha zemihla ngemihla (umzekelo, ukuzilolonga, ukucamngca, ukunxulumana, ukuhlala uxakekile, ukuphuma rhoqo, kunye nokulala usempilweni) zibandakanyiwe njengenxalenye yenguqu kwindlela yokuphila ngokubanzi ukunciphisa imeko yeemeko ezinqwenelekayo kunye nokunqwenela. Ukuqonda kunye / okanye iindlela zokuziphatha zadityaniswa ngamalungu ngaphezulu komzamo wokuyeka, rhoqo ngokwenza ulingo kunye nephutha lokuzama, ukulawula imeko yeemvakalelo ezinokuthi zithintele ukuphelelwa (okt, iminqweno yomzuzwana kunye nefuthe elibi). Indlela yokuziphatha kwimimiselo yeemvakalelo ibandakanya ukubandakanyeka kwenye into engenabungozi endaweni yokunikezela kwisilingo sokusebenzisa iphonografi. Amanye amalungu axele ukuba ukuhlamba bekusebenza kakhulu ekulweni neminqweno (umzekelo, “Ngobu busuku bendiziva ndothuke kakhulu. Ke ndiye ndahlamba ishushu kakhulu nge-10 ngokuhlwa kwaye kubanda kakhulu!" [008, iminyaka eli-18]). Ukuzama ukucinezela iingcinga zoonografi yayisicwangciso esiliqili sokuqonda esisetyenzisiweyo, kodwa amanye amalungu aqaphela ekuhambeni kwexesha ukuba ingcinga yokucinezelwa ayisebenzi (umzekelo, "Ndicinga ukuba ndifuna ukufumana isicwangciso esahlukileyo kunoko, 'sukucinga nge-PMO, sukucinga nge-PMO, sukucinga nge-PMO.' Oko kundenza ndiphambane kwaye kundenza ndicinge nge-PMO" [099, iminyaka engama-46]). Ezinye iindlela zokuqonda eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa ngamalungu zibandakanya iindlela ezinxulumene nengqondo (umzekelo, ukwamkela kunye "nokukhwela" umnqweno okanye uvakalelo olubi) kunye nokuhlaziya ukucinga kwabo. Ukubhala kwiijenali zabo njengoko babenomnqweno okanye kwangoko emva kokuphulukana kubonakala kukubonelela ngeendlela eziluncedo kumalungu ukuba azibandakanye ekukhuthazeni ukuthetha ngokuzithemba kunye nokucinga kwakhona okungancediyo.

Ukuziyeka kunomvuzo ukuba kuyanyanzelwa

Amalungu aqhubeka nokuzilahla afumanisa ukuba ngamava anomvuzo, ngaphandle kobunzima bawo. Intlungu yokuziyeka ibonakala ifanelekile ngenxa yemivuzo ebonakalayo, njengoko kuchaziwe lilungu elinye: "Akukhange kube lula ukukhwela, kodwa kufanelekile" (061, 31 yeminyaka). Izibonelelo ezithile ezichaziweyo zibandakanya ukwanda kolawulo, kunye nokuphuculwa kwengqondo, intlalontle kunye nokusebenza ngokwesondo.

Ukufumana kwakhona uLawulo

Inzuzo enkulu ebonakalayo yokuziyeka echazwe ngamanye amalungu ajikeleze ukufumana kwakhona ulawulo lokusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi kunye / okanye nobomi babo ngokubanzi. Emva kwexesha lokuziyeka, la malungu axele ukuncipha, ukuthanda, kunye / okanye ukunyanzelwa ngokubhekisele ekusebenziseni kwabo iphonografi:

Iminqweno yam iphonografi iphantsi kwaye yindlela elula yokulwa neminqweno yam. Ndifumanisa ukuba andikhe ndicinge ngayo ngoku. Ndonwabile kukuba oku kuqalisa kwakhona kube nefuthe kum bendifuna kakubi. (061, 31 yeminyaka)

Ukuphumelela ngempumelelo ekuboneni iphonografi kangangexesha elithile kuye kwaxelwa ukuba kubangele ukwanda kolawulo lokuzibamba ekusebenziseni iphonografi kunye nokuzikhusela ekusebenziseni iphonografi (umzekelo, "Kubonakala ngathi ndikhe ndakwazi ukuzibamba ukuze ndiphephe izinto ezingamanyala ”[004, 18 years]). Amanye amalungu acinga ukuba ngenxa yokuzithiba ekusebenziseni kwabo iphonografi, le ndlela intsha yokuzeyisa inwenwela nakwezinye iinkalo zobomi babo.

