卫生交流的神经科学:针对预防性健康计划制定的年轻女性前额叶皮层和色情消费的fNIRS分析(2020年)

YBOP评论:一项将女性色情使用者与非色情使用者进行比较的独特研究。 Looks like addiction to the authors:对作者来说似乎很上瘾:

The results indicate that the viewing of the pornographic clip (vs. control clip) causes an activation of Brodmann's area 45 of the right hemisphere (BA 45, pars triangularis).结果表明,观看色情剪辑(相对于控制剪辑)会激活右半球的布罗德曼区域45(BA 45,三角形三角形)。 An effect also appears between the level of self-reported consumption and the activation of right BA XNUMX: the higher the level of self-reported consumption, the greater the activation.自我报告的消费水平与权利BA XNUMX的激活之间也出现了一种影响:自我报告的消费水平越高,激活程度越大。 On the other hand, those participants who have never consumed pornographic material do not show activity of the right BA XNUMX compared to the control clip indicating a qualitative difference between non-consumers and consumers.另一方面,与对照剪辑相比,从未使用过色情材料的那些参与者没有表现出右BA XNUMX的活动,这表明非消费者与消费者之间存在质的差异。 这些结果与成瘾领域的其他研究一致。 据推测,镜像神经元系统可能通过同情机制而参与其中,这可能会引起替代性色情。

更多摘录:

色情刺激会根据消费程度产生更大的影响。 与我们的预期一致,从未食用过色情材料的妇女与对照组相比,并未增加对BA45的激活程度。 这一结果与将色情刺激解释为对操作学习“色情消费”的歧视性刺激相一致:如果一个人从不消费色情,学习就不会开始,因此刺激不是歧视性的,而是中立的(甚至令人反感)。 …

[重要]非常清楚地区分一级预防(受试者尚未开始出现问题的行为)和二级预防(当行为已经开始并试图控制风险或使其消失时)。 在第一种情况下,预防必须集中在健康教育和健康促进计划上。 …在这里,交流的轴应该是这样的,它可以向受试者及其监护人(对于未成年人)进行解释, 不发起行为的重要性。 它的启动会迅速引起皮层前额叶区域的敏感,结果可能是在歧视性色情刺激之前产生渴望。 [提供重点]

神经学家的意见

It makes total sense.完全有道理。 The pars triangularis there is part of the inferior frontal gyrus (things that you learn when you spend years making source localization with brain atlases, a good sense of neuroanatomy).三角杆部分是额下回的一部分(当您花费数年时间使用脑图谱进行源定位时会学到的东西,这是一种很好的神经解剖学知识)。 And the inferior frontal gyrus is rich on mirror neurons… so the engagement or recruitment of the mirror system makes total sense.下额额回富含镜神经元……因此镜系统的接合或募集完全有意义。 Habitual users are “training” their nervous systems to become “avatars” of the screens, so this sync makes sense to me… now the problem with that, of course, is that you are relying on other people to produce arousal, therefore, it poses 2 problems: 1. lack of mirror sync, lack of arousal (firing together, wiring together), explaining dysfunctions in regular users, 2. Empirical support for the 3A model (acquisition, activation, application), therefore, to copy and imitate the sexual sadism and sociopathy of the screens.习惯性的用户正在“训练”他们的神经系统,使其成为屏幕的“化身”,所以这种同步对我来说很有意义……现在的问题当然是您要依靠其他人来产生唤醒感,因此,造成XNUMX个问题:XNUMX.缺乏镜像同步,缺乏唤醒(一起射击,连接在一起),解释了普通用户的功能障碍; XNUMX.对XNUMXA模型(获取,激活,应用)的经验支持,因此可以复制和模仿屏幕的性虐待和社会病。 Which explains the pornification of sex (violence, dominance, humiliation, etc.) in the current generation.这就解释了现代人对性的色情化(暴力,统治,屈辱等)。

And another note, the IFG is very near the insula, so it fits with cue reactivity.另外要注意的是,IFG非常靠近绝缘岛,因此适合提示反应性。 The insula and the ACC work in tandem… because it is proven the dACC fires like crazy for cue reactivity.绝缘体和ACC协同工作……因为事实证明dACC会因提示反应而发疯。 I would not be surprised if you show me the IFG reacting the same way, because, the ACC and insula sync together (it is called saliency networking), and the IFG is the neighbor of the insula, so some degree of overlapping activity is to be expected…如果您向我展示IFG以同样的方式做出反应,我不会感到惊讶,因为ACC和绝缘体会同步(这称为显着性网络),并且IFG是绝缘体的邻居,因此某种程度的重叠活动被期望…

观看演示色情消费者大脑激活的视频。


Cuesta U,JINiño,Martinez L和Paredes B(2020)

面前。 心理学。 11:2132。 doi:10.3389 / fpsyg.2020.02132

摘要

This work explores the use of fNIRS neuroimaging technique using young female college students with different levels of consumption of pornography, and the activation of the prefrontal cortex (cue reactivity) when viewing a pornographic clip (cue exposure) versus a control clip.这项工作探索了fNIRS神经成像技术的使用,该技术使用了消费色情水平不同的年轻女大学生,以及观看色情剪辑(提示暴露)与对照剪辑时前额叶皮层的激活(提示反应性)。 The results indicate that the viewing of the pornographic clip (vs. control clip) causes an activation of Brodmann's area 45 of the right hemisphere (BA 45, pars triangularis) (结果表明,观看色情剪辑(相对于控制剪辑)会激活右半球的布罗德曼区域XNUMX(BA XNUMX,三角形三角形)(p <0.01)。 自我报告的消费水平和权利BA 45的激活之间也会出现影响:自我报告的消费水平越高,激活程度越大(p <0.01)。 另一方面,与对照剪辑相比,从未使用过色情材料的参与者没有表现出右BA 45的活动(p <0.01),表示非消费者与消费者之间的质的差异。 这些结果与成瘾领域的其他研究一致。 据推测,镜像神经元系统可能通过同情机制而参与其中,这可能会引起替代色情。 最后,我们建议这些结果在有问题的色情消费领域中对一级和二级预防计划的应用

介绍

In recent years, the technological advances experienced in the field of neuroscience allow us to study the structure of the brain and its functioning from a previously unknown approach.近年来,神经科学领域的技术进步使我们能够从以前未知的方法研究大脑的结构及其功能。 This has been a very important advance in various applied areas of the human sciences.这是在人类科学的各个应用领域中非常重要的进步。 One of the most developed fields thanks to this has been that of public health and prevention since essential research has been generated for the development and optimization of public health interventions (归功于此,最发达的领域之一是公共卫生和预防领域,因为已经为开发和优化公共卫生干预措施进行了必要的研究(Cuesta-Cambra等人,2017年; Horn等人,2020年).

公共卫生与预防

Public and preventive health is an area extraordinary growth.公共和预防保健是一个非凡增长的领域。 One of the reasons is the cost-benefit ratio it provides.原因之一是它提供的成本效益比。 Relatively inexpensive prevention programs manage to reach a large part of the population avoiding risks and diseases that are very expensive to treat once developed.相对便宜的预防计划设法覆盖了很大一部分人口,避免了一旦发展起来就难以治疗的风险和疾病。 Recent pandemics, especially COVID-19, have further potentiated this area.最近的流行病,尤其是COVID-XNUMX,进一步加强了这一地区的发展。 One of the most relevant areas of public and preventive health is that of addiction, given that it is a problem that affects a large part of the population and with very adverse consequences (成瘾与公共和预防性健康最相关的领域之一是成瘾,因为这是一个影响很大一部分人口并带来非常不利后果的问题(Mann等人,2017).

Currently it is possible to observe neural changes, analyze neuro-images and better understand how the mechanisms that determine the cognitive or behavioral processes of addiction operate.目前,可以观察神经变化,分析神经图像并更好地了解决定成瘾的认知或行为过程的机制如何运作。 Thanks to these advances, current knowledge about the factors that influence addictive behaviors has taken a qualitative leap, better identifying some of the neurobiological processes through which biological and sociocultural factors contribute to addiction (多亏了这些进步,有关影响成瘾行为的因素的最新知识有了质的飞跃,可以更好地识别某些神经生物学过程,生物学和社会文化因素通过这些过程促进成瘾(Volkow and Boyle,2018年)。 These innovative lines of research play a very relevant role in the design of prevention programs that target more precisely the mechanisms that determine behavioral health problems and, therefore, are essential to prevent behaviors linked to addiction (这些创新的研究方向在预防计划的设计中起着非常重要的作用,这些预防计划的目标是确定行为健康问题的机制,因此对于预防与成瘾有关的行为至关重要(Fishbein和Dariotis,2019年).

The prevention of addictions consists of persuading large population groups through social persuasion programs developed, fundamentally, through social media.预防成瘾包括通过从根本上通过社交媒体制定的社会说服方案说服大量人口。 Health communication is a field whose constant evolution confirms that it is a strategic tool that, when used correctly, can be very effective in influencing the behavior of individuals (健康交流是一个不断发展的领域,这证实了它是一种战略工具,如果使用得当,它可以非常有效地影响个人的行为(Goldstein等人,2015).

