áljẹbrà
Previous research indicates that extradyadic sexual behaviors and other behaviors including emotional infidelity, pornography use, and online infidelity are considered to be acts of betrayal. However, perceptions of infidelity occurring through social media and of romantic parasocial relationships (one-sided romantic attachments formed with media figures) have not been well researched. In two exploratory studies, I examined a) the extent to which participants rated parasocial, sexual, emotional, and social media behaviors as infidelity, and b) how hurtful these behaviors would be if a partner were to enact them. I also examined how often participants reported having been negatively affected by their partner’s parasocial romances. Results indicate that activities such as sexting and sexy Snapchatting are perceived similarly to both cybersex and physical sexual infidelity, and that parasocial infidelity is seen similarly to pornography use. These similarities apply to whether the acts are seen as infidelity, and in terms of the emotional pain the acts may cause. These results indicate that extradyadic social media and parasocial behaviors can be negatively perceived, and may be likely to negatively affect real-life romantic relationships.
koko: infidelity, parasocial ibasepo, extradyadic, betrayal
Awọn akoonu
Awọn akoonuInterpersona, Ọdun 2019, Vol. 13 (2), https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v13i2.376
gba: 2019-07-08. Ti gba: 2019-11-06. Atejade (VoR): 2019-12-20.
*Okọwe ti o baamu ni: 4201 Grant Line Rd, New Albany, IN 47150. foonu: 812-941-2163. Imeeli: [imeeli ni idaabobo]
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), eyiti o ngbanilaaye lilo ailopin, pinpin, ati ẹda ni eyikeyi alabọde, ti o ba jẹ pe iṣẹ atilẹba ti tọka si daradara.
Aigbagbọ le jẹ asọye bi irufin awọn ilana ibatan ni awọn ofin ti ẹdun tabi timọtimọ ti ara pẹlu awọn miiran ni ita ibatan ifẹ kan (Drigotas & Barta, ọdun 2001). Aigbagbọ le ni awọn ipa iparun lori awọn ibatan, nipa ṣiṣẹda tabi jijẹ ti ara ẹni ati ipọnju ibatan, ati pe o jẹ ọkan ninu awọn idi ti o wọpọ julọ fun ikọsilẹ (Amato & Previti, ọdun 2003). Botilẹjẹpe iwadii pupọ ti dojukọ awọn ipa ti ibalopọ ti aiṣododo ẹdun (wo Gbẹnagbẹna, ọdun 2012, fun meta-onínọmbà), ati online infidelity (Guadagno & Sagarin, ọdun 2010; Whitty, Ọdun 2003; 2005), iwadi ti o kere ju ti ṣe ayẹwo bi awọn iwa miiran ṣe ṣe akiyesi ni awọn ofin ti aiṣootọ, gẹgẹbi awọn ti a ṣe nipasẹ awọn ibaraẹnisọrọ awujọ (fun apẹẹrẹ, Facebook tabi Snapchat) tabi awọn asomọ parasocial. Awọn ibatan parasocial (PSRs) jẹ awọn ibatan ti o ni ipa-ọna kan pẹlu awọn ohun kikọ ninu media (Horton & Wohl, ọdun 1956), eyiti o le paapaa jẹ ifẹ ni iseda (Adam & Sizemore, ọdun 2013; Tukachinsky, ọdun 2011). O ṣee ṣe pe awọn ọna tuntun ti ibaraenisepo pẹlu awọn miiran ni ita ibatan kan nipasẹ media awujọ yoo rii bakanna si awọn iru alaigbagbọ alajaja miiran. Sibẹsibẹ, nitori awọn PSRs jẹ apa kan, ko ṣe akiyesi boya awọn eniyan rii awọn PSRs romantic bi fọọmu ti aigbagbọ. Awọn ibi-afẹde akọkọ ti awọn eto-ẹrọ ti o wa lọwọlọwọ ni lati ṣawari boya tabi kii ṣe awọn olukopa ti fiyesi awọn ihuwasi parasocial parasocial ati awọn ihuwasi ti a ṣe nipasẹ media awujọ lati jẹ alaigbagbọ, lati ṣawari bi awọn olukopa ti o ni ipalara yoo wo awọn ihuwasi wọnyi, ati lati ṣe afiwe awọn iwoye ti awọn ihuwasi wọnyi si awọn ti ibalopo, imolara, ati online infidelity.
Awọn Iro ti Awọn Iwa Oniruuru bi Aigbagbọ [TOP]
Lara awọn ohun miiran, boya tabi kii ṣe ihuwasi ni a gba pe aiṣedeede da lori iru ihuwasi ti o ni ibeere, ati awọn abuda ti awọn ẹni-kọọkan ninu ibatan. Pupọ julọ iwadii jiroro lori aiṣotitọ pẹlu awọn aake akọkọ meji: ibalopọ ati ẹtan ẹdun (Blow & Hartnett, 2005), ifilo si extradyadic ibalopo olubasọrọ ti ara tabi awọn ẹdun asomọ si ẹnikan ko ọkan ká alabaṣepọ. Sibẹsibẹ, diẹ ninu awọn oniwadi ti ṣe ayẹwo awọn iyatọ ninu iwoye ti awọn ihuwasi miiran ni awọn ofin ti irẹjẹ. Fun apẹẹrẹ, Wilson ati awọn ẹlẹgbẹ (Wilson, Mattingly, Clark, Weidler, & Bequette, 2011) developed a scale examining perceptions of ambiguous and deceptive behaviors, such as dancing with someone else or lying to one’s partner, as well as explicit behaviors, such as oral sex with someone else. Their findings suggest that these three types of behaviors (ambiguous, deceptive, and explicit) are all seen as infidelity, but in different ways by different types of people. Previously, Whitty (2003) ri pe awọn olukopa ti pin aiṣootọ si awọn oriṣi akọkọ mẹta, pẹlu aiṣedeede ibalopọ, aiṣedeede ẹdun, ati lilo awọn aworan iwokuwo. Iwoye, Whitty ri pe awọn iwa ti o nii ṣe pẹlu lilo awọn aworan iwokuwo ni a ri bi o kere julọ lati jẹ aiṣedeede, ṣugbọn awọn ihuwasi ti o niiṣe pẹlu kọmputa gẹgẹbi cybersex ni a fiyesi bakanna si iwa ibalopọ oju-si-oju, kii ṣe gẹgẹbi ọna iyan lọtọ. Awọn abajade wọnyi fihan pe aiṣedeede ti ara tabi ti ẹdun ko ni lati waye ni awọn ipo oju-si-oju lati ni akiyesi bi iwa-ipa. Nitootọ, o kere ju 80% ti awọn eniyan ti a fun ni awọn oju iṣẹlẹ nipa aigbagbọ lori ayelujara tọka si pe ihuwasi yii ni a yoo rii bi iṣe ti irẹwẹsi (Schnarre & Adam, ọdun 2017; Whitty, Ọdun 2005). Ninu iwadi kan, Schneider ati awọn ẹlẹgbẹ (2012) ri wipe ti 34 olukopa ti o ti kari online infidelity, 30 ro wipe yi ihuwasi ti ni odi fowo wọn gidi-aye ibasepo. Pupọ awọn olukopa royin isonu ti igbẹkẹle, nitori ọpọlọpọ ninu wọn ni ipa nipasẹ ẹtan alabaṣepọ wọn. Ni afikun, ni awọn ifọrọwanilẹnuwo pẹlu awọn eniyan ti awọn alabaṣiṣẹpọ wọn ti ṣe alaigbagbọ lori ayelujara, telo (2000) ri wipe fere kan mẹẹdogun ti awọn alabaṣepọ ti niwon niya tabi ikọ wọn alabaṣepọ.
