Ukuhlaziywa kwe "Idatha ayisekeli ubulili njengomlutha" (Prause et al., 2017)

Isingeniso

Nicole Prause uthinta enye yezincwadi zakhe kumhleli ethi "debunking" ubukhona bokulutha ngokocansi nokulutha kocansi ("Ukucindezela kokuziphatha ngokocansi" ngokuzayo I-ICD-11). Kodwa akunjalo. Lokhu Umbono we-240-word piece (Prause et al., 2017) icaphuna izifundo zero ukusekela izimangalo zayo, pkuguduza umusho owodwa kuphela, ophikiswa kalula njengobufakazi bayo bodwa obuphikisana nemodeli yokulutha.

Leli bhulogi elibhaliwe nge-Prause I-Lancet, esayinwe ngabahlanganyeli abane (u-Erick Janssen, uJanniko Georgiadis, uPeter Finn noJames Pfaus), beyimpendulo kwenye incwadi emfushane: Ingabe ukuziphatha ngokweqile ngokobulili kuyinkinga yokulutha? (Potenza et. al., 2017), eyabhalwa nguMarc Potenza, uMateusz Gola, uValerie Voon, u-Ariel Kor noShane Kraus. (Zombili ziphinde zenziwe ngezansi ngokugcwele.)

Ngesinye isikhathi, abathathu abakwa-Prause abane-co-signers ku I-Lancet Wanikeza namagama abo ekuqaleni kwe-2016 Salt Lake Tribune I-Op-Ed ehlasela Ukulwa Nezidakamizwa Ezintsha kanye nesimo salo kwi-inthanethi ye-porn. Lokho Salt Lake Tribune I-600-I-Ed Ed-Ed ivele igcwele iziqinisekiso ezingasekelwa ezibalwe ukudukisa umphakathi obala. Futhi abalobi balo, u-Prause nabangani, bahlulekile ukusekela isimangalo esisodwa. U-Ed-Ed ukhulume kuphela amaphepha we-4 - akekho okunye okuhlangene nakho nokulutha kwe-porn, imiphumela ye-porn ebuhlotsheni, noma izinkinga zocansi ezenziwe ngocansi. Ochwepheshe abaningi baye baphendula ngalokhu kudilizwa kwe-Prause Op-Ed: I-Ed-Ed: Ubani ngempela owehlisa isayensi kwizithombe zobulili ezingcolile? (I-2016). Ngokungafani "nososayensi bezinzwa" be-Op-Ed yokuqala, abalobi bezimpendulo basho izifundo ezingamakhulu eziningana kanye nokubuyekezwa okuningi kwezincwadi owasekela izitatimende zabo.

I-PhD eyodwa ku I-Lancet umzamo olahlekile ku- Salt Lake Tribune I-Op-Ed (Peter Finn) yenzeka kumbhali-mbhali isiqeshana se-propaganda ye-2014 no-Prause noDavid Ley (umbhali we Inkolelo-mkhuba yokulutha kocansi), elinesihloko U-Emperor Awukho Izingubo: Ukubuyekezwa kwesibonelo 'sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile' (2014). Leli phepha alikona ukubuyekezwa kwangempela, futhi, njengoba kunzima ukukholelwa, cishe lutho kuleli phepha le Ley / Prause / Finn linembile noma lisekelwa yizikhalazo ngaphakathi kwephepha. Lokhu okulandelayo ukuhlaziywa eside kakhulu kwephepha elihamba phambili, ngokucaphuno, ukuveza iziqu eziningi ze-Ley / Prause / Finn ezifakwe "ekubukeni" kwazo: U-Emperor Alikho Izingubo: I-fairytale ephukile ebeka njengesibuyekezo. Isici salo esiphawuleka kakhulu ukuthi sishiye noma yisiphi isifundo esabika imiphumela emibi ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kocansi noma sathola ukulutha kwezocansi - kepha sazibiza ngokuthi "ukubuyekeza!"