美国卫生与公共服务部发布的《健康人2020》报告强调了研究在制定健康交流计划中的重要性,这一事实在研究中得到了证实,该研究证明了交流在预防烟草成瘾方面的有效性(Kimber等,2020),赌博(Parham等人,2019)或不同的物质(Timko和Cucciare,2019年).

However, there is currently a lack of basic neurocognitive research that makes it possible to better base prevention and communication programs.但是,目前缺乏基础的神经认知研究,这使得可以更好地进行基础预防和交流计划。 Only a deep knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the behavior to be modified will allow the design of adequate preventive programs.只有深入了解要更改的行为所依据的机制,才可以设计适当的预防程序。 In this sense, neuroscience can provide very important data, especially in areas as relevant as addictions, where neurocognitive mechanisms play an essential role.从这个意义上讲,神经科学可以提供非常重要的数据,尤其是在与成瘾相关的领域,其中神经认知机制起着至关重要的作用。

宣传活动必须基于科学知识提供的严谨性和证据(Kumkale等人,2010年),关键是要通过可靠的方法论来识别干预成瘾的神经认知因素,以便明确表达真正针对促进行为改变的变量的信息。 No communication strategy is effective if the messages are not built on a frame of reference that is defined by adequate knowledge of the motivating concepts that provoke the reaction of the brain receptors (如果消息不是建立在参考框架上,那么任何交流策略都不会有效,参考框架是通过充分激发大脑受体反应的激励概念来定义的(Gallagher和Updegraff,2013年)。 For this reason, some authors speak of the important emergence of a new study area: the neuroscience of persuasion (出于这个原因,一些作者谈到了一个新的研究领域的重要出现:说服力的神经科学(Cacioppo等,2018)。 As these authors say: “正如这些作者所说:在过去十年中,有关说服力的神经相关性的文献不断增多...该文献中的大多数研究都集中于暴露于有说服力的吸引力后行为变化的神经相关性... 但是还有许多重要的尚待解决的问题,以及将要吸引和激发研究关注的重大机遇“(Cacioppo等,2018,第165页)。 The importance of integrating the neuroscientific approach with theories of cognitive and emotional information processing underlying persuasive communication and prevention is evident.将神经科学方法与说服性沟通和预防基础的认知和情感信息处理理论相结合的重要性显而易见。 These investigations will not only increase our knowledge of brain and behavior interaction, but will also allow us to better understand the mechanisms of persuasion and social influence.这些调查不仅会增加我们对大脑和行为交互的认识,还将使我们更好地理解说服力和社会影响力的机制。

成瘾与行为成瘾

Addiction is one of the biggest public health problems in the contemporary world.成瘾是当代世界上最大的公共卫生问题之一。 The different existing addictions cause a large number of deaths and physical and psychological diseases, also causing disorders of behavior, personality, affectivity and social integration (现有的各种成瘾会导致大量死亡和身心疾病,还导致行为,人格,情感和社会融合的障碍(圣胡安,2019).

为了理解成瘾的基本原理,最近的研究集中在了解前额叶的工作原理以及相关的认知功能,以评估多巴胺能强化系统在过程中的作用,抑制性控制,决定。进行搜寻,寻找经验或社会关系及其他因素。 戈德斯坦和沃尔科(2002) 2013年,对《精神疾病诊断和统计手册》的第五版进行了修改,将非物质相关疾病细分为“物质相关和成瘾性疾病”类别(Goldstein和Volkow,2002)。 This subdivision is specifically focused on addictive disorders that do not involve the use of substances and is often called behavioral addictions.此细分专门针对不涉及使用物质的成瘾性疾病,通常称为行为成瘾。

In addition, in recent years the WHO has introduced behavioral addictions into its classification.此外,近年来,世界卫生组织将行为成瘾纳入其分类。 In this new list, internet addiction is one of the most widespread and could be the cause of important emotional and psychological disorders in the individual (在此新列表中,网络成瘾是最广泛的一种,可能是导致个人重要的情绪和心理疾病的原因(Demetrovics等,2008; Vondrácková和Gabrhelík,2016年)。 Within the internet, the use of the net with the aim of achieving sexual gratification is an increasingly common practice (在互联网中,以实现性满足为目的的网络使用已经越来越普遍(库珀和格里芬·雪莱,2002年)。 There is solid evidence that indicates that problematic consumption of pornography as well as addiction to pornography is increasing, especially in young men (有确凿的证据表明,有问题的色情消费以及对色情的依赖正在增加,尤其是在年轻人中(卡斯特罗等人,2019; deAlarcón等,2019),给这个人群造成严重困难。

色情成瘾

Thanks to neuroscience, it has been possible to investigate the reasons why adolescents are more likely to develop substance use disorders than adults.得益于神经科学,有可能调查为什么青少年比成人更容易发生药物滥用的原因。 The results explain how during adolescence the reward/motivation mechanisms and the limbic-emotional circuits exhibit a state of hyperactivity that fosters greater emotional reactivity and drives the search for behaviors that generate immediate reward.结果解释了在青春期,奖励/动机机制和边缘情感回路如何表现出过度活跃的状态,这种状态促进了更多的情绪反应,并推动了对产生立即奖励的行为的搜索。 Furthermore, the prefrontal cortex cannot fully self-regulate, leading to increased impulsivity and risk taking (此外,前额叶皮层无法完全自我调节,导致冲动性增强和冒险精神(约旦和安徒生,2017年)。 Through studies based on neuroimaging methodologies, it has been possible to observe the neural circuits that are activated during addictive behaviors, the gratifying responses, as well as all those processes that activate conditioning to the substance, mood, anxiety or reactivity during withdrawal symptom period (通过基于神经影像学方法的研究,有可能观察到成瘾行为,喜人反应以及在戒断症状期间激活物质,情绪,焦虑或反应条件的所有那些过程所激活的神经回路(Volkow等人,2016; Zilverstand等,2016).

有多种基于物质相关成瘾知识的研究(阿迪科特(2020); Votaw等人,2020年),然而,与行为成瘾有关的研究却很少,重点突出了那些研究成瘾行为与背外侧前额叶皮层激活及其对工作记忆和抑制冲动反应控制的影响之间的关系的研究(Alizadehgoradel等,2020; Maheux-Caron等人,2020年). One of the behavioral addictions that has attracted the most attention in recent years is pornography addiction.色情成瘾是近年来最受关注的行为成瘾之一。 The increased use of the internet may have led to increased consumption and acceptance of pornography (互联网使用的增加可能导致色情内容的消费和接受度增加(德奥兰多,2011年)。 Internet pornography is unique as it offers anonymity, free and easy access.互联网色情是独一无二的,因为它提供了匿名性,免费且易于访问。 These three drivers of internet pornography usage referred to as the “Triple-A engine” are what causes the popularity of internet pornography (网络色情用法的这三个驱动因素被称为“三重A引擎”,是导致网络色情流行的原因(库珀和格里芬·雪莱,2002年)。 As a consequence of the increased pornography use worldwide, there has been much focus on compulsive internet pornography as a subdomain of hypersexuality (由于世界范围内色情制品使用量的增加,强迫性网络色情制品已成为超性欲的一个子域(Carroll等人,2008; Döring,2009; 格里菲斯,2013)。 On the other hand, individuals who consume cybersex increasingly show younger profiles, and the consumption of online pornography causes a decrease in self-esteem and an increase in stress levels in young people (另一方面,消费网络性行为的人越来越多地显示年轻的形象,而在线色情的消费会导致年轻人的自尊心下降和压力水平上升(Ainsworth-Masiello和Evans,2019年)。 According to the report of the Association for Media Research (AIMC), “Internet Audience March 2020,” 15.3% of users in Spain are young people between 14 and 24 years old, highlighting the progressive growth of included in the section from 14 to 19 years.根据媒体研究协会(AIMC)的报告,“ XNUMX年XNUMX月的互联网受众”,西班牙的XNUMX%的用户是XNUMX至XNUMX岁的年轻人,突显了该部分从XNUMX岁到XNUMX岁的逐步增长年份。 In addition, the Internet consumption habit by adolescents is characterized by impulsive and uncontrolled behavior in which the need to repeat addictive behaviors prevails, generating a high degree of irritation if browsing is interrupted (此外,青少年的互联网消费习惯的特征是冲动性和不受控制的行为,其中普遍存在重复重复上瘾行为的需求,如果中断浏览会产生高度的刺激性(Xanidis和Brignell,2016年; Rojas等人,2018)。 If we consider that one of the main personality traits of adolescents trained in the digital age is the urgent need to obtain immediate pleasure, we will better understand the activities risk that the consumption of online porn content can pose for individuals still in maturation process of gratification.如果我们认为在数字时代受过训练的青少年的主要人格特质之一是迫切需要获得即时的愉悦,那么我们将更好地理解在线色情内容的消费可能对仍处于满足状态的个人构成的活动风险。 。

