Ngubani na amadoda angama-gynandromorphophilic? Ukufanisa abantu abaneentlobo zesini ngokwesithandwa sabasetyhini (i-2015)

Icandelo leendaba laseCambridge University

Amazwana: Amadoda atsaleleka kwi-transgender (ngokwe-colloquially, shemale) iphonografi / amaqabane aqhelekileyo abelana ngesondo kunye nokuchongwa kunye neepateni zokuvuselela- ezo , ngokuqhelekileyo hayi isini okanye isini.

Abaphandi abakwazi ukucacisa ukuba kutheni le nkathalo ikhula, kodwa abaninzi abasebenzisi be-porn abasebenzisi be-intanethi bayichaza lo mntwana kwi-intanethi yokusebenzisa i-intanethi kunye nokukhangela enye into engaphezulu kwexesha. Abaninzi bayabika kwakhona iyalala emva kokuyeka uonobumba.

kwakhona, Abaphandi base-Indiya bafumanisa ukuba kuphela i-26% yamadoda ephathwa nge-STIs efunyenwe ngexesha lesini kunye namadoda ibonakala iyingqingili. Bonke abanye babezama ngezinye izizathu. Uphononongo malunga nokuziphatha kwabantu besini

U-KJ Hsua1 c1, NdinguRosenthala1, UDI Millera1 kunye noJM Baileya1

a1 ISebe lezeNgqondo, iNyuvesi yaseNyakatho-ntshona, e-Evanston, IL, eU.SA

Abstract

imvelaphi: Gynandromorphophilia (GAMP) inomdla wesondo gynandromorphs (I-GAM; i-colloquially, shemales). I-GAM inesibambiso sempawu zomzimba zesilisa nezesifazana. Ngaloo ndlela, i-GAMP ibonisa umngeni kwiingcamango zesiganeko sokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo njengento yokukhwabanisa kwindoda v. ifom. Ukucacisa malunga namadoda akwa-GAMP kuye kwabandakanya iingcamango zabo zesini zesini, ukuziphatha ngokwesini, okanye ngokukhethekileyo, ubulili.

Indlela: Saqhathanisa neendlela zokuvusa ngokwesini kunye neendlela ezithandekayo zesini kunye ne-GAMP amadoda kunye namadoda angqingili kunye nabesini. Sathelekisa la maqela ngokuzithengisa ngokwabo ngokwesondo kunye neminqweno yesondo.

iziphumo: I-GAMP amadoda yayineepatheni zokuvusa ezifana nezo zindoda zesini kunye nezohlukeneyo zamadoda angqingili. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa namadoda angamaqabane, amadoda e-GAMP aphakanyiswa ngakumbi yi-GAM isisulu esingathandabuzekiyo kunokuba isistim esithandwa ngumfazi. Amadoda e-GAMP abuye aphakame ngaphezu kobabini besini kunye nabesilisa abangqingili ngesilinganiso se-autogynephilia.

Izigqibo: Iziphumo zinikeza ubungqina obucacileyo bokuthi amadoda akwa-GAMP awalunqabane. Baphinde abonise ukuba amadoda ase-GAMP akwazi ukuqinisekisile ingcamango yokuba ngumfazi.

Amagama abalulekileyo Autogynephilia; gynandromorphophilia; paraphilia; ukuvusa isondo; Ukwaziswa ngezesondo; transgender

Unxibelelwano

c1 Idilesi yoonxibelelwano: KJ Hsu, iSebe lezengqondo, iNyuvesi yaseNyakatho-ntshona, i-2029 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, eU.SA. (Imeyile: [imeyile ikhuselwe])

intshayelelo

Inzala ethandwayo kubantwana besilisa abanobufazi-iimpawu zomzimba (umz. Amabele) ngexesha ukugcina ipeni akuqondwa kakuhle. Abantu abanikazi le nxalenye yeempawu zenyama kunye nabesifazane bayabizwa gynandromorphs (gyne bhe kisela kubhinqa, andro kwindoda, kwaye i-morph form), kunye namadoda anomdla othile kwaba bantu gynandromorphophilic (IBlanchard kunye neCollins, 1993; ukususela ngoku, sibhekisela kuma-gynandromorphs njengeGAMs, kunye ne-gynandromorphophilic njengeGAMP). Amantombazana aseNatali abaye abe yi-GAM ngokufumana iziganeko zobunqunu ezifana nezibilini ngokusebenzisa ukuhlinzwa okanye ukwelashwa kwe-hormone yezilwanyana ngexesha lokulondoloza ipensi ngamanye amaxesha kubhekiselwa nje mabhinqa (umz. Operario okqhubekayo.2008) okanye i-transwomen (umz. Weinberg kunye noWilliams, 2010) kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwaye ngokubhekiselele kuthiwa ngekholoji shemales1† or ngamantombazana. Kunye uhlalutyo lokukhangelwa kwi-Intanethi okubandakanya umdla wesini, 'i-shemales' yayilixesha leshumi elinethoba lokuthandwa kakhulu (iOgas kunye neGaddam, 2011). Inani lamavidiyo kwiziko elithandwa kakhulu levidiyo (http://www.aebn.netUvelise isalathiso 'shemale' engama-4071 engama-94 000 ewonke.

Inzala yesondo ngo-GAM, onobomi abesilisa nabesifazana obubonakalayo, bubangelwa yizinto eziqhelekileyo zokuqonda izinto zesini, ezigxininisa ukuvuswa kwesondo kwimiba yesilisa okanye yabesifazane (umz. 1974). Oku kuphakamisa intelekelelo yokuba amadoda e-GAMP alala nabantu besini esinye. Ewe kunjalo, isiqingatha sesampulu enye yamadoda anomdla wesini kwii-GAM ezichongiweyo njengabantu abathandanayo (Weinberg & Williams, 2010). Nangona kunjalo, amadoda angamaqabane aqhelekileyo aqondwa ukuba athathwe ngokwesini kubabhinqa kunye nabasetyhini kunokuba i-GAMs, kwaye ke ahlale engacacanga ukuba ngaba amadoda atyebile kwii-GAM bavame ukuba ngabesilisa nabafazi ngesimo esiqhelekileyo.

IOgas kunye neGaddam (2011) unikezele ngeakhawunti enye yeGAMP engachaza isizathu sokuba kungavamile. Ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo lwabo lweengxelo ze-Intanethi, baqukumbele ukuba amadoda amaninzi afuna i-GAM yoononografi ayilwa ngesondo kunye nokucetyiswa ukuba amadoda angqingiliyo avuselelwe yi-GAM yoononografi ngokusebenzisa 'ukukhohlisa'. Uninzi lwabantu abathandana nabo bafumana imifanekiso engamanyala ebonisa ukuba indoda kunye nowesifazane bavusa. Ngokwale ngcamango, i-GAM iquka imiba yamabini omabonakaliso, kwaye ukuvusa isondo ngo-GAM kuyinto ebonakalayo yindoda yesini. Le ngcamango, nangona kunjalo, ayinakukwazi ukuphendula i-GAMP kwiindawo apho amadoda angenakho ukufikelela kwiimifanekiso engamanyala. Ngaphandle koko, nakwiindawo ezingenanto i-pornography, amadoda amaninzi ayesandulana ngesondo phakathi kwendoda kunye nomfazi ukuba avuke, oko kunokubakhokelela ekukhohliseni i-'erotic '.

