Imifanekiso engamanyala kunye nezifundo zokufikisa zidweliswe apha ngezantsi kwesi siqendu. (L) phambi kwekhonkco ibonisa inqaku elibekiweyo, ngesiqhelo malunga nesifundo. Amanqaku afanelekileyo kunye neevidiyo zeYBOP zinokuba ngumdla:
- Kutheni akufanele ukuba uJohnyny Watch Porn xa ethanda?
- I-Sex yo kuqala: nje iSayensi
- Abaselula abasebenzisa izilwanyana badinga ixesha elide ukuze bafumane iMojo yabo
- I vidiyo: Ubunjengebuntongo obuneminyaka engama-10 bubambisana ne-Internet ekhawulezileyo ye-Internet (2013)
Uphengululo loncwadi kunye nohlalutyo lweemeta (ngomhla wopapasho):
Impembelelo ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi kwiNtsapho kunye neNtsapho: Ukuphononongwa koPhando (2006) - Amacatshulwa:
Ukuphonononga iimpembelelo ze-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi, nangona kunjalo, yintsimi engatshatyalaliswayo kwaye umzimba wocwaningo olugxininiswe ngokukodwa luphelelweyo. Ukuphononongwa kophando olukhoyo luqhutywe kwaye ezininzi iindlela ezimbi zityhilwa. Nangona kuninzi okungaziwa malunga neempembelelo zoononografi kwi-intanethi kwimitshato kunye neentsapho, iinkcukacha ezikhoyo zibonelela ngolu hlobo lokuqala lwabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, ootitshala, oogqirha kunye nabaphandi.
Impembelelo ngqo kwiBantwana nakwi-Adolescents Isiphumo esilandelayo sithathwa njengezona mpe mbelelo kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo abasebenzisa okanye bahlangabezane noonografi ngokwabo:
1. Nangona ukungekho mthethweni, ulutsha lunokufikelela lula kwizinto eziphathekayo zoononografi kwaye oku kunokubangela ukuphazamiseka, ukuphazamisa, ukuxhaphaza, kunye / okanye umlutha.
2. Ulutsha luhlala luceliwe, lukhohlisiwe, lukhohlisiwe, okanye "imouse igxinwe" ekubukeni kwimiyalezo ecacileyo ngokwesini.
3. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukugqithiswa kweentlophu zoonografi kunokubangela ukuba abantu abancinci bagxininise kwaye oko kudla ngokuchazwa ngokusebenzisa imizwa efana nokunyaniseka, ukuthuthumela, ukuhlazeka, umsindo, ukwesaba nokudakumba.
4. Ukusetyenziswa kweefotoliyo ze-intanethi kunye / okanye ukubandakanyeka kwingxoxo yesondo kunokulimaza ukuphuhliswa kwentlalo kunye nolwabelana ngesondo kunye nokunciphisa impumelelo yabo ebuhlotsheni obuzayo.
5. Ukusetyenziswa koonografi ebusheni kuye kwadibaniswa nokuqala kwesondo, kunye nokwanda komntu wokubandakanya ubulili obunqunu kunye nolwabelana ngesondo nabantu abangabathandana nabo.
Iziphumo eziNinzi zeMithombo yeendaba kwiiSondo zoLutsha zokuziphatha kwezesondo Ukuvavanya ibango lokuzimela (2011) - Amacatshulwa:
Izifundo zempembelelo zosasazo oluxhaphakileyo lokuziphatha kwabantu abancinci ngokwesondo ziye zacotha ukuba ziqokelelene nangona ubungqina obude bumxholo omkhulu wesini kwimidiya enkulu. Imithombo yeendaba yezesondo yezesondo itshintshe kakhulu kule minyaka idlulileyo, nangona abaphandi abavela kwizifundo ezininzi baphendule umnxeba ukujongana nale ndawo ibalulekileyo yokufunda ngezesondo. Injongo yesi sahluko kukuphonononga umsebenzi ophindaphindiweyo wezifundo ezenziweyo ngefuthe lokuziphatha ngokwesondo ukumisela ukuba ingaba umzimba lo uyavuma na. Imigangatho yokunyanzeliswa kwesizathu esichazwe nguCook noCampbell (1979) baqeshelwe ukufezekisa le njongo. Kugqitywe kwelokuba uphando ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kudlula umqobo wokuchazwa kwembonakalo nganye kunye nokuba imithombo yeendaba ngokubanzi iphantse ibe nefuthe lesizathu sokuziphatha kakubi kolutsha lwaseMelika.
Impembelelo ye-intanethi ye-Internet kwi-Adolescents: Ukuphononongwa koPhando (2012) -Ukusuka kwisiphelo:
Ukwanda kokufikelela kwi-Intanethi ngabafundi abakwishumi elivisayo kudale amathuba angenakuthelekiswa nanto kwimfundo yezesondo, ukufunda nokukhula. Kwelinye icala, umngcipheko wokwenzakala okubonakalayo kuncwadi ukhokelele abaphandi ukuba baphande ukuboniswa kokubukela imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-intanethi ngenjongo yokucacisa olu lwalamano. Ngokudibeneyo, ezi zifundo zibonisa ukuba ulutsha olusebenzisa iphonografi lunokuhlakulela iinqobo zesini kunye neenkolelo ezingezizo. Phakathi kwezinto ezifunyenweyo, imigangatho ephezulu yesimo esivumayo sesondo, inkanuko yesini, kunye nokuvavanywa ngokwesondo kwangaphambili kuye kwahambelana nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwamanyala .... Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo ezingaguqukiyo ziye zavela ezinxibelelanisa ukusetyenziswa kolutsha ngemifanekiso engamanyala ebonisa ubundlobongela kunye nokunyuka kwamazinga okuziphatha ngokwesondo.
Uncwadi lubonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwabantwana abakwishumi elivisayo kwimifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokuzazi. Amantombazana axela ukuba azive ephantsi ngokwasetyhini abajongayo kwimifanekiso engamanyala, ngelixa abafana boyika ukuba bangangabinayo intsholongwane okanye bangakwazi ukwenza njengamadoda kwezi media. Abafikisayo baxele ukuba ukusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi kunciphile njengoko ukuzithemba kwabo kunye nophuhliso lwentlalo lukhula. Ukongeza, uphando lubonisa ukuba abakwishumi elivisayo abasebenzisa iphonografi, ngakumbi leyo ifumaneka kwi-Intanethi, banamanqanaba asezantsi okudityaniswa kwezentlalo, inyuka kwiingxaki zokuziphatha, amanqanaba aphezulu ekuziphatheni okunxaxhileyo, imeko ephezulu yokubonakalisa uxinzelelo, kunye nokunciphisa ukubondana ngokweemvakalelo nabanonopheli.