经验证据似乎支持这样一种观念,即滥用在线色情内容会导致不良行为(夫妇相关的行为变化,减少的社交互动,目标标准的更改),生理行为(性心理生理模式的改变,例如勃起)和情绪影响(内,、消极)思维链,自尊的减少)(deAlarcón等,2019)。 There is also strong evidence that indicates the effects that porn consumption causes on the brain (也有强有力的证据表明色情消费对大脑造成的影响(穆勒,2018). In this way, through reverse induction, it is possible to better understand the mechanisms that underlie the problematic consumption of pornography and even analyze the existence of possible differences or “typologies” profiles of consumers.这样,通过反向归纳,有可能更好地理解构成色情消费问题基础的机制,甚至可以分析消费者可能存在的差异或“典型”特征。 In this sense, one of the most important differences to investigate in this field is gender differences.从这个意义上讲,该领域最重要的差异之一就是性别差异。 Inhóf等。 (2019) have recently presented strong evidence on gender differences in activation of the prefrontal cortex in internet addiction.最近,有力的证据证明了网络成瘾中前额叶皮层激活中的性别差异。 Sometimes, this behavior ends up becoming a behavioral addiction, which may in turn increase its adverse effects.有时,这种行为最终变成一种行为上瘾,这可能反过来增加其不利影响。 Behavioral addictions are becoming more prevalent, especially among young adults (eg, online gambling, excessive smartphone use, and online porn addiction).行为成瘾正变得越来越普遍,尤其是在年轻人中(例如,在线赌博,过度使用智能手机和在线色情成瘾)。 There exists evidence indicating that women are joining the use of these websites and devices (有证据表明,妇女正在使用这些网站和设备(Shaughnessy等人,2011, 2017; 法国和汉密尔顿,2018年).

另一方面,卫生组织正在制定研究项目,以根据该领域现有的干预计划来制定一级和二级(治疗)预防计划(Vondrácková和Gabrhelík,2016年; Sniewski等人,2018). 但是,没有关于女性在线色情使用习惯或这种行为所涉及的神经认知机制的有力的经验证据,反过来又不利于这些预防计划的建立。

这项研究是在“成瘾和预防神经科学”新兴领域内进行的(Volkow and Boyle,2018年)。 In this frame of reference, it has been proposed that the addiction cycle is articulated in three stages and involves three fundamental brain regions: (1) the anticipatory response, mainly caused by stimuli (internal or external) involving the prefrontal cortex and which is responsible of craving, the irrepressible impulse that starts the behavior, (2) the execution of the behavior (with or without substance intake) that involves the base ganglia and the reward circuit, and (3) the extended circuit of the amygdala responsible for withdrawal and restoring balance to the stress response (United States Department of Health and human service, 2016).在此参考框架中,已提出成瘾周期分为三个阶段,涉及三个基本的大脑区域:(XNUMX)预期反应,主要由涉及前额皮层的(内部或外部)刺激引起渴望,开始行为的不可抑制的冲动,(XNUMX)涉及基本神经节和奖励回路的行为的执行(有或没有物质摄入),以及(XNUMX)杏仁核的延伸回路,负责撤离和恢复压力应对的平衡(美国卫生与公共服务部,XNUMX年)。

The goal of primary prevention is to persuade the target population to prevent the problem behavior from occuring.一级预防的目标是说服目标人群,以防止出现问题行为。 Therefore, according to this model, the anticipatory response cycle, as responsible for the initiation of the behavior, is the one that plays the most important role.因此,根据该模型,预期的响应周期是行为开始的原因,是最重要的一个。 Furthermore, as the model points out, the behavior is activated due to the appearance of a stimulus.此外,如模型所指出的,由于刺激的出现,行为被激活。 Since addictive behavior consists of very powerful learning due to the intensity of the reward, the triggering stimulus acts as a discriminating stimulus.由于奖励的强度,成瘾行为包括非常有力的学习,因此触发性刺激可作为区分性刺激。 区分性刺激由学习心理学定义为,该刺激向受试者发出在操作性调节中加强锻炼的信号。 When reinforcement involves the dopaminergic brain systems as intensely as it does in addictions, discriminative stimulation and craving play an essential role.当增强作用像成瘾一样强烈地涉及多巴胺能大脑系统时,区分性刺激和渴望就起着至关重要的作用。 This research focuses on studying the importance of the discriminative stimulus consisting of sexually explicit images (cue exposure) and the craving response (cue reactivity) in young women who watch a clip with pornographic content versus a clip with neutral content.这项研究的重点是研究在观看带有色情内容的剪辑与具有中性内容的剪辑的年轻女性中,由色情图片(提示暴露)和渴望反应(提示反应性)组成的区分刺激的重要性。 This paradigm has been used in the study of substance addictions, such as smoking (此范例已用于研究物质成瘾,例如吸烟(Kroczek等人,2017年),但在行为上瘾(例如色情内容的消费)领域尚未得到发展。

最近, Strahler等。 (2018) have studied the neural correlates of gender differences in distractibility by sexual stimuli.已经研究了性刺激在分散注意力方面性别差异的神经相关性。 These authors researched neural activity specific to sexual images in brain regions implicated in motivation and reward processing.这些作者研究了与动机和奖励过程有关的大脑区域性图像的神经活动。 They found that men as compared to women showed stronger responses in the nucleus caudatus, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the nucleus accumbens.他们发现,与女性相比,男性在尾状核,前扣带回皮层和伏隔核中表现出较强的反应。 Sexually-motived traits were selectively correlated with nucleus caudatus activity.性动机性状与尾核活动选择性相关。

我们研究的目的是分析在年轻女性色情线索暴露期间背外侧前额叶皮层的作用。 By achieving this goal, we intend to provide with knowledge on the neurocognitive fundamentals of this behavior, which will set the foundations of future developments of useful prevention programs.通过实现这一目标,我们打算提供有关这种行为的神经认知基础知识,这将为有用的预防计划的未来发展奠定基础。 This research may also help to consolidate already-initiated communication programs within health organizations in the field.这项研究还可能有助于巩固该领域卫生组织中已经启动的沟通计划。 This study tested whether the prefrontal cortex of participants high (vs. low) in porn consumption showed more activation when exposed to pornographic content relative to a no-treatment condition.这项研究测试了色情消费量高(相对于低)的参与者的前额叶皮层是否暴露于色情内容(相对于未治疗条件)是否显示出更多的激活作用。 I一世n与先前的研究一致(Kühn和Gallinat,2014; Zangemeister等,2019),我们希望参与者暴露在色情内容的素材中(线索暴露)时,色情消费量较高(相对较低)会增加他们在前额叶皮层区域的活动(线索反应性)。 我们使用fNIRS(功能性近红外光谱)技术分析了前额叶皮层的活性,该技术已证明在这种类型的研究中是有效的(Karthikeyan等人,2020年)。 There is also similar evidence in neuroimaging studies using fNIRS in the field of addictions (在成瘾领域使用fNIRS的神经影像学研究中也有类似的证据(Leong等,2019).

As noted, previous research has shown that higher levels of right pars triangularis reactivity as measured by fNIRS in the prefrontal cortex area are associated with self-regulatory endeavors.如前所述,以前的研究表明,由前额叶皮层区域中的fNIRS测量的较高水平的右pars三角肌反应性与自我调节作用有关。 Of course, it is possible that other stimuli in the lab context might be responsible for such potential difference in activation (eg, cover story, brain-measuring apparatus, lab environment).当然,实验室环境中的其他刺激可能会导致这种潜在的激活差异(例如,封面故事,大脑测量设备,实验室环境)。 Thus, an important goal of the current study was to compare the extent to which the prefrontal cortex activation differs as a function of the type of video (control vs. porn) participants were exposed to.因此,当前研究的一个重要目标是比较前额叶皮层激活的程度随参与者所接触的视频类型(控制与色情)的不同而不同。 The hypothesis to be investigated proposes that certain areas of the prefrontal cortex will be activated to a greater extent during the viewing of pornography (vs. control).要研究的假设提出,在观看色情制品时(相对于对照),前额叶皮层的某些区域会被更大程度地激活。 Finally, an interaction effect is also hypothesized: That is, the effect of cue reactivity in the presence of the discriminating stimulus (porn clip) will be greater the higher the rate of pornography consumption and, therefore, the more intense the operant learning has been (最后,还假设了一种交互作用的效果:也就是说,在色情刺激(色情片段)存在下,提示反应性的效果越大,色情内容的消耗率就越高,因此,操作者的学习越强烈。 (法拉利和Quaresima,2012)。 As a research question, the specific prefrontal area where the greatest activation will appear in each circumstance will be considered.作为一个研究问题,将考虑在每种情况下将出现最大活化的特定额前区域。