Iingcamango zesithathu malunga neGAMP kukuba ngokuqhelekileyo ibonakaliso autogynephilia, ezo zombini zinqabile kunoko kodwa zihambelana ngokusondeleyo nobungqingili besilisa. I-Autogynephilia yindoda evusa inkanuko yesini kwingcinga okanye kumfanekiso wayo njengowasetyhini (IBlanchard, 1989a , 1991; Lawrence, 2004, 2013). Indoda ene-autogynephilia inomnqweno wesini kunye nomfazi onqwenela ukuba yiyo (Blanchard, 1992). Ubungqina obungangqalanga bucacisa ukuba amadoda e-GAMP athambekele ekubeni yi-autogynephilic. Kwisifundo esinye, i-31.1% yamadoda athengisa ngesondo nabantu abanxibe umnqamlezo, abesilisa nabafazi, okanye ii-GAM ezichaze ukunxiba ngokwazo (IBlanchard kunye neCollins, 1993); ukugqokraza mhlawumbi kubonakaliswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwe-autogynephilia (Lawrence, 2013). Ngelishwa, iBlanchard kunye neCollins (1993) akazange ahlinzeke ngemilinganiselo yokugqoka ngokuhlukileyo kumadoda anomdla wezesondo kwi-GAM ngomntu ngamnye, ngokuchasene nezinye izinto ezithandwayo zesini (oko kukuthi unomdla wesondo kubalingisi okanye abaxhatshazileyo). Abazange banikeze umlinganiselo wokuthelekisa ukugqokraza kumadoda angewona amaGAMP. Akukho sisifundo esichaze umlinganiselo apho amadoda aseGAMP avumela ukuvakalelwa kwe-autogynephilic.

Sasiqasha amadoda ase-GAMP, amadoda angqinileyo, kunye namadoda angqingili ukuze bacacise ukungafani kwimiba yabo yesondo kunye neentlobo zesondo ngezindlela ezimbini: Okokuqala, salinganisa iindlela zabo zokuzibandakanya ngokwesini kunye nokuzimela ngokwesini kunye neendoda ezithandwayo kunye nabasetyhini okanye i-GAM. Okwesibini, sihlolisise amaqela kwiinkalo zoqhelwano lwabo ngokwesondo kunye neminqweno yesondo (umz. I-autogynephilia).

indlela yokwenza

nxaxheba

Amadoda e-GAMP aqeshwa kusetyenziswa indawo ye-Intanethi yeChicago kumadoda anomdla wokudibana ngokwesondo nabantu be-transgender (uluhlu 'lwe-t4m' kwicandelo 'leentlanganiso ezingaqhelekanga' zeCraigslist yaseChicago) ngokusebenzisa iintengiso zobuqu ezifuna amadoda anomdla wesondo kwi 'transwomen', 'shemales', okanye 't-amantombazana'. Iintengiso ziqulathe amakhonkco kwiphepha lemibuzo elinelungelo lokufaneleka kwi-Intanethi eliqinisekisile umdla wesini kwii-GAMs ngento enye evavanye umdla wesondo 'kwii shemales'. Amadoda athandana nabantu abathandana nabesini esinye nabangatshatanga nabangatshatanga kwii-GAM afunyanwa kwiiwebhusayithi ezifanayo kumadoda afuna ukuhlangana ngesondo nabasetyhini okanye amadoda, ngokulandelelana (uluhlu lwe 'w4m' kunye 'm4m' kwicandelo 'lokuhlangana ngokungaqhelekanga' kweCraigslist yaseChicago, ngokwahlukeneyo). Baye bagcwalisa iphepha lemibuzo elifanelekile kwi-Intanethi, eliqinisekisa ukungabikho komdla wesondo kwii-GAMs.

Isampulu yayiquka i-24 GAMP yamadoda (iminyaka yobudala = 34.46, sd = 11.52), amadoda angama-21 athandanayo (iminyaka yobudala = 35.00, sd = 14.28), kunye namadoda angama-21 angamafanasini (kuthetha ubudala = 32.00, sd = 6.52). Iminyaka yamadoda yayingahlukanga phakathi kwamaqela, p > 0.250. Ubungakanani beesampulu khange buchazwe kwangaphambili; Endaweni yoko, babangelwe kukudityaniswa kweemali ezikhoyo zophando kunye nobunzima ekufumaneni amadoda e-GAMP.

Uvavanyo lweendlela zesondo zokuvusa

I-Stimuli ibandakanye iifilimu ze-3-min ezithandathu, kuquka iifilimu ezimbini ezingathathi hlangothi kunye namafilimu asixhenxe. Iifilimu ezingathathi hlangothi zibonisa indawo yendalo ehamba kunye nomculo ocolileyo. Iimpawu eziphathekayo ezibonakalayo zibandakanya iintlobo zabanye abantu ababandakanyeka ekusebenzisaneni ngokobulili obubandakanya ubulili ngomlomo nangengqondo. Babandakanya amacandelo amabini aquka ababini abadlali abesilisa kuphela (i-stimuli yamadoda), amabini amabini kunye nabadlali ababini kuphela (abalingani besifazane; i-sexual penetration sex digital), kunye namacandelo amathathu kunye ne-GAMs (GAM stimimuli): enye eneGAM nendoda, omnye ophethe i-GAM kunye nomfazi, kunye ne-GAM ezimbini. Iividiyo eziphathekayo ezibandakanya amadoda kuphela okanye abesetyhini kuphela abaphumelelayo ekuveliseni iipatheni zokuvusa eziqhelekileyo zesini zesini okanye abantu besini, kuba zivelisa amazinga aphakamileyo avukisayo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izisombululo (njengemifanekiso), kwaye ngenxa yokuba umxholo wabo unika ulwazi olungabonakaliyo malunga nomthombo ukuvusa, ngokuchasene nesenzo esinobudlelwane kunye nababalingisi besilisa nabesifazane (i-Chivers okqhubekayo.2004, 2007). Ngenxa yokuba lo kwakuyinkcazo yokuqala yeendlela zesondo ze-GAMP zamadoda, safaka uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto ezixhasayo ezineGAM.

Ukuvuswa komzimba kwahlolwa ngokusebenzisa i-indium-gallium yokulinganisa i-gauge yokulinganisa i-varium. Ukuvuswa kwengqondo kuhlolwe ekupheleni kwayo yonke ikhutshulwa kwisiqulatho ukusuka kwi-0 (akukho nxu lumano lwezocansi) kwi-10 (ivuke kakhulu ngesondo).

