I-Iphrafiya yokuSebenza kweSiphumo (I-PCES): Usetyenziso okanye Akunjalo?

I-PCES ivelisa iziphumo ezikhethekileyo ezilinganisa umphumo wokuzibona oononografi

uhlaziyo: Kule ntshumayelo ye-2018 NCOSE - Uphando Lophando: Okwenyaniso okanye Imfundiso? -UGary Wilson ubhengeza inyani emva kwezifundo ze-5 ze-propagandists zikhankanya ukuxhasa amabango abo athi ukubakho kweziyobisi ezingamanyala okanye ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-porn kuluncedo kakhulu. I-PCES igxekwa ukusuka kwi-36: 00 ukuya kwi-43: 20.

————————————————————————————————————

Le poso idibanisa i-questionnaire esebenzisa i-questionnaire eyaziwa ngokuba yiyo Ukugqithiswa kweZiphumo zoTyhutho (Effect Scale Scale (PCES). Uphando oluninzi luluqeshwe, kunye nephepha elidale i-PCES (Isiqingatha kunye neMalamuth, 2008ngesibindi ukuqukumbela ukuba "Abantu abadala baseDenmark bakholelwa ukuba iifoto zoonografi ziye zaba nefuthe elihle kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobomi babo. "

Isifundo kuphela samanyathelo ezinto "esizibonayo" kwiziphumo zoononophala. Oku kufana nokubuza intlanzi ukuba icinga ntoni ngamanzi, okanye njengokucela umntu ukuba ubomi bakhe butshintshe njani ngokukhula eMinnesota. Ewe, ukubuza abantu abadala abancinci malunga nefuthe le-porn akufani nokungena kwi-bar nge-10pm kwaye ubuze bonke abathengi ukuba ibhiya ibuchaphazela njani ubusuku babo bangoLwesihlanu. Indlela enjalo ayizikhethi iimpembelelo ze-porn. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuthelekisa iingxelo zabasebenzisi kunye neengxelo zabangengabo abasebenzisi okanye ukulandela abantu abayeka i-porn kuya kwenza okungaphezulu ukubonisa eyona miphumo ye-porn.

Ngobuso bayo, isiphumo sokuba abancinci baseDanes bathande iphonografi ayothusi (nangona kuvavanyo olusondeleyo, ezinye zezigqibo zesifundo zikrokrelwa kakhulu). Uphononongo luphume ngo-2007, kwaye idatha yayiqokelelwe ngaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, ngo-2003 — ngaphambili ukuhanjiswa kwamavidiyo e-porn kwiindawo ze-tube, phambi kokungenazintambo kwakukho yonke indawo, nangaphambi kwee-smartphone. Iingxelo ze iimpawu ezinxulumene neentlobano zesini (ngakumbi phakathi kwabasebenzisi abancinci) ziye zanda ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha seminyaka edlulileyo. Kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, kunokwenzeka ukuba abantu abadala baseDenmark basebenzise iphonografi be be nga ukuqaphela kakhulu indlela yeengxaki. I-intanethi ye-intanethi yayingabonwa njenge-welcome masturbation aid, okanye ubuncinci.

Njengoko ukufumanisa ukuba abantu abancinci baseDanes babonwa njengoncedo lokusebenzisa iphonografi kubonakala kungenangqondo ngexesha lalo, khange sizikhathaze ngokufunda lonke isifundo okanye sijonge iphepha lemibuzo le-PCES-de kwaqeshwa kufundo lwamva nje. Xa sasijonga kwi-PCES sothuka. Kubonakala ngathi ngumlinganiso omncinci kodwa umdla wabadali bayo wokubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-porn "kulungile," kwaye ezinye izigqibo zazo azikholelwa. Cinga ngoku kulandelayo:

1.     Okokuqala, le sifundo "Ndifumanise ukuba bobabini abesilisa nabasetyhini ngokubanzi baxela iziphumo ezincinanana ukuya kweziphakathi zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweephonografi kunye neziphumo ezibi, ukuba zikhona, zokubi."

  • Ngamanye amazwi, Ukusetyenziswa koononophelo kwakuhlala kunenzuzo kunye nabambalwa, ukuba kukho nayiphi na ingxaki.

2.     Ngaphezulu, “Emva kokuba zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo zingenisiwe kwi-equation, ezahlukeneyo zesondo zenze igalelo elibalulekileyo kwimiphumo emihle: Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kweephonografi, ukuqonda eyona nto iphambili yamanyala kunye nokuhamba rhoqo kwe-masturbation. ”

  • Ngamanye amazwi, Uonografi oyisebenzisayo, okwenene uyakholelwa ukuba, kwaye ngakumbi ukwenza i-masturbate kuyo, imiphumo emihle kuyo yonke indawo yobomi bakho. Akukho kudlala.
  • Ukusebenzisa izigqibo zabaphandi, ukuba uneminyaka engama-30 ubudala uvaliwe owenza i-masturbate kwi-hardcore porn amaxesha ama-5 ngosuku, i-porn yenza igalelo elihle ebomini bakho.
  • Ngendlela, iziphumo ze-PCES zenze hayi ukuxhasa inkcazo yokuba ukubona i-porn njengenene kunenzuzo. Ngokuphambene nangoko ungayibona ekuhlalutheni ngokujulile kwedatha yokufunda ngaphantsi kwesi sithuba.