材料和方法

这项研究的实验程序得到了马德里Complutense大学传播理论与分析系的研究和道德规范委员会的批准。

The research was conducted with 28 subjects: right-handed women, Spanish university students (Mean age = 20.04; SD = 0.79) who voluntarily participated without knowing the objectives of the research.这项研究由20名受试者组成:惯用右手的女性,西班牙大学生(平均年龄= 20; SD = 20)在不知道研究目标的情况下自愿参加。 Women of homosexual or bisexual orientation were excluded.同性恋或双性恋的女性被排除在外。 In order to control socio-cultural influence, subjects from other countries were also excluded.为了控制社会文化影响力,其他国家的受试者也被排除在外。 The activation of the prefrontal cortex was evaluated during the viewing of the clips using the fNIRS system: the 20s pornographic clip was broadcasted followed by a 2s blank screen (porn baseline) and another XNUMXs of a control clip (television interview), followed by a XNUMXs blank screen (baseline control).使用fNIRS系统在观看剪辑的过程中评估了前额叶皮层的激活:播放了XNUMX秒钟的色情剪辑,然后播放了XNUMX秒钟的空白屏幕(色情基线),再播放了XNUMX秒钟的对照剪辑(电视采访),然后播放了XNUMX秒空白屏幕(基线控制)。 The order of presentation of the conditions “porn clip + porn baseline” and “control + control baseline” was randomized.条件“色情片段+色情基线”和“对照+对照基线”的呈现顺序是随机的。 The stimuli were designed with the program PsychoPyXNUMX使用PsychoPyXNUMX程序设计刺激1,这是一种使用Python编程语言编写的开源程序包,它允许以简单的方式创建视觉和听觉刺激,表示协议以及数据的注册和分析,并用于神经科学和实验心理学实验(皮尔斯(Peirce),2007年, 2009; Peirce and MacAskill皮尔斯和麦克阿斯基尔, 2018; 汉森,2016).

自变量如下:VI1 =视频类型(色情视频与控制视频)和VI2 =自我报告的色情消费作为连续变量(范围为0到6)。 The frontal cortex activation measured with fNIRS was the dependent variable.用fNIRS测量的额叶皮层激活是因变量。

互联网色情使用

First, participants were told that they were going to be involved in a study exploring personality variables and reactions to certain stimuli.首先,参与者被告知,他们将参与一项研究,研究个性变量和对某些刺激的反应。 Participants then responded to some ancillary questions that served to support the cover story, and then responded to the item (eg, “With what frequency do you usually watch porn per week?”) on which responses ranged from “0” to “6” with higher numbers reflecting more porn consumption indicating if they had viewed pornography.然后,参与者回答了一些有助于掩盖故事的辅助问题,然后回答了该项目(例如“您通常每周以什么频率观看色情内容?”),其回答的范围从“ XNUMX”到“ XNUMX”较高的数字反映出更多的色情消费量,表明他们是否看过色情内容。 This measure of pornography consumption has been previously used (with a slightly different scale) and has demonstrated its validity and reliability for this type of study (以前曾经使用过这种色情消费量度(规模略有不同),并已证明了这种类型的研究的有效性和可靠性(Grubbs等,2015).

刺激物

During fNIRS recording, subjects were instructed to sit and focus on a blank screen.在fNIRS记录过程中,指示受试者坐在空白屏幕上并聚焦。 Then a 20-second clip was then presented, preceded by a 2-second fixation point and followed by a 20-second blank screen as baseline, in an uninterrupted sequence.然后呈现一个20秒的剪辑,然后以不间断的顺序显示20秒的固定点,然后显示20秒的空白屏幕作为基线。 Once these XNUMX-second of white screen are finished, another XNUMX-second begin with a neutral clip followed by another XNUMX-second of blank screen as a baseline.一旦完成了这XNUMX秒的白屏,另一XNUMX秒就以中性剪辑开始,然后再以XNUMX秒的空白屏为基线。

为了产生性唤起剪辑,我们从影片中选择了一个罗马狂欢场面 卡里古拉, by Tinto Brass, explicitly depicting sex.由Tinto Brass撰写,明确描绘了性。 For the neutral clip, we chose a standard TV interview with a similar stimulus complexity with the same blank screen as baseline.对于中性剪辑,我们选择了具有相似刺激复杂性且空白屏幕与基准相同的标准电视采访。 The choice for a pornographic scene was able to provoke sexual arousal as it was confirmed in a previous pilot study with similar subjects.色情场景的选择能够引起性唤起,正如先前在类似对象的先导研究中所证实的那样。

为了避免累积误差,以随机顺序呈现刺激。

前额活动的测量:fNIRS

使用fNIRS的数据收集是在马德里Complutense大学传播学院的神经传播实验室进行的2。 Participants were then connected individually to the fNIRS devices to record the prefrontal activity while watching the stimuli.然后将参与者分别连接到fNIRS设备,以在观察刺激的同时记录前额叶活动。

The prefrontal activity data was recorded using a NIRSport2 fNIRS system by NIRx (NIRx Medical Technologies LLC) which assesses cognitive activation by recording brain oxygenation.前额活动数据是由NIRx(NIRx Medical Technologies LLC)使用NIRSport650 fNIRS系统记录的,该系统通过记录脑氧合来评估认知激活。 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in optodes held to the scalp by a tight cap emit light from 1000 to XNUMX nm.通过一个紧紧的盖子固定在头皮上的光电二极管中的发光二极管(LED)发出XNUMX至XNUMX nm的光。 This light passes through the skull and the first layer of the cortex before being picked up by corresponding detectors.该光在被相应的检测器拾取之前,穿过头骨和皮质的第一层。 Some of this light is absorbed by chromophores, but human tissue is relatively “transparent” in this spectral range (其中一些光被发色团吸收,但人体组织在此光谱范围内相对“透明”(法拉利和Quaresima,2012)。 fNIRS系统基于此原理向研究人员实时显示氧合度。 The presence of increased oxygenated hemoglobin is interpreted to be the result of more neural resources being used in that area.氧化血红蛋白增加的存在被认为是该区域使用更多神经资源的结果。 This is typically referred to as “activation.”这通常称为“激活”。 Researchers infer cognitive activity based on activation and draw conclusions from there.研究人员根据激活来推断认知活动并从中得出结论。 Other technologies and techniques are also routinely used to assess neural activity.其他技术也常用于评估神经活动。 As a neuroimaging technique, fNIRS is a much less expensive alternative to traditional Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI).作为神经成像技术,fNIRS是传统功能磁共振成像(fMRI)的便宜得多的替代品。 Despite its lower signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio, fNIRS correlates highly with fMRI measures (尽管fNIRS的信噪比(SNR)较低,但它与fMRI测量高度相关(崔等人,2011),使其成为用于心理生理学研究的可靠替代方法。 fNIRS is both mobile and less sensitive to movement artifacts than fMRI (与fMRI相比,fNIRS既可移动,又对运动伪影不敏感(崔等人,2011),可以进行原本不可能的神经影像实验,例如全身运动研究。 fNIRS在移动模式中使用的能力对于自然主义研究至关重要,因为自然主义研究的目标是尽可能接近现实世界的活动。 For investigations of cue reactivity there are several benefits in using fNIRS, eg, subjects are sitting in a realistic upright position and can handle real objects to elicit CR by triggering several senses (visual, tactile, olfactory and interoception during movement).对于线索反应性的研究,使用fNIRS有多个好处,例如,受试者坐在现实的直立位置上,可以通过触发几种感觉(运动过程中的视觉,触觉,嗅觉和互感)来处理真实物体以引发CR。 Although fNIRS cannot measure hemodynamic activity in subcortical structures, it can assess both the dlPFC involved in inhibitory processes and the OFC involved in the processing of emotional valence (尽管fNIRS无法测量皮层下结构的血液动力学活性,但它可以评估抑制过程中涉及的dlPFC和情绪化过程中涉及的OFC(Ehlis等,2014).

fNIRS显示使用修正的Beer-Lambert定律(图1):氧合血红蛋白变化:O2Hb增量(μmol/ L),脱氧血红蛋白变化:HHb增量(μmol/ L)和总血红蛋白变化:cHb增量(μmol/ L)。

图1

www.frontiersin.org图1。 血红蛋白水平的相对变化。

(美国NIRx Medical Technologies LLC,NIRSport2 2-8)是一种便携式,可穿戴的多通道fNIRS系统,由8个LED照明源和8个有源检测传感器组成。 Emitters were placed on positions F8, AF1, FC3, F3, F5, AF6, FC4, and F4 while detectors were placed on positions F2, AF3, FC7, F5, F7, AF8, FC8, and F6 (发射器放置在位置F4,AFXNUMX,FCXNUMX,FXNUMX,FXNUMX,AFXNUMX,FCXNUMX和FXNUMX上,而检测器放置在位置FXNUMX,AFXNUMX,FCXNUMX,FXNUMX,FXNUMX,AFXNUMX,FCXNUMX和FXNUMX上(图2)。 Eighteen channels were set up covering the prefrontal cortex.建立了十八个覆盖前额叶皮层的通道。 The source—detector distance was 3 cm.源-探测器距离为10厘米。 Optodes were placed on the participant's head using an Easycap relative to the international 20/XNUMX system (相对于国际XNUMX/XNUMX系统,使用Easycap将光电二极管放置在参与者的头部(贾斯珀(Jasper),1958年)。 The data was acquired with the Aurora 1.4.数据是使用Aurora 2014采集的。 acquisition Software (v760 NIRx Medical Technologies LLC) at two near infra-red light wavelengths of 850 and 7.81 nm, with a sampling rate of XNUMX Hz.采集软件(vXNUMX NIRx Medical Technologies LLC)在XNUMX和XNUMX nm的两个近红外波长处,采样率为XNUMX Hz。

