IMIBUZO: Le ndatshana isekelwe ocwaningweni “Isifiso Sokungaziwa“. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ubusha bungashukumisela i-dopamine ukuthi ihambisane nokuthi ngabe kuthathwa ngokuthi “kuhle” noma “kubi”, noma kuyavuza noma cha. I-porn ye-Intanethi ingagcina amazinga e-dopamine eqa ngoba okuthile kwanoveli kuhlale kukhona ekhoneni. Kuhlala kunokuthile ongakubuka ukuze ukwenze noma ubhale ngaphezulu ukusutha kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubusha buthuthukisa ukufunda nokulutha kungukufunda “ngokweqile”.
Ngabe ubuchopho buthanda izinto ezintsha?
Izazi ze-Neurobiologists zazi ukuthi indawo yenoveli isungula ukuhlola nokufunda, kepha kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngokuthi ngabe ubuchopho buthanda ngempela ubuciko obunjalo. Esikhundleni salokho, isikhungo esikhulu "sobusha" bobuchopho-esibizwa nge-substantia nigra / ventral tegmental area (SN / VTA) - singasebenza ngokungalindelekile kwesikhuthazi, ukuvusa imizwa okubangelwa yiso, noma isidingo sokuphendula ngokuziphatha. I-SN / VTA inethonya elikhulu ekufundeni ngoba ixhumeke ngokusebenza kuyo yomibili imvubu, okuyisikhungo sokufunda kobuchopho, kanye ne-amygdala, isikhungo sokucubungula imininingwane engokomzwelo.
Manje, abacwaningi uNico Bunzeck no-Emrah Düzel bika izifundo nabantu ezibonisa ukuthi i-SN / VTA isabela ekufundeni okusha futhi lokhu okusha kushukumisa ingqondo ukuthi ihlole, ifune umvuzo. Abaphenyi base-University College London nase-Otto von Guericke University babike abakutholayo kumagazini we-Agasti 3, 2006, weNeuron, okhishwa yiCell Press.
fMRI
Ekuvivinyweni kwabo, uBunzeck noDüzel basebenzise lokho okwaziwa njenge- "oddball" paradigm yokulinga ukutadisha ukuthi izithombe zamanoveli ziyisebenzisa kanjani i-SN / VTA yobuchopho babafundi bokuzithandela. Ngale ndlela – njengoba ubuchopho bendaba buskenwe kusetshenziswa isithombe samagnificent resonance imaging – bakhonjiswa uchungechunge lwezithombe zobuso obufanayo noma isimo sangaphandle. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi bahlangana ngezikhathi ezithile kulolu chungechunge izinhlobo ezine zobuso noma izigcawu ezihlukile, noma "eziyinqaba." I-oddball eyodwa kwakuyisithombe nje esihlukile sokungathathi hlangothi, esinye kwakuyisithombe esehlukile esidinga ukuthi abacwaningi bacindezele inkinobho, esinye kwakuyisithombe esiveza imizwa, kanti esinye kwakuyisithombe senoveli esasicace bha. Ku-fMRI, kusetshenziswa amasiginali omsakazo angenabungozi namandla kazibuthe ukukala ukuhamba kwegazi ezifundeni zobuchopho, okukhombisa ukusebenza kulezo zifunda.
Ngalolu mklamo wokuhlola, abacwaningi bangaqhathanisa ukuphendula kwezihloko ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezithombe ze-oddball ukuhlukanisa ukusabela kobuchopho entweni emsulwa uqobo kusuka kweminye imithombo yokuvuselelwa kobuchopho, njengokuvusa imizwa.
Kusethi yesibili yokuhlolwa kwe-oddball, abacwaningi bafuna ukuthola ukuthi ngabe i-SN / VTA ifaka ubukhulu bentsha. Kulezo zivivinyo, abacwaningi balinganisa ukwenziwa kwesifunda ngemifanekiso yamazinga ahlukene wokujwayela noma wintsha. Futhi nakwezinye izifundo, abacwaningi bahlole ukuthi inkumbulo yezihloko zemifanekiso ejwayelekile yayingcono yini lapho yethulwa kanye nezithombe zenoveli noma izithombe ezijwayeleke kakhulu.