3.     Ininzi kakhulu, “Ingxelo yesiphumo sokusetyenziswa gwenxa ngokubanzi ifunyenwe injalo ezinamandla kwaye ezinokubambisana ngokufanelekileyo ngendlela efanelekileyo kusetyenziswa imali engamanyala. ”

  • Ngoko ke, umntu onobunono obuninzi obunomdla obonwabisayo ujonga kakhulu iziphumo ezintle ebomini bakho. Ukuqwalasela i-15 yeminyaka ubudala: Jonga unonophelo olugqithiseleyo, unobundlobongela obunobundlobongela ongayifumana ukuze nawe, unako ukufumana iinzuzo ezininzi.
  • Qaphela ukuba abaphandi abade bathi kukho bell curve, apho okuninzi kakhulu kunokuba yingozi xa kuthelekiswa nokusetyenziswa okuphakathi. Ukufumanisa kwabo kukuba, "Okungakumbi kuhlala kungcono." Iyamangalisa, hayi?
  • Inyaniso, ii-PCES "zifumana" ukuba hayi ukusebenzisa i-intanethi yezilwanyana kubangela imiphumo emibi!

Zingenzeka njani izinto ezi-3-ukuba nzima iphonografi, kokukhona ucinga ukuba ziyinyani (Sic), kwaye ngokuphinda uhlambulule kuyo-uhlale unxulumene neenzuzo ezinkulu?

Okokuqala, ayikho enye indawo kwindalo ethi "Okuninzi kuhlala kungcono" kubonisa. Ukutya okuninzi, amanzi amaninzi, uxinizelelo oluphezulu lweoksijini, iivithamini ezininzi, izimbiwa ezininzi, ilanga elininzi, ukulala okungakumbi, ukuzilolonga okungakumbi… kuza indawo kuzo zonke izinto Kaninzi kubangela iziphumo ezibi, okanye nokufa. Ke inokwenzeka njani into yokuba isikhuthazo esinye sibe ngumahluko omkhulu? Ayikwazi.

Okwesibini, ukuba konke owake wayazi ukusetyenziswa kobugqwetha, awukwazi ukuba kukuchaphazela njani uze uyeke (kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kungekho inyanga emva koko).

Okwesithathu, imibuzo ye-PCES, kunye nendlela ababalwa ngayo, zilungiselelwe ukufumanisa ukuba "okuninzi kuhlala kungcono."

Ukubeka nje, ii-PCES zihlala zifumanisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala okungaphezulu kunxibelelana namanqaku aphezulu kuzo zonke iindidi ze-5 zokulinganisa izinto ezintle kubomi bomntu: 1) Ubomi boSondo, 2) Isimo sengqondo malunga nesondo, 3) Ulwazi ngesondo, 4) Ukuqonda / Isimo sengqondo ngabaseTyhini, 5) Ubomi ngokubanzi. Ezi ziphumo zingakholeki ziphikisana phantse nesifundo ngasinye esisebenzise amanyathelo alula eziphumo ze-porn. Umzekelo:

Umbuzo: obonelela ngomfanekiso ochanekileyo: (1) amakhulu ezifundo kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo, (2) okanye iphepha lemibuzo elinemposiso (PCES) elifumana ukuba "ukungasebenzisi iphonografi" kubi kuwe?

Makhe sibone ukuba i-PCES izenza njani iziphumo zayo zobugqi.

Ukusebenzisa imibuzo ye-PCES ebomini

Zibeke kwindawo yabaselula abaninzi abasebenzisa iphonografi banamhlanje. Ubonile zonke iintlobo zoononophala ezinokucinga ngesisombululo esiphakamileyo sevidiyo, kwaye iintlobo zevanilla azisakuvuseleli. Ukwaxhwaleka yenye okanye nangaphezulu kwezi mpawu zixeliweyo ngokubanzi: ukulahleka komtsalane kubantu abanokubakho, ama-erectile ukonqena okanye ukulibaziseka ukunyuka kwamaqabane kunye namaqabane okwenyani, ukunyuka kokudideka kokuthanda iphonografi, kwaye mhlawumbi nokuba uncharacteristic yoxinzelelo lwentlalo kunye nokungabikho kwenkuthazo. Kodwa awuzange uyeke ukusebenzisa i-porno ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba ungafumanisa, okanye U krokrela, nokuba kukho naziphi na iimpawu zihambelana nokusetyenziswa koononophelo.

Ngenxa yeemeko zakho, ngaba ungagqibela ngento engaphantsi kwenqaku elifanelekileyo kwi-PCES? Asicingi njalo. I-7 lelona nqaku liphezulu kuwo nawuphi na umbuzo. Kwimibuzo engama-47 ye-PCES, engama-27 (uninzi) “inika ithemba.” Oku kwenzeka kuba abaphandi bacinga ukuba "ulwazi ngesondo" lunokuba yinto elungileyo kuphela. Ke, imibuzo ye-7 "eyongezelelweyo" yolwazi ngesondo ayinayo enye into. Le yingcinga enomdla, njengoko sibonile abasebenzisi abaninzi be-porn baxela ukuba bazibonile kwaye bafunda izinto ezivela kwi-porn abanqwenela ngokungazenzisiyo ukuba banokulibala.