Isizukulwana esitsha soTywala (2013) Ngelixa lungajongisisiyo ubuchwephesha, yayilelinye lamaphepha okuqala ukwahlula abancinci abanyanzelekileyo bokubukela ii-porn kwizifundo "ze-CSB" ezikhethekileyo. Isiphelo:
Kucetyiswa ukuba umlutha wesondo unokuchazwa ngeendlela ezimbini ezizodwa. Umlutha "wangoku" ucetyiswa ukuba wahluke kwinto yokuqala kunye nengapheliyo ekuboniseni imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ye-cybersexual ngaphakathi kwenkcubeko enokwabelana ngesondo kakhulu eqhuba ukunyanzelwa ngokwesini, ngelixa umlutha "weklasikhi" uqhutywa kukuhlukumezeka, ukuxhatshazwa, ukungahambelani kakuhle, ukuphazamiseka kolawulo, ukuphazamiseka -ukuqonda okusekwe, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemood. Ngelixa bobabini banokwabelana ngentetho efanayo (indlela yokuziphatha enyanzelekileyo, ukuphazamiseka kwemood, ukungahambelani kobudlelwane), i-etiology kunye nezinye iinkalo zonyango ziya kuthi zahluke.
I-Classic "yobundlobongela bezesondo, ngelixa lixubusha kakhulu, lifumene ingqwalasela enkulu kulo uphando, kwindawo yoluntu kunye noluntu oluqhelekileyo. Izinyango zokwelapha, ngelixa zingasasazekayo, ziyahluka kwaye ziyafumaneka, kwanokuba umgangatho oqeqeshwayo woqeqesho lwezokwelapha ngoqeqesho lwezesondo uqhutyelwa kuwo wonke amazwe eUnited States, okuvumela abaqeqeshi bempilo yengqondo ukuba bafumane ubungqina obunzulu bokusebenza ngokubhekiselele kumlutha wokuziphatha ngokwesondo.
Ukuziphatha gwenxa ngokwesondo "okwangoku", nangona kunjalo, yinto engachazwanga, ngakumbi ebantwaneni nakwishumi elivisayo. Uphando kunye noncwadi kunqabile kwaye, okunomdla, kuhlala kupapashwa kumazwe angaphandle kwe-United States (He, Li, Guo, & Jiang, 2010; Yen et al., 2007). Uphando ngabafazi abancinci kunye neziyobisi ngokwesondo akukho kwaphela. Unyango olukhethekileyo lwabanyangi abakwishumi elivisayo nabaqeqeshelwe kwisifo sokuziphatha ngokwesondo akuqhelekanga. Ukanti amanani abalulekileyo abantwana, abafikisayo, kunye nabantu abadala abancinci bafuna unyango olulolu hlobo, kwaye indawo yoluntu ilibazisekile ekuphenduleni. Uphando, ingxoxo, kunye nemfundo ziyafuneka ngokungxamisekileyo ukuze kuhlangatyezwane ngokufanelekileyo neemfuno zabona bancinci kubemi bethu abasokolayo kukuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ngokwesondo.
Ngaba umxholo wezesondo kwiindaba ezitsha zidibene nokuziphatha komngcipheko wesondo kubantu abatsha? Ukuphononongwa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemeta (2016) - Ukususela kwizinto ezingabonakaliyo:
iziphumo: Izifundo ezilishumi elinane, zonke zinamacandelo kuyilo, zafezekisa imiqobo yokubandakanywa. Izifundo ezithandathu (abathathi-nxaxheba be-10 352) bavavanye ukubonwa kwabantu abancinci kwii-SEWs kunye nesibhozo (abathathi-nxaxheba be10 429) bavavanya ukuthunyelwa kwemizobo. Kwakukho umahluko omkhulu kwizifundo zonke ekuvezeni nakwinkcazo yesiphumo. Uhlalutyo lwe-Meta lwafumanisa ukuba ukubonakaliswa kwe-SEW kwakudityaniswa nokunxibelelana ngesondo ngaphandle kwekhondomu; Ukuthumelelana imiyalezo nemiyalezo ethunyelwa ngasese kwakudityaniswa nento yokuba ukhe waba neentlobano zesini, isini esenziwa kutshanje, isiselo esinxilisayo kunye nolunye ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngaphambi kokuba neentlobano zesini, kunye namaqabane amaninzi esini esabelana nawo. Uninzi lwezifundo lwalunolungelelwaniso olulinganiselweyo kubafundi ababalulekileyo abanokudideka.
izigqiboIzifundo ezinqamlezileyo zibonisa umanyano oluluqilima phakathi kokubhengeza ukuzibandakanya kumxholo wesini kwimidiya entsha nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kubantu abancinci. Izifundo ze-longitudinal ziya kunika ithuba elikhulu lokuhlengahlengisa ukudideka, kunye nokuqonda okungcono kweendlela zokuzimela eziphantsi kwemibutho ebonwa.
Imidiya kunye nokuSondo: I-State of Research Empirical, 1995-2015 (2016) -Ukuthathwa:
Injongo yale ngongoma yayiwukuba kuhlanganiswe uphando lweempawu zokuhlola uphando lwezesondo zoxhatshazo. Ugxininiso lwaluphando olushicilelwe ekuhlaziyweni koontanga, iincwadi zeelwimi zesiNgesi phakathi kwe-1995 kunye ne-2015. Iimpapasho ze-109 eziqulethwe zifundo ze-135 zahlaziywa. Iziphumo zanikezela ubungqina obuqhubekayo bokuthi ukuboniswa kwebhubhoratri kunye nokuhlaliswa rhoqo kwimihla ngemihla kuhambelana ngqo nemiphumo eyahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa amanqanaba aphezulu ekunganeliseki komzimba, ukuzithemba okukhulu, ukuxhaswa okukhulu kweenkolelo zesini kunye neenkolelo zentlobano zesini, kwaye ukunyamezela okukhulu kobundlobongela ngesondo malunga nabasetyhini. Ngaphezu koko, ukuchazwa kokulinga kwesi siqulatho kubangela ukuba amabhinqa namadoda abe nombono oncitshiswe ngokubhekisele kwiinkalo zabasetyhini, ukuziphatha kunye noluntu.