Uvavanyo lokuqhelana ngesondo kunye neminqweno yesondo

Abathathi-nxaxheba bazalise uphando lwekhompyutheni malunga nemibandela eyahlukeneyo yoxhatshazo ngokwesondo kunye neminqweno yesondo Ngokomzekelo, abaphenduli banikezela ngolwazi lwabo ngokwesini (isib. 'Iqonde / ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini', 'ubulili bobulili') kunye nokulinganisa kwabo kwi-Kinsey scale (Kinsey okqhubekayo.1948), i-7-point point-report-rating ratio ukusuka ku-0 (inzala kwenye isondo kuphela) kwi-6 (inzala ngesondo kuphela). Banikezela ngamanani obomi be-GAM, amabhinqa, kunye nabalingani besini. Igragi ye-autogynephilia yahlolwa ngokusetyenziswa kweCore Autogynephilia Scale (CAS; Blanchard, 1989b ), umlinganiso wento eyi-8 ovavanya ukutyekela kwendoda ekuvuseleleni ngokwesondo ngokuzicingela njengomfazi. Umzekelo izinto zibandakanya: 'Ngaba wakha wavuswa ngokwesondo ngelixa uzifanisa unomzimba obhinqileyo ohamba ze okanye nezinto ezithile kwifom yabasetyhini abahamba ze?' kwaye 'Wakhe wavuswa ngesondo ngengcinga yokuba ngumfazi?' I-CAS yayiyinto yohlalutyo ethathwe kwizinto ezinobuso obu-16, kunye nokuthembeka kwayo kwakuphezulu nge-alpha ye-0.95. Akukho nanye kwezinto kuvavanyo lwethu kuvavanywa inqanaba lokutsala ngokwesondo kwii-GAMs.

Ucatshulwa

Idatha yokuzala kunye nokuziphatha okucwangcisiweyo yahlaziywa kusetyenziswa iziphumo ezixubeneyo ezazibonisa abathathi-nxaxheba njengenqanaba le-2 iiyunithi kunye nokuvusa iziqwenga zomntu ngamnye njengenqanaba loku-1 lokuphendula okungafaniyo (URaudenbush kunye noBryk, 2002). Imodeli yokunyanzeliswa kwakuquka ukuvuselelwa okubini kwezicwangciso (eziphantsi kwezifundo) ezihlukehlukeneyo: enye eyahlukisana nesistim somntu kunye nesinye isenzo esichaphazelayo kunye nesinye esichasene ne-GAM isistim ne-female stimuli. Ezi zifundo ezihlukeneyo ngaphakathi zivunyelwe ukuba zihluke ngokungafani phakathi kwezifundo. Iimodeli zikwabandakanya iqela ezimbini (phakathi-izifundo) zihluke: enye eyahlukisana namadoda angqingili namanye amaqela amabini kunye nomnye owahlula amadoda e-GAMP ngamadoda angqingili. Ekugqibeleni, imizekelo yaqukwa nemigangatho emininzi yokusebenzisana, ekhanyisa ukungafani kweqela kwiipatheni zokukhethwa kwezinto ezikhuselekileyo. Inxalenye yethu ebalulekileyo yecandelo le-interest and Results section lijolise kule miqathango yokusebenzisana. Nangona kunjalo, iTables Supplementary S1 kunye ne-S2 inikeza iinkcukacha ezipheleleyo kule mizekelo yokunciphisa kunye nemilinganiselo echanekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwamakhowudi ahlukeneyo.

Ngaphambi kokuqhuba uhlalutyo, sinobuchule bokuqala bokuzibandakanya ngokobubele kunye nokuzimela ngokubakho ukuze kusetshenziswe i-coefficients regress ingasetyenziswa njengemilinganiselo yobukhulu bomgangatho obulungisiweyo. Ngokukodwa, kwi-data ye-genital dousal data, thina (a) ukususela kwimilinganiselo yokuvusa ukungahambisani nokungathathi hlangothi kwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo kwiintlobo zontathu zesistim (okwenzelwe ukulawula ukungqinelana kokuqala), (b) bahlalutya ukuphambukiswa komgangatho wehlabathi wokuvuselela okusekelwe kuwo onke amanqaku kunye nazo zonke iziqephu zesikhokelo, (c) ulwahlule idatha ephakanyisiweyo yokuvuswa ngolu hlobo oluphambukayo lwehlabathi, kwaye (d) iingxelo zee-coefficients zivela kwiimodeli zokulawuleka kwedatha ekhoyo ngoku. Inkqubo efanayo yaphindaphindiwe ngenxa yedatha yokuvusa.

Inkqubo yokungabandakanywa kwabathathi-nxaxheba

Kuyinto enqwenelekayo ukuba ungabandakanyi idatha yokuvusa izithandana kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abangakwazi ukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo kwi-stimuli. (Ukungafani nabangaphenduli apha kufana nokungabandakanyi abathathi-nxaxheba abangaphenduliyo le khweshine kwisifundo.) Njengomphando owedlule (umz. okqhubekayo.2004), Sifuna abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bahlangane ngeendlela ezimbini zokuphendula ukuze bafakwe. Okokuqala, i-ipsatised (okt ngaphakathi kwezifundo ezikwimigangatho) ukuvuswa kwesini ukuya kuhlobo olunye lwe-erotic stimuli (eyindoda, eyasetyhini, okanye ye-GAM) kufuneka idlulise oko kwisikhuthazo esingathathi hlangothi ngesiqingatha sokuphambuka okuqhelekileyo okanye nangaphezulu. (Sifumene ipropathi ngokukhupha umndilili wokuvuselela inkanuko yesini kuzo zonke izinto ezikhuthazayo ukusuka kumndilili ovusayo ukuya kuhlobo ngalunye lwesikhuthazo emva koko sahlulahlulwe ngokomgangatho wokuvusa inkanuko yesini.) Okwesibini, isiseko esilawulwa sisini esilawulwa sisiseko (esilinganiswe njengomahluko kumndilili wesondo phakathi kohlobo lwe-erotic stimuli kunye ne-stimuli engathathi hlangothi) kufuneka idlule kwi-2 mm ubuncinci kuhlobo olunye lwe-erotic stimuli. Sebenzisa ezi ndlela zokuziphatha, amaxabiso okuphendula ngokwesini kwi-GAMP, abantu abathandana besini esinye kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abangama-95.8% (23/24), 71.4% (15/21), kunye ne-81.0% (17/21) ngokwahlukeneyo; Amanqanaba okuphendula awangahlukanga ngokubonakalayo kumaqela (ubungakanani obuchanekileyo bukaFisher = 0.077). Abathathi-nxaxheba ababekhutshelwe ngaphandle kuhlalutyo lwempendulo yesini sangaphambi kokuba babandakanywe kolunye uhlalutyo olubandakanya idatha yovuselelo okanye idatha yemibuzo.