Ngayiphi na imeko, umsebenzisi oselula ocinga ukuba ungoyena uchazwe apha ngasentla angayifumana njani le mibuzo "ilungileyo"?

14. ____ Ungezelele ngolwazi lwakho ngesondo sangasese? “Esihogweni ewe! = 7"

15. ____ Ngaba ithinteke ngokuqinisekileyo ngombono wakho wesini? "Ndiqikelela njalo. Iinkwenkwezi ezingamanyala zishushu. = 6"

28. ____ Ngokubanzi, kuye kwaba yongezeleleko enobomi bakho bobulili? "Ewe, andizange ndihlaziye ngaphandle kwayo. = 7"

45. ____ Ngaba ukwenze ubenomdla wokulala ngesondo? “Ngokuqinisekileyo. = 7"

Nayi eminye imibuzo engama-20 “engalunganga”:

2. ____ Ukwenzile ukuba unganyamezeli malunga nokwabelana ngesondo? "Ingaba uyadlala? Ndibukela isondo iiyure ngeveki. = 1"

25. ____ Unciphise umgangatho wobomi? "Andikwazi ukucinga ngobomi ngaphandle koononophala, ngoko akukho. = 1"

40. ____ Ngaba kukhokelela kwiingxaki zobomi bakho bobulili? “Hayi, ndiyintombi enyulu. = 1"

46. ____ Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukunikezela uxhalaba lokusebenza xa usebenza ngokwesondo (umzekelo, ngexesha lokuhlaziya umzimba)? "Ingaba uyadlala? Ewe akunjalo. = 1"

Abaphandi emva koko bahlula iimpendulo zabasebenzisi ngokwamanqanaba aliqela: 1) Ubomi boSondo, 2) Isimo sengqondo malunga nokwabelana ngesondo, 3) Ulwazi ngesondo, 4) Ukuqonda / Isimo sengqondo ngabaseTyhini, 5) Ubomi ngokubanzi. Ngokungafaniyo nodidi loLwazi ngezeSondo, ezinye iindidi ezi-4 zazinemibuzo “ethembisayo” kunye no-“mbi ” Kula manqanaba, abaphandi baxela ukuba ngaba i-avareji elungileyo yayiphezulu kune-avareji emibi. Ngapha koko, zisinika iyantlukwano phakathi kwe "positive" kunye ne "negative" i-avareji yemibuzo kumacandelo ama-4, ngaphandle kokusibonisa ngokwenene umyinge wamaDanes aselula. Ngamanye amagama, kuko konke esikwaziyo ukuphendula imibuzo ethile “elungileyo” kunokuba kudikidiki, kodwa amanqaku ombuzo “ongekhoyo” ebephantsi kangangokuba ukusasazeka phakathi kwawo kubanzi ngokwaneleyo ukuba kunganikeza umfanekiso ongeyonyani awaziva kakuhle amaDanes. ngokuqinisekileyo malunga noononophala, xa, enyanisweni, babengenakuziva ukuba i-porn yayiyiyo yonke into enenzuzo, kodwa ayibonanga kakhulu ngendlela esezantsi ekusebenziseni kwayo (Jonga yonke i-PCES)

Ukuba oku akuqondakali, jonga inkcazo engezantsi-inikezwe nguprofesa omkhulu ohlala ephononongwa ngoontanga kuphando lwenzululwazi. Ukwabonisa ukuba, ngokuchaseneyo nembono yabaphandi yokuba amadoda abona iziphumo ezimbalwa ezimbi ekusebenziseni iphonografi kunabasetyhini, amadoda eneneni axele kakhulu ezimbi Iziphumo kunabafazi kwiindawo ezimbini: Ubomi boSondo noBomi ngokubanzi. Abaphandi abaxoxi ngezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo, ngokucacileyo ezingakhange zichaphazele izigqibo zabo ezingamanyala. Ukanti siyazifumana zinomdla kuba kule minyaka idlulileyo abasebenzisi bamanyala abakhawulezayo baye baxela ngakumbi iingxaki zentsebenzo yesondo kwaye nezinye iimpawu ezenza ubomi bube mnandi.