Uluhlu lweeNzululwazi zengqondo, ezaseNtlalontle kunye nezeSondo

Amalungu amaninzi axele ukuba anezinto ezahlukeneyo ezinokuthanani nengqondo kunye / okanye neziphumo zomzimba abathi bazibamba. Iziphumo eziqinisekileyo eziqhelekileyo ezinxulumene nokuphuculwa kokusebenza kwemihla ngemihla, kubandakanya ukuphucula imeko, amandla andisiweyo, ukucaca kwengqondo, ukugxila, ukuzithemba, ukukhuthaza kunye nemveliso (umz. "Akukho ziphonografi, akukho kuhlaziya amalungu esini kwaye bendinamandla ngakumbi, ukucaca kwengqondo ngakumbi, ukonwaba ngakumbi, ukudinwa okungaphantsi" [024, 21 iminyaka]). Amanye amalungu aqonde ukuba ukuyeka iphonografi kubangele ukuba azive ephantsi ngokweemvakalelo kunye nokukwazi ukuziva iimvakalelo zabo ngakumbi (umzekelo, "Ndiva nje 'kwinqanaba elinzulu. ngomsebenzi, izihlobo, amaxesha adlulileyo, kubekho amaza eemvakalelo, zilungile kwaye zimbi, kodwa yinto entle leyo" [019, 26 iminyaka]). Kweminye, oku kukhokelele kumava aphuculweyo kunye nokwanda kokuziva ukonwaba kumava emihla ngemihla (umz., “Ingqondo yam ingonwaba kakhulu ngezinto ezincinci kunye nezinto ezingazonwabisiyo… njengokuzihlaziya okanye ukubhala iphepha okanye ukudlala imidlalo" [024, 21 iminyaka]). Qaphela, amalungu amaninzi kwiqela le-18-29 ubudala achaze iziphumo ezilungileyo ngexesha lokuziyeka (n = 16) xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaqela amabini, 30-39 (n = 7) kunye no-40 (n = 2).

Iziphumo eziqwalaselweyo ezilungileyo zokuziyeka kubudlelwane boluntu ziye zaxelwa. Ukwanda kwentlalontle kwaxelwa ngamanye amalungu, ngelixa amanye echaza umgangatho ophuculweyo wobudlelwane kunye nokunyuka konxibelelwano nabanye (umzekelo, "Ndiziva ndisondele emfazini wam kunakuqala" [069, 30s]). Olunye uncedo oluqhelekileyo lubangelwa kukuziyeka kugxile kuphuculo olubonakalayo ekusebenzeni ngokwesondo. Amanye amalungu axele ukonyuka komnqweno wesini esahlulelweyo, esasimele ukutshintsha okwamkelekileyo ekubeni nomdla nje wokuhambisa amalungu esini iphonografi. "Ndandothuke kakhulu kodwa into elungileyo kukuba ndandixhalabele amava ezesondo nomnye umntu. Andinamdla kwi-porn" [083, iminyaka engama-45]). Ukonyusa uvakalelo lwesini kunye nokuphendula kwabikwa ngamanye amalungu. Kumalungu angama-42 axele ubunzima be-erectile kwasekuqaleni kwilinge lokuyeka, isiqingatha (n = 21) uxele ubuncinci bokuphuculwa komsebenzi we-erectile emva kokuyeka ixesha elithile. Amanye amalungu axele ukubuya kwenxalenye yomsebenzi we-erectile (umzekelo, "Kwakungokuma kwe-60% kuphela, kodwa okubalulekileyo kukuba yayikho" [076, 52 yeminyaka]), ngelixa abanye bexela ukubuya okupheleleyo komsebenzi we-erectile (umz. , "Ndalala ngesondo nomfazi wam bobabini ngoLwesihlanu ebusuku nangobusuku bokugqibela, kwaye amaxesha omabini ayengu-10/10 ukulungiswa okwenzeka ixesha elide" [069, 30 iminyaka]). Amanye amalungu athe axela ukuba isini besonwabile kwaye sisanelisa kunakuqala (umzekelo, "bendinamaxesha amabini (ngoMgqibelo nangoLwesithathu) eyona isondo ibalaseleyo kwiminyaka emine" [062, 37 iminyaka]).

Isifundo esikhoyo somgangatho ophononongiweyo sivavanye amava okuziyeka phakathi kwamalungu eforum ye-intanethi "yokuqalisa kwakhona" iqonga. Uhlalutyo lwe-Thematic lwephephancwadi lokuziyeka kwiforum luvelise imixholo emine ephambili (enee-subthemes ezisithoba): (1) ukuziyeka sisisombululo kwiingxaki ezinxulumene noononografi, (2) ngamanye amaxesha ukuziyeka kubonakala kungenakwenzeka, (3) ukuziyeka kufezekiswa ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo, kwaye (4) ukungabinamdla kunomvuzo ukuba kuyaqhubeka. Igalelo eliphambili kolu hlalutyo kukuba liyasikhanyisela ukuba kutheni amalungu eforamu "zokuqalisa" ebandakanyeka "ekubuyiseleni" kwindawo yokuqala, kwaye ukuba amava "okuqalisa kwakhona" anjani kumalungu ngokwembono zawo.