Ababhali bathi zonke iinkqubo ezinikela kulo msebenzi zihambelana nemigangatho yokuziphatha yeekomiti ezizwe ezifanelekileyo kunye namaziko ekuzama ukuzamazama kwabantu kunye ne-Helsinki Declaration ye-1975, njengoko ihlaziywe kwi-2008. Ngokukodwa, iBhodi yokuHlola yeziNtu kwiyunivesiti yahlaziya kwaye yavuma ukufundisisa.

iziphumo

Iipatheni zokuvusa ngesondo

Njengoko kuboniswe kuyo Ikhiwane. 1, Amadoda ase-GAMP ayonke afana nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kunamadoda angqingili ngokubini ngokwesini (Ikhiwane. 1a ) kunye nokuzithoba (Ikhiwane. 1b ) iipatheni zokuvusa. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa namadoda angqingili, amadoda ase-GAMP avuke ngakumbi ngama-GAM. Ngokwahlukileyo kwii-GAMP kunye namadoda angqingiliyo, amadoda angqingili ayenomzekelo obalaseleyo wokuvukela ngokwasemzimbeni.

Umzobo 1.

Umzobo 1.

Iipateni ze (a) ukuvuswa komzimba ngokusemthethweni kunye (b) nokuvusa okuvuthayo (oko kukuthi kwiiyunithi ezivela kwi-0 - akukho ukuvuswa kwesondo ukuya kwi-10 - ngokugqithisa ngokwesondo kakhulu) kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesistim esahlukileyo esahlukaniswa yiqela elithatha inxaxheba. Imimandla e-Shaded ibonisa iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo. GAM, Gynandromorph; I-GAMP, i-gynandromorphophilic.

Iimpawu ezixubileyo zokuguqulwa kwamanqaku ziqinisekisile ukuba, xa kuthelekiswa neGAMP kunye namadoda angqingiliyo, amadoda angqingili avukisiwe kakhulu ngokobuhlobo besilisa kunye nesinye isenzo esishukumisayo [β = 1.81, 95% isithuba sokuzithemba (CI) 1.39-2.22, p <0.001], kunye nesikhuthazo se-GAM xa kuthelekiswa nenkuthazo yabasetyhini (β = 0.54, 95% CI 0.10-0.99, p = 0.018). Ngokwahlukileyo, i-GAMP kunye namadoda athandana nabantu abatshatileyo abangahlukanga kwimpendulo yabo yesini ephantsi kwinto eyindoda ehambelana nesinye isikhuthazo (β = -0.05, 95% CI -0.52 ukuya kwi-0.42, p > 0.250). Nangona kunjalo, amadoda e-GAMP ayenempendulo enkulu kakhulu kumalungu esini kwi-GAM inkuthazo enxulumene nenkuthazo yabasetyhini xa kuthelekiswa nabantu besini esahlukileyo (β = 0.61, 95% CI 0.11-1.12, p = 0.017). Ngokubhekisele ekuvuseleleni ngokwasemngciphekweni, ipateni efanayo yokunxibelelana yavela kwiimodeli zokuxubeka kweziphumo ezixubeneyo, nangona uqikelelo lwamanqaku obungakanani besiphumo lwalulukhulu kunokuba kuvuswa isini (kwiziphumo ezineenkcukacha, jonga iTheyibhile yokuXhasa iS2).

Ukuqhelaniswa ngokwesondo kunye neminqweno yesondo

Ikhiwane. 2a Icebo lokulinganisa lomntu ngamnye othatha inxaxheba kwisikali seKinsey. Njengoko kubonisiwe, amadoda athandana nabantu abatshatileyo abika ingxelo malunga nesini esikhethekileyo kubantu ababhinqileyo, kwaye amadoda athandana namanye abika ukuba banomdla wesondo kuphela kumadoda. Nangona kunjalo, amanqaku e-GAMP amadoda eKinsey ayephakathi, ebonisa ubungqingili obukhulu phakathi kwamadoda e-GAMP. Nangona amadoda e-GAMP ahlukile kwisini esahlukileyo kunye namadoda athandanayo kwisikali seKinsey (zombini ps <0.001), i-GAMP yamadoda yayifana ngokufana nesini esinye kunamadoda athandana namanye (p <0.001). 1 Table ibonisa indlela kunye nokuphambuka okuqhelekileyo kwinqanaba leKinsey elihlukaniswe liqela elithatha inxaxheba.

Umzobo 2.

Isalathisi. Isalathisi se-2.Strip kunye neendlela (a) kwisikali seKinsey kunye (b) neCore Autogynephilia Scale eyahlukana neqela elithatha inxaxheba. I-GAMP, iGynandromorphophilic.

 

Isiqulatho esincinci Isiqulatho esiphezulu

 
 

Inani elichazayo kwi-Kinsey scale, iinombolo zobundlelwane bezesondo zobomi, kunye neCore Autogynephilia Scale

1 Table. Inani elichazayo kwi-Kinsey scale, iinombolo zobundlelwane bezesondo zobomi, kunye neCore Autogynephilia Scale

Ikhiwane. 3 baceba inani lomntu ngamnye othatha inxaxheba kubomi be-GAM, ababhinqileyo, kunye namaqabane esini esini. Njengoko bekulindelwe, amadoda e-GAMP axele ngokubaluleka kwamaqabane e-GAM ngokwesini kunamanye amadoda (d = 0.73, 95% CI 0.18-1.28, p = 0.036)2. Phantse isiqingatha (46%) samadoda ase-GAMP abike ukuba ubuncinane bodwa iqabane le-GAM, xa kuthelekiswa ne-0% yabesilisa abathatywayo kunye ne-11% yamadoda angqingili. Ngokwamanye amava ezesondo, ama-GAMP amadoda aphinde afana nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kunamadoda angqingili: I-GAMP kunye namadoda angamaqabane athile axela amanani afanayo amaqabane amabhinqa (d = 0.32, 95% CI -0.31 ukuya ku-0.95, p > 0.250), kwaye bobabini baxele kakhulu amaqabane ababhinqileyo kunamadoda athandana namanye (d = 1.07, 95% CI 0.47-1.67, p <0.001). Nangona kunjalo, amadoda e-GAMP axele kakhulu kumaqabane angamadoda kunamadoda athandana namanye amadoda (d = 0.77, 95% CI 0.12-1.42, p = 0.010), nangona amadoda athandana namanye abika kakhulu ngaphezu kwe-GAMP kunye namadoda angqingiliyo (d = 3.29, 95% CI 2.45-4.12, p <0.001). Phantse isiqingatha (i-46%) yamadoda e-GAMP axele ukuba ubuncinci iqabane eliyindoda, xa kuthelekiswa ne-0% yamadoda athandana nabantu abatshatileyo kunye ne-100% yamadoda athandana namanye. Ke, ngokubhekisele kumava ezesondo, amadoda e-GAMP ayefana kakhulu namadoda athandanayo, kodwa ayenyusile i-GAM kwaye, umdla kukuba, ngamava obufanasini. 1 Table ibonisa iindlela kunye nokuphambuka okuqhelekileyo kweenombolo zobomi be-GAM, abesifazana, kunye nabalingani besini esahlukileyo.