Ngaphandle kwimiba yobugcisa echazwe ngasentla, nakhu ezinye zeengxaki zengcinga ezikhathazayo ngathi nge-PCES:

  1. Ubuncitshiswa obuncitshisiweyo obunobomi, umonakalo kobudlelwane, kunye nobomi obungasabikho bobulili, banamanqanaba athathekayo kwi-PCES ngokufunda okungakumbi malunga nezenzo zesondo kunye neengcinga ezithandwayo ngokubhekelana ngesondo.
  2. Uninzi lwabafana bebesebenzisa iphonografi ukusukela ebusheni (okanye nangaphambi koko) kodwa zange babelane ngesondo sokwenyani. Abakwazi ukuba zichaphazele njani izimvo zabo zesini esahlukileyo okanye ubomi babo besini. Xa kuthelekiswa nantoni? Kula bafana, imibuzo emininzi ye-PCES iyalingana nokubuza ukuba uza kuba njani akho umntwana kamama ubuchaphazele ubomi bakho.
  3. Uninzi lwabafana aluziqondi ngokupheleleyo ukuba zeziphi iimpawu ezinxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwabo kwe-porn de kube ziinyanga emva kokuba beyekile ukuzisebenzisa, nokuba banazo iimpawu ezinzima (ukujongwa kokulibaziseka, I-erectile dysfunction, ukuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo, ukulahleka kwekhangelo kumaqabane oqobo, xhaphaza kakhulu, iingxaki zoxinzelelo, okanye ukudangala), bambalwa abasebenzisi abakhoyo abanokudibanisa ezo mpawu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-Intanethi-ngakumbi xa unikezwe amagama angaqondakaliyo asetyenziswa yi-PCES: "ukwenzakalisa" "umgangatho wobomi."

Ngamanye amagama, umtshato wakho unokutshatyalaliswa kwaye unokuba no-ED ongapheliyo, kodwa amanqaku akho e-PCES angabonisa ukuba iphonografi ibilungile kuwe. Ngapha koko, ukuba ungoyena mntu uphelayo ongakhange asebenzise iphonografi kwi-Intanethi, amanqaku akho e-PCES anokuchaza ngokulula ukuba ukungasebenzisi iphonografi kunemiphumela emibi kubomi bakho kuba unokwazi kuphela malunga nezenzo zesini se-vanilla. Njengokufumana kwakhona umsebenzisi we-porn emva kokubukela ii-PCES:

"Ewe, ndiyekile eyunivesithi, ndaba neengxaki nezinye iziyobisi, andikaze ndibenentombi, ndilahlekelwe ngabahlobo, ndingene ematyaleni, ndisenayo i-ED kwaye ndingazange ndilale ngesondo ebomini bokwenyani. Kodwa ubuncinci ndiyazi ngazo zonke iinkwenkwezi ze-porn kwaye ndikhawulezile kuzo zonke izikhundla ezahlukeneyo. Ewe, ngokusisiseko iphonografi ibucebisile ubomi bam. ”

Omnye umfana:

"Ndiyayazi indlela yokufaka i-dildo kwi-anus ngobuchule, kodwa abantwana bam bahlala kwenye idolophu ngenxa yoko kufunyenwe liqabane lam kwikhompyuter yethu."

Khuthaza abaphandi ukuba bacele imibuzo ebalulekileyo

Ziziphi iiphando ezicela iqela elijongene nobungozi (abaselula) imibuzo eya kubonakalisa iintlobo zeempawu eziye zandisa ingxelo namhlanje? Njenge,

  • “Ngaba uyakwazi ukuphulula amaphambili ukuya kuvuthondaba ngaphandle Iphonografi kwi-Intanethi? ”
  • "Ngaba sele ungasasebenzi kangako ukusukela oko waqalisa ukusebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi?"
  • "Ngaba usakwazi ukufikelela kuvuthondaba loncwadi lwe-Intanethi oqale ngalo?"
  • "Ngaba uye wanyuka waya kwiintlobo zoononophala ze-Intanethi ozifumana ziphazamisa?"
  • "Ngaba sele uqalile ukubuza malunga nokuziphatha kwakho ngokwesondo okoko waqala ukusebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi?"
  • "Xa uthelekisa ii-erections zakho ngexesha lokusebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi nakumaqabane akho okwenyani uyazibona iingxaki nezi zilandelayo?"
  • "Xa uthelekisa amandla akho okufikelela kuvuthondaba ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokukwazi kwakho ukuba uvuthondaba kunye neqabane lokwenyani uyazibona iingxaki nezi zilandelayo?"

Ngethamsanqa, uphando oluvela kwizinzululwazi luveza ukuba ukusetyenziswa koononophelo kungaholela ekutshintsheni kwengqondo enxulumene neziyobisi. Iziphumo zezi zifundo ze-neurological (nezifundo ezizayoziyahambelana nama-280+ Iziyobisi ezikwi-Intanethi "izifundo zobuchopho", uninzi lwazo lubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kwi-intanethi. Ngokuchasene "neziphumo" ze-PCES kwizifundo ze-80 ndidibanise ukusetyenziswa koononophelo kwiingxaki zesini kunye nokunciphisa ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo kunye nolwalamano. Kuya kubonakala ukuba nokuba zingaphi iikhweshine zemibuzo eyenziweyo eyakhayo ukunceda uluntu ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi "kulungile," ukuba abasebenzisi baxela iingxaki zokusebenza ngokwesondo, ezinye iimpawu ezinzima, kunye neziyobisi ezisombulula xa beyeka iphonografi, loo mibuzo ayonelanga ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo. Uninzi lwabasebenzisi be-porn abakhawulezayo banamhlanje, iphonografi ibonakalisa "zesini. "