Are Social Media Behaviors Infidelity? [TOP]
Níwọ̀n bí a ti ṣe ìwádìí Whitty lórí àìṣòótọ́ onígbàgbọ́ tí kọ̀ǹpútà ṣe (Whitty, Ọdun 2003), awọn ọna ti awọn eniyan le ṣe awọn ibatan extradyad ti pọ si, nitori awọn iru ẹrọ media awujọ bii Facebook ati Snapchat. Awọn aaye media awujọ jẹ awọn iru ẹrọ ibaraenisepo ti o gba awọn olumulo laaye lati ṣe ipilẹṣẹ ati firanṣẹ akoonu tiwọn ati ṣẹda ati ṣetọju awọn ibatan ni deede (Obar & Wildman, 2015). Awọn iru ẹrọ wọnyi jẹ olokiki ti iyalẹnu: Facebook laipe royin awọn olumulo oṣooṣu 2.45 bilionu ti nṣiṣe lọwọ (Facebook, 2019), ati Snapchat royin 210 milionu awọn olumulo ti nṣiṣe lọwọ oṣooṣu (Snapchat, ọdun 2019). Sibẹsibẹ, pẹlu awọn anfani ti o pọ si fun asopọ foju le wa awọn aye ti o pọ si fun aigbagbọ. Iwadi kan rii pe ni ayika 10% ti awọn olukopa ti o wa ninu awọn ibatan igbesi aye gidi ti kopa ninu awọn ihuwasi ti o ni ibatan infidelity nipasẹ media awujọ (McDaniel, Drouin, & Cravens, ọdun 2017). Iwadi miiran ti rii pe lilo Facebook ti o pọ si ni nkan ṣe pẹlu iṣeeṣe ti o pọ si ti awọn abajade ibatan gidi-aye odi, pẹlu iyan lori alabaṣepọ ẹnikan pẹlu ẹnikan lati Facebook (Clayton, Nagurney, & Smith, ọdun 2013). O dabi ẹni pe awọn ihuwasi ti o ni ibatan infidelity ti a ṣe nipasẹ media awujọ yoo ni akiyesi bakanna si awọn ọna aiṣododo ori ayelujara miiran. Idi kan ti awọn ẹkọ lọwọlọwọ ni lati ṣawari bii ihuwasi ti o ni ibatan si infidelity nipasẹ media awujọ ti a ṣe afiwe si awọn agbedemeji kọnputa ti aṣa diẹ sii ati aiṣedeede ibalopọ.
Njẹ Awọn ihuwasi Parasocial Infidelity? [TOP]
Boya tabi kii ṣe awọn PSRs romantic ti alabaṣepọ ni a gba pe o jẹ aiṣedeede ko ti gba akiyesi pupọ. Parasocial crushs dabi lati wa ni gidigidi wọpọ. Ninu iwadi kan aipẹ, diẹ sii ju 90% ti awọn obinrin ti o jẹ ọjọ-ori kọlẹji ranti nini asomọ parasocial ifẹ pẹlu olokiki olokiki tabi ohun kikọ itan lakoko ti wọn jẹ ọdọ. Botilẹjẹpe lori dada awọn PSR ko le rii bi extradyadic, wọn le ṣiṣẹ bakan naa si awọn ibatan ifẹ-aye gidi, nipa fifun ẹlẹgbẹ ati ipa rere pọ si, fun apẹẹrẹ, lakoko ti o ni awọn idiyele ibatan kekere (Adam & Sizemore, ọdun 2013). O le jẹ pe awọn ibatan parasocial, lẹhinna, le ṣe akiyesi bi idẹruba awọn ibatan gidi-aye. Ninu iwadi kan ti o ṣe ayẹwo ipa ti offline extradyadic, ori ayelujara ati ihuwasi parasocial lori awọn ibatan hypothetical, o fẹrẹ jẹ pe ọpọlọpọ awọn olukopa fihan pe awọn ibatan parasocial romantic jẹ awọn iṣe ti irẹwẹsi (76%) bi aigbagbọ lori ayelujara (80%), botilẹjẹpe fun awọn idi oriṣiriṣi (Schnarre & Adam, ọdun 2017). Both offline and online acts were largely seen as betrayals of trust, while parasocial behavior was seen as betrayal because of its role in making a partner feel inadequate in the relationship. This suggests that people may indeed perceive romantic PSRs as violating relationship norms, and as infidelity.
Abala ti infidelity ti o jọra si awọn ibatan parasocial le jẹ lilo awọn aworan iwokuwo, ninu eyiti ibaraenisepo tun jẹ apa kan. Diẹ ninu awọn oniwadi jiyan fun awọn anfani ti lilo awọn aworan iwokuwo, bii itẹlọrun ti o pọ si pẹlu ibaraẹnisọrọ ibalopọ ni o kere ju nigba ti wọn ba ṣiṣẹpọ bi tọkọtaya (Harkness, 2014). Sibẹsibẹ, iwadii miiran ti fihan pe lilo awọn aworan iwokuwo ti ara ẹni ni ibatan ni odi si ifaramọ ibatan (Lambert, Negash, Stillman, Olmstead, & Fincham, 2012) and intimacy (Harkness, 2014), ati pe lilo awọn aworan iwokuwo ti alabaṣepọ kan ni odi ni ibatan si igbẹkẹle ati itẹlọrun ibatan ati ni ibamu ni ibamu pẹlu ipọnju ọpọlọ (Szymanski, Feltman, & Dunn, ọdun 2015). There may be more beneficial effects of pornography use as a couple, but solitary use by one partner appears to be considered a form of betrayal (Bergner & Awọn afara, 2002), ati nigbati o ba ṣiṣẹ ni ita ti awọn ilana ibasepo, o le jẹ ipalara si ibasepọ naa. Lilo awọn aworan iwokuwo nipasẹ alabaṣepọ le ja si ipọnju ati idinku awọn iwoye ti iye ara ẹni (Bergner & Awọn afara, 2002). O ṣeese pe awọn ibatan parasocial jẹ akiyesi bakanna si lilo awọn aworan iwokuwo ni awọn ofin ti aigbagbọ, ti awọn PSR ba waye ni ita ti awọn ilana ibatan, ati pe o kan iwa ọdaràn ti o le ni ipa lori oye ti alabaṣepọ ti ara ẹni laarin ibatan (Schnarre & Adam, ọdun 2017). Ibi-afẹde miiran ti awọn ẹkọ lọwọlọwọ ni lati ṣawari bi a ṣe rii awọn ihuwasi parasocial ni akawe si awọn iru infidelity miiran.
Awọn Iyatọ Olukuluku ni Awọn Iroye ti Infidelity [TOP]
Awọn akiyesi ti infidelity tun dale lori awọn ẹya ara ẹni kọọkan. Diẹ ninu awọn iwadii ti rii pe lapapọ, awọn ọkunrin ṣọ lati rii aibikita diẹ sii ju awọn obinrin lọ, ṣugbọn pe awọn ọkunrin ati obinrin wo ibalopọ ati aiṣedeede ẹdun bakanna (Sheppard, Nelson, ati Andreoli-Mathie, ọdun 1995). Bibẹẹkọ, awọn oniwadi miiran ti rii pe awọn ọkunrin ati awọn obinrin wo oriṣiriṣi awọn iru alaigbagbọ ni oriṣiriṣi, bii awọn ọkunrin maa n rii aifẹ ibalopọ ni ibanujẹ diẹ sii, lakoko ti awọn obinrin rii aibikita ẹdun diẹ sii ni ibanujẹ (Brase, Adair, & Monk, ọdun 2014; Buss et al., 1992; Cann, Mangum, & Wells, ọdun 2001; Kruger et al., Ọdun 2015; Shackelford, Buss, & Bennett, ọdun 2002; Treger & Sprecher, ọdun 2011). Whitty (2003) rii pe akọ ati ọjọ-ori ni ipa awọn iwoye ti boya ihuwasi kan ni akiyesi bi aiṣedeede ibalopọ. Ni gbogbogbo, ọdọ, awọn olukopa obinrin ni o ṣee ṣe diẹ sii lati rii awọn ihuwasi ibalopọ extradyad (pẹlu ihuwasi ibalopọ ti kọnputa) bi aigbagbọ. Ninu awọn ẹkọ ti o wa lọwọlọwọ, ọjọ ori ati awọn iyatọ ti abo ni awọn eroye ti awọn oriṣiriṣi iru alaigbagbọ ni a ṣawari.