Umzobo 3.

Umzobo 3. Isalathiso sendlela kunye neendlela zamanani obomi bokuphila gynandromorph, amabhinqa, kunye nabalingani besini esahlukileyo esahlukileyo. I-GAMP, iGynandromorphophilic.

Ngokubhekiselele kwesazisi zesini, i-41.7% (10 / 24) yamadoda e-GAMP abonwe njengabesini, kunye nabanye abathatyathwa njengongqingili. Akumangalisi ukuba, xa kuthelekiswa namadoda e-GAMP axhatshazwa ngokwesini-sexual, amadoda angama-GAMP afunyanwe ngamabini axhatshazwayo avakalisa ukukhwabanisa ngokwesondo ngokubanzi kumadoda kwi-scale yeKinsey (d = 1.59, 95% CI 0.55-2.63, p <0.001), kunye namaqabane angamadoda amaninzi abelana ngesondo (d = 0.72, 95% CI -0.20 ukuya ku-1.65, p = 0.113). Nangona ingabalulekanga, lo mahluko kwinani lamaqabane esini abesemodareyitha. Isazisi sokuziphatha ngokwesini kunye nokuziphatha kwala madoda, nangona kunjalo, kungakhange kuboniswe kwisiseko sokulawulwa kwamalungu okuzala okungaphezulu kwesikhuthazo sendoda xa kuthelekiswa ne-GAMP yamadoda abonisa ubungqingili (d = -0.27, 95% CI -1.18 ukuya kwi-0.63, p > 0.250).

Ikhiwane. 2b baceba amanqaku omthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye kwi-CAS (IBlanchard, 1989b). Njengoko kubonisiwe, kuphela ngamadoda e-GAMP ahlala exela i-autogynephilia: I-42% yamadoda e-GAMP ayenamanqaku> i-1, xa kuthelekiswa ne-12% yamadoda athandana namanye kunye ne-0% yamadoda athandana namanye. Ewe kunjalo, amadoda e-GAMP afumene amanqaku aphezulu kakhulu kwi-autogynephilia kunamadoda athandana namanye amadoda (d = 1.20, 95% CI 0.62-1.77, p <0.001), ngelixa abantu besini esahlukileyo kunye nabesini esinye bengafani (d = 0.40, 95% CI -0.28 ukuya ku-1.08, p = 0.210). Phakathi kwamadoda e-GAMP, amanqaku kwi-CAS ayengahambelani nakwizitho zangasese (r21 = 0.25, p > 0.250), okanye ukuvusa ukuzithoba (r21 = 0.25, p > 0.250), ukuya kwii-GAMs. Nangona kunjalo, amadoda e-GAMP achongiweyo aphindwe kabini axele i-autogynephilia ephezulu kakhulu kunamadoda e-GAMP akhethwe ngokwesini esahlukileyo (d = 1.38, 95% CI 0.37-2.38, p = 0.007). Ke ngoko, phakathi kwamadoda e-GAMP, ukubonwa kwabantu besini esinye kubonakala kungadibani nokuvuseleleka ngokwesini emadodeni, kodwa endaweni yoko yi-autogynephilia. 1 Table ibonisa indlela kunye nokuphambuka okuqhelekileyo kweCAS eyahlula ngeqela elithatha inxaxheba.

Amadoda e-GAMP ayenama-autogynephilic kwaye aphakanyiswa ngokwesini ngo-GAM (v. ibhinqa) inzame xa kuthelekiswa namadoda angqingili. Sihlolisise ukuba ukudideka phakathi kweGAMP kunye nokuba yi-autogynephilic kungabangela ukuba lo mmahluko kwindlela yokuvusa isondo phakathi kwamaqela amabini. Ngokwenza njalo, safumanisa ukuba amadoda ase-GAMP asenokuba nempendulo enkulu yokuzala ngokobuhlobo kunokuba abesilisa abesithandana nabo besinikwe kwisigxina se-GAM ngokubhekiselele kwi-stimuli, nangona xa i-autogynephilia ilawulwa ngokulandelelana (β = 0.67, 95% CI 0.11-1.23, p = 0.020). Iziphumo zokuvusa ngokuzithoba zazifana (β = 1.02, 95% CI 0.61-1.44, p <0.001). Ke, xa kuthelekiswa namadoda athandanayo, amadoda e-GAMP abonakala evuseleleka ngokwesondo yi-GAM xa kuthelekiswa nesishukumisi sabasetyhini kuba yayiyi-GAMP, hayi kuba bekwanayo ne-autogynephilic.

Uphononongo lwethu lunikeza impendulo ecacileyo kumbuzo othe wohlukisayo kunokuba kuvezwe kwisicatshulwa sethu, oko kukuthi, ngubani na amadoda akwa-GAMP? Oku kwacaca ngokubhekiselele kwimizekelo yokuvusa isondo, ulwabelana ngesondo kunye nolwazi lwezesondo. Ngokwahlukileyo, amadoda akwa-GAMP ayefana kakhulu namadoda angqingiliyo phakathi kwazo zonke ezo ntlonipho. Nangona kunjalo, kwakukho umahluko ombini phakathi kwala maqela amabini: Amadoda ase-GAMP aphakanyiswa ngakumbi yi-GAM yokubambisana ngokubhekiselele kwimimiselo yabesifazana, kunye ne-GAMP amadoda ephakamileyo kwi-autogynephilia. Ukwahlula kokuqala kwiipatheni zokuvusa ngokwesondo phakathi kweGAMP kunye namadoda angamaqabane ahlukeneyo ngokwahlukileyo okwesibini kwi-autogynephilia.

Ngokumalunga nokwahluka kwiipateni zabo zokuvuselela inkanuko yesini, sikhethe kuphela abathathi-nxaxheba abatshatileyo abangavumiyo umdla wesini kwii-GAMs. Oku kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuba ngaba iyantlukwano phakathi kwesifundo samadoda esini esahlukileyo kunye namadoda e-GAMP abonisa ubungqingqwa bamadoda e-GAMP okanye isampulu yethu yamadoda athandanayo. Ngamanye amagama, ngaba izifundo zethu ezithandanayo zingaqhelekanga phakathi kwamadoda athandana nabantu besini esahlukileyo ekubeni nomdla wesondo kwi-GAMs? Kuvavanyo olunxulumene noko siwenzile, kuphela yi-5.3% (12/227) yamadoda athandana nabantu abatshatileyo abafunyenwe kwiAmazon Mechanical Turk evunyiweyo kwi-GAMs (AM Rosenthal okqhubekayo., idatha engashicilelwanga). Ke, kubonakala ngathi akunakulindeleka ukuba isampulu yesini esahlukileyo kwisifundo esikhoyo yayiyinto ye-atypical kuba abo baxhasa i-GAMP babengabandakanywa. Ukuya kwinqanaba apho isampulu yethu yesini esahlukileyo iqhelekileyo, iziphumo zethu ziphikisana nokuqikelela okuvela e-Ogas naseGaddam (2011) ukuba amadoda ahlukeneyo ngokwesini avuswa zii-GAMs ngenxa 'yokukhohlisa'. Ewe, amadoda athandana nesini esahlukileyo esivuselelayo kwi-GAM stimuli yayisezantsi, kufutshane nokuvusa kwabo amadoda kunokuba kunjalo kubasetyhini. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokuvusa okuphantsi, amadoda abesini esahlukileyo abonisa ukuvuseleleka ngokwesini kwi-GAM stimuli eyayinkulu kunaleyo yamadoda, nangona iphantsi kunaleyo yabasetyhini.