Ingxabano phakathi kwabasemagunyeni isikhumbuzo esihle sokuba eziqhelekileyo ayisiqinisekiso soku eqhelekileyo. Linyathelo elifutshane kakhulu phakathi "kwesiqhelo" kunye nento yokuba isimilo esiqhelekileyo "siqhelekile" okanye "sisempilweni." Nangona kunjalo "esiqhelekileyo" sithetha ngaphakathi kweerameters of functioning. Nokuba bangaphi abantu ababandakanyekayo ekuziphatheni okanye bayithanda kangakanani, ukuba ivelisa isifo, abaphandi bezonyango abasemthethweni abayi kuthi iziphumo ziqhelekile. Cinga ukutshaya kwiminyaka yoo-1960. Namhlanje, oochwephesha baxela amanani amangalisayo abafana abancinci abane-ED, isifo esixhaphakileyo abanonophelo lwempilo kwaye abasebenzisi be-porn badibanisa nokugqithiswa kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi.

Nabani na onomdla kwiziphumo zoononografi uya kuba ulumkile ukuba ufunde ngaphaya kweentloko kunye nezigqibo ezisekwe kwiziphumo zemibuzo ye-PCES. Hlalutya lonke uphononongo. Ngaba abaphandi babuza imibuzo eyayiza kutyhila iimpawu ezinzima zabanye abasebenzisi bezononono namhlanje. Ngaba bathelekisa abasebenzisi kubasebenzisi bangaphambili, ukuze babone iziphumo zokususa ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-porn? Ngaba babuza imibuzo eza kuthi ibangele kuphela, umzekelo, idatha ene-porn? Ngaba ubungqina buqokelelwe kwaye bahlalutywa ngokufanelekileyo? Ngaba abaphandi baphonononge izifundo zabo ngeziyobisi, besebenzisa uvavanyo olufana nolutsha I-IAT (Iifom ye-Intanethi yokuLungisa iziThuthi ze-Intanethi) Iqela laseJamani?

Kungenxa yokuba uyayithanda ayikulungeli

Ngaphezulu kwako konke, unokungathembeki kwizifundo ze-porn ezisekwe kwiziphumo zokuzibona. Oku ngekhe kusixelele nto malunga neziphumo ezibi kunye neziphumo ezibi ze-porn, sekunjalo zenza isandi-ukuvakala, iintloko eziqinisekisayo, abathi abasebenzisi abanzima be-porn bahlala bethembele ekulungelelaniseni ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekekayo ngaphandle kwempawu kunye neempawu zokulumkisa. Bona, umzekelo okwangokuI-Self-Appraisals ye-Arousal-Oriented Practiced Sexual Activities kwiYunivesithi nakwiSampuli zengingqi. ” Isebenzise uhlobo olufinyeziweyo lwe-PCES, kwaye, akumangalisi ukuba ifumanise ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba baxele okuhle kakhulu kuneziphumo ezibi ekusebenziseni kwabo i-porn.

Ingozi yezi zifundo kukuba ngobuqhetseba bakhuthaza inkolelo ephosakeleyo yokuba "ukuba ndiyayithanda iphonografi ngokwaneleyo, inefuthe elihle kum." Oku kuhambelana nokwenza isifundo esiqinisekisa abantwana ukuba ukuba bayathanda ukutya okuziinkozo okuneswekile kulungile kubo.

"Olu phando luphupha elibi"

Uprofesa ophezulu kwikoyunivesiti enkulu, ohlala esondela ukuphonononga uphando lwezekhnoloji, wakhulisa iingxaki zethu ngeendlela ze-PCES:

Ingxaki enkulu kwesi sifundo Kungenxa yokuba abaphandi bagqibe ekubeni banokwenza izikali "ezilungileyo" kunye "nezingalunganga" kwifashoni yokuqala ngokusekwe kwigama lezinto. Oku kukhokelele ekubeni benze uhlalutyo lwezinto kwinqanaba lokumiselwa kwangaphambili kunye nezikali ezichanekileyo kunakwinqanaba lezinto ezizezinye. Ukuba benze uhlalutyo lwezinto zenqanaba lezinto, banokufumanisa ukuba izinto ezijongana nendawo enye (ubomi bezesondo, ubomi ngokubanzi, njl.njl.) Zonke zilayishwe kwinto enye endaweni yokufumana izinto ezilungileyo nezingalunganga. Ukuba esi siphumo besifunyenwe, oku kuthetha ukuba izinto ziyavavanya ukuqhubeka kwe-negativity-positivity endaweni yokwahlula iziphumo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga. Kwaye ukuba ibiyisiphumo, bekuya kuba nzima ukutolika ukuba inqaku elichaziweyo libonakalise ubunyani ngaphezulu kokungakhathali.