图2

www.frontiersin.org图2。 安装光电二极管以在前额叶皮层中记录信号。

Participants were then sat in front of a screen, and were told that video footage was going to be shown.然后,参与者坐在屏幕前,并被告知将要显示录像。 They were instructed to watch it while the apparatus measured their brain activity, and to wait for about 20 s after the video was over so a return to baseline could also be collected.指示他们在仪器测量其大脑活动时观看该视频,并在视频结束后等待约XNUMX s,以便还可以恢复到基线。 After data collection was completed, participants were debriefed, thanked and dismissed.数据收集完成后,对参与者进行汇报,感谢和解雇。

成果

NIRSport2与Aurora fNIRS一起提供:一个用于记录信号的软件平台。 The automated signal optimization algorithm ensures optimal signal quality before a measurement is started.自动信号优化算法可确保在开始测量之前获得最佳信号质量。 Once data is being recorded, HbO and Hb concentration changes can be visualized in real-time in several display modes.记录数据后,可以几种显示模式实时显示HbO和Hb浓度变化。 In addition, high-end whole-head visualizations are immediately available.此外,高端的全头可视化工具也可立即使用。

Also, the nirsLAB package is available: is a MATLAB-based software analysis environment developed to support the study of time-varying near infrared measurements of tissue using the NIRSport2 system.另外,还提供了nirsLAB软件包:这是一个基于MATLAB的软件分析环境,旨在支持使用NIRSport1系统研究组织随时间变化的近红外测量。 It is composed of modules for: Importing NIRS measurement data.它由用于以下目的的模块组成:导入NIRS测量数据。 Creating files that contain the optode-position.创建包含optode位置的文件。 Preprocessing of measurement data using software programs that exclude data channels having excessive noise, deleting experimentally irrelevant time intervals, removing artifacts from data and filtering to exclude experimentally irrelevant frequency bands.使用软件程序对测量数据进行预处理,该软件程序会排除具有过多噪声的数据通道,删除实验上不相关的时间间隔,从数据中删除伪像,并进行滤波以排除实验上不相关的频段。 Computing hemodynamic states using wavelength and path length dependent parameter settings.使用波长和路径长度相关的参数设置来计算血液动力学状态。 The Data Analysis uses functions found in the SPM (Statistical Parametric Mapping) package to extend the capabilities of nirsLAB to include statistical analysis of hemodynamic-state time series.数据分析使用SPM(统计参数映射)包中的功能来扩展nirsLAB的功能,以包括血液动力学状态时间序列的统计分析。 The functions include: Level-1 general linear model (GLM) analysis of fNIRS hemodynamic-state time series, to evaluate the position-dependent relationships between computed data-channel responses and user-specified temporal models.功能包括:fNIRS血流动力学状态时间序列的2级通用线性模型(GLM)分析,以评估计算出的数据通道响应与用户指定的时间模型之间的位置相关关系。 Level-XNUMX and Level-XNUMX assessment of the statistical significance of the GLM model-fitting coefficients (对GLM模型拟合系数的统计显着性进行XNUMX级和XNUMX级评估(t-test,ANOVA)或两个或多个模型的用户定义对比。

图3 以0.01显示SPM对比管理器beta图片显示 p-值。 The colors denote the magnitude of oxygenated hemoglobin response to pornographic clip vs. non-pornographic clip and the specific area of the prefrontal cortex that was activated (颜色表示含氧血红蛋白对色情夹和非色情夹的反应幅度以及被激活的前额叶皮层的特定区域(p-值= 0.01)。 The only area that was activated significantly more when viewing the pornographic clip compared to the non-pornographic clip was that corresponding to channel FC6 (optode D07) and F6 (optode S05) corresponding to channel N12 (与非色情剪辑相比,观看色情剪辑时唯一被激活得多的区域是与通道FCXNUMX(光电二极管DXNUMX)和FXNUMX(光电二极管SXNUMX)对应的通道NXNUMX(图3)。 This channel records right Brodmann area 45 (BA45), more specifically the pars triangularis.此频道记录右Brodmann区域XNUMX(BAXNUMX),更具体地说是pars triangleis。 In the video that appears as在显示为的视频中 图4,可以在观看色情剪辑的过程中动态看到消费者的前额叶皮层的激活。 The heatmap in the video shows the highest intensity in the activation of the right BA45视频中的热图显示了正确激活BAXNUMX时的最高强度3。 When the subjects were grouped into two clusters (non-consumers vs. consumers) based on the self-report of consumption of pornographic material, the SPM2 analysis produced the same result regarding the activated area (right pars triangularis) verifying the interaction effect (当根据色情材料的消费自我报告将受试者分为两个类别(非消费者与消费者)时,SPMXNUMX分析得出关于激活区域(三角形三角区)的相同结果,从而验证了交互作用(p <0.01):高消费对象显示更多 在观看色情短片时,BA45活动比非消费者对象(图5)。 This figure shows how the right activity is lower than the left activity in non-consumers.该图显示了非消费者的右活动比左活动低。

图3

www.frontiersin.org图3。 Beta图像以0.01显示 p-含氧血红蛋白(提示反应性)对提示暴露(色情图)的响应值。

图4

www.frontiersin.org图4。 色情剪辑期间,消费人群中前额叶皮层的视频激活(辅助视频S1).

图5

www.frontiersin.org图5。 观看色情短片时,非消费者中前额叶皮层的激活。

图6A-C 显示血红蛋白水平的相对变化 对于频道12 在观看色情剪辑时可以看到(图6A)在色情材料(消费者)的消费分数很高的受试者中,并且(图6B)消费得分较低(非消费者)的对象。 In在 图6C 在色情短片中,我们可以看到消费者参考权利BA 45的氧化和脱氧血红蛋白水平。

图6

www.frontiersin.org图6。 (A) 在观看色情剪辑期间,消费者中通道12中血红蛋白的相对变化。 (B) 在观看色情短片期间,非消费者中通道12中血红蛋白的相对变化。 (C) 色情短片(消费者)中的含氧和脱氧血红蛋白水平以右侧BA 45为准。

一旦nirsLAB指出,唯一显着的影响出现在第12通道中,我们就使用针对SPSS的PROCESS 2.16宏模型1(SPSS, RRID:SCR_002865)的色情消费(以中心为中心),作为多类别预测变量的色情录像(控制视频,返回基线控制,色情视频,返回基线色情),以及参与者前额叶皮层通道12中血流的两个变量之间的相互作用(右三角杆)。 We contrast coded the porn footage as follows: −2 = Control, −1 = Control Baseline, 1 = Porn Video, 2 = Porn Baseline.我们对比将色情片的编码方式如下:−XNUMX =对照,−XNUMX =对照基线,XNUMX =色情录像,XNUMX =色情基线。 In order to properly probe an interaction that has one multi-categorical predictor, we followed the tutorial by为了正确探查具有一个多类别预测变量的交互,我们遵循了本教程的内容 蒙托亚和海斯(2017)。 This required transforming the independent variable into three different dichotomous variables (D这需要将自变量转换为三个不同的二分变量(D1,D2和D3)。 We report all possible comparisons between conditions (Control vs. Control Baseline, Control vs. Porn, Control vs. Porn Baseline, Control Baseline vs. Porn, Control Baseline vs. Porn Baseline, and Porn vs. Porn Baseline).我们报告了条件之间的所有可能的比较(控制与控制基准,控制与色情,控制与色情基准,控制与色情基准,控制与色情基准以及色情与色情基准)。

回归显示色情消费与录像片段之间存在显着的双向交互作用R2 = 0.019, F(3,23427)= 154.67, p <0.001,这意味着所报告的色情消费量与右半角三角形反应性之间的关系随不同视频和基准的变化而变化(请参见 图7 整个双向互动)。

图7

www.frontiersin.org图7。 右半角三角形反应性是自我报告的色情消费量和色情视频的函数。

具体来说,在比较控制视频和控制基准时,出现了明显的双向交互, B = -408.79, t(23427)= - 10.963, p <0.001,95%CI:-481.881,-335.708。 可以看出 表1,则在对照视频中,自我报告的色情消费与右三角肌反应性之间没有任何关系, B = -16.31, t(23427)= - 0.60, p = 0.543,95%CI:-68.968,36.337。 However, porn consumption was negatively associated with right pars triangularis reactivity in然而,色情消费与右半角三角形反应性呈负相关。 控制基线, B = -425.11, t(23427)= - 16.43, p <0.001,95%CI:−475.799,−374.422,表明报告高(+1 SD)色情消费的参与者显示出较低的三角视反应性,而报告低(-1 SD)色情消费的参与者。