Ninu nkan ti o wa lọwọlọwọ, Mo ṣe ijabọ lori awọn iwadii meji ti Mo ṣe lati ṣe iwadii siwaju si awọn iwoye ti infidelity. Ibi-afẹde ti Ikẹkọ 1 ni lati ṣe afiwe awọn idiyele alabaṣe ti ihuwasi parasocial ati ihuwasi extradyad ti a ṣe nipasẹ media awujọ (bii sexy Snapchatting ati sexting) si ibalopọ, ẹdun, ati aigbagbọ lori ayelujara (Whitty, Ọdun 2003).
Iwadi 1 [TOP]
ọna [TOP]
olukopa [TOP]
Awọn ọmọ ile-iwe kọlẹji lati ile-ẹkọ giga aarin-iwọ-oorun kan ni Ilu Amẹrika (N = 114) ati awọn alabaṣepọ 101 lati Amazon's Mechanical Turk kopa ninu iwadi yii. Awọn olukopa ọmọ ile-iwe pẹlu awọn obinrin 94 ati awọn ọkunrin 20 ti o wa ni ọjọ-ori lati 18 si 44 ọdun (M = 19.33, SD = 3.24). A gba awọn olukopa nipasẹ eto SONA ti ile-ẹkọ giga, eto iṣakoso iwadi lori ayelujara, ati pe wọn san ẹsan pẹlu kirẹditi iwadii fun ikopa wọn, eyiti o le ṣee lo si awọn ibeere ikẹkọ tabi afikun kirẹditi. Awọn olukopa MTurk pẹlu awọn obinrin 48 ati awọn ọkunrin 52 ti ngbe ni AMẸRIKA ti o wa ni ọjọ-ori lati 20 si 61 ọdun (M = 33.34, SD = 9.06 ọdun), ati pe wọn san $ 2.00 fun akoko wọn. Pupọ awọn olukopa ninu apẹẹrẹ MTurk (N = 73) royin pe o wa ninu ibatan olufaraji, lakoko ti awọn olukopa 58 ninu apẹẹrẹ kọlẹji wa ninu ibatan olufaraji.
Apẹrẹ / Awọn iwọn [TOP]
Mo ṣe iwadi lori ayelujara nipa lilo SurveyMonkey. Ni afikun si awọn ibeere ibi-aye ipilẹ, awọn olukopa ṣe iwọn awọn ihuwasi 10 ti a ti ṣe iwadii tẹlẹ ni awọn ofin ti aigbagbọ (Whitty, Ọdun 2003). Whitty's atilẹba Infidelity Scale ni awọn ifosiwewe mẹta pẹlu awọn nkan 15, ti o ni ibatan si aiṣedeede ibalopo, aiṣedeede ẹdun, ati aiṣedeede onihoho. Mo pa awọn ibeere kuro nipa “iwiregbe gbigbona” gẹgẹbi ọrọ ti a ko lo jakejado mọ, ati beere ibeere kan nikan nipa lilo awọn aworan iwokuwo adashe. Mo ti fẹ sii lori awọn aaye ti aiṣedeede media awujọ lati ṣawari bii sexting, ni gbese Snapchatting, ati fifiranṣẹ tabi gbigba awọn ara ẹni ihoho, ti wọn ni awọn ofin ti aigbagbọ. Mo tun fẹ lati mọ bi awọn ihuwasi wọnyi ṣe akawe si awọn ihuwasi gidi-aye miiran ti a gbero, ni awọn igba, lati jẹ alaigbagbọ, nitorinaa tun beere nipa awọn ihuwasi 12 lati Awọn Iroye ti Iṣeduro Infidelity ibaṣepọ (PDIS: Wilson et al., 2011). Ni imọran, awọn ifosiwewe ti PDIS (Fihan ati Ẹtan) ni lqkan pẹlu awọn ẹya Ibalopo ati ti ẹdun ti Iwọn Infidelity Whitty, ṣugbọn Mo tun nifẹ si bii awọn ihuwasi media awujọ ti a ṣe afiwe awọn ihuwasi ti o ni ibatan si isale Ambiguous ti PDIS, gẹgẹbi famọra tabi ijó. pÆlú ẹlòmíràn. Nikẹhin, Mo beere lọwọ awọn olukopa lati ṣe iwọn awọn ihuwasi meje ti o ni ibatan si infidelity parasocial (fun apẹẹrẹ, rira / fifiranṣẹ awọn ẹbun fun fifun pa olokiki, fantasizing nipa fifun pa yẹn, wiwo awọn aworan iwokuwo ti fifun pa), ati pe o tun pẹlu awọn paati gidi-aye ti awọn ihuwasi wọnyẹn (irora nipa ẹlomiran, rira / gbigba awọn ẹbun lati ọdọ ẹlomiran), fun apapọ awọn ohun 34. Gẹgẹbi ninu atilẹba iwadi Whitty (ati bakanna si Ikẹkọ 1 nipasẹ Wilson et al.), Awọn olukopa ṣe iwọn ihuwasi kọọkan lori iwọn-ojuami marun lati kii ṣe gbogbo aigbagbọ si aigbagbọ pupọ. Ilana ti igbejade ti awọn ihuwasi jẹ laileto fun alabaṣe kọọkan.
awọn esi [TOP]
Lati ṣawari bawo ni awọn nkan 34 wọnyi ti o ni ibatan si awọn oriṣiriṣi iru infidelity, Mo fi awọn akiyesi awọn olukopa ti awọn ihuwasi 34 silẹ si ifosiwewe axis akọkọ nipa lilo yiyi oblimin taara ni SPSS (awọn iṣiro asọye wa ninu Table 1).
Tabili 1
Itumọ-wonsi fun kọọkan ihuwasi bi Infidelity
| ohun | M | SD |
|---|---|---|
| Ibalopọ ẹnu pẹlu ẹlomiran | 4.91 | 0.53 |
| Ibalopo ibalopo pẹlu ẹlomiran | 4.90 | 0.54 |
| ibaṣepọ elomiran | 4.79 | 0.71 |
| Fifiranṣẹ ihoho selfies si elomiran | 4.74 | 0.68 |
| Cybersex nigbagbogbo pẹlu ọpọ eniyan | 4.73 | 0.72 |
| Eru petting / fondling pẹlu ẹlomiran | 4.71 | 0.71 |
| Ibaṣepọ | 4.70 | 0.76 |
| Kissing someone else | 4.62 | 0.79 |
| Cybersex pẹlu alejò - o kan lẹẹkan | 4.62 | 0.87 |
| Sexy Snapchatting | 4.60 | 0.80 |
| Cybersex regularly with same person | 4.56 | 0.94 |
| Gbigba ihoho selfies lati elomiran | 4.43 | 0.94 |
| flirting pẹlu ẹlomiran | 3.61 | 1.18 |
| Pinpin alaye ẹdun ti o jinlẹ lori ayelujara | 3.42 | 1.26 |
| Pínpín jin imolara alaye offline | 3.42 | 1.24 |
| eke | 3.33 | 1.18 |
| Buy/receive gifts from someone else | 3.30 | 1.26 |
| Lilọ si bọ awọn ọgọ laisi iwọ | 3.20 | 1.30 |
| Idinku alaye lati ọdọ rẹ | 3.15 | 1.13 |
| Nini a ti kii-ibalopo ibasepo offline | 3.03 | 1.37 |
| Fantasizing nipa elomiran | 3.01 | 1.44 |
| Nini a ti kii-ibalopo ibasepo online | 3.00 | 1.42 |
| Lilọ jade lati jẹ / mu pẹlu ẹlomiran | 2.84 | 1.23 |
| Buy/send gifts for celebrity crush | 2.79 | 1.34 |
| Wo onihoho ti Amuludun crush | 2.69 | 1.42 |
| Jijo pẹlu ẹlomiran | 2.65 | 1.17 |
| Viewing porn without you | 2.44 | 1.46 |
| Lilọ si ibikan pẹlu ẹlomiran | 2.37 | 1.22 |
| Igbiyanju lati pade pẹlu Amuludun crush | 2.17 | 1.17 |
| Trying to contact celebrity crush | 2.11 | 1.18 |
| Ntọju Memorebilia ti Amuludun crush | 2.03 | 1.13 |
| Nini a gun-igba Amuludun crush | 2.03 | 1.16 |
| Famọra elomiran | 2.00 | 1.06 |
| Fantasizing nipa Amuludun crush | 1.76 | 1.04 |
Botilẹjẹpe awọn ifosiwewe mẹfa ni Eigenvalues loke ọkan, asọtẹlẹ 71% ti iyatọ, ni imọran, ojutu ifosiwewe marun tabi mẹfa ko dara. Ojutu mẹrin-ifosiwewe ti asọtẹlẹ 63 ogorun ti iyatọ, pẹlu awọn ohun parasocial ti o pin si awọn ihuwasi gidi-aye diẹ sii (Ihuwasi Parasocial) ati awọn ihuwasi adashe (Parasocial Fantasy), nlọ awọn iwa miiran ti n ṣajọpọ si awọn ifosiwewe meji - Ibalopo ati Imudara infidelity. Awọn iwa ti o ni idaniloju lati PDIS ti o ni ibamu pẹlu Imolara (Ẹtan). Lilo aworan iwokuwo wa ninu ifosiwewe Parasocial Fantasy, botilẹjẹpe fifiranṣẹ or gba nude selfies was clearly grouped with Sexual infidelity (see Table 2 fun awọn ikojọpọ ifosiwewe). Apapọ awọn ohun kan fun ifosiwewe kọọkan jẹ iṣiro.