Kungenxa yokuba inqaku elichaziweyo lingaphezulu kwenqanaba eliphakathi (umz.> 24 kwinto eyi-8, inyathelo le-7 inyathelo lesikali apho amanqaku anokuhluka ukusuka kwi-8 kuye kwi-56), oku akuthethi ukuba amanqaku abonisa isiphumo esinyanisekileyo. Iingxelo zakho azinako ukwamkelwa ngokwexabiso lomntu ngale ndlela. Ukuba banako, kwaye sibuze iqela labantu ukuba lilinganise ubukrelekrele babo, siya kufumanisa ukuba abantu ngokubanzi ngaphezulu komndilili kubukrelekrele. Abaphandi babonakala ngathi bayayazi le ngxaki, njengoko bexoxa ngombono wokuqala kunye nomntu wesithathu wefuthe leendaba kwintshayelelo yenqaku. Emva koko baya phambili kwaye bathathe iimbono zabo kunye neengxelo zabo kwixabiso lomntu.

… Ukusebenzisa t-iimvavanyo ukuthelekisa iindlela kuyingxaki. Ewe ungazenza iimvavanyo ze-t kwaye ufumane iziphumo ezinjengezo zichazwe kwiTheyibhile 4. Kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba iziphumo ziyavakala. Umzekelo, thatha umahluko wamanqaku ali-1.15 kumanqaku athetha uBomi ngokuBanzi kumadoda. Abaphandi abachazi iindlela zangempela, zithetha ukungafani, ke mandenze ezinye iindlela. Masithi isampulu inamanqaku angama-24.15 kubomi obulungileyo kwisikali ngokubanzi kunye ne-23.00 kubomi obubi kwisikali ngokubanzi (zombini izinto ezi-4, amanqanaba ama-7 ezikali zeLikert, ke amanqaku anokuhluka ukusuka ku-4 ukuya ku-28). Ukuze oku kube ngumahluko onengqiqo, amanqaku angama-23 okanye ama-24 okanye nantoni na kwisikali esinye kuya kufuneka ukuba ibonakalise inqanaba elifanayo lobukhulu kwelinye inqanaba. Kodwa asiyazi loo nto, ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo zokuba inqaku elingaphezulu kwinqanaba eliphakathi alinakucingelwa ukuba "lingaphezulu komndilili." Ngapha koko, asiyazi ukuba iindlela ziyi-24.15 kunye ne-23.00 okanye into efana ne-6.15 ne-5.00, oko kuya kuqinisekiswa ukuba kuyafaneleka ukuchazwa ngokuthe ngqo.

Kufuphi, ukuba bendikhe ndayijonga le ncwadana, bendiya kuyala ngokwesiseko seendlela ezaneleyo zamanani kunye neengxaki ezahlukeneyo zembono. … Ayinakwenzeka, xa unikwe uhlobo lwedatha, ukwenza izigqibo eziqinisekileyo.

[Sacela imibuzo embalwa yokulandelelana]

Okokuqala, abaphandi badala isikali soLwazi ngezeSondo njengenye yezinto zabo "kwimiphumo emihle" kuba becinga ukuba ulwazi oluninzi ngesondo luhlala luyinto elungileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izinto ezine zeziphumo ezilungileyo, akukho luhlobo lubi luhambelanayo loLwazi ngezeSondo. Ngokokwazi kwam, uhlalutyo kuphela apho bashiye khona isikali soLwazi ngezeSondo xa babesenza iimvavanyo ze-t phakathi kweenguqulelo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zolwakhiwo ngalunye (4 Table). Oku bekungekho mfuneko — kwakungekho Lwazi luNgesini olubi xa kuthelekiswa noLwazi oluLungileyo ngezeSondo.

Khange ubuze, kodwa andinakukunceda kodwa ndenze izimvo ngeli nqanaba loLwazi ngezeSondo. Ngokucacileyo, amanqaku aphezulu kwisikali abonisa kuphela umbono wabathathi-nxaxheba wokufumana ulwazi, ekungasosiqinisekiso sokuba ezi mbono zibonisa ulwazi oluchanekileyo.. Ngethamsanqa kumfana ocinga ukuba ufundile ukuba bathanda ntoni abafazi ngokubukela iphonografi. Okwesibini, nangona ngokobuqu ndicinga ukuba ukuba nolwazi phantse kuhlala kuyinto entle kunokuba ungenalo ulwazi, ngubani owaziyo ukuba kufanelekile ukuba kungabikho i-analog engalunganga kwinqanaba lokuLwazi ngezeSondo? Ndingaba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wezinto ezithile, umz. “Ndibone ezinye izinto endinqwenela ukuba ndingazibonanga.” “Ndifunde ezinye izinto endinqwenela ukuba ngendingazifundanga.” Abaphandi benza iingcinga ezininzi malunga nento "elungileyo" mhlawumbi kusekelwe kwisiko lesiDanish (umz., ukuzama ukuziphatha ngokwesini).