Iintsholongwane kunye noonografi: Ukuhlaziywa kwe-20 iminyaka yoPhando (2016) -Ukuthathwa:
Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuhlengahlengisa uphando olwenziweyo olupapashwe kwiphephabhuku lokuphononongwa kolwimi lwesiNgesi phakathi kwe-1995 kunye ne-2015 ngobume, ukuqikelela, kunye nefuthe lokusebenzisa kolutsha kwimifanekiso engamanyala. Olu phando lubonise ukuba abakwishumi elivisayo basebenzisa iphonografi, kodwa amazinga okuxhaphaka ayahluka kakhulu. Ulutsha olwalusebenzisa iphonografi rhoqo lwalungamadoda, kwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu lokushicilela, abafuna ulwazi, kwaye babenobuthathaka okanye unengxaki yosapho. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala kwakudibene nezimo zesondo ezivunyelweyo kwaye zithambekele ekubeni zidibene neenkolelo zesini ezomeleleyo zesini. Kubonakala ngathi kuyayanyaniswa nokwenzeka kwesondo, amava amakhulu okuziphatha okungokwesini okuxhaphakileyo, kunye nokuxhaphaza okungokwesini, kokubini ngokwenziwa okugwenxa kunye nexhoba.
Olu hlaziyo luhlalutye izifundo ezide zibonisa iziphumo zezinto ezibonakalayo ngokwesini kwizimo zengqondo zabaselula, iinkolelo kunye nokuziphatha.
Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukubonelela ngohlalutyo olufundisayo lwezifundo ezide ezigxila kwiziphumo zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwezesondo kwabaselula. Inani lezinto ezinxulumene ngqo nezesondo nezixhobo zolutsha, iinkolelo kunye nokuziphatha kuchaziwe kwizifundo. Izinto ezibonakaliswa ngokwesondo zabonakala ngathi zichaphazela uninzi lweempawu zesini ezihambelana nesini, iinkolelo ezinxulumene nesini, amathuba okuba neentlobano zesini kunye nokuziphatha okuxhaphazayo ngokwesini.
Izifundo ezihlaziyiweyo zifumanise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezichazayo ngokwesini kunokuchaphazela uluhlu lweengqondo kunye neenkolelo zolutsha, ezinje ngokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008b), ukungaqiniseki ngokwesondo (Peter & Valkenburg, 2010a; van Oosten, 2015), the inkcaso yezesondo yabasetyhini (UPeter & Valkenburg, 2009a), ukoneliseka ngokwesondo (UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2009b), iindlela zokuzonwabisa kunye nokuziphatha okuvumayo ngokwesini (I-Baams et al., 2014; IBrown kunye ne-L'Engle, 2009; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2010b), Isimo sengqondo sokulingana ngokwesini (uBrown & L'Engle, 2009) kunye nokujonga umzimba (Doornwaard et al., 2014).
Ubundlobongela bokuthandana (DV) kunye nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo (SV) zi ngxaki ezixhaphakileyo phakathi kolutsha kunye nabantu abadala abasakhulayo. Umzimba okhulayo woncwadi ubonakalisa ukuba ukuvezwa kweendaba ezichazayo ngokwesondo (SEM) kunye namajelo osasazo onobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo (SVM) kunokuba yimingcipheko kwi-DV ne-SV. Injongo yeli nqaku kukubonelela ngohlengahlengiso loncwadi olucwangcisiweyo nolubanzi malunga nefuthe lokuvezwa kwe-SEM kunye ne-SVM kwi-DV kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ze-SV kunye nokuziphatha.
Inani elipheleleyo lezifundo ezingama-43 zisebenzisa iisampulu zabantu abadala abafikisayo ziye zajongwa, kwaye ngokudibeneyo iziphumo zibonisa ukuba (1) ukubonakaliswa kwe-SEM kunye ne-SVM ngokuqinisekileyo kunxulumene neentsomi ze-DV kunye ne-SV kunye nokuzamkela ngakumbi izimo zengqondo kwi-DV kunye ne-SV; (2) Ukuvezwa kwe-SEM kunye ne-SVM kuhambelana ngokuqinisekileyo ne-DV kunye ne-SV yokuhlukumeza, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokungabikho kongenelelo; (3) I-SEM kunye ne-SVM zinempembelelo enamandla kwi-DV yamadoda kunye nakwindlela yokuziphatha ye-SV kunye nokuziphatha kunakwindlela yokuziphatha kwabasetyhini i-DV kunye ne-SV; kunye (4) nezimo zengqondo esele zikho ezinxulumene ne-DV kunye ne-SV kunye nokukhethwa kwemithombo yeendaba ukumodareyitha ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-SEM kunye ne-SVM exposure kunye ne-DV kunye ne-SV izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha.
Izifundo zexesha elizayo kufuneka zizame ukusebenzisa uyilo olude kunye nolokuvavanywa, ujonge ngakumbi abalamli kunye neemodareyitha ze-SEM kunye ne-SVM yokuvezwa kweziphumo ze-DV kunye ne-SV, kugxilwe kwiimpembelelo ze-SEM kunye ne-SVM ezandisela ngaphaya kokusebenzisa kwamadoda ubundlobongela obujoliswe kwabasetyhini, kwaye uvavanye Iinkqubo ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ngokuzimeleyo okanye ngokudibeneyo neenkqubo ezikhoyo zokuthintela i-DV kunye ne-SV ukuphucula ukusebenza kwezi nzame zeenkqubo.
Iifoto zoononopopasho ezisebuntwaneni Sebenzisa: Uhlalutyo lweeNcwadi eziNkqubo zoPhando lwe-2000-2017. (2018) -Amagqabantshintshi avela kumacandelo ahambelana nefuthe le-porn kumsebenzisi:
Injongo yale ncwadana yokuphononongwa ngolu hlobo luyilophu imfuno yophando kwintsimi kwaye ihlolisise ukuba ngaba iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zivela kwiindawo zophando.
Iindlela zokujonga ukuba neentlobano zesini- Lilonke, uphononongo lwe21 luvavanye isimo sengqondo sokufikisela kwishumi elivisayo kunye nokuziphatha ngokubhekisele kwisini ngokunxulumene ne-PU. Ayimangalisi into yokuba iinjongo zokusebenzisa izinto ezibonisa iphonografi zinxulunyaniswe kwisimo sengqondo esiqhelekileyo sokucinga ngokuthathela ingqalelo i-PU kunye nefuthe elibonakalayo kwizimo zengqondo zolutsha nokuziphatha ngokwesondo.