Ifana neesampulu ezidlulileyo (umz. Weinberg kunye noWilliams, 2010), amadoda ethu e-GAMP ayenokwenzeka ngokuchanekileyo ukuba abonakale njengabalingani. Ubume babo bobulili, nangona kunjalo, abazange bahambelane kunye nokuvuswa kwabo ngokwesini kwisithandwa sabantu. Esikhundleni salo, ukuchonga ukuxhatshazwa kwabantu besini kunye nokudibanisa kwe-autogynephilia. Blanchard (1989b ) yaqaphela ukuba amadoda ahloliswe ngamabhinqa kunye ne-autogynephilia ayenokwenzeka ngokukhethekileyo ukuba afumane ingcamango yokuba ngumfazi oyifunayo okanye ulala nomntu. Wabiza lo mdla i-pseudobisexualality, kuba ihluke kwiminqweno yenzalo yesini kwimizimba yamadoda namabhinqa. Kuphononongo olutshanje lwamadoda e-autogynephilic, ubunikazi obunqabileyo obuchazwe ngokwabelana ngesini kunye nenani eliphakamileyo labalingani bezesondo zobomi bexesha elizeleyo liqikelele ukuvuswa kwe-autogynephilic eyaziwayo ngokugqithiseleyo kwingcamango yokuba ngumfazi osebenzisanayo (ngakumbi ngokwesondo) nendoda (Hsu okqhubekayo.2015). Nangona singakhange sivavanye i-pseudobisexuality ngqo kwisifundo esikhoyo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba icacisa ezinye zokuchongwa kwabasetyhini phakathi kwamadoda e-GAMP. Omnye umntu onegalelo kukuba i-GAM ineempawu zamadoda nabasetyhini. Oku kunokucacisa ukonyuka kwamadoda athandanayo ngokwesini kwi-GAM stimuli, xa kuthelekiswa nenkuthazo yabasetyhini, kunye nokwabelana ngesondo kwabantu besini esahlukileyo kwi-GAM stimuli, xa kuthelekiswa ne-male stimuli. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubhekisele kumadoda e-GAMP, umtsalane wesini kunye nokuvuselela ii-GAM kubonakala ngathi ngumda wenzala kwifomu yamadoda. Yiyo loo nto amadoda e-GAMP engabonakali njengabantu abathandanayo ngokwesini ngendlela eqhelekileyo.

Isifundo sethu asiboneleli iimpendulo kwimibini ebalulekileyo imibuzo. Okokuqala, kutheni amanye amadoda ekhula ukwanda kwezesondo kwi-GAM? Okwesibini, kutheni kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-autogynephilia ne-GAMP? Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba le mibuzo ifuna iimpendulo ezahlukileyo. Nangona ngoku asikho iziphakamiso ezintle malunga nombuzo wangaphambili, sinikela ngolu hlobo lokucinga ngale ndlela yokugqibela: amadoda angama-autogynephilic avuswa ngokwesondo sokuba ngabafazi. I-GAM iqinisekisa ukutshintshwa kwendoda kumfazi. Ngenxa yoko, i-GAM ingabangela okanye ikhulise ukuvuswa kwayo kwe-autogynephilic. Ingabonakalisa ingxoxo kwi-intanethi ye-GAMP amadoda kwiingcamango zabo kunye neengcamango ngelixa zidla i-GAM isistim (okanye usebenzisana nomlingane we-GAM) ukuhlola ukuba ngaba bahluke kumadoda angama-autogynephilic GAMP.

Imida

Iziphumo zesifundo sethu kufuneka zichazwe kunye nemingcele engqondweni. Okokuqala, ubungakanani bethu besampula buncinci, ngokukodwa ngenxa yokuxhaswa kwemali kunye nobunzima ekuqeshweni kwamadoda aseGAMP. Ngako oko, iziphumo, ingakumbi ezo ezimbi, kufuneka zilindele ukuphindaphinda.

Inkxalabo ye sibini yindlela esiyikhetha ngayo intshukumo yokuziphatha. I-GAM yethu ye-stimuli ayifani ngokulinganayo kunye nesisombululo samadoda nabesifazana. Iimbambano zesilisa kunye neyesetyhini zibonakalisa izibini zesini zesini, kodwa i-GAM ishukumisa idibanti enye ye-GAM-yesibini, isibini esisodwa se-GAM kunye nesibini isibini se-GAM-GAM. Sakhetha lo mxube kuba sasixhalabele ukuba i-GAM-GAM i-stimuli yayingavamile, ingafaniswa nezinye i-GAM, kwaye ngoko ke inokuba yinkqubo engaphantsi kokuvusa. Ukuba isigqibo sethu sasinokuthi siphumelele, bekuya kubangela kube nzima ukufumanisa ukungalingani phakathi kwamadoda aseGAMP kunye namanye amadoda. Ngokomzekelo, nangona amadoda angqingili angayifumani i-GAMs evuselayo, inokuthi ivuke i-clip ye-GAM-boy stimulus ngoba iquka umntu. Eneneni, le yeso sizathu esenza ukuba amadoda angqingili avuke ngokugqithiswa yi-GAM kunokuba ngumfazi wesifazane, nokuba kutheni amadoda angqingili avuke ngokugqithiswa ngakumbi yi-GAM egxekisayo kunokuba isithandwa samadoda. Sekunjalo, sikwazi ukubona ukungafani phakathi kwamadoda aseGAMP kunye namanye amabini.