TABLE 1

www.frontiersin.org表1。 右半角三角形反应性是自我报告的色情消费量和色情视频的函数。

比较时出现了相反方向的双向交互 控制视频和色情视频, B = 396.634, t(23427)= 10.321, p <0.001,95%CI:321.309,471.959。 对照视频中自我报告的色情消费与正确的三角反应性之间没有关系, B = -16.31, t(23427)= - 0.60, p = 0.543,95%CI:-68.968,36.337。 However, porn consumption was positively associated with right pars triangularis reactivity in the porn video,但是,色情影片在色情影片中与色情影片的正确反应正相关, B = 380.31, t(23427)= 13.83, p <0.001,95%CI:326.453,434.184,这表明报告高(+1 SD)色情消费的参与者显示出较高的三角视反应性,而不是报告低(-1 SD)色情消费的参与者。

比较时出现了相似的边际显着双向交互作用 带有色情基准的控制视频, B = 74.60, t(23427)= 1.824, p = 0.068,95%CI:-5.569,154.772。 Specifically, there was no relationship between self-reported porn consumption and right pars triangularis reactivity in the control video,具体而言,在对照视频中,自我报告的色情消费与右三角肌反应性之间没有任何关系, B = -16.31, t(23427)= - 0.60, p = 0.543,95%CI:-68.968,36.337。 However, porn consumption was marginally associated with right pars triangularis reactivity in the porn baseline,但是,色情消费量与色情基线中的正三角形三角形反应性略有相关, B = 58.28, t(23427)= 1.88, p = 0.058,95%CI:-2.171,118.743,表明报告(-+ 1 SD)色情消费量较高的参与者显示的三角视反应性略高于报告(--1 SD)色情消费量较低的参与者。

比较时 控制基线与色情视频,也出现了重要的双向互动, B = 805.43, t(23427)= 21.34, p <0.001,95%CI:731.464,879.394(表2)。 Reported porn consumption was negatively associated with right pars triangularis reactivity in the control baseline,报告的色情消费量与对照组基线的正常三角肌反应性呈负相关, B = -425.11, t(23427)= - 16.43, p <0.001,95%CI:-475.799,-374.422。 但是,色情影片在色情影片中与色情影片的正确反应正相关, B = 380.31, t(23427)= 13.83, p <0.001,95%CI:326.453,434.184。

TABLE 2

www.frontiersin.org表2。 以自我报告的色情消费和色情镜头(控制视频,控制基线,色情视频和色情基线)为预测变量,而右pars三角形反应性为因变量的多元线性回归的影响。

两者之间也出现了重要的双向相互作用 色情视频和色情基线, B = -322.033, t(23427)= - 7.79, p <0.001,95%CI:−403.006,−241.060,其中色情影片的消费与色情影片中的右三角形三角形反应密切相关, B = 380.31, t(23427)= 13.83, p <0.001,95%CI:326.453,434.184。 但是,色情消费量与色情基线中的正三角形三角形反应性相关, B = 58.28, t(23427)= 1.88, p = 0.058,95%CI:-2.171,118.743。 Lastly, a significant two-way interaction also emerged between the control baseline and the porn baseline,最后,控制基准与色情基准之间也出现了重要的双向交互, B = 483.396, t(23427)= 12.00, p <0.001,95%CI:404.501,562.291。 可以看出 表1,据报道色情消费与对照基线中的右三角肌反应性呈负相关, B = -425.11, t(23427)= - 16.43, p <0.001,95%CI:-475.799,-374.422。 但是,色情影片在色情影片中与色情影片的正确反应相关, B = 58.28, t(23427)= 1.88, p = 0.058,95%CI:−2.171,118.743(请参阅 图7 整个双向互动)。

如可在可见 表3,方差分析的结果显示了在所有分析级别上的统计显着性值(p <0.01)的主要影响和相互作用,证实了先前通过多元回归获得的数据。

TABLE 3

www.frontiersin.org表3。 自我报告的色情消费和色情镜头(控制和色情)作为预测变量,而右pars triangleis反应性作为因变量的双向方差分析的影响。

在下图中(图8)自变量“消费水平”已转换为二分变量:从未消费过色情材料的受试者和消费过色情材料的受试者。 The new dichotomous variable generated two practically identical groups regarding the number of subjects.新的二分变量在对象数量方面产生了两个几乎相同的组。

图8

www.frontiersin.org图8。 双向方差分析显示右方三角肌反应性是自我报告的色情消费量和镜头(控制与色情)的极值的函数。

进行的方差分析(表4)表示有主要影响(p <0.01)的因素(观看剪辑的类型)(控制与色情),但没有主要影响(p <0.144)的因素“水平消费”(消费者与非消费者)以及相互作用效应(p <0.01)。 也就是说,交互作用的强度足以抵消观看类型的主要影响:从未见过色情的受试者在N12(BA45,右三角杯)中降低了其皮质激活,而看过色情的受试者则显着提高了皮质激活。在右边的BA45中。

TABLE 4

www.frontiersin.org表4。 双向方差分析的影响是将自我报告的色情消费和色情录像(控制和色情)的极高值用作预测变量,并将右方三角形反应性作为因变量。

讨论

The objective was to find evidence that allows us to contribute knowledge not only to the foundations of neuroscience, but also to the foundations of persuasion neuroscience and communication and health.目的是寻找证据,使我们不仅可以为神经科学的基础贡献知识,而且还可以为说服神经科学,交流和健康的基础贡献知识。 Thus, the final objective of this research is to find certainties that allow the design of health prevention programs.因此,这项研究的最终目的是找到确定性,以设计健康预防计划。 More specifically, in the area of prevention of problematic consumption of pornographic material by young women, who have recently joined the problematic consumption of pornography (更具体地说,在防止年轻妇女最近滥用色情制品的年轻妇女的色情制品消费方面(Shaughnessy等人,2011, 2017; 塞拉诺(2017); 法国和汉密尔顿,2018年).

互联网使用的增加可能导致色情内容的消费和接受度增加(德奥兰多,2011年)。 Internet pornography is unique as it offers anonymity, free and easy access.互联网色情是独一无二的,因为它提供了匿名性,免费且易于访问。 These three drivers of internet pornography usage referred to as the “Triple-A engine” are what causes the popularity of internet pornography (网络色情用法的这三个驱动因素被称为“三重A引擎”,是导致网络色情流行的原因(Cooper,1998)。 As a consequence of the increased pornography use worldwide, there has been much focus on compulsive internet pornography as a subdomain of hypersexuality (由于世界范围内色情制品使用量的增加,强迫性网络色情制品已成为超性欲的一个子域(Carroll等人,2008; Döring,2009; 格里菲斯,2013).

Prevention programs manage to reach a large part of the population avoiding risks and diseases.预防方案设法使很大一部分人口避免了风险和疾病。 However, there is an evident lack of neurocognitive research that makes it possible to develop better communication programs in health.但是,显然缺乏神经认知研究,因此有可能开发出更好的健康交流计划。 Only a knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the behavior to be modified will allow the design of adequate preventive programs.只有了解了要更改行为的基本机制,才能设计适当的预防程序。

This research focuses on studying the importance of the discriminative stimulus consisting of sexually explicit images (cue exposure) and the craving response (cue reactivity) in young women consumers and non-consumers of porn videos.这项研究的重点是研究在年轻的女性消费者和非消费者中,色情图片(提示暴露)和渴望反应(提示反应性)所组成的区分性刺激的重要性。 This paradigm has been frequently used in the study of substance addictions (这种范例在药物成瘾的研究中经常被使用(Kroczek等人,2017年),但在行为上瘾(例如色情内容的消费)领域却发展得不多。

The underlying idea is the following: in order to develop effective prevention programs on porn consumption, it is necessary to know how the discriminative stimuli that trigger the onset of behavior.基本思想如下:为了制定有效的色情消费预防计划,有必要知道歧视性刺激是如何触发行为发作的。 It is important to consider that the environment in which the behavior of young people develops constantly presents stimuli of high erotic charge that can act as discriminating stimuli.重要的是要考虑到,年轻人的行为不断发展的环境会呈现出高色情电荷的刺激,可以作为区分性刺激。 Not only advertising stimuli, but many others, such as those that appear on social networks such as Instagram or TikTok, present a large amount of erotic content that can act as discriminatory stimuli causing behavior and strengthening the learning of problematic behavior.不仅广告刺激,而且许多其他刺激(例如出现在Instagram或TikTok等社交网络上的刺激)都呈现大量的色情内容,这些内容可以作为歧视性刺激,从而引起行为并加强对问题行为的学习。 There is also strong evidence that indicates the effects that porn consumption causes on the brain (也有强有力的证据表明色情消费对大脑造成的影响(穆勒,2018). 这项研究测试了色情消费量高(相对于低)的参与者的前额叶皮层是否暴露于色情内容(相对于未治疗条件)是否显示出更多的激活作用。 符合先前的研究(Kühn和Gallinat,2014; Zangemeister等,2019),我们希望参与者暴露在色情内容的素材中(线索暴露)时,色情消费量较高(相对较低)会增加他们在前额叶皮层区域的活动(线索反应性)。 We analyzed the activity of the prefrontal cortex using the fNIRS (functional near infrared spectroscopy) technique, which has been shown to be effective in this type of study (我们使用fNIRS(功能近红外光谱)技术分析了前额叶皮层的活性,该技术已被证明在这种类型的研究中是有效的(Leong等,2019; Karthikeyan等人,2020年).