Tabili 2
Ìkẹ́kọ̀ọ́ Ìwé Àwòkọ́ṣe Factor 1
| Infidelity Nkan | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imamọra | ibalopo | PB | PF | |
| Eigenvalues | 12.79 | 5.48 | 2.14 | 1.48 |
| Iyatọ ti a ṣe alaye | 37.64 | 16.10 | 6.29 | 4.36 |
| Lilọ si ibikan pẹlu ẹlomiran | 0.789 | 0.116 | 0.089 | 0.096 |
| Ra / gba awọn ẹbun fun / lati ọdọ ẹlomiran | 0.776 | -0.006 | 0.069 | 0.058 |
| Pinpin alaye ẹdun ti o jinlẹ pẹlu ẹnikan lori ayelujara | 0.767 | -0.050 | -0.161 | -0.070 |
| Pinpin alaye ẹdun ti o jinlẹ pẹlu ẹnikan offline | 0.763 | -0.073 | -0.081 | -0.003 |
| Lọ jade lati jẹ tabi mu pẹlu ẹlomiran | 0.688 | -0.010 | 0.106 | -0.034 |
| Idinku alaye lati ọdọ rẹ | 0.683 | -0.033 | 0.070 | 0.023 |
| Eke si o | 0.680 | -0.075 | 0.129 | 0.098 |
| Nini ti kii-ibalopo online ibasepo | 0.526 | -0.070 | -0.002 | -0.084 |
| Having non-sexual offline relationship | 0.505 | -0.027 | 0.038 | -0.046 |
| Famọra elomiran | 0.448 | 0.072 | -0.020 | -0.281 |
| Jijo pẹlu ẹlomiran | 0.433 | -0.066 | -0.081 | -0.309 |
| flirting pẹlu ẹlomiran | 0.397 | -0.223 | -0.051 | -0.296 |
| Cybersex nigbagbogbo pẹlu ọpọ eniyan | -0.042 | -0.907 | -0.012 | -0.006 |
| Fifiranṣẹ ihoho selfies si elomiran | -0.037 | -0.905 | -0.005 | -0.069 |
| Ibalopọ ẹnu pẹlu ẹlomiran | -0.057 | -0.868 | 0.075 | 0.154 |
| Ibalopo ibalopo pẹlu ẹlomiran | -0.035 | -0.858 | 0.077 | 0.159 |
| Ibaṣepọ | 0.021 | -0.845 | 0.056 | 0.029 |
| Heavy petting/fondling | -0.009 | -0.809 | 0.091 | 0.135 |
| Sexy Snapchatting | 0.079 | -0.803 | 0.052 | -0.035 |
| ibaṣepọ elomiran | 0.010 | -0.790 | 0.000 | -0.032 |
| Cybersex with stranger – once | 0.013 | -0.764 | -0.079 | -0.168 |
| Kissing someone else | 0.100 | -0.725 | -0.046 | -0.041 |
| Cybersex regularly with same person | 0.033 | -0.640 | -0.067 | -0.092 |
| Gbigba ihoho selfies lati elomiran | 0.073 | -0.567 | -0.144 | -0.210 |
| Trying to contact celebrity crush | 0.081 | -0.056 | 0.787 | -0.047 |
| Igbiyanju lati pade Amuludun crush | 0.084 | -0.028 | 0.772 | -0.086 |
| Ifẹ si / fifiranṣẹ awọn ẹbun Amuludun crush | 0.232 | -0.073 | 0.550 | -0.091 |
| Wiwo iwokuwo ti Amuludun crush | 0.057 | -0.067 | 0.154 | -0.764 |
| Wiwo awọn aworan iwokuwo laisi iwọ | 0.081 | -0.061 | 0.054 | -0.736 |
| Fantasizing nipa elomiran | 0.239 | -0.082 | -0.084 | -0.647 |
| Fantasizing about celebrity/character crush | -0.109 | -0.003 | 0.406 | -0.609 |
| Ntọju Memorebilia ti Amuludun / ohun kikọ crush | 0.073 | 0.048 | 0.380 | -0.581 |
| Nini gun-igba fifun on Amuludun / ohun kikọ silẹ | 0.047 | 0.066 | 0.455 | -0.539 |
| Lilọ si bọ awọn ọgọ laisi iwọ | 0.308 | -0.089 | 0.009 | -0.460 |
akọsilẹ. Boldface tọkasi awọn ikojọpọ ifosiwewe ti o ga julọ.
Bi ninu Whitty (2003) iwadi, awọn Ibalopo infidelity ifosiwewe to wa cybersexual awọn iwa bi daradara bi ti ara ibalopo infidelity. Gẹgẹbi asọtẹlẹ, awọn ihuwasi media awujọ bii sexting, sexy Snapchatting, ati fifiranṣẹ tabi gbigba awọn ara ẹni ihoho tun wa ninu ifosiwewe infidelity, fun apapọ awọn ihuwasi 12 (α = .946). Bi o ti le ri ninu Table 1, awọn iwa ibalopọ ti a ṣe nipasẹ media media ni a ṣe iwọn kanna si awọn ihuwasi ibalopọ gidi-aye ni awọn ofin ti aigbagbọ ti a rii. Infidelity ti ẹdun pẹlu awọn ihuwasi 12, eyiti o tun jẹ deede inu inu (α = .908). Parasocial Fantasy pẹlu awọn ihuwasi meje (α = .908), pẹlu diẹ ninu awọn iwa ti o ni ibatan si awọn aworan iwokuwo adashe, ati Parasocial Behavior pẹlu awọn ihuwasi mẹta ti o ni igbiyanju lati ṣe ajọṣepọ pẹlu olokiki olokiki kan (ra wọn awọn ẹbun, gbiyanju lati kan si tabi pade pẹlu wọn; α = .831).
Lati ṣawari boya awọn ipa ti akọ tabi abo wa lori awọn akiyesi ti awọn oriṣiriṣi iru infidelity, Mo ṣe akoso ANVOA ti o dapọ ni SPSS, pẹlu awọn oriṣi mẹrin ti aiṣedeede gẹgẹbi iyipada ominira laarin awọn koko-ọrọ, abo ti ara ẹni (ọkunrin tabi obinrin) gẹgẹbi laarin awọn koko-ọrọ ominira oniyipada, ati infidelity Rating bi awọn ti o gbẹkẹle oniyipada. Ipa akọkọ ti iru aiṣedeede wa lori awọn iwọn infidelity, F(3, 639) = 510.46, p < .001, η2 = .706. Awọn afiwera onilọpo meji tọka si pe awọn ikun aropin fun Aiṣedeede Ibalopo jẹ ga ni pataki (M = 4.69, SD = 0.60) ju fun Aigbagbọ Ikanra (M = 2.98, SD = 0.87), Irokuro Parasocial (M = 2.45, SD = 1.04) tabi Iwa Parasocial (M = 2.35, SD = 1.06). Ni afikun, Imolara Infidelity tun jẹ iwọn ti o ga julọ ni awọn ofin ti aigbagbọ ju boya ẹka parasocial.