Inkuthazo "yokuqalisa kwakhona"

Okokuqala, uhlalutyo lwethu lukhanyisa oko kukhuthaza abantu ukuba baqalise "ukuqala kwakhona" kwindawo yokuqala. Ukuyeka ukubukela iphonografi kwajongwa njengesisombululo esisengqiqweni kwiingxaki zabo (Umxholo 1) kuba kwaqondwa ukuba ukusebenzisa kwabo imifanekiso engamanyala kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi ebomini babo. Iindidi ezintathu zeziphumo ezibi zokusebenzisa iphonografi zezona zizathu zichazwe rhoqo "zokuqalisa kwakhona": (1) ukubonwa njengekhoboka (n = 73), (2) ubunzima bezesondo ekukholelwa ukuba (kunokwenzeka) ukuba benziwe ngamanyala (n = 44), kunye (3) neziphumo ezibi zengqondo nezentlalo ezibangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwamanyala (n = 31). Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ezi zinto bezizikhuthaza bezinganyanzelekanga ukuba zihlangane ngokwahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, amalungu e-32 axele ukuba nobukhoboka boononografi kunye nobunzima bezesondo. Kwangelo xesha, oku kuthetha ukuba kukho inani lamalungu (n = 17) Ukuxela ukubakho koononografi-kubangelwa ubunzima bezesondo ngaphandle kokubika umlutha woonografi.

Amalungu akholelwa ukuba ukuyeka ukusebenzisa iphonografi kwakukwazi ukuguqula iziphumo ezingalunganga zoonografi ezisetyenziswa kwingqondo, kwaye le nkolelo yakhelwe ekuqinisekiseni iikhonsepthi zenzululwazi, ezinjenge-neuroplasticity. Nangona ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lwenzululwazi ukwenza intsingiselo yemizabalazo enxulumene nephonografi ayisiyonto ikhethekileyo, njengoko kubonisiwe kuhlalutyo lomgangatho wangaphambili kunye neesampulu zonqulo (IBurke neHaltom, 2020; Perry, 2019), inokuba luphawu ikakhulu kuluntu "lokuqalisa kwakhona", unikezwe inkcubeko "yokuqalisa kwakhona" ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yaphuhla (kwaye yenziwa) kukukhula kwangoko kweziza ze-Intanethi ezisasaza ulwazi malunga nemiphumela emibi yephonografi kwingqondo (Taylor , 2019, 2020) ngakumbi amanani anempembelelo ahlonitshwayo ngabo base "kuqalisa kwakhona" kuluntu (Hartmann, 2020). Yiyo ke loo nto amalungu ekhuthazwa ukuba azame “ukuqala ngokutsha” njengesixhobo se-PPU kusenokwenzeka ukuba achukunyiswe “kukuqalisa ngokutsha” inkcubeko kunye nemimiselo ethe yaphuhliswa ngenxa yolwazi oluhlangeneyo (ingakumbi lwabadala) amava amanye amalungu kunye nemibono, kunye impembelelo yamanani abalulekileyo abachaphazele intshukumo "yokuqalisa".

Inqaku, ukungaziphathi kakuhle kokuziphatha (iGrubbs kunye nePerry, 2019) yayisisizathu esichaziweyo rhoqo "sokuqalisa kwakhona" kule sampulu (n = 4), ebonisa ukuba (ngokubanzi) amalungu kwiiforum "zokuqalisa ngokutsha" anokuba nezizathu ezahlukeneyo zokuyeka ukusebenzisa iphonografi xa kuthelekiswa nabantu benkolo abenza oko ikakhulu ngenxa yezizathu zokuziphatha (umzekelo, iDiefendorf, 2015). Nangona kunjalo, ukubakho kokuziphatha okungathandekiyo kunokuchaphazela izigqibo zokuthintela ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweephonografi akunakukhutshwa ngaphandle kophando olulandelayo olucacisa ngokucacileyo kumalungu ukuba bayayigatya na iphonografi. Kananjalo, uhlalutyo lwangoku lubonisa ukuba amanye amalungu kwiiforum "zokuqalisa ngokutsha" anokuthatha isigqibo sokuyeka ukuphulula amalungu esini (cf. Imhoff & Zimmer, 2020) ikakhulu ngenxa yesizathu esifanelekileyo sokuzinceda bahlale bebaleka ekusebenziseni iphonografi (kuba bayabona ukuba ukuphulula amalungu esini ngexesha "lokuqalisa kwakhona" kubangela inkanuko yephonografi), kwaye kungengenxa yenkolelo kwizibonelelo zangaphakathi zokugcinwa kwamadlozi (umzekelo, "amandla amakhulu" njengokuzithemba kunye nemagnetism yezesondo), ethe abanye abaphandi bayibona ibalulekile kwingcinga yeNoFap (Hartmann, 2020; UTaylor noJackson, 2018).

Amava "okuqalisa kwakhona"

Okwesibini, uhlalutyo lwethu lubonisa ukuba amava "okuqalisa kwakhona" anjani ngokwembono zamalungu-ukufezekisa ngempumelelo kunye nokugcina ukuziyeka kwi-ponografi kunzima kakhulu (Umxholo 2), kodwa iyafezekiseka ukuba umntu uyakwazi ukusebenzisa indibaniselwano elungileyo lwezixhobo (Umxholo 3). Ukuba ukuyekisa kuyaqhubeka, kunokuba nomvuzo kwaye kufanelekile kumzamo (Umxholo 4).