Ngokubhekisele kumbuzo wakho malunga nokunyaniseka kwesikali, le yeyona nto iphambili kwimilinganiselo yengqondo, kodwa leyo uninzi lweengcali zisilelayo ukuyiqonda. Ukuthi i-PCES iqinisekisiwe sisifundo seHald-Malamuth yinto ethandabuzekayo. Umntu akanakho ukuvavanya ukunyaniseka kwenqanaba leengqondo ngesifundo esinye. Ukuvavanya ukunyaniseka komlinganiso wengqondo kufuna iminyaka yophando lwenkqubo ebandakanya uphando oluninzi. Yinkqubo engapheliyo, apho sifunda ngakumbi nangakumbi malunga nokunyaniseka komlinganiso, kodwa singaze simisele inani lokugqibela lovavanyo lovavanyo lwengqondo (njengokuthi "uvavanyo luyi-90% olusebenzayo").

Inkcazo ecacileyo yokuqinisekiswa kwengqondo yengqondo yinqaku le-1955 nguLee Cronbach noPaul Meehl. Funda kwaye uyayiqonda kwaye uya kukwazi ngakumbi malunga nokuhlolwa kwengqondo kwengqondo kunokuba uninzi lwabafundi beengqondo: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Cronbach/construct.htm.

Nalu ushwankathelo olufutshane lweCronbach-Meehl classic: Ukutsho ukuba umlinganiso wolwakhiwo lwengqondo unokusebenza kukuthetha ukuba umahluko kumanqaku kumlinganiso uyahambelana neminye imilinganiselo ngendlela eqikelelwe ithiyori yesiseko sokwakha. Sivavanya ke ngoko ukuba semthethweni kovavanyo lwengqondo ngokuluhambisa kumaqela abantu, ukuqokelela olunye ulwazi ithiyori yethu ithi kufanelekile kulwakhiwo ekuthiwa lumelwe luvavanyo, kwaye sivavanye ukuba amanqaku kuvavanyo ahambelana nolunye ulwazi oluchazwe kwangaphambili ithiyori. Iziphumo zokuqinisekiswa zihlala zixubekile, ezinye zixhasa kwaye ezinye zingqinisisi iziphumo, sesinye sezizathu zokuba singabinako ukumisela lonke ixesha ngokuchanekileyo ukuba uvavanyo luchanekile kangakanani. Ngumcimbi wokuphazamiseka kwangaphambili kokuqinisekisa xa kuthelekiswa nokungqinisisa ubungqina. Nokuba iziphumo bezingalunganga, asinakuqiniseka ukuba ingaba uvavanyo lwengqondo alusebenzi na okanye akukho nto iphosakeleyo ngethiyori eyenze uqikelelo. Ukuvavanywa kovavanyo kukuvavanywa kwethiyori njengoko kuqondwa ngokubanzi kwisayensi.

Kwisifundo seHald-Malamuth, bekukho uvavanyo oluncinci lokuvavanywa, ngaphandle kwecandelo elide elinesihloko esithi "Ukuqinisekiswa kwePhepha lemibuzo lokuSebenzisa iPhonografi (PCQ)." Ngokwengcamango engacwangciswanga kaHald kunye noMalamuth yeziphumo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga ezivela kwimifanekiso engamanyala, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziphumo ezibi kunye neziphumo ezibi, kwaye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziphumo ezilungileyo kufuneka zinxibelelane, njengoko kufanele iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziphumo ezibi. Iitafile 1 kunye no-2 ziphumo eziqinisekisa oku kuqikelela, ke oku kungathathwa njengenkxaso ethile yokuba semthethweni kwePCQ. Abaphandi baphinde bathi iziphumo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zizimeleyo omnye komnye (oko kuthetha ukuba kufuneka zilungelelanise zero), kodwa abachazi iinkalo phakathi kweziphumo ezintle ezihlanu kunye neziphumo ezine ezibi izikali kwiiTables 1 kunye ne-2. Ndiyasola ukuba bafihla ukungaqinisekisi ulwazi. Benza ingxelo yokuba isibalo sazo zonke izicwangciso zePCQ ezilungileyo zihambelana kuphela r = .07 kunye nesibalo sazo zonke izikali ze-PCQ ezimbi, kodwa ndiyazibuza ukuba kungani bewunqamle ulwazi malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezihlanu ezintle neziphumo ezine ezimbi .

Ingxelo engezantsi kunye ne-Malamuth, njengoko kufanelekile, ukuqikelelwa kokuthembeka kwezikali zazo, kwaye ezi manani zihle kakhulu. Kodwa ukunyaniseka akuvumelekanga. Isilinganisi sinokuthenjwa ngokugqibeleleyo kodwa asinakho ukufaneleka. Ukunyaniseka nokuqinisekileyo zizinto eziyimfuneko zeemvavanyo zengqondo, kodwa zizinto ezimbini ezihluke ngokupheleleyo.