Ipa akọkọ ti akọ-abo tun wa lori awọn iwoye ti infidelity, F(1, 213) = 8.42, p = .004, η2 = .038. Lapapọ, awọn obinrin ṣe iwọn awọn ihuwasi bi itọkasi diẹ sii ti aigbagbọ (M = 3.22, SD = 0.74) ju awọn ọkunrin lọ (M = 2.93, SD = 0.58). Sibẹsibẹ, ibaraenisepo laarin iru ihuwasi ati abo tun jẹ pataki, F(3, 624) = 2.46, p = .062, η2 = .012. Awọn apẹẹrẹ ti ominira t Awọn idanwo fihan pe ni pataki, awọn obinrin ni o ṣee ṣe diẹ sii lati ṣe iwọn Irokuro Parasocial ati Infidelity Imolara bi aiṣedeede (wo Table 3).
Tabili 3
Ifiwera Awọn Iwọn Aigbagbọ Itumọ nipasẹ Iru ati akọ-abo, Ikẹkọ 1
| Infidelity Iru | Women M (SD) | ọkunrin M (SD) | t | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parasocial Ihuwasi | 2.36 (1.13) | 2.35 (0.93) | 0.07 | 0.01 |
| Parasocial irokuro | 2.60 (1.06) | 2.17 (0.93) | 2.92 ** | 0.43 |
| ibalopo | 4.76 (0.62) | 4.56 (0.55) | 2.29 * | 0.34 |
| Ifarahan | 3.16 (0.88) | 2.65 (0.74) | 4.27 *** | 0.63 |
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Another mixed ANOVA was used to examine the effect of age on perceptions of the different types of infidelity. Age was included as a between-subjects covariate. There was a main effect of age on infidelity rating, F(1, 209) = 5.41, p = .021, η2 = .025. Ọjọ ori ṣe asọtẹlẹ ni pataki bi awọn olukopa ṣe ṣe iwọn irokuro Parasocial, β = -.026, t = -3.59, p <.001, ati aiṣotitọ ẹdun, β = -.023, t = -3.73, p <.001. Bi ọjọ ori ti n pọ si, awọn olukopa ko kere julọ lati ṣe iwọn awọn ihuwasi wọnyi bi itọkasi ti aigbagbọ.
Nikẹhin, ipa ti ipo ibatan lori awọn akiyesi ti awọn oriṣiriṣi iru infidelity ni a ṣawari. Awọn abajade ti ANOVA miiran ti o dapọ fihan pe ipa pataki kan wa ti ipo ibatan (ninu ibatan olufaraji la kii ṣe) lori awọn iwoye ti aigbagbọ, F(1, 213) = 6.33, p = .013, η2 = .029. Awọn apẹẹrẹ ti ominira t Awọn idanwo fihan pe awọn olukopa ninu ibatan olufaraji ti ṣe iwọn ihuwasi parasocial ati awọn ihuwasi ẹdun bi ti o ga julọ ni aigbagbọ ju awọn olukopa ti kii ṣe ninu awọn ibatan olufaraji (wo Table 4).
Tabili 4
Ifiwera Awọn Iwọn Aigbagbọ Itumọ nipasẹ Iru ati Ipo ibatan, Ikẹkọ 1
| Infidelity Iru | nikan M (SD) | ibasepo M (SD) | t | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parasocial Ihuwasi | 2.12 (0.95) | 2.51 (1.11) | -2.68** | 0.38 |
| Parasocial irokuro | 2.33 (0.88) | 2.53 (1.13) | -1.43 | 0.20 |
| ibalopo | 4.65 (0.75) | 4.72 (0.48) | -0.82 | 0.11 |
| Ifarahan | 2.80 (0.78) | 3.10 (0.90) | -2.54 * | 0.36 |
akọsilẹ. Para. Beh. = Iwa Parasocial; Para. Fant. = Parasocial irokuro.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
fanfa [TOP]
Iwadi iwakiri yii ṣe siwaju ohun ti a mọ nipa bawo ni awọn eniyan ṣe n woye awọn ihuwasi ajeji. Iwoye, awọn iwa ti o ni ibatan si infidelity ti o waye nipasẹ media media (bii sexy Snapchatting) ni a rii bakanna si awọn iṣe ti a ti kọ tẹlẹ ti cyber-infidelity (bii nini cybersex pẹlu alejò; Whitty, Ọdun 2003), and both social media and cyber-behaviors were categorized with Sexual Infidelity in terms of betrayal. Indeed, compared to Whitty’s original study, people rated sending and receiving nude selfies through social media or other electronic venues to other people as extreme infidelity.
Ni afikun, botilẹjẹpe awọn ihuwasi parasocial jẹ eyiti o kere pupọ lati ni aibikita ni akawe si awọn ẹlẹgbẹ media awujọ wọn, wọn jẹ, gẹgẹ bi a ti sọ asọtẹlẹ, ti fiyesi bakanna si lilo awọn aworan iwokuwo ni awọn ofin ti aigbagbọ. Nípa bẹ́ẹ̀, ó dà bí ẹni pé tí ẹnì kan bá kíyè sí ìṣekúṣe tí ẹnì kejì rẹ̀ ń lò láti jẹ́ ìwà ọ̀dàlẹ̀, wọ́n tún lè róye àwọn ìbáṣepọ̀ onífẹ̀ẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí aláìṣòótọ́, bákan náà ni ìwà yìí sì lè kó ìdààmú bá wọn.
Nibẹ wà diẹ ninu awọn differenes ni bi awon eniyan ti fiyesi infidelity. Ni apapọ, awọn obinrin ṣe akiyesi awọn ihuwasi ibalopọ bi o ga julọ ni aiṣotitọ, ṣugbọn ko si ipa ti ọjọ-ori tabi ipo ibatan lori bawo ni a ṣe rii ifosiwewe yii. Awọn obinrin ati awọn olukopa ọdọ ni o ṣee ṣe diẹ sii lati ṣe iwọn awọn ihuwasi ti o ni ibatan si irokuro parasocial bi aigbagbọ, bakanna si awọn abajade ti Whitty (2003). Ti awọn olukopa ti o kere ju ṣe iwọn awọn ihuwasi wọnyi bi o ga julọ ni aigbagbọ le jẹ nitori aini iriri pẹlu awọn ibatan gidi-aye, tabi nitori aṣa iyipada nipa awọn ibatan extradyad ti o yẹ. Ni diẹ ninu awọn ipo, lẹhinna, awọn ihuwasi parasocial ni apakan ti alabaṣepọ ọkan le ni akiyesi bi atanpako, ati bi iru bẹẹ, le ni ipa lori ibatan yẹn ni odi, paapaa fun awọn ọdọ. Bi awọn ọna ti ibaraenisepo awujo faagun, ki ju yẹ ki awọn ibaraẹnisọrọ ni ayika ohun ti o jẹ itẹwọgba ni pato ibasepo. Ohun ti o le fiyesi bi alailewu nipasẹ alabaṣepọ kan le ni akiyesi bi aiṣedeede ibalopọ nipasẹ alabaṣepọ miiran.