Ukubuyekeza (ngo-Ephreli, i-2019): Emzameni wokuvala ukugxekwa kwe-YBOP, idlanzana lababhali lakha iqembu (kufaka ne-4 yabalobi be-5 ku- Prause et al., I-2017 - UNicole Prause, u-Erick Janssen, uJanniko Georgiadis, uPeter Finn) ukweba uphawu lokuhweba lwe-YBOP nokwakha isiza sesibuko se-bogus futhi ama-akhawunti wezokuxhumana. Bona leli khasi ukuze uthole imininingwane: Ukuhlukunyezwa Okuphawulekayo Kokuhweba Okubanjwe Izidakamizwa Zomlutha Wezinshukela (www.realyourbrainonporn.com).

Ukuphendukela ku-Prause's I-Lancet umzamo, kufanele sikhulume ukuthi akekho omunye wabahlanu Prause et al., Abanikazi be-2017 bakhicilele isifundo esibandakanya kuqinisekisiwe "izidakamizwa ezingcolile zobulili noma zocansi."Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abasayine uPrause I-Lancet incwadi inayo imidwebo ye-feverishly ehlasela umqondo wokulutha kocansi nocansi (ngaleyo ndlela kubonisa ukunyanyiswa okukhulu). Ngokuphambene, ngamunye kulaba abahlanu Potenza et al. Abambisene nabo be-2017 (abhale incwadi yokuqala kule ndaba ku I-Lancet) uye washicilela izifundo eziningi ezibandakanya izihloko ngokucindezeleka kokuziphatha ngokobulili (okubandakanya izifundo ezibucayi zobuchopho kubasebenzisi be-porn kanye nezilonda zocansi). Umbuzo: kungani umuntu ongaqashiwe isikhungo semfundo iminyaka eminingana, futhi ngubani obala libandakanya ukuhlukunyezwa okuhlosiwe nokuhlukunyezwa yalabo abaphakamisa ukuthi i-porn ingaba umlutha, inikezwe ibhentshi yenkulumo-ze yakhe engasekelwa? Esimweni esingakaze sibe khona, izincazelo ze-19 zezifundo ezingabazekayo zikaPrause zishicilelwe ezincwadini ezibuyekezwa ngontanga:

Steele et al., 2013 - iphepha 1, iphepha 2, iphepha 3, iphepha 4, iphepha 5, iphepha 6, iphepha 7, iphepha 8
Prause et al., 2015 - iphepha 1, iphepha 2, iphepha 3, iphepha 4, iphepha 5, iphepha 6, iphepha 7, iphepha 8, iphepha 9, iphepha 10
Ukudumisa & Pfaus, 2015 - iphepha 1

Okokugcina, zizwe ukhululekile ukunganaki UPrause et al's i-disinformation (ngezansi) bese uya ngqo kwisayensi enedumela kulo mkhakha. Nayi ifayili le- uhlu lokubuyekezwa kwezincwadi ezingama-30 ze-neuroscience namazwana we-CSBD ngezinye zezazi eziphezulu zezinzwa emhlabeni. Bonke basekela imodeli yokulutha. Ngaphandle kwalokho, sebenzisa lolu hlu lwazo lonke ucwaningo olususelwa ku-neuroscience olushicilelwe kubasebenzisi be-porn nakwimilutha yezocansi (ngaphezulu kwe-50 kuze kube manje). Banikeza ukusekelwa okuqinile kwemodeli yokulutha njengoba okutholakele kwabo kukhombisa ukutholwa kwemizwa okubikwe ezifundweni zokulutha izidakamizwa (ngokungahambisani nokushiwo okungasekelwa Prause et al.). Okokugcina, cabangela okungaphezulu kwezinguquko ze-60 ezibika okutholakele okuhambisana nokukhula kwezinto ezingcolile zobulili (ukubekezelelana), ukujwayela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ngisho nezimpawu zokuhoxisa. Zonke ziyizimpawu nezimpawu ezihambisana nokulutha - ngakho-ke i-debunking Prause et al.'s isimanga samanga sokuthi ukubekezelelana noma ukuhoxiswa kuye kwabikwa emaphepheni abuyekezwa kontanga.