Uphuhliso - Ngokuchaseneyo, ukubukela iphonografi kufunyenwe kuchaphazela ukukhula kweendlela, ngakumbi ngakumbi ezo zibhekisa kwinkolo ngexesha lokufikisa. Ayothusi into yokuba ukubukela iphonografi kubonakalisiwe njengempembelelo yokuguqula ilizwe, kunciphisa inkolo yolutsha ngexesha, elizimeleyo ngokwesini.
Ukuhlaselwa Ukuveza imifanekiso engamanyala enobundlobongela / ecekeceke kubonakala ngathi yinto eqhelekileyo phakathi kolutsha, ngokunxulumana nokuziphatha okusemngciphekweni, kwaye, kubantu ababhinqileyo, iyahambelana nembali yokuxhatshazwa. Nangona kunjalo, olunye uphononongo luqukumbele ukuba ukuveza imifanekiso engamanyala akunabudlelwane bokuziphatha okuyingozi kwezesondo kwaye ukuvuma ukuboniswa imifanekiso engamanyala akubonakali ngathi kuyimpembelelo ekuziphatheni okubi ngokwesini kwabakwishumi elivisayo ngokubanzi. Ngaphandle kwezi zinto, ezinye iziphumo zibonisa ukuba, ukubhenca i-PU ngenjongo, kunxulunyaniswa neengxaki zokuziphatha kwabasakhulayo, ukuxhaphaza ngokwesondo okuphezulu kwi-intanethi kunye nokucela isondo kwi-Intanethi malunga nokuthontelana kwamakhwenkwe okunyanzelwa ngokwesini kunye nokuxhatshazwa kunxulunyaniswe kakhulu nokubukela rhoqo iphonografi.
Iinkonzo zeMpilo yengqondo -Kodwa, kwaye ngaphandle kwezinye izifundo ezingangqinisisi umanyano phakathi kwempilo yengqondo ne-PU ehluphekileyo, uninzi lwezinto ezifunyenweyo luguqulwa kule PU iphezulu ngexesha lokufikisa luyelelene kwiimvakalelo eziphezulu (umz. uxinzelelo) kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha. Kumgca, Luder okqhubekayo. ukuphakanyiswa kwezesini ehambelana nombutho phakathi kwe-PU kunye nokubonakaliswa koxinzelelo kunye namadoda abonisa ingozi ephezulu. Oku kufunyaniswe kukuvumelaniswe nezifundo ezide zityhila ukuba izinto eziphathekayo eziphathekayo zengqondo zibandakanyeka ekuphuhliseni ukusetyenziswa ngokunyanzeliswa kwezixhobo ze-Intanethi phakathi kwamakhwenkwe.
Iibhondi zaseNtlalweni- Lilonke, kubonakala ngathi kukho ukuvumelana ukuba abasebenzisi beInternet abayibukela rhoqo iphonografi badla ngokuhluka kwiimpawu ezininzi zentlalo ukusuka kulutsha olusebenzisa i-Intanethi ngolwazi, unxibelelwano lwentlalo kunye nokuzonwabisa.
Iimpawu eziSetyenziswayo kwi-Intanethi - Iimpawu zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi ziphandwe kwi-15 kwizifundo ze-57 ezibandakanywe kuphononongo lwangoku. Ezi zinto ziphakamisa ukuba iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zolutsha ezivezwa kwi-Intanethi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuzicingela ngokwesondo kubandakanya ukubekwa kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokusetyenziswa komdlalo we-Intanethi, indlela yokuziphatha yomngcipheko we-intanethi, uxinzelelo kunye nokubonakaliswa kwe-intanethi kwi-intanethi, kunye nokuzibonakalisa ngokuzithandela ngokwesini kwi-intanethi.
“Iindlela zokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo kwabaselula Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo ngokubhekiselele ku-PU kuye kwaphandwa kwizifundo ze-11, kunye nazo zonke izifundo ezibika iziphumo ezibalulekileyo. Uphononongo olwenziwa nguDoornward, okqhubekayo. ifumanise ukuba amakhwenkwe akwishumi elivisayo 'aneendlela zokuziphatha zesini ezinyanzelekileyo, kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-Intanethi, axele amanqanaba okuzithemba, amanqanaba aphezulu oxinzelelo kunye namazinga aphezulu okuxhaphaka kwezesondo. Kwimeko enjalo, olunye uphononongo lubonise ukuba amakhwenkwe afunyanwa esenza umsebenzi wezokwabelana ngesondo kunye neendawo zokunxibelelana zontlalontle afumene imvume yoontanga kwaye abonisa amava amakhulu xa kujongwa ukubandakanyeka kwisini. Ngapha koko, amakhwenkwe abonakalisa ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kweephonografi ayenomdla wokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesini besebancinci kwaye esenza uluhlu olubanzi lokudibana kwezesondo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwempahla ye-intanethi ngokucacileyo kunye nemiphumo yayo kwimpilo yabantwana: ubungqina bwakutshanje beencwadi (2019) - Ukususela kwizinto ezingabonakaliyo:
Uphando lwencwadi lwenziwa kwi-PubMed ne-ScienceDirect ngo-Matshi 2018 kunye nombuzo "(uonografi okanye OKWENZEKILEYO nge-intanethi). Iziphumo ezipapashwe phakathi kwe-2013 kunye ne-2018 zahlaziywa kwaye zithelekiswa nobungqina obudlulileyo.
Ngokwezifundo ezikhethiweyo (n = 19), umanyano phakathi kokusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi kunye neendlela ezininzi zokuziphatha, impilo yengqondo kunye neziphumo zentlalo -kuqala kwesondo, ukuzibandakanya nabantu abaninzi kunye / okanye amaqabane ngamanye amaxesha, ukuzikhupha kwiindlela zokuziphatha ngokwesondo ezinobungozi, ukwamkela iindima zesini ezigqwethekileyo, ukungasebenzi kakuhle ukuqonda komzimba, ubukrakra, iimpawu ezixhalabisayo okanye ezixinzelelweyo, ukusetyenziswa okunganyanzelekanga kokusebenzisa iphonografi - kuqinisekisiwe.