Ukuyeka ukubukela iphonografi kwakucingelwa ukuba kunzima ikakhulu ngenxa yokunxibelelana kwemeko yendawo kunye nokusingqongileyo, kunye nokubonakaliswa kweziganeko ezinje ngeziyobisi (okt. ., 2019; UFernandez et al., 2020). Ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha samalungu abhalele ubuncinci ukushiyeka ngexesha lokuzama ukuzibamba. Ukuphulukana nokuba sisiphumo sokunyanzelwa ngumkhwa (umzekelo, ukufikelela kwimifanekiso engamanyala "kwi-autopilot"), okanye kuncitshiswe yiminqweno enamandla eyayiziva ingaphezulu kwaye kunzima ukuyichasa. Izinto ezintathu eziphambili ezinegalelo kubuninzi kunye nokuqina kweminqweno efunyanwa ngamalungu: (1) ubiquity yeempawu zangaphandle zokusebenzisa iphonografi (ngakumbi izinto ezibonakalayo zesondo okanye imikhwa enje ngokuba wedwa kwigumbi lomntu), (2) imikhondo yangaphakathi yephonografi sebenzisa (ngakumbi ifuthe elibi, imifanekiso engamanyala ebikade isetyenziselwa ukuzinyanga ngaphambi kokuba "uqalise ukusebenza kwakhona"), kunye (3) "nesiphumo sokusukela" -iminqweno eyaba sisiphumo saso nasiphi na isenzo sokwabelana ngesondo ngexesha lokuyeka. Amalungu amaninzi kwiqela labancinci (18-29 iminyaka) axele ukuba nefuthe elibi kwaye ubuncinci ukuphelelwa lixesha lokuyeka xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaqela amabini ubudala. Enye inkcazo enokubakho koku kufunyanwa kukuba i-libido ithanda ukuba phezulu kweli qela leminyaka xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaqela amabini (iBeutel, iStöbel ‐ Richter, kunye neBrähler, 2008), kunokuba nzima ngakumbi ukuyeka ukusebenzisa iphonografi njengesixhobo sokwabelana ngesondo. Enye inkcazo enokwenzeka kukuba ukuyeka ukusebenzisa iphonografi kuba nzima nangakumbi xa umntu esenza izinto ezingamanyala ngenxa yokuxhomekeka ngakumbi ekuziphatheni. Le ngcaciso ihlala ixesha elide kunye nokufunyaniswa kwangoko ukuba iminyaka yokuqala yokuchasana noonografi yayinxulumene kakhulu nomlutha wokuzibona koonografi (iDwulit neRzymski, 2019b), nangona kufuneka uphando oluthe kratya ekuchazeni unxibelelwano olunokwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka yokuvezwa okokuqala kwamanyala kunye ne-PPU.

Ngokubalulekileyo, amava amalungu abonakalisile ukuba ukuzithiba, nangona kunzima, kuyenzeka ngokudityaniswa kwezixhobo zangaphakathi nangaphandle. Amalungu ngokubanzi ayenobuchule ekuzameni iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulwa kunye nezixhobo zokuthintela ukubuyela umva. Uninzi lwamalungu, amalungu akhe uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo zangaphakathi ezisebenzayo (okt, iindlela zokuziphatha-ezinokuziphatha) ngaphezulu kwexesha lokuyeka. Inzuzo yale ndlela yokulingwa kunye neempazamo kukuba amalungu ayekwazi ukwenza ngokwezifiso, ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokulinga kunye nephutha, inkqubo yokubuyisela eyabasebenzelayo. Nangona kunjalo, elinye icala elilingwayo lokulinga kunye neempazamo kukuba ngamanye amaxesha kukhokelela ekuqeshweni kweendlela ezingafunekiyo zokubuyela umva. Umzekelo, ukuzama ukucinezela iingcinga zamanyala yayiliqhinga eliqhelekileyo langaphakathi elalisetyenziselwa ukujongana neengcinga ezingamanyala kunye neminqweno yephonografi. Ukucinezelwa kwengcinga kubonisiwe njengesicwangciso-qhinga sokulawula ingcinga kuba sikhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi, okt, ukwanda kwezo ngcinga zicinezelweyo (jonga u-Efrati, 2019; Wegner, Schneider, Carter, kunye noMhlophe, 1987). Inyaniso yokuba esi yayiliqhinga eliqhelekileyo elibonisayo ukuba abantu abaninzi abazama ukuyeka iphonografi, ngakumbi ngaphandle komxholo wonyango, banokuthi ngokungazi babandakanyeke kwizicwangciso ezingasebenziyo ezinje ngokucinezelwa kwengcinga, kwaye bangazuza kwizifundo zengqondo malunga nendlela yokulawula iminqweno ngexesha ukuziyeka. Lo mzekelo uthile (kunye nemiceli mngeni eyahlukeneyo ejongene namalungu ngelixa "eqalisa kwakhona") ibonisa ukubaluleka kongenelelo oluxhasayo olunamandla oluphuhliswayo, olucocekileyo, kunye nokusasazwa yintsimi ukunceda abantu abane-PPU kulawulo olusebenzayo lokusebenzisa iphonografi. Amanyathelo okungenelela afundisa izakhono ezisekwe kwingqondo, umzekelo, zibonakala zilungele ngokukodwa ukujongana nemiceli mngeni emininzi efunyanwa ngamalungu (Van Gordon, Shonin, & Griffiths, 2016). Ukufunda ukungagwebi wamkele amava wokunqwenela ukwazi endaweni yokuwacinezela kunokuba yindlela efanelekileyo yokujongana nomnqweno (Twohig & Crosby, 2010; Witkiewitz, Bowen, Douglas, kunye neHsu, 2013). Ukuhlakulela ingqondo yokulahla kunokunceda ukunciphisa isimilo ngokuziphatha okukhokelela ekuphelelweni (Witkiewitz et al., 2014). Ukuzibandakanya kwimisebenzi yesondo ekhumbula (iBlycker kunye nePotenza, 2018; Iholo, 2019; UVan Gordon et al., 2016) inokuvumela imeko yokuphendula ngokwesondo ngaphaya kwemikhwa enxulumene noononografi ukuze isenzo sesondo sonwabele ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwimifanekiso engamanyala kunye nemifanekiso enxulumene noononografi (umzekelo, ukuphulula amalungu esini ngaphandle kokufuna ukukhumbula iimifanekiso ezingamanyala).