Nazi izinhlamvu ezifanayo njengoba zibonakala I-Lancet:

Incwadi yePotenza kanye nempendulo ye-Prause

**Ingabe ukuziphatha ngokweqile ngokobulili kuyinkinga yokulutha? (Potenza et al., 2017)**

UMarc N Potenza, Mateusz Gola, Valerie Voon, Ariel Kor, Shane W Kraus

Kushicilelwe: September, 2017

Ngamazwana wabo ku I-Lancet Psychiatry, UJohn B Saunders kanye nozakwethu¹ngokucacile kuchaza izimpikiswano zamanje eziphathelene nokucubungula nokuhlelwa kokugembula kanye nokuphazamiseka kwezemidlalo njengenkinga yokulutha, okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwe-DSM-5² futhi kulindeleke i-ICD-11.³ Ukucindezeleka kokuziphatha kocansi okuphoqelelwe kuphakanyiswa njengesiyaluyalu sokulawula umfutho we-ICD-11.³ Kodwa-ke, sikholelwa ukuthi i-logic esetshenziswa yi-Saunders kanye nozakwethu¹kungase kusetshenziswe nasekucindezelweni kokukhubazeka kocansi. Ukucindezeleka kokuziphatha ngokobulili (ukuhlinzwa njengengozi yokuxoshwa kwe-hypersexual) kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kufakwe ku-DSM-5 kodwa ekugcineni kungabandakanywa, naphezu kokukhiqizwa kwezinqubo ezisemthethweni nokuhlolwa kwesilingo.² Lokhu kukhishwa kuye kwavimbela imizamo yokuvimbela, yokucwaninga, nokwelashwa, futhi abahlengikazi bashiya ngaphandle kokutholakala ngokusemthethweni kokucindezeleka kokuziphatha ngokocansi.

Ukucwaninga kwi-neurobiology yokucindezeleka kokuziphatha ngokobulili kuye kwadala ukutholakala okuphathelene nokukhathazeka okubambe iqhaza, izibopho zokukhuthaza umqondo, nobuciko obusekelwe ebuchosheni obubonisa ukufana okukhulu nezidakamizwa.⁴ Ukucindezeleka kokuziphatha ngokocansi okucatshangelwayo kuphakanyiswa njengengcindezi yokulawula ukucindezeleka ku-ICD-11, ehambisana nombono ohlongozwayo wokuthi ukulangazelela, ukubandakanya okuqhubekayo naphezu kwemiphumela emibi, ukubandakanyeka okuphoqelekile, nokulawulwa kokunciphisa kubonisa izici ezisemqoka zokucindezeleka kokulawula ukucindezeleka.⁵ Lo mbono kungenzeka ukuthi wawulungele ezinye ze-DSM-IV izifo zokulawula ukucindezeleka, ngokugembula ukugembula. Kodwa-ke, lezi zakhi sekuye kwacatshangwa ukuthi ziyinhloko yezidakamizwa, futhi ekushintsheni okuvela ku-DSM-IV kuya ku-DSM-5, isigaba se-Impulse Control Disorders Akuyona Esinye Isinye Isihlonzi sasihlelwa kabusha, futhi ukugembula okubizwa ngokuthi i-pathological name kabusha futhi kwakhiwe kabusha njengesifo somlutha.² Njengamanje, i-ICD-11 ye-beta yesayithi yokuhlela ibhala uhlu lwezinkinga zokulawula ukucindezeleka, futhi ihlanganisa ukucindezeleka kokuziphatha kocansi, i-pyromania, i-kleptomania, nokuphazamiseka okuphazamisayo okuphakathi.³