Umngcipheko wokugqibela esixoxe ngawo apha kukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bethu babengamadoda aseNtshona. E-Samoa nakweminye imasiko, amadoda angqingili baye bafumana intsingiselo ye-transgender efana ne-GAM kwiNkcubeko yeNtshona: amabhinqa-amagama aqhelekileyo, iigrafti, ukugqoka, iindlela kunye neminqweno (VanderLaan okqhubekayo.2013). Mhlawumbi kubalulekile, nangona kunjalo, aba bantu abazange bafumene iimfazana-eziqhelekileyo iimpawu ezifana nezifuba ezifana ne-GAMs. Uphononongo olutshanje lufumene ukuba abantu baseSamoa abalala ngesondo kunye nabantu abanjalo (ababiziweyo ifaafafine kwiinkcubeko zabo) babenemibono engaphezulu yobomi kwimilinganiselo yabo yesithakazelo esithintekayo xa kuthelekiswa namadoda angqingiliyo ngaphandle koovulindlela (Petterson okqhubekayo.2015). Nangona ezo ziphumo zibonakala zihluke kunye neyethu, kwakukho ukuhlukahluka kweendlela phakathi kwezifundo ezibandakanya uhlobo lwe-stimuli kunye nokulinganisa intshisekelo yomdla. Ngaphezu koko, ifaafafine ayilona i-analog yaseSamoa eya kwi-GAM kwiNtshona. Omnye unokucinga okokuqala, nokuba ngaba amadoda amaninzi athathekayo akwazi ukukhangwa ngokwesini kwi-GAMs kwenkcubeko apho ukukhanga okunjalo kungabonakali, kwaye okwesibini, nokuba ngaba kwezo nkcubeko, incinci yamadoda iya kukhanga kakhulu (kwaye ivuselelwe ) Ama-GAM kunabesifazane ababelethayo.

Iziphumo zonyango

Amanye amadoda aphethe i-GAMP baye bahlangabezana nokungahambi kwabo ukuqonda (umz. 2010; I-Clark-Flory, 2011; Bering, 2012), kwaye iziphumo zethu zinikeza ukuqonda ngolu hlobo. Ngokomzekelo, indoda ibhalele kumgcini weengcebiso zezocansi 'Uthando Lokusasa' kubuza ukuba ukukhangwa kwakhe kwiGAM kwakuthetha ukuba wayeyintombazana (i-Savage, 2010). Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ayikho; Ngokwenene, amadoda akwa-GAMP awazange aphinde avuselwe ngokwesini kunamadoda angqinileyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, amadoda akwa-GAMP athe wenyuka amava angqingili xa kuthelekiswa namadoda angamaqabane, kodwa oku kungakho ngenxa yezinye izinto kuneziqabane zobungqingili okanye ukuxhatshazwa kwabantu ngokwesini, njengokwenza i-autogynephilic pseudobiseality.

Sijongana neminye imiba emibini yeklinikhi enokukhanyiswa ngokufunda kwethu kunye nama-vignettes amfutshane ngabantu abathintana nombhali ophezulu ngenxa yobuchule bakhe malunga nenzululwazi yemicimbi ehlobene ne-transgender.

I-GAMP

Iqabane lomntu obhinqileyo ngokwesondo kunye nothando yayiyindoda eyatyhila umdla wayo kwi-GAMs kwangethuba kubudlelwane babo. Babedla ngokudibanisa iphonografi kwi-GAM kubomi babo bobulili kunye, kwaye ekuqaleni wayifumana le nto imbi kakhulu. Emva kweminyaka eliqela kunye, lo mkhuba waba yimfuneko kwiqabane lakhe ukonwabela ukuhlangana kwabo. Oku kwakungamkelekanga emfazini, kwaye ulwalamano lwabo lwaphela.

Iziphumo zophononongo lwethu zibonisa ukuba i-GAM stimuli ayinyanzelekanga ukuba ivuselele inkanuko. Kumadoda ethu e-GAMP, umahluko phakathi kwesini sabo kunye nokuzimela ngokweemvakalelo kwabasetyhini nakwisikhuthazo se-GAM khange kwahluke kakhulu kwi-zero. (Yayiyimpendulo yokuncipha yamadoda athandana nesini esahlukileyo kwisishukumiso se-GAM esakhokelela ekubeni bahluke kumadoda e-GAMP kwipateni yokuvuka.) Nangona kunjalo, ambalwa amadoda e-GAMP enza ubungqina obunamandla kodwa hayi ukhetho olukhethekileyo lwe-GAM ngokunxulumene nesistim sabasetyhini. La madoda anokuba nakho ukungoneliseki kubudlelwane bezesondo kunye nabafazi bendalo.

Ubulili besifo se-dysphoria

Umntu omdala onomlando wobudlelwane bezesondo kunye nolwalamano kunye ne-GAMs ubonakalise ukuba wayekude ejongene noluntu ekutshintsheni kwinxaxheba yabesifazane kunye nokufumana ukuhlinzwa ngokutsha ngokwesini. Ngaphezu koko, ngexesha lesini kunye ne-GAMs, wazicingela njengowesifazane.

Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba i-dysphoria yesini ingaba yinto eqhelekileyo phakathi kwamadoda ase-GAMP kunabantu abaqhelekileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba babekho ngaphezu kwamanye amadoda ukubika i-autogynephilia, kwaye i-autogynephilia inxulumene ne-sex dysphoria (i-Blanchard, 1993; Hsu okqhubekayo.2015). Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba i-autogynephilia ikude yonke indawo phakathi kwe-GAMP amadoda, njengesiqingatha (n = 12) yesampulu yethu yeGAMP ichaze i-autogynephilia. Okwangoku, isinye kwisithathu (n = 8) wayenamanqaku ubuncinci be-6 kwi-CAS, egqitha kumndilili wesampulu yezigulana ezizimeleyo zesini (iBlanchard, 1989b ).

izigqibo

I-GAMP ayiqondwa kakuhle, nangona ingaqhelekanga, inomdla. Ukungabikho kokuqonda kuyinhlanhla, ngokwesayensi nangentlalo. Amadoda e-GAMP kunye namaqabane abo abathandana nabo besini kunye nabo besondo bahlala befuna ukucaciswa malunga nohlobo lwe-GAMP (ingakumbi ukuba umdla kwi-GAMs ibonisa ukuba ungqingili) kwaye uye wahlupheka ngenxa yokungazi. Uphando lwangoku lubonisa isinyathelo esibalulekileyo ekuqondeni.

Izinto ezongezelelweyo

Ukufumana izinto ezongezelelweyo ezihamba neli phepha http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715002317.

Imibulelo

Siyabulela iArundati Nagendra ngoncedo oluxabisekileyo ekugcineni iindleko zokufunda kunye nezinto kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba. Imbulelo ekhethekileyo ku-Anne A. Lawrence ngokuphonononga ingcaciso yokuqala yesandla kunye nokubonelela ngeengcebiso ezifanelekileyo malunga nolwimi. Olu phando alutholanga naliphi na isibonelelo esithile kwi-arhente yezemali, kwicandelo lezoshishino okanye elingenanzuzo

Isibhengezo somdla

Akukho.