Ngokubhekiselele kwimithombo yangaphandle, ukuphumeza izithintelo ekufikeleleni koonografi, ezifana nokuvimba izicelo, kuchazwe ukuba luncedo. Nangona kunjalo, inkxaso yezentlalo kunye noxanduva lokuphendula kubonakala njengezixhobo zangaphandle ezazizezona zincedo kumalungu ukuze akwazi ukuziyeka. Oku kufumanisa kuhambelana nohlalutyo lobulunga lwangaphambili oluquka iisampulu ezahlukeneyo (Cavaglion, 2008Perry, 2019; Ševčíková et al., 2018) eziqaqambise indima ebalulekileyo yenkxaso kwezentlalo ekuncedeni ukungabinakho ngempumelelo. Iforamu "yokuqalisa kwakhona" yayiyeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu esetyenziswe ngamalungu ebenza ukuba bakwazi ukuziyeka ngempumelelo. Ngokunyaniseka babelana ngamava abo kwiijenali zabo, befunda amanye amaphephancwadi, kunye nokufumana imiyalezo ekhuthazayo evela kwamanye amalungu kubonakala ngathi banikezela ngenkxaso eyomeleleyo yenkxaso kwezentlalo kunye noxanduva lokuphendula ngaphandle kokunqongophala konxibelelwano lobuso. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba unxibelelwano oluchanekileyo kwiiforamu ezikwi-Intanethi lunokubonelela ngeendlela ezinokubanceda ngokulinganayo kumaqela enkxaso emntwini (umz. Ukungaziwa okubonelelwa zezi foram ze-Intanethi kunokuba yinto eluncedo kuba kunokuba lula kubantu abaneengxaki zokubeka amabala okanye ezihlazo ukwamkela iingxaki zabo kwaye bafumane inkxaso kwi-intanethi ngokuchasene nomntu (uPutnam noMaheu, 2000). Ukufikeleleka rhoqo kweforum kuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu angathumela kwiijenali zabo nanini na kukho isidingo. Ngelishwa, iimpawu (ukufikeleleka, ukungaziwa, kunye nokufikeleleka; 1998) enegalelo ekusebenziseni ingxaki yamanyala ngoonobumba kwindawo yokuqala yayizimpawu ezifanayo ezongeze kwixabiso lonyango kwiforum kwaye ngoku beququzelela ukubuyela kwabo kwezi ngxaki (iGriffiths, 2005).

Amalungu aqhubeka nokuziyeka afumana ukuyeka ukuba ngamava anomvuzo kwaye axele uluhlu lwezibonelelo ezibonwayo abathi bazinxweme kwi-pornography. Iziphumo ezibonwayo ezifana nokubonisa iphonografi ukuzeyisa ukusebenza (Kraus, Rosenberg, Martino, Nich, & Potenza, 2017) okanye ukwanda kwengqondo yokuzibamba ngokubanzi (Muraven, 2010) bachazwe ngamanye amalungu emva kwexesha lokuphumelela. Ukuphuculwa okubonakalayo ekusebenzeni kwengqondo kunye nentlalontle (umzekelo, ukuphucula imeko, ukonyusa inkuthazo, ubudlelwane obuphuculweyo) kunye nokusebenza ngokwesondo (umzekelo, ukonyuka kokuziva ngesondo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-erectile) zichaziwe.