Iimpembelelo zoonografi e-intanethi kwimpilo yabantwana zibonakala zifanelekileyo. Umba awukwazi ukungahoywa kwaye kufuneka ukhankanywe ngamanyathelo angenelelo kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukuxhobisa abazali, ootitshala kunye nabaqeqeshi bezempilo ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zemfundo ezijolise kule ngxaki ziya kubavumela ukuba bancedise abantwana ukuba bahlakulele izakhono ezicwangcisekileyo zokucinga malunga noonografi, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwawo kunye nokufumana imfundo echaphazelekayo kunye nezokwezesondo ezifanelekileyo ngakumbi kwiimfuno zabo zophuhliso.
Ukujonga imifanekiso engamanyala ngelo lensi yamalungelo abantwana (i-2019) - Amagqabantshintshi ambalwa:
Iziphumo ezibi ezichaziweyo zibandakanyiwe, kodwa azikhawulelwanga koku: (1) isimo sengqondo esijolise kwabasetyhini (uBrown & L'Engle, 2009; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2007; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2009; IHäggstrom-Nordin, et al., 2006) ; (2) ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kwabanye abantu (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005; Malamuth & Huppin, 2005; UAlexy, et al., 2009); (3) ukungalungisi kakuhle ekuhlaleni (iMesch, 2009; iTsitsika, 2009); (4) ukuzibandakanya kwezesondo (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a); kunye (5) nokunyanzelwa (Delmonico kunye noGriffin, 2008; Lam, Peng, Mai, kunye noJing, 2009; URimington kunye noGast, 2007; van den Eijnden, Spijkerman, Vermulst, van Rooij, kunye no-Engels, 2010; Mesch, 2009).
Uphando olongezelelekileyo lubonisa ukuba iphonografi isetyenziselwa ukuqeqesha nokuloba abantwana ukuba babelane ngobundlobongela ngokwesondo (UCarr, 2003; "Ukuzilungisa kwi-Intanethi," ngo-2015; iOfisi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kwiZiyobisi noLwaphulo-mthetho, 2015). Udliwanondlebe lwababoneleli beenkonzo abaphambili abasebenza namaxhoba okuphathwa gadalala ngokwesondo ngabantwana olwenziwa ngoMeyi 2018 uxwebhu lokuba ababoneleli bayangqina oko kubonakala ngathi kukonyuka kweziganeko zokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini phakathi kwabantwana kwaye umenzi wobubi wayeqhele ukuboniswa imifanekiso engamanyala uninzi lwezi zehlo (IBinford, iDimitropoulos, iWilson, iZug, iCullen, kunye neRieff, engashicilelwanga).
Ukongeza kuncwadi olujolise ngqo kwiziphumo ezinokubakho zokuvezwa kwabantwana kwimifanekiso engamanyala, kukho umzimba omkhulu kuncwadi ojonga ifuthe lokuvezwa kwamanyala kubantu abadala, kubandakanya nabantu abancinci. Njengophando olujolise ekubonakalisweni kwabantwana kwimifanekiso engamanyala, ezi zifundo zikwakhombisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokubhengeza imifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokungalunganga kwezentlalo, kubandakanya ukubodwa, ukungaziphathi kakuhle, ukudakumba, umbono wokuzibulala, kunye nokungafuneki kwezemfundo (Tsitsika, 2009; Bloom et al., 2015; ICampbell, i-2018).
Izifundo zokuvezwa kwamantombazana kwimifanekiso engamanyala njengoko abantwana becebisa ukuba inefuthe kulwakhiwo lwabo (IBrown kunye neL'Engle, 2009).
Amakhwenkwe aboniswa imifanekiso engamanyala njengoko abantwana bebonisa iziphumo ezifanayo. Bahambisa ixhala malunga nokusebenza kunye nokungoneliseki komzimba ("Ukhuseleko lwabantwana kwi-Intanethi," 2016; iJones, i-2018).
Kubonakala ngathi kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kokubhengeza iphonografi kunye neembono zesini malunga nabafazi (Hald, Kuyper, Adam, & de Wit, 2013; Hald, Malamuth, & Yuen, 2010).
Abantwana besini esini esiveliswe iphonografi kunokwenzeka ukuba bakholelwe ukuba izinto abazibonayo, ezinje ngesondo ezimpundu kunye nokwabelana ngesondo ngokwamaqela, ziqhelekile phakathi koontanga babo (I-Livingstone kunye neMason, 2015). Abafikisayo kwisini esini esiveliswa iphonografi kunokwenzeka ukuba babelane ngesondo ngaphambili (uBrown & L'Engle, 2009; Owens, et al. 2012), banamaqabane amaninzi (iWright & Randall, 2012; Umkhukula, 2009, iphe. 389), kwaye uzibandakanye kwisini esihlawulelweyo (uSvedin Akerman, kunye no-Priebe, 2011; uWright kunye noRandall, 2012).
Iingxenye zengqondo yobutsha kunye nobuzwe bayo obukhethekileyo kwizinto ezichazayo ngokwesini (2019) - Iincinci ezimbalwa:
Iparadigms eyodwa yengqondo yokufikisa ibandakanya oku kulandelayo: 1) I-cortex engaphambi kokukhula kunye ne-limbic ephendula kakhulu kunye neesekethi zestriatal (UDumontheil, 2016; USomerville noJones, 2010; USomerville, uHare, kunye noCasey, 2011; UVan Leijenhorst et al. , 2010; UVigil et al., 2011); 2) Ixesha elonyusiweyo le-neuroplasticity (McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Schulz & Sisk, 2006; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011); 3) Inkqubo yedopamine esebenzayo (Andersen, Rutstein, Benzo, Hostetter, & Teicher, 1997; U-Ernst et al., 2005; I-Luciana, i-Wahlstrom, ne-White, i-2010; i-Somerville kunye ne-Jones, i-2010; I-Wahlstrom, i-White, ne-Luciana, i-2010) ; 4) I-axis ye-HPA ebhengeziweyo (UDahl & Gunnar, 2009; UMcCormick kunye noMathews, 2007; URomeo, uLee, uChhua, uMcPherson, kunye noMcEwan, 2004; Walker, Sabuwalla, & Huot, 2004); 5)
Amanqanaba okwandiswa kwe testosterone (Dorn et al., 2003; Vogel, 2008; Mayo Clinic / Mayo Medical Laboratories, 2017); kunye ne-6) Impembelelo eyahlukileyo yehomoni ye-steroid (i-cortisol kunye ne-testosterone) ekukhuleni kwengqondo ngexesha lefestile yokufikisa (I-Brown kunye ne-Spencer, i-2013; Peper, Hulshoff Pol, Crone, Van Honk, 2011; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011).