Botilẹjẹpe awọn olukopa dabi ẹni pe o rii mejeeji awọn ihuwasi media awujọ ati awọn ihuwasi parasocial bi awọn iru aibikita ti o jọra pẹlu aiṣedeede ibalopọ ati lilo awọn aworan iwokuwo, o ṣee ṣe pe ipa ti a rii ti awọn ihuwasi wọnyi yoo dinku, paapaa fun awọn ibatan parasocial. Awọn olukopa le lero pe ihuwasi parasocial kan yoo rú awọn iwuwasi ti ibatan igbesi aye gidi kan, ṣugbọn wọn le ni ipa diẹ si nipasẹ irufin iwuwasi ju nipasẹ awọn ihuwasi miiran, tabi lero pe wọn yoo ni ẹtọ diẹ si lati ni ipalara nipasẹ irufin yẹn. Iwadi keji ni a ṣe lati jẹrisi pe awọn ihuwasi ti a ti kọ tẹlẹ, paapaa awọn ihuwasi parasocial, nitootọ ni a fiyesi bi aiṣedeede ati nitorinaa aibalẹ si awọn ibatan, ati lati ṣe afiwe ipa ti a fiyesi ti Ibalopo, Imudara, ati Infidelity Parasocial, ati lati ṣawari itankalẹ ati abajade. ti parasocial infidelity.
Iwadi 2 [TOP]
ọna [TOP]
olukopa [TOP]
A gba awọn olukopa nipasẹ MTurk ati lati ile-ẹkọ giga Midwestern kan ni Amẹrika. Awọn olukopa ọmọ ile-iwe kọlẹji pẹlu awọn obinrin 68 ati awọn ọkunrin 29 ti o wa ni ọjọ-ori lati 18 si 28 ọdun (M = 18.91, SD = 1.69). A gba awọn olukopa nipasẹ eto SONA ti ile-ẹkọ giga, eto iṣakoso iwadi lori ayelujara, ati pe wọn san ẹsan pẹlu kirẹditi iwadii fun ikopa wọn, eyiti o le ṣee lo si awọn ibeere ikẹkọ tabi afikun kirẹditi. Awọn olukopa MTurk pẹlu awọn obinrin 34 ati awọn ọkunrin 66 ti o wa ni ọjọ-ori lati 19 si 59 ọdun (M = 31.60, SD = 8.15 ọdun), ati pe wọn san $ 1.00 fun akoko wọn. Pupọ awọn olukopa ninu apẹẹrẹ MTurk (N = 62) royin pe o wa ninu ibatan olufaraji, lakoko ti awọn olukopa 43 ninu apẹẹrẹ kọlẹji wa ninu ibatan olufaraji.
Apẹrẹ / Awọn iwọn [TOP]
I again conducted an online survey using SurveyMonkey. In addition to basic demographic question, measures included the behaviors that participants had previously rated in terms of infidelity. Also included were a few new behaviors, including a partner posting Facebook photos that illustrated flirtatious behavior with another person, having a social media dating account, and telling their partner they wished they looked more like their celebrity crush. Each behavior was rated via a sliding bar from 0 to 100 in terms of how ipalara ihuwasi naa yoo jẹ ti alabaṣepọ alabaṣe yoo ṣe agbekalẹ ihuwasi kọọkan. Ilana ti a ṣe afihan awọn iwa naa jẹ ti a sọtọ fun alabaṣe kọọkan. A tun beere lọwọ awọn alabaṣe boya wọn ti wa ninu ibatan kan ninu eyiti alabaṣepọ wọn ni asomọ parasocial romantic, ati bii iyẹn ṣe kan ibatan wọn.
awọn esi [TOP]
I submitted participants’ perceptions of hurtfulness of the behaviors to exploratory factor analysis using direct oblimin rotation in SPSS (descriptive statistics are in Table 5). Botilẹjẹpe awọn ifosiwewe mẹfa ni Eigenvalues loke ọkan, awọn ifosiwewe mẹrin tun sọ asọtẹlẹ 64 ida ọgọrun ti iyatọ naa. Bibẹẹkọ, ojutu ifosiwewe mẹrin ko ṣe maapu lori daradara si awọn ifosiwewe ti tẹlẹ - awọn ihuwasi ti a sọ tẹlẹ bi aibikita ẹdun ṣubu sinu awọn ifosiwewe meji pẹlu ko si iyatọ imọ-jinlẹ ti o han gbangba, ati awọn ihuwasi parasocial ti kojọpọ sori ifosiwewe kan. Nitorinaa, ojutu ifosiwewe mẹta ni a ṣe ayẹwo, eyiti o ṣalaye 60 ida ọgọrun ti iyatọ (wo Table 6), ati awọn ohun kan ti o ni ibamu pẹlu Ibalopo, Imolara, ati Infidelity Parasocial, pẹlu aini iyatọ laarin awọn ihuwasi parasocial ati irokuro parasocial. Nitorinaa, ninu awọn itupalẹ ti o tẹle, a ṣe ayẹwo Parasocial Infidelity bi ifosiwewe kan.
Tabili 5
Awọn iṣiro Apejuwe fun Ibanujẹ Awọn ihuwasi, Ikẹkọ 2
| ohun | M | SD |
|---|---|---|
| Ibalopo ibalopo pẹlu ẹlomiran | 95.09 | 13.37 |
| Fifun ẹnu ibalopo | 93.01 | 16.55 |
| Gbigba ibalopo ẹnu | 92.75 | 15.98 |
| Fifiranṣẹ ihoho selfies si elomiran | 88.79 | 21.24 |
| ibaṣepọ elomiran | 88.10 | 23.69 |
| Cybersex regularly with same person | 87.44 | 21.43 |
| Kissing someone else | 86.22 | 19.10 |
| Cybersex nigbagbogbo pẹlu ọpọ eniyan | 86.04 | 23.53 |
| Ibaṣepọ | 85.54 | 21.11 |
| Eru petting / fondling pẹlu ẹlomiran | 85.02 | 19.42 |
| Pipa awọn fọto Facebook kàn elomiran | 79.86 | 23.26 |
| Sexy Snapchatting | 78.73 | 25.32 |
| eke | 74.69 | 21.77 |
| Cybersex pẹlu alejò - o kan lẹẹkan | 73.83 | 30.19 |
| Gbigba ihoho selfies lati elomiran | 72.37 | 32.40 |
| Wọn ni Tinder/Bumble/ iroyin ti o jọra | 72.31 | 31.08 |
| Idinku alaye lati ọdọ rẹ | 69.84 | 26.20 |
| flirting pẹlu ẹlomiran | 67.91 | 28.69 |
| Sharing deep emotional info offline | 64.62 | 30.47 |
| Ti sọ fun ọ pe o dabi ẹnipe olokiki olokiki | 63.06 | 30.50 |
| Pinpin alaye ẹdun ti o jinlẹ lori ayelujara | 58.71 | 30.99 |
| Fantasizing nipa elomiran | 57.07 | 34.09 |
| Lilọ si bọ awọn ọgọ laisi iwọ | 50.24 | 36.00 |
| Buy/receive gifts from someone else | 50.08 | 35.16 |
| Nini a ti kii-ibalopo ibasepo online | 47.31 | 35.74 |
| Nini a ti kii-ibalopo ibasepo offline | 44.07 | 35.27 |
| Buy/send gifts for celebrity crush | 39.08 | 31.87 |
| Jijo pẹlu ẹlomiran | 38.72 | 29.58 |
| Lilọ jade lati jẹ / mu pẹlu ẹlomiran | 37.93 | 32.42 |
| Trying to contact celebrity crush | 34.15 | 31.42 |
| Igbiyanju lati pade pẹlu Amuludun crush | 32.16 | 30.88 |
| Wo onihoho ti Amuludun crush | 29.75 | 32.69 |
| Viewing porn without you | 25.34 | 33.59 |
| Nini a gun-igba Amuludun crush | 21.78 | 26.56 |
| Fantasizing nipa Amuludun crush | 20.87 | 25.43 |
| Famọra elomiran | 18.87 | 23.66 |
| Ntọju Memorebilia ti Amuludun crush | 18.69 | 25.43 |
Tabili 6
Ìkẹ́kọ̀ọ́ Ìwé Àwòkọ́ṣe Factor 2
| Infidelity Nkan | F1 | F2 | F3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ibalopo | Parasoc. | Ifarahan | |