Ucaphulo

  • Arune, W (2006). Imifanekiso yeTransgender kumajelo. Kwiindaba kunye noSondo: iMedia Portraits of Diversity (i-Castañeda, L. neCampbell, iSB), iphe. 111-133. Inzala: amawaka ama-Oaks, CA. [Google Scholar]
  • IBering, iJM (2012). Ileta yomhla we-SL yosuku: Ukutsala kwendoda ethe tye ngeepenise (http://slog.thestranger.com/slog/archives/2012/08/07/sl-letter-of-the-day-a-straight-husbands-fascination-with-penises). Ufikelele kwi29 Agasti 2014.
  • IBlanchard, R (1989 a). Ukwahlula kunye nokubhalwa kwee-sexism zesini esingasini ngokwesini. I-Archives of Sexual behavior 18, 315-334.   [PubMed]  [CrossRef]  [Google Scholar]
  • IBlanchard, R (1989 b). Ingcamango ye-autogynephilia kunye nohlobo lwezesini zesifo se-dysphoria. I-Journal ye-Nervous and Mental Disease 177, 616-623.   [PubMed]  [CrossRef]  [Google Scholar]
  • IBlanchard, R (1991). Ukuqwalaselwa kweklinikhi kunye nezifundo ezicwangcisiweyo ze-autogynephilia. Ijenali yoNyango lwezeSondo kunye noMtshato 17, 235-251.   [PubMed]  [CrossRef]  [Google Scholar]
  • Blanchard, R (1992). Ubuhlobo be-nonmonotonic ye-autogynephilia kunye nomtsalane wesondo. Umbhalo we-Psychology engaqhelekanga 101, 271-276.   [PubMed]  [CrossRef]  [Google Scholar]
  • Blanchard, R (1993). Iintlobo ze-autogynephilia kunye nolwalamano lwabo no-dysphoria. I-Archives of Sexual behavior 22, 241-251.   [PubMed]  [CrossRef]  [Google Scholar]
  • Blanchard, R, Collins, PI (1993). Amadoda anomdla wezesondo kwi-transvestites, i-transsexual, kunye nabesilisa. I-Journal ye-Nervous and Mental Disease 181, 570-575.   [PubMed]  [CrossRef]  [Google Scholar]
  • I-Chivers, ML, Rieger, G, Latty, E, Bailey, JM (2004). Ukwahlukana ngokwesondo kwindawo ethile yokuvusa isondo. I-Psychological Science 15, 736-744.   [PubMed]  [CrossRef]  [Google Scholar]
  • I-Chivers, i-ML, i-Seto, i-MC, i- Blanchard, i-R (2007). Ulwahlulo lwesini kunye nolwabelana ngesondo ngoxanduva lwezesondo kwimisebenzi yesondo ngokubhekiselele kwisini sabalingisi kwiifilimu zesondo. Umbhalo woBuntu kunye neNzululwazi yezeNtlalo 93, 1108-1121.   [PubMed]  [CrossRef]  [Google Scholar]
  • IClark-Flory, T (2011). Yintoni ebangela umtsalane kwabasetyhini? (http://www.salon.com/2011/10/21/whats_behind_transsexual_attraction). Ufikelele kwi29 Agasti 2014.
  • Freund, K (1974). Ubundlobongela besilisa: uhlalutyo lomzekelo. Ekuqondeni ubulili bobulili obufanayo: i-Basics and Psychological Bases (i-Loraine, JA), iphe. 25-81. Elsevier: eNew York, NY. [CrossRef]  [Google Scholar]
  • Hsu, KJ, Rosenthal, AM, Bailey, JM (2015). Isakhiwo se-psychometric sezinto ezihlola i-autogynephilia. I-Archives of Sexual behavior 44, 1301-1312.   [PubMed]  [CrossRef]  [Google Scholar]
  • Kinsey, AC, Pomeroy, WB, uMartin, CE (1948). Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo kwi-Male Male. Saunders: Philadelphia, PA. [Google Scholar]
  • ULawrence, AA (2004). I-Autogynephilia: imodeli yeparaphilic yesazisi. Ijenali ye-Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy 8, 69-87.   [Google Scholar]
  • ULawrence, AA (2013). Amadoda abanjwe kumaBhunga amaMadoda: Iingxelo ze-Autogynephilic Transsexualism. Isipringi: ENew York, NY. [Google Scholar]
  • IOgas, O, Gaddam, S (2011). Iingcinga eziBhilidi eziGwenxa: Eyona nto iVavanyo leLona lizwe likhulu ityhila ngeNqweno yoMntu. I-Dutton yabantu abadala: ENew York, NY. [Google Scholar]
  • Operario, D, Burton, J, Underhill, K, Sevelius, J (2008). Amadoda abelana ngesondo kunye nabafazi be-transgender: imingeni kwi-HIV-based prevention block. UGawulayo kunye nokuziphatha 12, 18-26.   [PubMed]  [CrossRef]  [Google Scholar]
  • Petterson, LJ, Dixson, BJ, Little, AC, Vasey, PL (2015). Ukujonga iinkqubo zexesha lokuziphatha ngokwesini kwi-Samoan cisgender amadoda abandakanyekayo ekusebenzisaneni ngokwesondo ifaafafine . IIPHULO ENYE 10, e0116529.   [PubMed]  [Google Scholar]
  • Raudenbush, SW, uBryk, AS (2002). Iimodeli eziLungelelaniso eziPhakamileyo: Izicelo kunye neendlela zokuhlalutya idatha, i-2nd edn. Inzala: amawaka ama-Oaks, CA. [Google Scholar]
  • I-Savage, iD (2010). Ndiyiphathe umfazi wam ngokuxhatshaza - ngaba ndingumlingani? (Ihttp://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/articles/40050/savage-love-i-cheated-on-my-wife-with-a-transexualmdasham). Ufikelele kwi29 Agasti 2014.
  • VanderLaan, DP, Ren, Z, Vasey, PL (2013). I-androphilia yindoda kwimeko yendalo. Uluntu lwe-24, 375-401.   [PubMed]  [CrossRef]  [Google Scholar]
  • Weinberg, MS, Williams, CJ (2010). Amadoda anomdla wesini kwi-transwomen (MSTW): indlela yokuziphatha kunye nesakhiwo somnqweno wesini. Umbhalo woPhando loLwesini 47, 374-383.   [PubMed]  [CrossRef]  [Google Scholar]

 

amaNqaku

†Amanqaku avela emva kokubhaliweyo.

 

amaNqaku

1 Shemale lixesha eliphikisanayo; abanye bayifumana ihlazo, kuba isetyenziselwa ukubhekisela kubasebenzi bezesondo zobudlelwane besini nabesifazana okanye kwi-GAM kwizinto zokuzonwabisa abadala (Arune, 2006). Ukuze sigweme ukuphulwa ngokungenasiphelo kunye nokuphikisana, sisebenzisa igama elithi GAM endaweni yesigxina.

2 Ukuhlalutya ukuqhathanisa iinombolo zamaqabane ahlukeneyo, inani eliphezulu kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomlingani wesini (GAM, wesifazane, kunye nendoda) lugcinwe kwi-25 ukwenzela ukuphepha ukuthintela okungafaniyo kwamathuba angaphandle. Esi sigqibo sithatha ngokungaphantsi kwinqanaba lamadoda angamadoda angqingili. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zafana nale ncitshitshi kwinqanaba eliphezulu lisuswe.