在当前的研究中,有28位年轻的大学女性自我报告了他们的色情消费习惯,并观看了两个20秒的视频片段(色情与对照),同时使用fNIRS记录了其前额叶皮层的活动。 获得的结果表明,在女性消费者中,歧视性刺激在右半球的Brodmann区域45(右侧BA45,三角形三角形)中引起了更大的皮层活动,但在非消费性女性中却没有(p <0.01)。 They also indicated that t他们还指出与对照组相比,他的作用发生在实验组,而色情刺激会根据消耗程度产生更大的作用。 Consistent with our expectations, women who have never consumed pornographic material do not increase the degree of activation of right BA45 compared to the control group.与我们的预期相符,与对照组相比,从未食用过色情材料的女性不会增加对BAXNUMX的激活程度。 This result is consistent with the interpretation of the porn stimulus as a discriminative stimulus of operant learning “pornography consumption”: if the person has never consumed pornography, the learning has not started, so the stimulus is not discriminatory, but neutral (it could even be aversive)这一结果与将色情刺激解释为对操作学习“色情消费”的歧视性刺激相一致:如果一个人从不消费色情,学习就不会开始,因此刺激不是歧视性的,而是中立的(甚至厌恶)。 Future research should analyze the difference between “non-consumers” and consumers to test this interpretative hypothesis.未来的研究应分析“非消费者”与消费者之间的差异,以检验这一解释性假设。 In addition, it should be analyzed using different types of addictions such as gambling, social networks, etc. Given that one of the priority interests of this research is to provide evidence for the foundation of prevention programs in health and consumption of pornography in women, it is important to deepen the interpretation of the result: the activation of pars triangularis (area 45 of Brodmann) prefrontal of the right hemisphere.此外,应使用赌博,社交网络等不同类型的成瘾进行分析。鉴于这项研究的优先重点之一是为妇女保健和色情制品消费预防计划的基础提供证据,重要的是加深对结果的解释:激活右半球前额叶pars triangleis(Brodmann的XNUMX区)。 尽管这方面的研究是最近的,但已经有一些参考书目在成瘾者中发现了更多正确的三角形三角帆活动。。 例如, Irizar等。 (2020年) 发现右下额回体积(即三角形三角肌)为 与对照组相比,病理赌博和可卡因依赖者的患病率均显着增加。 有大量的参考书目将此区域与镜像神经元和同理心联系起来 (Uribe等,2019; 克劳特海姆等人,2019; Rymarczyk等,2019)。 Recently it has been empirically confirmed that the right hemisphere plays an important role in the interpretation of gestures and non-verbal language, especially Brodmann's area 45 (最近,根据经验证实,右半球在手势和非语言语言的解释中起着重要作用,尤其是布罗德曼(Brodmann)的区域XNUMXInhóf等人,2019; 克劳特海姆等人,2019)。 These data could imply that Brodmann's area 45, traditionally associated with verbal language in the left hemisphere, is complemented by the functions developed in the right hemisphere.这些数据可能意味着Brodmann的区域XNUMX(通常与左半球的言语语言相关联)得到了右半球开发的功能的补充。 In this way, the left hemisphere would have a role more linked to semantic memory and the understanding of linguistic meanings, while the right hemisphere would deal with the understanding of non-linguistic meanings.这样,左半球的作用将更多地与语义记忆和对语言含义的理解联系起来,而右半球将处理对非语言含义的理解。 Both would work together with working memory but linked to different functions.两者都可以与工作记忆一起工作,但是链接到不同的功能。

On the other hand, neocortical correlates have also been found for the cognitive empathy dimension, while affective empathy would be related to subcortical structures.另一方面,在认知共情方面,还发现了新皮质相关性,而情感共情与皮质下结构有关。 Functionally, affective empathy appears to be linked to the connectivity between the orbital and cingulate cortices and deeper structures of the limbic system (从功能上讲,情感移情似乎与眼眶和扣带状皮层以及边缘系统深层结构之间的连通性有关(Uribe等,2019; 熊等人,2019)。 A very plausible hypothesis could be that the BA45's neo-cortical structure acts as an interface between the cognitive and emotional aspects of empathy and the interpretation of the non-verbal behavior of others.一个非常合理的假设可能是,BAXNUMX的新皮质结构充当了移情的认知和情感方面与他人非语言行为的解释之间的接口。 Furthermore, this hypothesis is consistent with the fact that a significant number of mirror neurons are found in this area, which would be highly involved in empathy (此外,该假设与以下事实一致:在该区域发现了大量镜像神经元,这将高度涉及同理心(Gallese,2001; Decety,2002年; 普雷斯顿和德瓦尔,2002年; Decety和Jackson,2004; Keysers和Gazzola,2010年)。 In reality, this brain area, and others very close, such as the anterior insula, the anterior cingulate cortex, the inferior frontal cortex, are closely linked to the experience of emotions such as disgust, happiness or pain, especially when viewing another person experiencing these emotions (实际上,这个大脑区域以及其他非常紧密的区域,例如前岛,前扣带回皮层,额叶下部皮层,与诸如厌恶,幸福或痛苦之类的情绪体验紧密相关,尤其是在观察另一个正在经历的人时这些情绪(Botvinick等,2005; Lamm等,2007). Freedberg和Gallese(2007) have shown the importance of the mirror neuron system for aesthetic experiences.证明了镜像神经元系统对于审美体验的重要性。 Aesthetic experiences are considered as experiences of perception, creation and evaluation of stimuli that evoke very intense feelings (审美体验被认为是感知,创造和评估会引起强烈情感的刺激的体验(查特吉,2011年; 皮尔斯(Pearce)等人,2016年)。 Christian Keysers at the Social Brain Lab and colleagues have shown that people who are more empathic according to self-report questionnaires have stronger activations for emotions, providing more direct support for the idea that the mirror system is linked to empathy.社会大脑实验室的克里斯蒂安·凯瑟斯(Christian Keysers)及其同事表明,根据自我报告调查表更善解人意的人对情感的激活更强,为镜像系统与共情联系了这一观点提供了更直接的支持。 It is possible that the mirror system does not passively respond to the observation of actions but is influenced by the mindset of the observer (镜子系统可能不会被动地观察动作,而是受到观察者心态的影响(Molenberghs等,2012).

这些调查使我们可以对研究结果提出以下解释:根据他们的自我报告调查表,食用色情的对象可能会对色情图像表现出更大的同理心。 换句话说,“线索暴露”将引起更大的反应,这是由于一种与同情而不是与大脑愉悦系统提供的纯多巴胺能愉悦有关的“变态色情”的激活。 尽管还没有足够的经验证据,但可以认为镜像神经元与性行为有关,尤其是其移情成分。 白色(2019) speaks of “erotic empathy” when referring to this concept.当提到这个概念时,会谈到“色情移情”。 As we have pointed out, this interpretive hypothesis would also be supported by the fact that it is the right cerebral hemisphere that shows BA45 activity.正如我们所指出的,这一解释性假说也将受到事实的支持,因为正是右脑半球显示了BAXNUMX的活性。 As indicated, the right hemisphere seems to be in charge of processing cognitive interpretations of non-semantic aspects of communication.如图所示,右半球似乎负责处理交流的非语义方面的认知解释。 On the other hand, very clear gender differences have been found in this brain area.另一方面,在这个大脑区域发现了非常明显的性别差异。 For example,例如, Kurth等。 (2017) found significantly larger gray matter volumes in females than males for right BA 44 and BA 45 bilaterally but no significant sex differences with respect to BA 44/45 asymmetry.发现双侧右BA XNUMX和BA XNUMX的女性灰质体积明显大于男性,但就BA XNUMX/XNUMX不对称而言,性别无显着差异。 This could explain the difference between men and women in terms of semantic and empathic capacity in many aspects of psychosocial relationships.这可以解释男女在心理社会关系的许多方面在语义和同理能力方面的差异。