Ubhalo we-Novelty
Abaphenyi bathole ukuthi i-SN / VTA, impela, iyaphendula entweni entsha, futhi lezi zikalo zokuphendula ngokwendlela isithombe esasiyinoveli ngayo. Baphethe ngokuthi idatha yabo inikela ubufakazi bokuthi "i-hippocampal-SN / VTA loop esebenzayo" eqhutshwa ubusha kunamanye amafomu wokuqina okufana nokuqukethwe okungokomzwelo noma isidingo sokuphendula isithombe. Abaphenyi bathi ukuthola kwabo ukuthi i-SN / VTA yenziwe yasebenza ngokwengeziwe kuyasebenzisana namamodeli wokusebenza kobuchopho "abona ubusha njengebhonasi ekhuthazayo yokuhlola indawo ekufuneni umklomelo kunokuba ngumvuzo uqobo."
Futhi, uBunzeck noDüzel bathola ukuthi izinto ezintsha zithuthukisa ukufunda ezifundweni. "Ngakho-ke, iSN / VTA yomuntu ingakwazi ukufaka ikhodi yokuvuselela ngokuphelele futhi ingaba nomthelela ekufundeni okuthuthukile ngokomongo wobusha," kuphetha bona.
Ekugcineni, bathi okutholakele kuveza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukukhetha ukulimala kobuchopho ku-hippocampus kungasusa imiphumela emihle yokungezwani kweziguli futhi kwakha umthombo owodwa wokunciphisa inkumbulo yokuqashelwa ezigulini.
Abaphenyi bafaka uNico Bunzeck wase-University College London eLondon, e-United Kingdom; no-Emrah Düzel wase-University College eLondon eLondon, e-United Kingdom nase-Otto von Guericke University eMagdeburg, Germany. Lo msebenzi wesekwa yisibonelelo esivela kuDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KFO 163, TP1).
Imithombo
UBunzeck et al.: "Ukufaka ikhodi ngokuphelele kweStimulus Novelty kuHuman Substantia Nigra / VTA." Ukushicilela kuNeuron 51, 369-379, Agasti 3, 2006 DOI 10.1016 / j.neuron.2006.06.021 www.neuron.org
Ukubuka kuqala okuhlobene kukaKnutson et al.: "Ukuheha Okungaziwa."
Umthombo: Cell Press
https://web.archive.org/web/20080708210749/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/08/060826180547.htm
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ISIFUNDO:
Ukubhalwa ngokuphelele kwe-Stimulus Novelty ku-Human Substantia Nigra / VTA.
Neuron. I-2006 Aug 3; 51 (3): 369-79.
UBunzeck N, uDüzel E.
I-Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom.
abstract
Ukuhlolwa kwenoveli kungathuthukisa ubunyoninco be-hippocampal ezilwaneni ngokusebenzisa i-dopaminergic neuromodulation evela endaweni ye-substantia nigra / ye-ventral tegmental (SN / VTA). Lokhu kuthuthukisa kungadlula isigaba sokuhlola ngemizuzu eminingana. Okwamanje, kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana nokucubungula inoveli ye-dopaminergic kanye nobudlelwano bayo nomsebenzi we-hippocampal kubantu. Ezifundweni ezimbili ezisebenza ngokusebenza kwezibalo ezinamandla (i-fMRI) ezisebenzayo, ukusebenza kwe-SN / VTA kubantu kuqhutshwa ubunyoninco bokukhuthazeka kunokuba kunezindlela ezithile zokuvuselela ezinjengokuqabukela, ukuphikisana okungokomzwelo okungalungile, noma ukugxila kwesisusa esijwayelekile, kanti izimpendulo ze-hippocampal bezingakhethi kangako. Izimpendulo ezintsha ze-SN / VTA ziye zancishiswa ngokwezinga eliphezulu kunokuthi ziveze okulinganiselwe esimweni esinikeziwe, ngokungafani nezimpendulo ze-SN / VTA eziguquliwe ezisanda kubikwa ngemiphumela yomvuzo kwizifundo zezilwane. Ekugcineni, ukufundwa okusha okuthuthukile kokufunda kanye nokusebenza kwe-perirhinal / parahippocampal kwezinto ezejwayelekile ezethulwe kumongo ofanayo. Ngakho-ke, i-SN / VTA yomuntu ingabhala ikhono lokunyusa ngokuphelele futhi ingasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukufunda kumongo wobunyoninco.
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