Ukuzilahla njengoNgenelelo lokuSebenzisa iNgxaki yePhonografi Sebenzisa

Uluhlu olubanzi lweempembelelo ezilungileyo zokuyeka amalungu ngamalungu acebisa ukuba ukuyeka iphonografi kunokuba luncedo ngoncedo lwePPU. Nangona kunjalo, nokuba ngaba ezi zibonelelo zibonwa zibangelwa ngokukodwa ekususeni ukusetyenziswa koonografi ngokwazo akunakucaciswa ngokucacileyo ngaphandle kokulandelwa kwezifundo usebenzisa i-longitudinal and experimenti. Umzekelo, ezinye izinto zongenelelo ngexesha lokuziyeka njengokutshintsha indlela ophila ngayo, ukufumana inkxaso kwiforum, okanye ukwenza uqeqesho olukhulu ngokubanzi kunokuba negalelo kwiziphumo ezilungileyo zengqondo. Okanye, utshintsho kwizinto eziguquguqukayo zengqondo (umzekelo, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo okanye uxinzelelo) kunye / okanye utshintsho kwimisebenzi yesondo (umz., Ukunciphisa ixesha lokuhlaziya amalungu esini) ngexesha lokuziyeka kunokuba negalelo kuphuculo ekusebenzeni ngokwesondo. Izifundo ezilawulwa ngokungahleliwe ezizahlula iimpembelelo zokuyeka iphonografi (UFernandez et al. 2020; Wilson, 2016) ngokukodwa kufuneka ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba ngaba ezi zibonelelo zichaziweyo zinokuthi zichazwe ekususeni ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi, kunye nokulawula inkcazo yesithathu eguqukayo kwezi zibonelelo zibonwa. Kwakhona, uyilo lwangoku lokufunda luvunyelwe ikakhulu ekuqwalaseleni iziphumo ezilungileyo zokuziyeka, kwaye kuncinci kwiziphumo ezibi ezibonakalayo. Kungenxa yokuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba isampulu ngaphezulu kwamalungu afumene ukuziyeka kunye nokunxibelelana kweforum ye-Intanethi ukuba ibe luncedo, kwaye ngenxa yoko kunokuba nokubakho kokuqhubeka nokuzikhupha kunye nokuqhubeka nokuthumela kwiijenali zabo. Amalungu afumene ukuziyeka kunye / okanye ukunxibelelana kwiforum kwi-intanethi ukuba angancedi anokuthi ayeke ukuthumela kwiijenali zawo endaweni yokuchaza amava abo amabi kunye nemibono, kwaye ngenxa yoko banokumelwa kuhlalutyo lwethu. Ukuyeka (kunye "nokuqalisa kwakhona") kuvavanywe ngokufanelekileyo njengongenelelo lwe-PPU, kubalulekile ukuba uqale uhlolisise ukuba ngaba kukho naziphi na iziphumo ezinokubakho ezichasayo okanye ezichasayo zokuziyeka njengenjongo yokungenelela kunye / okanye ukusondela kwinjongo yokuziyeka ngendlela ethile . Umzekelo, ukuzixakekisa kakhulu ngenjongo yokuphepha ukubukela iphonografi (okanye nantoni na enokubangela iingcinga kunye / okanye iminqweno yephonografi) kunokunyusa ukuxakeka kwimifanekiso engamanyala (Borgogna kunye neMcDermott, 2018; Moss, Erskine, Albery, Allen, kunye neGeorgiou, 2015; Perry, 2019; Wegner, 1994), okanye ukuzama ukuyeka ngaphandle kokufunda izakhono ezifanelekileyo zokujongana nokurhoxa, ukunqwenela okanye ukuphelelwa ngamandla, kunokuba nakho ukwenza okubi kunokulungileyo (UFernandez et al., 2020). Uphando lwexesha elizayo oluphando lokuziyeka njengendlela ye-PPU kufuneka inike ingxelo ngeziphumo ezibi ezinokubakho ukongeza kwiziphumo ezilungileyo ezinokubakho.