Despite the novelty of this proposal, other authors have found data that supports the idea that right Brodmann's area 45 of the right hemisphere could be linked to behavioral addictions closely linked to empathy and social relationships.尽管该提议具有新颖性,但其他作者发现的数据支持以下观点:右半球的右布罗德曼区域XNUMX可能与与移情和社会关系密切相关的行为成瘾有关。 For example,例如, Schmitgen等。 (2020年) 发现与 Smartphone addiction showed greater activation in the right prefrontal cortex, specifically in the pars triangularis (right BA 45).智能手机成瘾显示右前额叶皮层,特别是三角绒头(右BA XNUMX)中的激活作用更大。 In a very similar sense类似地, Inhóf等。 (2019) has shown that women who self-reported problematic use or addiction to social networks on the Internet showed greater activation in the same area: the pars triangularis (right BA 45) of the right hemisphere and also in the right pars opercularis.研究表明,自我报告在互联网上社交网络使用有问题或成瘾的女性在同一区域显示出更大的激活能力:右半球的三角视杆(右BA 45)以及右眼球视镜。 Considering that the objective of this work is to contribute knowledge to the area of communication and health neuroscience and, more specifically, of prevention, it is necessary to propose an interpretive hypothesis of these results in terms of the theory of communication and prevention.考虑到这项工作的目的是为交流和健康神经科学领域(尤其是预防领域)贡献知识,因此有必要根据交流和预防理论提出这些结果的解释性假设。 In this sense, two future research routes can be established.从这个意义上讲,可以建立两条未来的研究路线。 The first is to delve into the difference between “non-consumers” and “consumers”: the data seems to indicate that the reactions to discriminating stimuli (erotic stimuli), responsible for cue exposure, act very differently in non-consumers compared to the rest.首先是要研究“非消费者”和“非消费者”之间的区别:数据似乎表明,区分提示(情色刺激)的反应与提示消费有关,其与线索消费相比,在非消费者中的行为有很大不同。休息。 In non-consumer participants, right BA XNUMX (pars triangularis) from the right hemisphere does not appear to be activated, compared to the erotic stimulus, which is very consistent with the idea that it is a discriminative stimulus.在非消费性参与者中,与色情刺激相比,右半球的右BA XNUMX(pars triangleis)似乎没有被激活,这与歧视性刺激的观念非常吻合。 The first conclusion, therefore, is important: it is convenient to distinguish very clearly between primary prevention (the subject has not started the problem behavior) and secondary prevention (when the behavior has already started and sought to manage the risks or make it disappear).因此,第一个结论很重要:很容易将主要预防措施(受试者尚未开始出现问题的行为)与次要预防措施(当行为已经开始并试图控制风险或使其消失时)区分开来是很方便的。 In the first case, prevention must focus on health education and health promotion programs.在第一种情况下,预防必须集中在健康教育和健康促进计划上。 Here, the axis of communication should be such that it explains to the subject and their guardians, in the case of minors, the importance of not initiating the behavior.在这里,沟通的轴应该这样,它可以向受试者及其监护人(对于未成年人)解释不发起行为的重要性。 It's initiation would quickly provoke a sensitization of this cortical prefrontal area, with the consequences of possible craving before discriminative erotic stimuli.它的启动会迅速激起这个皮质前额叶区域的过敏反应,并在歧视性色情刺激之前可能产生渴望。 In the case of secondary “prevention,” persuasion programs should focus on modifying the attitudes of the subject to eliminate or modify the consumer behavior.在二级“预防”的情况下,说服程序应着重于改变主体的态度以消除或改变消费者的行为。 In the case of young women, the result of this research seems to indicate that an important motivation in the behavior of consumption of pornography may be the vicarious search for empathic links of an erotic nature that is highly driven by the mirror neuron system.以年轻女性为例,这项研究的结果似乎表明,消费色情制品的一个重要动机可能是替代性地寻找由镜像神经元系统高度驱动的具有色情性质的共情链接。 In other words, we would find two variables: the limbic pleasure system characteristic of erotic behavior and the mirror neuron system characteristic of empathic behavior involved.换句话说,我们将找到两个变量:性行为的边缘愉悦系统特征和所涉及的共情行为的镜像神经元系统特征。

If these hypotheses are correct, prevention programs in young women should focus on modifying attitudes linked to the search for “erotic empathy” or “vicarious eroticism.”如果这些假设正确,则年轻女性的预防计划应着重于改变与寻求“色情同情”或“邪恶色情”有关的态度。 Said in terms of communication theory: the target's insight indicates that the axis of communication and the strategy of preventive programs should focus on these aspects of human behavior.用交流理论说:目标的洞察力表明,交流的轴心和预防方案的策略应侧重于人类行为的这些方面。 Therefore (in terms of persuasive social communication theory) the USP (Unique selling proposition) should refer to the benefits in terms of “erotic empathy” that the subject would obtain if they modify their attitudes (and, therefore, their behavior) in this area.因此(就说服力的社会传播理论而言),USP(独特的销售主张)应指的是受试者在该领域改变态度(并因此改变其行为)后将获得的“色情同情”带来的好处。 。 In the same sense, the RW (Reason Why) should provide the subject with new reinforcement incentives to replace the cognitive and emotional pleasure provided by “vicarious/empathic eroticism.”从同样的意义上说,RW(原因为何)应该为受试者提供新的强化激励措施,以取代“变态/移情色情”所带来的认知和情感愉悦。

Therefore, in this sense, future lines of research should be developed: analyzing, using neuroimaging techniques (fNIRS, fMRI), how the brain mechanisms of the subjects behave against different preventive communication messages in this area of pornography consumption.因此,从这个意义上讲,应该发展未来的研究方向:使用神经影像技术(fNIRS,fMRI)分析受试者在色情消费领域内的大脑机制如何针对不同的预防性交流信息做出反应。 The procedure may consist of manipulating, as an independent variable, the type of message, the USP and the RW, using the neuroimaging results as the dependent variable.该过程可能包括使用神经成像结果作为因变量来操纵消息的类型,USP和RW作为自变量。 In this sense, another important line of future research may consist of analyzing gender differences.从这个意义上讲,未来研究的另一个重要方向可能是分析性别差异。 If the hypothesis is correct, it is reasonable to hypothesize that different areas of the prefrontal cortex are activated in men compared to women, in the face of pornographic stimuli.如果这一假设是正确的,则可以合理地假设,面对色情刺激,与女性相比,男性的前额叶皮层的不同区域被激活。

The limitations of this research refer to the size of the sample: although the number of subjects is considerable for this type of neuroimaging research, especially considering that the sample is very homogeneous (young Spanish female college students).这项研究的局限性在于样本的大小:尽管这类神经影像研究的受试者人数相当可观,尤其是考虑到样本非常均匀(年轻的西班牙女大学生)。 However, an expansion of the sample size could make it possible to better differentiate between the different degrees of addiction and between “non-consumers” and consumers.但是,样本量的扩大可以使人们更好地区分成瘾的不同程度以及“非消费者”和消费者之间的区别。

Our paradigm is interesting in several ways.我们的范例在几种方面很有趣。 First, it shows that, in young women, BA 45 (pars triangularis) from the right prefrontal cortex plays an important role in the behavior of pornography consumption.首先,它表明,在年轻女性中,右前额叶皮层的BA XNUMX(pars triangleis)在色情消费行为中起着重要作用。 This finding could explain the cue reactivity caused by the cue exposure that would be responsible for the craving which, in turn, would trigger consumption behavior.这一发现可以解释由线索暴露引起的线索反应性,这可能是渴望的原因,而渴望又会触发消费行为。 Secondly, these data could be considered a foundation for secondary prevention programs where the communication strategy, the Reason Why and the Unique Selling Proposition were “vicarious/empathic eroticism.”其次,这些数据可以被认为是二级预防计划的基础,在该计划中,沟通策略,原因和独特的销售主张是“恶意/同情色情”。 In contrast, for primary prevention programs, the communication strategy should focus on explaining the modifications in the circuits of the right prefrontal cortex that cause the onset of this behavior and its cognitive and emotional consequences.相反,对于一级预防计划,交流策略应集中于解释右前额叶皮层回路中的改变,这些改变会引起这种行为及其认知和情感后果。 Finally, this research can be useful, if research continues in this direction, to find biological markers in this problematic or addictive behavior, in line with other similar research (最后,如果研究继续朝这个方向发展,那么与其他类似的研究相一致,这项研究对于寻找这种有问题或令人上瘾的行为的生物标志物可能是有用的(Man等人,2019).

数据可用性声明

作者将毫无保留地提供支持本文结论的原始数据。

道德声明

The experimental procedure of the study was reviewed and approved by the commission of investigation and ethical protocol of the Department of Theories and Analysis of Communication of the Complutense University of Madrid.马德里Complutense大学理论和传播学系的调查和道德规范委员会审查并批准了该研究的实验程序。 The patients or participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.患者或参与者提供了他们的书面知情同意书以参加本研究。

作者贡献

UC协助研究的概念化和执行,主要负责手稿的数据分析和部分起草,并严格审查了手稿并批准了其最终形式。 JN协助研究的概念化,手稿的部分起草,并严格修改了手稿并批准了其最终形式。 LM协助数据收集和解释,手稿起草和重要修订,并批准了最终手稿。 BP协助进行了数据分析和解释以及对手稿的严格审查。 All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.所有作者都为这篇文章做出了贡献,并批准了提交的版本。

利益冲突

作者声明,研究是在没有任何可被解释为潜在利益冲突的商业或金融关系的情况下进行的。

致谢

我们感谢UCM Neurolabcenter实验室的研究支持人员Carolina Bengochea(www.neurolabcenter.com)进行数据收集和分析方面的合作。 Also to Marion Roberts, a laboratory trainee for their help in coordinating the research.还要感谢实验室实习生Marion Roberts在协调研究方面的帮助。

补充材料

本文的补充材料可在以下网址找到: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02132/full#supplementary-material