| Eigenvalues | 14.90 | 5.85 | 1.92 |
| Iyatọ ti a ṣe alaye | 39.22 | 15.38 | 5.05 |
| Fi ẹnu ibalopo fun elomiran | 0.928 | -0.097 | -0.120 |
| Cybersex nigbagbogbo eniyan kanna | 0.909 | -0.061 | 0.011 |
| Ti gba ibalopọ ẹnu lati ọdọ ẹlomiran | 0.907 | -0.080 | -0.099 |
| Cybersex nigbagbogbo pẹlu ọpọ eniyan | 0.906 | 0.035 | -0.033 |
| Ti firanṣẹ awọn selfies ihoho si ẹlomiran | 0.895 | -0.005 | -0.045 |
| Sexted elomiran | 0.882 | 0.051 | -0.021 |
| Ibalopo ibalopo pẹlu ẹlomiran | 0.856 | -0.180 | -0.067 |
| Sexy Snapchatted | 0.830 | 0.106 | 0.051 |
| Fi ẹnu kò ẹlòmíràn | 0.723 | -0.081 | 0.170 |
| Cybersex with stranger – once | 0.680 | 0.205 | 0.013 |
| Olukoni ni eru petting / fondling | 0.676 | 0.020 | 0.049 |
| Ti gba awọn selfies ihoho nipasẹ imeeli / iwiregbe / ifiranṣẹ | 0.540 | 0.127 | 0.247 |
| Pipa awọn fọto flirtatious pẹlu ẹlomiran lori Facebook | 0.530 | 0.087 | 0.281 |
| Flirted with someone else | 0.502 | 0.092 | 0.340 |
| Tinder / Bumble / iru iroyin | 0.501 | 0.221 | 0.122 |
| Dated elomiran | 0.497 | 0.008 | 0.020 |
| Pa Memorebilia ti Amuludun / ohun kikọ crush | -0.144 | 0.827 | 0.038 |
| Gbiyanju lati pade pa Amuludun crush | 0.116 | 0.812 | -0.124 |
| Gun-igba fifun pa Amuludun / ohun kikọ silẹ | -0.103 | 0.775 | 0.118 |
| Gbiyanju lati kan si fifun pa | 0.109 | 0.759 | -0.173 |
| Fantasized nipa fifun pa | -0.054 | 0.753 | 0.061 |
| Ra / rán ebun fun fifun pa | 0.116 | 0.735 | -0.007 |
| Wo onihoho ti fifun pa | -0.014 | 0.628 | 0.201 |
| Ti wo onihoho laisi iwọ | -0.051 | 0.462 | 0.177 |
| Famọra elomiran | -0.117 | 0.448 | 0.410 |
| Went to strip clubs without you | 0.096 | 0.389 | 0.274 |
| Sọ fun ọ pe wọn fẹ pe o dabi diẹ sii bi fifun pa | 0.289 | 0.359 | 0.153 |
| Pin alaye ẹdun pẹlu ẹlomiran lori ayelujara | 0.003 | -0.045 | 0.767 |
| Pipin alaye ẹdun pẹlu ẹlomiiran offline | -0.070 | -0.022 | 0.702 |
| O jade lọ lati jẹun pẹlu ẹlomiran | -0.005 | 0.194 | 0.669 |
| Alaye idaduro lati ọdọ rẹ | 0.035 | -0.020 | 0.613 |
| Ti ra / gba awọn ẹbun fun / lati ọdọ ẹlomiran | 0.090 | 0.170 | 0.601 |
| Non-ibalopo ibasepo online | 0.122 | 0.153 | 0.498 |
| Ti purọ fun ọ | 0.258 | -0.156 | 0.494 |
| Jo pẹlu ẹlomiran | 0.059 | 0.266 | 0.445 |
| Fantasized nipa elomiran | 0.333 | 0.224 | 0.380 |
| Non-ibalopo ibasepo offline | 0.093 | 0.230 | 0.348 |
akọsilẹ. Boldface tọkasi awọn ikojọpọ ifosiwewe ti o ga julọ.
Ibalopo ibalopọ lẹẹkansi pẹlu awọn ihuwasi cybersexual, pẹlu lilo Facebook tabi awọn aaye ibaṣepọ awujọ, fun apapọ awọn ihuwasi 16 (α = .952). Infidelity ti ẹdun pẹlu awọn ihuwasi 10, eyiti o tun jẹ deede inu inu (α = .882). Infidelity Parasocial pẹlu awọn ihuwasi 10, lẹẹkansi pẹlu lilo aworan iwokuwo (α = .905). Famọra ni ibamu pẹlu awọn nkan parasocial ati awọn ẹdun ọkan ati pe o lọ silẹ lati awọn itupalẹ siwaju.
Mo ṣe ANOVA ti o dapọ pẹlu awọn oriṣi mẹta ti aiṣootọ bi awọn oniyipada ominira laarin awọn koko-ọrọ, akọ-abo (ọkunrin tabi obinrin) gẹgẹbi iyipada ominira laarin awọn koko-ọrọ, ati akiyesi ipalara bi oniyipada ti o gbẹkẹle. Ipa akọkọ kan wa ti iru aiṣedeede lori awọn iwontun-wonsi ipalara, F(2, 344) = 590.27, p < .001, η2 = .774. Pairwise comparisons showed that overall, average scores for Sexual Infidelity were significantly higher (M = 82.56, SD = 18.29) ju fun Aigbagbọ Ikanra (M = 53.64, SD = 21.52) tabi Parasocial Infidelity (M = 32.20, SD = 21.37), ati pe Infidelity Imolara ni a rii bi ipalara pupọ diẹ sii ju Infidelity Parasocial.
Ipa akọkọ ti akọ-abo tun wa lori bii awọn olukopa ti o ni ipalara ṣe rii gbogbo iru infidelity, F(1, 172) = 42.91, p < .001, η2 = .200. Lapapọ, awọn obinrin rii pe aiṣedeede jẹ ipalara diẹ sii (M = 63.82, SD = 15.29) ju awọn ọkunrin lọ (M = 48.62, SD = 15.30). In addition, there was a small but significant interaction effect between type of infidelity and gender on perceived hurtfulness, F(2, 344) = 3.45, p = .033, η2 = .02. Awọn apẹẹrẹ ti ominira t Awọn idanwo fihan pe botilẹjẹpe awọn obinrin ni o ṣeeṣe lati ṣe iwọn gbogbo awọn iwa aiṣootọ bi ipalara diẹ sii, iyatọ ko dinku fun awọn ihuwasi parasocial (wo Table 7).
ANOVA miiran ti o dapọ ni a lo lati ṣe ayẹwo ipa ti ọjọ ori lori ifarapa ti a rii ti awọn oriṣiriṣi iru alaigbagbọ. Ọjọ-ori ti wa ninu bi idapọ laarin awọn koko-ọrọ. Ipa akọkọ ti ọjọ-ori wa lori iwọn infidelity, F(1, 172) = 6.88, p = .010, η2 = .038. Ọjọ-ori ṣe asọtẹlẹ ni pataki bi awọn olukopa ṣe ṣe iwọn Aiṣedeede Ibalopo, β = -.578, t = -3.84, p <.001, ati Aigbagbọ Ẹdun, β = -.397, t = -2.18, p = .030. As age increased, participants were less likely to rate sexual and emotional infidelity as hurtful.
Awọn abajade ti ANOVA ikẹhin kan fihan pe ipa akọkọ pataki kan wa ti ipo awọn ibatan (ninu ibatan ti o ṣe laiṣe) lori awọn iwoye ti ipalara, F(1, 172) = 8.88, p = .003, η2 = .049. Awọn apẹẹrẹ ti ominira t Awọn idanwo fihan pe awọn olukopa ninu ibatan olufaraji ni o ṣeeṣe lati ṣe iwọn gbogbo awọn ọna aiṣootọ mẹta bi ipalara diẹ sii ju awọn olukopa ti kii ṣe ninu awọn ibatan olufaraji (wo Table 8).
fanfa [TOP]
Iwoye, awọn awari wọnyi jẹrisi ati fa awọn esi ti Ikẹkọ 1, ati daba pe bakanna si cybersex, ibalopọ tabi awọn ihuwasi flirtatious ti o waye nipasẹ media awujọ ni a rii bi ipalara bi aiṣedeede ibalopọ ti ara. Nitoripe awọn iwa wọnyi ko waye ni oju-si-oju ko jẹ ki wọn dinku ipa lori awọn ibatan, ati pe o ṣe pataki ki a ṣe iwadi awọn ihuwasi wọnyi siwaju sii ni awọn ofin ti itankalẹ ati ipa wọn lori awọn ibatan.