Kukhona kokubili ubuhle nobuqili mayelana nokuhlelwa kokucindezeleka kokuziphatha ngokocansi njengesiyaluyalu sokulawula umfutho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukufakwa kokucindezeleka kokuziphatha ngokobulili ku-ICD-11 kungathuthukisa ukuhambisana nokuxilongwa, ukwelashwa, nokufunda ngabanye abanalesi sifo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinkinga zokuziphatha ngokocansi njengokucindezela ukulawula ukucindezeleka ngokungafani nesifo somlutha kungase kuthinte kabi ukwelashwa nokutadisha ngokunciphisa ukutholakala kokwelashwa, ukuqeqeshwa kokwelapha, kanye nemizamo yokucwaninga. Ukucindezeleka kokuziphatha kocansi okuphoqeleka kubonakala kufanelana kahle nezinkinga ezingalona izidakamizwa ezihlongozwayo nge-ICD-11, ehambisana nesikhathi esincane sokuxilonga ngokobulili okwamanje okuhlongozwayo ukucindezela ukuziphatha kobulili kwi-website ye-ICD-11.³ Sikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwengcindezi yokuziphatha ngokobulili njengesifo sokulutha kuyaphambene nedatha yamuva futhi kungase kuzuze odokotela, abacwaningi, kanye nabantu abathintekayo futhi bathinteke ngalesi sifo.

Okubhekwayo:

1. Ukugembula ngokweqile nokudlala: ukuphazamiseka komlutha? I-Lancet Psychiatry. I-2017; 4: 433-435 I-PubMed
2. I-American Psychiatric Association. Ibhukwana lokuhlola kanye nesibalo sokukhathazeka kwengqondo (DSM-5). I-American Psychiatric Association Publishing, i-Arlington; I-2013. -Google Scholar
3. WHO. Ukuhlelwa kwe-beta ye-ICD-11. http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd11/browse/l-m/en (kufinyelelwe ngoJulayi 18, i-2017).
4. Ingabe ukuziphatha kocansi okuphoqeleka kungabhekwa njengokulutha umlutha? Umlutha. I-2016; 111: 2097-2106 I-PubMed
5. Ukuphazamiseka kokulawula ukucindezeleka kanye "nokulutha ukuziphatha" ku-ICD-11. I-World Psychiatry. I-2014; 13: 125-127 I-PubMed

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++&++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ,+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ndangiqondana +

**Idatha ayisekeli ubulili njengomlutha (Prause et al., 2017)**

Nicole Prause, U-Erick Janssen, UJanniko Georgiadis, UPeter Finn, James Pfaus

Kushicilelwe: Disemba, i-2017

UMarc Potenza kanye nozakwethu¹ ikhuthaza ukuhlukanisa "ukuziphatha ngokweqile ngokocansi" njengengxabano yomlutha ku-ICD-11. Ubulili buyingxenye yokuthanda nokufuna lezo zindlela ze-neural izinhlelo nezinye izici eziningi ezishukumisayo.²Kodwa-ke, izifundo zokuhlola azisekeli izinto eziyinhloko zokulutha ngokweqile ezifana nokunyuka kokusetshenziswa, ubunzima bokulawula ukukhushulwa, imiphumela emibi, ukulahlekelwa umvuzo we-syndrome, ukuhoxiswa kwe-syndrome ngokuyeka, ukubekezelelana, noma izinzuzo eziphuthumayo eziphuthumayo. Isici esiyinhloko se-neurobiological yokulutha umlutha ukuphendula okunyuka kwe-glutamate neurons ehlanganisa i-nucleus accumbens. Lezi zinguquko zingase zithinte ukukhuthazwa kwesikhathi eside kwendlela ye-mesocorticolimbic dopamine, njengoba kubonakaliswa yizinhlobo zamabonakaliso kuhlanganise nokuthanda ukukhangwa nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa. ³Kuze kube manje, ucwaninga ngemiphumela yobulili ekusebenzeni kwe-glutamate futhi ukuguqulwa kwe-dopamine endleleni akulula.