Okokugqibela, into yokuba ukuzibamba kwakucingelwa ukuba kunzima kangaka kuphakamisa umbuzo obalulekileyo kubaphandi nakwezonyango ukuba baqwalasele- ngaba ukuyeka ngokupheleleyo iphonografi kuhlala kufanelekile ukulungisa iPPU? Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kubonakala ngathi akukho kuthathelwa ingqalelo phakathi kwamalungu ukunciphisa / ukusebenzisa indlela elawula ukubuyela kwimeko yeengxaki ezinxulumene noonografi (endaweni yendlela yokuyekisa) ngenxa yenkolelo yokuba ukusetyenziswa okulawulwayo akunakufezekiswa ngenxa yobukhoboka boononografi. -Ikhumbuza iindlela zenyathelo le-12 zokusebenzisa iziyobisi ezingamanyala / ezinyanzelekileyo (u-Efrati noGola, 2018). Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngaphakathi kongenelelo lweklinikhi lwe-PPU, ukunciphisa / ukusebenzisa iinjongo ezilawulwayo kubonwe njengenye indlela efanelekileyo yokuziyeka (umz., Twohig & Crosby, 2010). Abanye abaphandi kutsha nje baphakamise inkxalabo yokuba ukungaziniki isenokungabi yeyona njongo yokungenelela kubantu abathile abane-PPU, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yomsebenzi onzima onokuthi ubonakale ukuba ukhona, kwaye bacebise ukubeka phambili iinjongo ezinje ngokwamkeleka kunye nokwamkelwa kwamanyala Sebenzisa ngaphezulu kokuziyeka (jonga iSniewski kunye neFarvid, 2019). Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba abantu abanomdla wokuhlala ngokuzikhethela ngokungafaniyo noonografi, ukuyeka, nangona kunzima, kunokuba ngumvuzo xa kuqhubeka. Ngapha koko, ukwamkelwa kunye nokuzinqanda akufuneki kube ziinjongo ezizezinye-umntu osebenzisa iphonografi angafunda ukwamkela iziqu zabo kunye nemeko yabo ngelixa enqwenela ukuhlala engavumi ukuba ubomi obungenamanyala buxabisiwe (Twohig & Crosby, 2010). Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukunciphisa / ukusetyenziswa okulawulwayo koonografi kuyenzeka kwaye kukwazi ukuvelisa iziphumo ezifanayo zokuziyeka, ukuyekisa akunakuba yimfuneko kuzo zonke iimeko. Uphando lwe-future empirical ngokuthelekisa ukungakhathali xa kuthelekiswa nokunciphisa / iinjongo zokungenelela zolawulo ziyafuneka ukucacisa ngokucacileyo izibonelelo kunye / okanye izinto ezingalunganga kuyo nayiphi na indlela yokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo kwi-PPU, kwaye phantsi kwaziphi iimeko umntu anokukhetha ngaphezulu kwenye (umz., Ukuzibamba kunokubangela ngcono iziphumo zamatyala amandundu ePPU).

Amandla oFundo kunye neMida

Amandla esifundo esikhoyo aquka: (1) ukuqokelelwa kwedatha okungafakwanga okuphelise ukwenziwa kwakhona; (2) Uhlalutyo lweejenali endaweni yeakhawunti ebuyayo yokuyekelela eyanciphisa ukukhumbula; kunye (3) neekhrayitheriya ezibanzi zokubandakanywa kubandakanya uluhlu lwamaqela obudala, ixesha lokuyeka ukuziyeka, kunye neenjongo zokuziyeka ezivumela ukukhutshwa kwemephu kwizinto eziqhelekileyo zamava okuziyeka kwezi zinto zixabisekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, isifundo sineemida zokuvuma. Okokuqala, ukuqokelelwa kwedatha engabonakaliyo kwakuthetha ukuba asinakubuza amalungu imibuzo malunga namava abo; Ke ngoko, uhlalutyo lwethu lwalunomda kumxholo amalungu akhethe ukubhala ngawo kwiijenali zawo. Okwesibini, kuvavanyo oluzimeleyo lweempawu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amanyathelo amiselweyo anciphisa ukuthembeka kweengxelo zamalungu. Umzekelo, uphando lubonakalisile ukuba iimpendulo kumbuzo othi "Ngaba ucinga ukuba une-erectile dysfunction?" sukuhlala ungqinelana ne-International Index ye-Erectile Function (IIEF-5; Rosen, Cappelleri, Smith, Lipsky, & Pena, 1999amanqaku (Wu et al., 2007).

isiphelo

Uphononongo lwangoku lubonelela ngolwazi kumava obuchwephesha babasebenzisi boonografi abayinxalenye yentshukumo "yokuqalisa" abazama ukunqanda iphonografi ngenxa yeengxaki ezinxulumene nokuzonwabisa. Iziphumo zophononongo lwangoku ziluncedo kubaphandi nakwiiklinikhi ukufumana ukuqonda okunzulu (1) kweengxaki ezithile eziqhuba ngenani elandayo labasebenzisi boononografi ukuba bayeke ukubukela iphonografi, ezinokuthi zazise ukuqonda kweeklinikhi ngePPU, kunye (2) yintoni Amava "okuqalisa kwakhona" anje, anokuthi akhokele uphuhliso longenelelo olusebenzayo lwePPU kunye nokwazisa ukuqonda kokuziyeka njengongenelelo lwePPU. Nangona kunjalo, nasiphi na isigqibo esivela kuhlalutyo lwethu kufuneka senziwe ngononophelo ngenxa yokusikelwa umda kwindlela yokufunda (okt, uhlalutyo lobungakanani bemithombo yesibini). Izifundo zokulandelela ezifumana amalungu "okuqalisa ngokutsha" koluntu kwaye ziqeshe uphando / imibuzo yodliwanondlebe ziyafuneka ukuqinisekisa iziphumo zolu hlalutyo kunye nokuphendula imibuzo ethe ngqo yophando malunga namava okuyeka iphonografi njengendlela yokubuyisela IPPU.

1. 1.