I-Blakemore kunye noogxa baye bakhokelela intsimi ekuphuhliseni ubuchopho bentsha kunye nokucacisa ukuba iminyaka yeshumi elivisayo kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo kwixesha elibuhlungu ngenxa yokulungiswa kobuchopho obunzima (Blakemore, 2012). Iingingqi zengqondo ezithatha utshintsho olukhulu ngexesha lokukhula ziquka ukulawulwa kwangaphakathi, ukucocwa kwamanzi kunye nokucwangcisa (iBlakemore, 2012).
UBlakemore kunye noRobbins (2012) banxibelelanisa ukuba kwinqanaba lokufikisa kunye nokuthatha izigqibo ezinobungozi kwaye bathi eli lifa kukungahambelani phakathi kolawulo olucothayo, nolawulo lwempembelelo kulawulo lwempembelelo kunye nokuthintelwa kwempendulo ngexesha lokufikisa xa kuthelekiswa nophuhliso olungelulo lwendlela yomvuzo, exhaphake kuhambo oluphambili imbuyekezo kukufikisa ..…
Zombini ezixhaphakileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kweendawo ze-intanethi zoononografi zazinxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokungalungisi kwezentlalo phakathi kolutsha lwaseGrisi (UTsitsika et al., 2009). Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ponografi kube negalelo ekucothiseni isaphulelo, okanye kutyekelo lomntu lokuphungula iziphumo zexesha elizayo ngenxa yemivuzo ekhawulezileyo (Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016). UNegash noogxa bakhe basebenzise isampulu ebineminyaka eli-19 nengama-20 ubudala, ethe umbhali wayiqaqambisa isathathelwa ingqalelo kubaselula.… ..
Siphakamisela isishwankathelo sendlela yokusebenza, sicinga iiparadesi ezikhethekileyo zobuchopho bentsha kunye neempawu eziphathekayo zesini. Ukugqithiswa kweendawo eziphambili ezinxulumene nengqondo ekhethekileyo yengqondo kunye nezinto ezichazwa ngokwesondo ziphawulekayo.
Xa kuboniswa izinto ezibonakalayo ezabelana ngesondo, ukukhuthaza i-amygdala kunye ne-HPA axis kuya kuphuculwa kwinqanaba lokufikisa, xa kuthelekiswa nomdala. Oku kungakhokelela ekunciphiseni okungaphezulu kwe-cortex yangaphambili kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-basal ganglia kumntwana ofikisayo. Le meko, ke, iya kuwonakalisa umsebenzi olawulayo, oquka ukuthintela nokuzibamba, kwaye yonyusa ukungxamiseka. Ngenxa yokuba ingqondo yomntwana ofikisayo isakhula, iluncedo ngakumbi kwi-neuroplasticity. I-cortex yangaphambili iya "kungasebenzi emgceni," ngokungathi kunjalo, iqhuba ulwazelelelo lokufihla ngokutsha oluthandayo.
Ukuba ukungalingani kwe-neuroplasticity kuyaqhubeka ngokuhamba kwexesha, oku kungakhokelela kwisekethe ethe-ethe ethe-ethe yecandelo lokuxhasa isekethe ebanzi kakhulu, enokuthintela umntwana ukuba afumane ukuzanelisa nokuzithemba. I-nucleus yomntwana ofikisayo, okanye iziko lokonwaba kwengqondo, iya kuba nokukhuthaza okuthelekisayo xa kuthelekiswa nomntu omdala. Amanqanaba anyukayo e-dopamine anokuguqulela kwiimvakalelo ezandisiweyo ezinxulunyaniswa ne-dopamine, njengokuzonwabisa nokulangazelela (i-Berridge, 2006; Volkow, 2006)….
Ngenxa yefestile yombutho wophuhliso ngexesha lokufikisa, i-cortisol kunye ne-testosterone ziya kuba nefuthe elikhethekileyo kumbutho wobuchopho okanye ukusebenza kwendalo yemijikelezo eyahlukeneyo ye-neural. Esi siphumo asizukufunyanwa kubantu abadala kuba le festile yombutho ivaliwe. Ukuvezwa okungapheliyo kwi-cortisol kunokubakho, ngexesha lokulungelelanisa kwinqanaba lokufikisa, ukuqhuba i-neuroplasticity ekhokelela ekusebenzeni kokuqonda kunye nokuqina koxinzelelo nokuba sele umdala (McEwen, 2004; I-Tsoory kunye ne-Richter-Levin, 2006; I-Tsoory, 2008; UMcCormick kunye noMathews, 2007; 2010).
Ukomelela kwe-amygdala emva kokufikisa, ubuncinci kwinxalenye, kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bokuvezwa kwe-testosterone ngexesha lokukhula kwinqanaba lokufikisa. al., 2012; USarkey, uAzcoitia, uGarcia- Segura, uGarcia-Ovejero, kunye noDonCarlos, 2013). I-amygdala eyomeleleyo inxulunyaniswa namanqanaba aphakamileyo eemvakalelo kunye nokuzilawula okwenzakeleyo (Amaral, 2009; Lorberbaum et al., 2008; De Lorme & Sisk, 2003)… ..
Iminikelo yoLuntu lweZigxina zoLuntu kwiZigxina zoSondo, iMilinganiselo yoontanga, kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo: Uhlalutyo lweMeta (2019) - Amacatshulwa:
Iminyaka emine yophando iye yahlola impembelelo yokubonakaliswa kwimixholo engacacileyo kwimiba yesondo kwiimidiya. Kukho uhlalutyo olulodwa lweemeta kule sihloko, okubonisa ukuba ukuchazwa "kwiimidiya ezithandwayo" akunakuchukumiseka kwizenzo zesondo. Kukho inani lokunciphisa ukuhlaziywa kweemeta-meta ezikhoyo, kwaye injongo yale meta-uphando-mali ihlaziywa kukuhlola iintlangano phakathi kokungabikho kwiinkcukacha zesini kunye nokuziphatha kwezesondo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo.