Ubulili ngumvuzo oyinhloko, ngokumelela okuyingqayizivele yokumisa. Ukuzibandakanya kwezocansi kuhloswe kuhlotshaniswa nokuneliseka kwezempilo nokuphila. Ubulili abuvumeli ukugqugquzela okuphezulu. Ucwaningo kule ndawo alukaphenywa ngezindlela zokuziphatha zobulili ezihlangene. Umsebenzi wokuhlola ukhawulelwe kumazwi wezocansi, noma imivuzo yesibili, usebenzisa izithombe. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka, kodwa idatha ephathelene nobulili obuvamile noma obuningi ayisekeli ukufakwa kwayo njengomlutha. Futhi, idatha ayanele ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamamodeli acindezelayo futhi angahlosile. Kunezinye izindlela eziningi ezikhona, kuhlanganise namamodeli angasebenzi asekelwe kahle.⁴ Potenza kanye nozakwabo⁵futhi wathi izimo zokulutha izidakamizwa azitholakalanga ngokuziphatha kobulili: siyavumelana nalesi siphetho sangaphambilini.

References:

1. Ingabe ukuziphatha ngokweqile ngokobulili kuyinkinga yokulutha? I-Lancet Psychiatry. I-2017; 4: 663-664 I-PubMed
2. Ubulili for fun: synthesis of neurobiology yabantu nezilwane. Nat Rev Urol. I-2012; 9: 486-498 I-PubMed
3. Ukulutha kwezidakamizwa njenge-pathology ye-neuroplasticity ehleliwe. I-Neuropsychopharmacology. I-2008; 33: 166-180 I-PubMed
4. U-Sexualism: ukubuyekezwa okubucayi kanye nesingeniso "emjikelezweni wokuziphatha ngokobulili". I-Arch Sex Behav. I-2017; DOI:10.1007/s10508-017-0991-8<
5. Ingabe ukuziphatha kocansi okuphoqeleka kungabhekwa njengokulutha umlutha? Umlutha. I-2016; 111: 2097-2106 I-PubMed

**Ukuxosha umusho ongeyena oqukethe konke Prause et al. I-2017 kwadingeka anikele**

I-Prause's I-Lancet umzamo uqukethe umusho owodwa (futhi akukho okushiwo okusekelweyo) ukuphikisa Potenza et al. ukuhlaziya. (Ngokusekela Potenza et al., cabangela lezi zibuyekezo ze-25 / izibuyekezo eqinisekisa ukuthi i-CSBD kufanele bahlukaniswe ngaphansi kwesigaba "sokuziphatha okuluthayo" ku-ICD-11 entsha ye-WHO.) Prause et al. inikeza abayisikhombisa okuthiwa “izici ezibalulekile zokulutha”Ababhali bayo bathi izifundo abasazitholi ezithombeni ezingcolile noma zocansi:

I-PRAUSE ET AL: Kodwa-ke, izifundo zokuhlola azisekeli izinto eziyinhloko zokulutha ngokweqile ezifana nokunyuka kokusetshenziswa, ubunzima bokulawula ukukhushulwa, imiphumela emibi, ukulahlekelwa umvuzo we-syndrome, ukuhoxiswa kwe-syndrome ngokuyeka, ukubekezelelana, noma izinzuzo eziphuthumayo eziphuthumayo.

Isheke langempela:

Izinto ezintathu kwezingu-XNUMX zikaPrause azemukelwa ngempela "njengezinto ezisemqoka zokulutha umlutha": Umvuzo wokushoda kwesifo, ukukhushulwa okuhle okungenzeka sekwedlule isikhathi, nokuhoxa. Eqinisweni, noma kunjalo, izifundo zibike kokubili ukuhoxiswa kanye nomvuzo wokushoda kwesifo kumsebenzisi we-porn kanye nemilutha yezocansi. Esinye isici sakhe esibalulekile sokulutha ("okuthuthukisiwe okungenzeka sekwephuzile okuhle") kuhlolwe kuphela ku- ukugxeka kakhulu isifundo se-Nicole Prause EEG. Amaphepha ayisikhombisa abuyekezwe ngontanga avuma ukuthi ukutholwa kukaPrause kokufundwa okuphansi kwe-EEG (aphansi amathuba amahle okufika sekwedlule isikhathi) empeleni kusho ukuthi abasebenzisi be-porn ababevame ukubhoreka yi-vanilla porn (inkomba yokuthi kungenzeka babe umlutha). Eqinisweni, lokhu kuhlaziywa okusemthethweni kwephepha likaPrause kuyavuma ukuthi uthole ukungafuneki / ukujwayela kubasebenzisi be-porn abavamile (okuhambisana nemodeli yokulutha): 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10
Ngakho-ke, ngokungafani nezimangalo zikaPrause, abayisithupha kwabayisikhombisa okuthiwa “yizici zokulutha” babe kukhonjwe ezifundweni zabasebenzisi be-porn kanye / noma abayimilutha yezocansi - kanti owesikhombisa uhlala kuphela kwisimangalo sakhe esingabazisayo (ukuthi "siyisihluthulelo") nesakhe ukuhlaziywa okuphikisanayo.

Abafundi kudingeka bazibuze ukuthi kungani Prause et al. babezozama ukudukisa.

Ngaphambi kokuthi sinikeze ukusekelwa okunamandla "kwezinto ezibalulekile zokulutha" lokho Prause et al. abathi abekho, ake sihlole kafushane ukuthi ochwepheshe bezidakamizwa bakholelwa ukuthi bayini empeleni izici ezibalulekile zokulutha:

Ubuchopho obukhulu obushintsha obangelwa ukulutha umlutha buchazwe ngu UGeorge F. Koob futhi Nora D. Volkow ekubuyekezweni kwawo okuphawulekayo: Izinzuzo ze-Neurobiologic ezivela kwi-Brain Disease Model of Addiction (2016). UKoob unguMqondisi weNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), kanti uVolkow ungumqondisi weNational Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).

Leli phepha lichaza izinguquko ezine eziyinhloko zobuchopho ezithintekayo kokubili izidakamizwa nezidakamizwa zokuziphatha, nokuthi zibonisa kanjani ukuziphatha: 1) Ukukwazisa, 2) Ukungahlehlisi, 3) Izijikelezo zokungasebenzi ezingasebenzi (ukungazenzisi), i-4) Uhlelo lokucindezeleka olungasebenzi. Yonke i-4 yalezi zinguquko zobuchopho iye yabonakala phakathi kwezifundo eziningi zezinzwa ohlwini kuleli khasi:

Izifundo zokubika ukuzwela kubasebenzisi be-porn / izidakamizwa zocansi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.
Kuhlolwa ngezifundo zobuchopho ze-cue-reacwork noma izinkanuko eziqinile zokusebenzisa.
Izifundo zokubika ukungafuneki noma ukujwayela abasebenzisi be-porn / izidakamizwa zocansi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Kubonakalisa njengokunciphisa ukuzwela komvuzo (ukujabulisa okungaphansi), ukujwayela kwezingubo zobulili ezingcolile (ukucutshungulwa kobuchopho obuphansi), ukubekezelelana (ukukhula kwezinhlobo ezintsha).
Izifundo zibika ukusebenza komsebenzi ompofu (ubuzenzisi) noma ishintshwe umsebenzi wokuzithandela kubasebenzisi be-porn / izidakamizwa zocansi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. Kubonakalisa amandla, amandla, ukuhluleka ukulawula ukusetshenziswa, ukwenza izinqumo ezimbi.
Izifundo ezibonisa a uhlelo lokucindezeleka olungasebenzi kubasebenzisi be-porn / izidakamizwa zocansi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Kuboniswa njengokucindezelwa okuncane okuholela ekunxanelekeni nasekubuyiselweni emuva ngoba kusebenze izindlela ezinamandla ezihanjisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuyeka umlutha kusebenze amasistimu wokuxineka kobuchopho okuholela kuzimpawu eziningi zokuhoxa ezivame kuzo zonke izidakamizwa, njengokukhathazeka, ukungabekezeleleki nokushintshana kwemizwelo.