I-Hald kunye ne-Malamuth emva koko banika ingxelo yovavanyo lwee-hypotheses ezintathu ezichaphazelekayo kwithiyori yabo yeziphumo ezibi kunye nezingalunganga zoononografi kwaye ke ngenxa yoko zinobunyani be-PCQ. I-hypothesis yabo yokuqala kukuba iziphumo ezintle ezibonwayo zikhulu kuneziphumo ezibi ezibonakalayo. Ndimi koko ndandikubhalile ngaphambili malunga nolu hlalutyo, kuxeliwe kwiTheyibhile 4: kwakungafanelekanga ukuba abaphandi benze uvavanyo lwe-t ngokuthelekisa iindlela zempembelelo nganye elungileyo kunye neendlela zempembelelo ezihambelanayo, kuba asinakucinga ukuba intsingiselo ka "3" kwisikali esinefuthe elihle linentsingiselo efanayo ne "3" kwisikali esilinganayo sesiphumo. Mhlawumbi abathathi-nxaxheba bazimisele ngakumbi ukunika ingxelo elungileyo kunemiphumo emibi kuba iphonografi iyamkelwa eDenmark. Ke mhlawumbi u "3" kwisikali esibi semiphumela sifana no "4" kwiziphumo ezilungileyo. Asazi nje, kwaye akukho ndlela yokwazi kwindlela idatha eqokelelwe ngayo. Ke iziphumo ezichazwe kwiThebhile 4 kufuneka zithathwe ngqolowa enkulu kakhulu ityuwa, mhlawumbi i-salt shaker.

Ndiqaphele abalobi badlala iqhinga elihle kwiTebhu 4, ukuthelekisa nemiphumo emihle neyingozi. Endaweni yokwenza ingxelo ngeendlela ezilungileyo kunye nezibi (njengokuba zenza ukungafani ngesondo kwiThebhile 5), zichaza kuphela umahluko. Umzekelo, umahluko ophakathi kweempembelelo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga emadodeni yi-1.54. Kuya kufuneka uye kwiTheyibhile 5 ukuze ubone ukuba le 1.54 ngumahluko phakathi kwe-2.84 yeziphumo eziqinisekileyo zamadoda kunye ne-1.30 yeziphumo ezibi zonke emadodeni. Ngokuqinisekileyo, umahluko we-1.54 ubalulekile ngokwezibalo kwaye ubalulekile ngokwe-Cohen's D (kodwa kuphela ukuba sicinga ukuba inqanaba elifanelekileyo 3 = isikali esibi 3). Nangona kunjalo, makhe sijonge elona xabiso lipheleleyo lenqaku lesiphumo, 2.84 kwisikali se-1-7. Kuba i-4 yindawo esembindini, icala eliphakathi kwe-1 (hayi kwaphela) kunye no-7 (ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elikhulu kakhulu), 2.84 ayilunganga ngengqondo epheleleyo.

I-hypothesis yesibini yabaphandi yayikukuba amadoda aya kunika ingxelo ngeziphumo ezilungileyo kunye nezimbalwa ezimbi kunabafazi. Iziphumo zaxhasa ukubikezelwa ngamadoda abila imiphumo emihle. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuchasene nemfundiso yabo, amadoda abuye achaze imiphumo eyingozi kakhulu [ngaphezu kwabesetyhini] kwiindawo ezimbini: ubomi besondo nobomi ngokubanzi. Kungaba kukho ingxaki ngokuqinisekileyo kwezikali zabo okanye ngeengcamango zabo ukuba amadoda abone iziphumo ezintle kunezowesifazane. Ucinga ntoni?

Ekugqibeleni, abaphandi baqikelela ukuba iziganeko ezivela kwimvelaphi zinokuthi zihambelane nemiphumo ebonwayo yecalografi, kwaye ezinye zezi zinto zadibanisa njengoko kuqikelelwe. Ulungelelaniso olukhulu lweempembelelo ezilungileyo kukusetyenziswa kwamanyala, i-r = .51. Abasebenzisi abakhulu kakhulu bavame ukunika ingxelo emihle kakhulu. Njengoko abaphandi bavuma, oku kulungelelaniswa okufumanekayo akunakuxelela inqanaba lokusebenzisa iphonografi ngakumbi kunokubangela iziphumo ezichaseneyo nokusetyenziswa kakhulu okukhokelela ekuhleleni nasekufuneni ukukholelwa kwiziphumo ezilungileyo. Kwirekhodi, nangona abaphandi bengakuxubusha oku, iThebhile 6 ibonisa ukulungiswa okulungileyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa kunye nemiphumo emibi, r = .10. Kancinci, kodwa kubalwa ngokubaluleka.

Enye into abaphandi abaphosakeleyo ngokupheleleyo (emva, eqinisweni) kuhambelana phakathi kweqondo lokuzibonakalisa ngokobulili kunye nemiphumo emihle. Uluhlu lwe6 lubonisa ukuba luhlobo olubi (r = -.25), kwaye oku kuqinisekiswa ngumlinganiselo we-beta obunzima (β = -.22) kuhlalutyo lokuhlaziya kwiTable 7. Ulungelelaniso olungalunganga luthetha ukuba ngokubhekiselele kwi-pornography, i Ngaphantsi elifanelekileyo umphumo. Kodwa abalobi beli nqaku bayaqhubeka kwaye bachaza ukuchazwa okuchaseneyo (okungalunganga), ukuba ukuzaliseka kwezinto ezihambelanayo kuhambelana nemiphumo emihle. Hamba!

Ndiyathemba ukuba la magqabaza aluncedo. Ndingavuya ukuphendula nayiphi na imibuzo onayo. (Ugxininiso longezwa)