Uphando lweencwadi oluqhutyelwe luqhutyelwe ukufumana amanqaku afanelekayo. Ucwaningo ngalunye lwaluqhotyoshelwe kwimibutho phakathi kokuchasana neendaba zesini kunye nesinye seziphumo ezintandathu ezibandakanya ukuziphatha ngesondo (iimpembelelo ezivumelekileyo, iintlobo zontanga, kunye neengxabano zokudlwengula (ukuziphatha ngokwesondo ngokuqhelekileyo, iminyaka yokulala ngokwesondo kunye nokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo).
Ngokubanzi, olu hlalutyo lwe-meta lubonisa unxibelelwano olungaguquki kunye nolwalamano phakathi kokubhengeza imithombo yeendaba kunye nesimo sengqondo sesini kunye nokuziphatha kuthatha amanyathelo amaninzi esiphumo kunye namajelo eendaba amaninzi. Imithombo yeendaba iveza indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo njengeyona exhaphakileyo, eyolonwabo, kwaye ingenamngcipheko [3], kwaye uhlalutyo lwethu lucebisa ukuba izigqibo zomntu ozibonayo ngokwesondo zinokwakheka, ngokuyinxalenye, ngokujonga ezi ntlobo zibonisa. Iziphumo zethu zichasene ngqo nohlalutyo lwe-meta lwangaphambili, olwaluchaza ukuba ifuthe leendaba kwimicimbi yokuziphatha ngokwesondo yayilincinci okanye yayingekho enye [4]. Uhlalutyo lwe-meta lwangaphambili olusebenzise ubukhulu bempembelelo ye-38 kwaye wafumanisa ukuba imithombo yeendaba "ezibuthathaka" zazibuthathaka kwaye zihambelana ngokuziphatha ngokwesondo (r = .08), ngelixa imetaanalysis yangoku isebenzise ngaphezulu kwamaxesha e-10 ubungakanani bempembelelo zobukhulu (n = 394) kwaye wafumana isiphumo esiphantse saphindwe kabini ubukhulu (r = .14).
Okokuqala, sithole ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kokuchasene neendaba zesini kunye neentsha kunye nabantu abadala abasemagxeni okuziphatha ngokwesini kunye neengcamango zabo zeentlobano zesini.
Okwesibini, ukuchazwa kwimixholo yesigxina sezesondo kwadibaniswa ngokubamkelwa kwamanyathelo okudlwengulwa okuqhelekileyo.
Ekugqibeleni, ukuchasana kwezobambiswano zesondo kufunyaniswe ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kocansi kuquka nobudala bokuqala ngokwesondo, amava ezesondo, kunye nokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo. Ezi ziphumo ziguqulwe kwiindlela ezininzi kwaye zinike inkxaso ngenkxaso yokuba amajelo afaka isandla kwiimeko zesondo zababukeli abaselula.
Nangona uhlalutyo lwe-meta lubonise iimpembelelo ezibonakalayo zokuvezwa kweendaba zesini kwizimo zesini kunye nokuziphatha kuzo zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo zomdla, ezi ziphumo zamodareyithwa zinguqulelo ezimbalwa. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, iziphumo ezibonakalayo kuyo yonke iminyaka yobudala zazibonakala; nangona kunjalo, isiphumo sasiphindwe kabini kubukhulu abafikisayo njengabantu abadala abasakhulayo, mhlawumbi sibonisa inyani yokuba abathathi-nxaxheba abadala kunokubakho okuthelekisayo ngakumbi, amava okwenyani okwenzeka emhlabeni kunokuba bathathe inxaxheba abancinci [36, 37]. Ukongeza, isiphumo sasinamandla emadodeni xa kuthelekiswa nabasetyhini, mhlawumbi kuba ulingo lwesini lifanela umbhalo wesini wesilisa [i-18] kwaye ngenxa yokuba abesilisa abangamadoda bohlwaywa ngokuncinci kunabalinganiswa ababhinqileyo ngokuqalwa ngokwesondo [38].
Ezi ziphumo zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo kulutsha nakwimeko yabantu abadala abasakhulayo nakwimpilo yengqondo. Ukuqonda amanqanaba aphezulu ezesondo zoontanga kunye nokuvumela ngokwesondo kunokunyusa iimvakalelo zoxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lokuzama ngokwesondo [39]. Kwisifundo esinye, ukubonakaliswa kwimixholo yemithombo yeendaba zesondo kwinqanaba lokufikisa kwabonwa njengokuqhubela phambili ukuqaliswa ngokwesondo ngeenyanga ezili-9e17 [40]; kwakhona, ukuvavanywa kwangethuba kunokunyusa umngcipheko wempilo yengqondo nangokwasemzimbeni [37].
Imiphumo yobukhulu efunyenweyo apha ifana neyezinye iindawo ezifundwayo zengqondo yesiganeko njengempembelelo yemidiya kulwaphulo-mthetho [41], ukuziphatha okuqhubekayo [42], nomzimba womzimba [43]. Kwimeko nganye yezi ziko, nangona amajelo asetshenziswayo kwi-akhawunti kuphela inxalenye yentlukwano epheleleyo kwimiphumo yomdla, abeendaba badlale indima ebalulekileyo. Ezi tyikityo zibonisa ukuba umxholo wesigxina sesigxina sinento encinci, kodwa into efanelekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwesimo sengqondo sesondo kunye nokuziphatha kwabaselula kunye nabantu abadala abasakhulayo.
UkuTyhilwa kweMifanekiso engamanyala engamakhwenkwe kunye nabaFikisayo (2020) -Ietafile ezimbini eziphambili ezishwankathela olu hlaziyo:
Ulutsha, uKwabelana ngesondo kunye neNkcubeko yeTografi (2020) - Amacatshulwa:
Mva nje umdla kwiziphumo zephonografi ebantwaneni kunye nophuhliso lwabantu abancinci ukonyuka okukhokelela ekwandeni kwezifundo kule ndawo, imithetho iyatshintshwa kunye nokukhathazeka koluntu kukhula. Eli phepha linenjongo yokufumana ezi zinto zifunyenweyo kubandakanywa nezifundo ezenziwa kutsha nje e-UK. Uncwadi lubonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kokubukela iphonografi kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo ngokwesini kunye nesimo sengqondo sokuziphatha kwabantu abancinci. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba abantu abancinci ukuba babe neentlobano zesini ngabantu abachaphazelekayo kwimifanekiso yezesondo kwaye oku kuchaphazela abantwana kunye neendlela zokuziphatha zesini zabantwana nabantu abancinci. Impembelelo zixhomekeke kuthungelwano lwenkxaso yomntu oselula, imfundo yezentlalo kunye nezinye izinto, hayi ubuncinci besini obufunyenwe buphawuleka. Izifundo zamva nje ziye zafumana iinguqu kwizenzo zesondo zabantu abancinci eziboniswe ekujongeni iphonografi njengokukhula kwezesondo kunye nokuziphatha okuxhaphakileyo kokuvuma. Amakhonkco phakathi kokusebenzisa i-porn kunye nokunyanzela ngokwesondo kuye kwafunyanwa. Ngaba abantwana kwaye nabantu abancinci bachukunyiswa njani yimifanekiso enjalo-kwaye yintoni enokwenziwa ukunciphisa ifuthe elibi kubantu abancinci kuxoxwa ngalo ngenxa yokuvalwa kwezithuba kuncwadi nakwimicimbi ngoncwadi esele lukhona. Imfuneko engaphezulu yesifundo iyaxoxwa.