Njengoba singabona Prause et al., I-2017, i-cherry-picked futhi yamelela kabi izinto ezibalulekile zokulutha ukukhiqiza incwadi "esemthethweni" yokuxhuma kuma-social media nokuthumela izintatheli nge-imeyili.

**Ukusekelwa okungokomthetho “kwezinto ezibalulekile zokulutha” lokho Prause et al. bebengekho**

Kulesi sigaba sinikeza ukusekelwa okunamandla kwezinto "eziyinhloko zokulutha umlutha" uPrause wagomela ngamanga abengekho.

I-PRAUSE ET AL: Kodwa-ke, izifundo zokuhlola azisekeli izinto eziyinhloko zokulutha umlutha ezifana ukukhula kokusetshenziswa, ubunzima bokulawula ukukhushulwa, imiphumela emibi, ukulahlekelwa umvuzo we-syndrome, ukuhoxiswa kwe-syndrome ukuyeka, ukubekezela, or izinzuzo eziphuthumayo eziphuthumayo.

1) "ukwanda kokusetshenziswa" kanye "nokubekezelelana"

Prause et al. Uhlu ngokungalungile "ukubekezelelana" kanye "nokukhula kokusetshenziswa" njengezinto ezihlukile zokulutha. Ukubekezelelana, okuyisidingo sokukhuthaza okukhulu ukuze kufinyelelwe ezingeni elifanayo lokuvusa kubizwa nangokuthi ukujwayela (impendulo encane noma encane kumuthi noma isisusa). Ngokuhlukumeza / ukujwayela abahlukumeza izidakamizwa kubonakala njengokudinga imithamo ephakeme ukuzuza okuphezulu okufanayo. Lokhu kukhula kokusetshenziswa. Ngabasebenzisi be-porn, ukubekezelelana / ukujwayela kuholela ekubeni nesithukuthezi ngohlobo lwamanje noma uhlobo lwe-porn: ukugqugquzela okukhulu kuvame ukutholakala ngokukhuphukela ezinhlotsheni ezintsha noma ezingaphezulu kakhulu ze-porn.

Nakuba kunesibalo esikhulu sokuthola ukubekezela okuholela ekukhuleni kwabasebenzisi be-porn, ingabe zikhona izifundo? Empeleni, ngaphezu kwezinguquko ze-50 ziye zabika ukutholwa okujwayele ukuqhutshwa noma ukunyuka kwabantu abasebenzisi be-porn - konke okungahle kunganakiwe yi-Prause kanye nabobhali be-co-author. Lapha sinikeza izibonelo ezimbalwa zokukhula nokujwayela / ukubekezela kusuka kulolu hlu lwezifundo ze-50:

Enye yezifundo zokuqala zokubuza abasebenzisi be-porn ngqo mayelana nokukhuphuka: “Imisebenzi yezocansi e-intanethi: Ucwaningo lokuhlolisisa lwemikhakha yokusetshenziswa enenkinga futhi engekho inkinga kwisampula yamadoda "(2016). Ukucwaninga kubika ukukhula, njengoba i-49% yamadoda ibikile ukubukela izithombe ezingcolile ezingakaze zithandeke kubo ngaphambili noma ukuthi zike zibheke njengezinengiso. Ingcaphuno:

Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye okukhulunywa ngawo okungenani ngezinye izikhathi afuna okuqukethwe kocansi noma ahileleke kuma-OSA angakaze athakazelise ngaphambili noma ukuthi ayebhekwa njengento enengekayo.

"I-Dual Control Model: Indima Yokuvimbela Ngokocansi & Ukuzijabulisa Ekuvusweni Ngokobulili Nokuziphatha," 2007. I-Indiana University Press, Umhleli: Erick Janssen, iphe.197-222. Ekuhloleni okusebenzisa i-video ye-porn (yehlobo esetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwangaphambilini), i-50% yamadoda amasha ayikwazanga ukuvuswa noma afinyelele ukuvinjelwa nge-porn (iminyaka yobudala yayingu-29). Abacwaningi abashaqisayo bathola ukuthi ukungasebenzi kwamadoda erectile kwaba,

ehlobene namazinga aphezulu okuvezwa nokuzwa ngezici zobulili ezicacile.