   Amaqonga ane "r /" isimaphambili ayaziwa njenge "subreddits," uluntu lwase-intanethi kwiwebhusayithi yeendaba zentlalo iReddit ezinikezelwe kwisihloko esithile.

2. 2.

   Nangona kukho icandelo elizinikeleyo kwiforum yamalungu ebhunga labasetyhini, uninzi lwejenali yayingamalungu eforamu eyindoda. Oku kungalingani kumanani amajenali angamadoda ukuya kwabasetyhini izibuko zophando zangaphambili ezibonisa ukuba amadoda axela amazinga aphakamileyo kakhulu okusetyenziswa kwephonografi (umzekelo, Hald, 2006; UKvalem et al., 2014; URegnerus okqhubekayo., 2016), IPPU (umz., Grubbs et al., 2019a; I-Kor et al., 2014), kunye nokufuna unyango lwe-PPU (Lewczuk, Szmyd, Skorko, & Gola, 2017) xa kuthelekiswa nabasetyhini. Ukunikezelwa ngophando olwenziweyo oludlulileyo olwahlulahlula umahluko ngokwesini kubakhankanyi abafuna unyango lwe-PPU (umzekelo, inani lokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nenkolo yayizezona zibalulekileyo ekufuneni unyango kwabasetyhini, kodwa hayi eyamadoda-iGola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; U-Lewczuk et al., 2017), kusenokubakho umahluko obalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukuyeka kunye namava phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini kwiiforum "zokuqalisa kwakhona".

3. 3.

   Sikhethe indawo ye-12 yeenyanga ezisikiweyo njengoko kunokulindeleka ngokufanelekileyo ukuba uninzi lweziphumo "zokuqalisa kwakhona" ziya kuqaphela kunyaka wokuqala wokuzama ukuyeka. Iijenali ezichaza iinzame zokuyeka ixesha elide (> iinyanga ezili-12), ngenxa yokuba zinde kangakanani kwaye zinenkcukacha kangakanani, ziya kufuna uphando olwahlukileyo oluhlalutya inani elincinci lamajenali, ngokuchanekileyo ngendlela yokujonga idatha.

4. 4.

   Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngenxa yokuba amalungu ebengaphenduli kuluhlu olwakhekileyo lwemibuzo, akunakwenzeka ukuba kugqitywe ukuba ngaba isampulu yabelwe (okanye ayabelani) ngamava afanayo ukuba khange baxele. Ngenxa yoko, apho ukubalwa kwamaza okanye amagama abonisa amaxesha axeliweyo, aqondwa ngcono njengeyona nxalenye yamalungu kwisampulu axele amava, kodwa elona nani labantu abanamava kunokuba likhulu.

Unxibelelwano

1. ISebe lezeengqondo, iYunivesithi yase-Nottingham Trent, i-50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK

   UDavid P. Fernandez, uDaria J. Kuss kunye noMark D. Griffiths

Imbalelwano kwi UDavid P. Fernandez.

Ukugqubana kwemidla

Ababhali bavakalise ukuba abanangxabano yemidla.

Mvume

Njengoko olu phononongo lwalusebenzisa engaziwayo, idatha efumanekayo esidlangalaleni, yathathwa njengekhululekileyo kwimvume enolwazi yikomiti yokuziphatha ye-Nottingham Trent University.

Ukuvunyelwa kokuziphatha

Zonke iinkqubo ezenziweyo kwizifundo ezibandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba zihambelana nemigangatho yokuziphatha yekomiti kunye / okanye yekomiti yophando yesizwe kunye neSibhengezo sika-Helsinki sowe-1964 kunye nezilungiso zaso kamva okanye imigangatho yokuziphatha efanelekileyo.

Inqaku loMshicileli

Uhlobo lwe-Springer luhlala lungathathi hlangothi malunga namabango asemagqabini kwimpapasho epapashwe kunye namaziko eziko.

Jonga iThebhile 4.

UkuFikelela Eli nqaku linikwe ilayisensi phantsi kwelayisenisi yeCreative Commons Attribution 4.0, evumela ukusetyenziswa, ukwabelana, ukulungelelaniswa, ukuhanjiswa kunye nokuzala kwakhona nakweyiphi na indlela okanye ifomathi, ukuba nje unikezela ngetyala elifanelekileyo kubabhali (okanye) bokuqala, kunye nomthombo, bonelela Qhagamshela kwilayisensi yeCreative Commons, kwaye ubonise ukuba kwenziwe utshintsho. Imifanekiso okanye ezinye izinto zomntu wesithathu kweli nqaku zibandakanyiwe kwilayisensi yenqaku leCreative Commons, ngaphandle kokuba kuboniswe ngenye indlela kumgca wokuthenga ngetyala kwezi zinto. Ukuba izinto azibandakanywanga kwilayisenisi yeCreative Commons kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwakho ekujoliswe kuko akuvumelekanga ngummiselo osemthethweni okanye kudlula ukusetyenziswa okuvunyelweyo, kuyakufuneka ufumane imvume ngqo kumnini welungelo lokushicilela. Ukujonga ikopi yale layisenisi, ndwendwela http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.