Ni afikun, awọn ihuwasi ti o ni ibatan si infidelity parasocial ni a fiyesi bi iru ipalara bi lilo awọn aworan iwokuwo. Gẹgẹbi a ti sọ tẹlẹ, iwadii daba pe lilo awọn aworan iwokuwo, paapaa pupọju ati lilo adashe, le ni awọn ipa buburu lori awọn ibatan gidi-aye (Schneider et al., 2012), ati pe o ni ibatan ti ko dara si ifaramo si alabaṣepọ ẹni ati pe o ni ibatan si infidelity (Lambert et al., 2012). Awọn abajade iwadi 2 jẹrisi pe botilẹjẹpe ẹgbẹ kan, awọn ihuwasi parasocial tun le ni ipa awọn ibatan ifẹ ni odi, pataki fun awọn obinrin ati awọn ti o wa ninu awọn ibatan olufaraji.
Gbogbogbo ijiroro [TOP]
Awọn ipinnu akọkọ meji wa ti iwadii lọwọlọwọ. Ni akọkọ, ibalopọ tabi ihuwasi ifẹrinrin ti a ṣe nipasẹ media awujọ ni a rii nitootọ bakanna kii ṣe si awọn ihuwasi ibalopọ-ibalopo ṣugbọn tun si aiṣedeede ibalopọ ti ara, ati pe a rii bi iru ipalara si awọn ibatan ifẹ. Awọn awari wọnyi ni ibamu si awọn ti Whitty (2003; 2005), and again suggest that extradyadic behavior does not have to be physical for it to be considered infidelity.
Ni afikun, botilẹjẹpe awọn ibatan parasocial le ma ṣe akiyesi bi awọn ibatan extradyadic otitọ nitori ẹda apa kan wọn, awọn abajade ti awọn iwadii lọwọlọwọ fihan pe awọn ibatan parasocial parasocial extradyad ti wa ni iwọn bakanna si ati bi ipalara bi lilo awọn aworan iwokuwo ni awọn ofin ti ifipabanilopo ti ifẹ. ibasepo ireti. Ṣiṣepọ ninu awọn ibatan wọnyi le rú awọn ilana ibatan ti iṣeto tabi ti fiyesi, ati pe o le ba awọn ibatan jẹ. Awọn abajade ti awọn iwadii lọwọlọwọ daba pe awọn irufin wọnyi le jẹ akiyesi ni pataki nipasẹ ati ni ipa awọn ọdọ awọn obinrin. Laanu, bi awọn eniyan ṣe n lo akoko diẹ sii lori awọn foonu smati wọn ati ni awọn aaye alaja, aye fun infidelity media awujọ mejeeji ati infidelity parasocial pọ si, bii agbara fun ibajẹ ibatan. Agbegbe kan ti iwadii ọjọ iwaju yẹ ki o ṣe ayẹwo lilo awọn media awujọ ti awọn alabaṣepọ ni ibatan si awọn ihuwasi aiṣedeede extradyad mejeeji ati awọn ihuwasi parasocial. O tun jẹ koyewa boya awọn alabaṣepọ ti wa ni awọn ibaraẹnisọrọ ni ayika ohun ti o jẹ infidelity. Awọn oniwadi ti tẹlẹ ti rii pe ibaraẹnisọrọ laarin awọn alabaṣepọ ni o ni ibatan daadaa pẹlu itẹlọrun ibatan (Litzinger & Gordon, ọdun 2005). Gẹgẹ bi pẹlu lilo awọn aworan iwokuwo, ibaraẹnisọrọ nipa ẹdun itẹwọgba tabi ihuwasi extradyadic ibalopo, pẹlu nipasẹ media awujọ tabi parasocially, le ja si itẹlọrun ibatan. Awọn oniwadi ojo iwaju le fẹ lati ko nikan wo ohun ti awọn eniyan pinnu lati jẹ alaigbagbọ, ṣugbọn tun awọn ẹya ti infidelity ti wọn sọrọ si awọn alabaṣepọ wọn nipa.
Kini idi ti awọn eniyan ṣe alabapin ninu aigbagbọ? Iwadi lori aiṣedeede daba pe aini itẹlọrun ibatan (paapaa fun awọn obinrin) ati itẹlọrun ibalopo (paapaa fun awọn ọkunrin) ni ibatan si infidelity ti o pọ si (ni pataki fun awọn obinrin).Blow & Hartnett, 2005). O le jẹ pe awọn eniyan tun ṣe awọn ihuwasi ti o han gbangba nipasẹ media media tabi ṣe indulge ni awọn irokuro parasocial fun awọn idi kanna. Nitootọ, awọn anfani ti a gba lati awọn ibatan parasocial alafẹfẹ dabi iru awọn ti a ṣajọpọ nipasẹ awọn ibatan ifẹ-aye gidi (Adam & Sizemore, ọdun 2013). Sibẹsibẹ, awọn iyatọ pataki le wa ni kii ṣe idi ti awọn eniyan ṣe huwa ni ọna yii, ṣugbọn tun ni ti o conducts these types of infidelity. Future research should address these questions.
idiwọn [TOP]
Awọn idiwọn pataki kan wa si awọn ẹkọ wọnyi. Awọn ijinlẹ mejeeji jẹ aṣawakiri ni iseda, ati pe wọn ṣe lati rii boya awọn ihuwasi parasocial extradyad paapaa yoo gba bi awọn ọna infidelity. Iwadi ojo iwaju yẹ ki o tun ṣe awọn awari gbogbogbo pe awọn ihuwasi parasocial ni a rii bakanna si lilo aworan iwokuwo, ati pe awọn ihuwasi media awujọ extradyad ni a rii bakanna si cyber- ati aiṣedeede ibalopọ. Ni afikun, awọn ayẹwo kekere ko gba laaye fun idanwo ti awọn ipa ibaraenisepo ti o ga julọ laarin awọn oniyipada koko-ọrọ. O le jẹ pe awọn ọdọmọkunrin, fun apẹẹrẹ, le ṣe akiyesi awọn iwa ti a ṣe iwadi yatọ si ohun ti a yoo reti ti o da lori iwadi ti o wa lọwọlọwọ. Apeere ti o tobi julọ yoo gba laaye fun iṣawari ti o tobi ju ti awọn ipa ibaraenisepo lati rii iru iru eniyan wo ni o ṣeese julọ lati ṣe akiyesi awọn ihuwasi parasocial, ni pataki, bi aigbagbọ.
Another limitation of these studies as that each behavior was assessed in only one way. Although this was done to limit the length of the surveys, future research may focus upon social media or parasocial behaviors and better assess different perceptions of these behaviors.
Nikẹhin, igbohunsafẹfẹ ati iwoye ti ihuwasi media awujọ extradyad ati awọn ifẹfẹfẹ parasocial le yatọ kọja awọn aṣa. O ṣeese pe lilo pupọ ti media media ati media media le mejeeji pọ si iṣẹlẹ ti awọn ihuwasi wọnyi, ati ni ipa awọn iwuwasi akiyesi agbegbe awọn ihuwasi wọnyi. Awọn ẹkọ iwaju le tun ṣe ayẹwo iṣẹlẹ ibatan ti media awujọ ati aiṣedeede parasocial ni ibatan si lilo media gbogbogbo, ati kọja awọn apẹẹrẹ oniruuru ti aṣa diẹ sii ti eniyan.
igbeowo [TOP]
Onkọwe ko ni igbeowosile lati jabo.
Ti o ni awọn ayanfẹ [TOP]
Onkọwe ti ṣalaye pe ko si awọn anfani idije to wa.
Acknowledgments [TOP]
Onkọwe ko ni atilẹyin lati jabo.
Ethics Approval [TOP]
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Review Board and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
A gba ifarasi ti a ko mọ lati gbogbo olukopa kọọkan ti o wa ninu iwadi naa.
jo [TOP]
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