Enye yezona zinto zixhalabisayo ezivela kweli hlabathi litsha kwi-Intanethi kukusetyenziswa kwamanyala ngabantu abakwishumi elivisayo. Injongo yolu phononongo loncwadi kukubonisa iziphumo kunye nokuphazamiseka ngokweemvakalelo okuvela ekusebenziseni iphonografi kubantu abancinci, kunye neempembelelo zolu phando, phakathi kwazo kukho ukungafani, ubuqhetseba kunye nokuhlukunyezwa ngokwesondo, kwaye uphuhliso lweendlela ezintsha zokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kwi-Intanethi. Iziphumo eziphambili zibonisa ukuba unxibelelwano lokuqala kunye nemifanekiso engamanyala iqala kwiminyaka eyi-8 ubudala, ineziphumo ezibalulekileyo zokuziphatha kunye nezengqondo, ezinje ngoxhatshazo, ukuphazamiseka ngokweemvakalelo, kunye nokuqhubeka kokungalingani ngokwesini. Ngaphaya koko, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwamanyala lulutsha kunxulunyaniswa nokwanda kweparaphilias, ukonyuka kobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kunye nexhoba, kwaye, ekugqibeleni, kunxulunyaniswa nokwanda kokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kwi-Intanethi.
Izinto ezinxulumene nephonografi ezikwishumi elivisayo zisebenzisa uphononongo olubalisayo (2022) - Abstract:
Injongo: Inqaku langoku lijonge ukuphonononga uncwadi olukhoyo lobuninzi obujolise ekuphononongeni izinto ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa koonografi ebusheni. Indlela: Izifundo ezipapashwe ngesiNgesi kwiminyaka eyi-15 edluleyo zakhangelwa kwiPubMed kunye neGoogle Scholar. Uphononongo olufunyenwe kwi-pornography yolutsha lwahlulwa ngokwala macandelo alandelayo: (1) ukuziphatha ngokwesondo; (2) ukuziphatha kakubi ngokwesini; (3) ukuyekelela ngokwesini; (4) imbono yesini kunye neendima zesini; (5) ubundlongondlongo, ubundlobongela, impatho-gadalala, ukunyanzelwa ngokwesondo, nokuphathwa kakubi; (6) ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi; (7) i-psychopathology (kubandakanywa nokusetyenziswa koonografi okunengxaki); kunye (8) nobudlelwane nabazali/usapho kunye noontanga. Iziphumo kunye neZiphetho: Iziphumo ezahlukeneyo, iziphumo zeklinikhi kunye neengxabano zixoxwa.
Abazali base-US Bakujongela phantsi Ukusetyenziswa Kwephonografi yabantwana babo kunye nokufunda (2022) - Abstract:
Uphando kulwazi lwabazali kunye nohlengahlengiso olufanelekileyo lokufikisa lucebisa ukuba amanqanaba achanekileyo angaphambili anyusa ukubakho kokugqibela. Ngaphandle kweqela elibalulekileyo loncwadi olunxibelelanisa iphonografi ekwishumi elivisayo kunye nohlengahlengiso olungalunganga lokufikisa, nangona kunjalo, zimbalwa kuphela izifundo ezithelekise iinkolelo zabazali malunga nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi yabantwana babo kunye neengxelo zolutsha kwaye ezimbalwa zazo ziye zenziwa e-US. Uphononongo lwangoku olusebenzisa idatha yelizwe enokwenzeka eqokelelwe kwiidyad ezingama-614 zabazali nabafikisayo e-US njengenyathelo elibhekele phaya ekuxhaseni lo mmandla ubalulekileyo wophando lwabazali nomntwana. Abazali babeneminyaka engama-44.78 ubudala ngokomndilili (SD = 7.76). Oomama benziwe i-55.80% yabazali (ootata bebengama-44.20%). Abantwana babeneminyaka eyi-15.97 ngokomndilili (SD = 1.38). Iintombi bezibandakanya i-50.20% yabantwana (oonyana bebengama-49.80%). Amakhwenkwe ayenokuthi achaze ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokufunda kulo lonke uluhlu lweentlobo zephonografi kunye nemimandla yezesondo. Abazali baqikelele ngokuchanekileyo umkhombandlela uninzi lwezi zintlukwano zesini, kodwa bebesoloko bekujongela phantsi ukuchaneka koonyana neentombi zabo kunye nokuhlalisana kwiphonografi.. Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, nangona abazali babedla ngokukholelwa ukuba oonyana ngaphezu kweentombi baye babukela baza bafunda kwiphonografi, umlinganiselo wabo wokujongelwa phantsi kwawo wawumkhulu ngakumbi koonyana. Iinkolelo zoomama nootata bezisoloko zingabonakali kwinqanaba lesiphumo esingundoqo kwaye zinxibelelana nesini somntwana kwimeko enye kuphela. Iziphumo zixoxiwe ngokunxulumene noloyiko lokuziphatha kunye neembono zokungajongelwa phantsi komngcipheko kulutsha kunye neziphumo zosasazo.
Iphonografi kunye neempembelelo zayo kuBantwana abafikisayo/abakwishumi elivisayo ngokwesondo (2023)
Olu phononongo luncinci lubandakanya imiba ehambelana nefuthe lephonografi malunga nesini solutsha.
Kuluhlu olungezantsi (L) lubonisa isihloko esicacileyo malunga nesifundo.
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