Amadoda abhekene nokusebenza kabi kwe-erectile ayechitha isikhathi esiningi emiphongolweni nasezindlini zokugezela lapho i-porn "yayikhona khona," futhi "idlala ngokuqhubekayo." Abacwaningi bathi:

Izingxoxo nezihloko zaqinisa umqondo wethu wokuthi kwezinye zazo ukuvezwa okuphezulu kwe-eerotica kubonakala sengathi kuye kwaholela ekuthwalweni okuphansi kwe "vanilla sex" i-eerotica kanye nesidingo esikhulayo sezinto ezintsha nezokushintshashintsha, kwezinye izimo zihlangene nesidingo sokucacisa kakhulu izinhlobo zezinyathelo zokuvusa ukuze zivuswe.

Kuthiwani ngesifundo sokuskena kobuchopho? "B Imvula Isakhiwo Nokuxhumana Okusebenzayo Okuhlangene Nezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ukusetshenziswa: I-Brain on Porn " (Kühn & Gallinat, 2014). Lolu cwaningo lwe-Max Planck Institute fMRI luthole into encane engwevu ohlelweni lomvuzo (i-dorsal striatum) ehambisana nenani le-porn elidliwe. Iphinde yathola ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuningi kuhambisana nokusebenza okuncane kokuvuselelwa kwesifunda ngenkathi kubukwa kafushane izithombe zocansi. Abaphenyi bacabanga ukuthi okutholakele kwabo kukhombisa ukungafuneki, futhi mhlawumbe nokubekezelelana, okuyisidingo sokukhuthaza okukhulu ukufeza ileveli efanayo yokuvuka. Umbhali oholayo USimone Kühn uthe okulandelayo mayelana nesifundo sakhe:

Lokhu kungasho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kudonsa uhlelo lokuvuza. ... Ngakho-ke, sithatha ukuthi izifundo ezinokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zidinga ukuqina okunamandla ukuze kufinyelele izinga elifanayo lomvuzo .... Lokhu kuvumelana nokuthola okuhlangenwe nakho kokusebenza kwe-striatum kwezinye izindawo zobuchopho: ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kutholakala ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa nokuxhumana okunciphise phakathi kwendawo yokuvuza kanye ne-prefrontal cortex.

Esinye isifundo sokucwaninga ngobuchopho "Intsha, isimo sokubheka kanye nokukhathalela ukunakekelwa kocansi“(2015). Ucwaningo lweCambridge University fMRI lubika ukujwayela okukhulu kwizenzo zocansi kubasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile. Ingcaphuno:

Izisusa ezicacile eziku-inthanethi zinkulu futhi ziyanda, futhi lesi sici singakhuthaza ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwabanye abantu. Isibonelo, abesilisa abaphilile ababuka kaninginingi ifilimu efanayo ecacile batholakale bejwayela isikhuthazo futhi bathole ukugqugquzelwa okucacile njengokuvusa kancane kancane ucansi, ukunganaki kangako nokuncipha kancane (IKoukounas ne-Over, 2000). … Sikhombisa ngokuhlola lokho okubonwa emtholampilo ukuthi i-Compulsive Sexual Behavior ibonakala ngokufuna izinto ezintsha, ukwenza isimo nesimo sokujwayela izifiso zocansi kwabesilisa.

Kusukela ku-press release ehlobene:

Umphumela ofanayo wokujwayela kwenzeka kwabesilisa abaphilile abakhonjiswa kaningi ividiyo efanayo yezocansi. Kepha uma bebuka ividiyo entsha, izinga lentshisekelo nokuvuka kubuyela ezingeni lokuqala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ukuvimbela ukujwayela, umlutha wezocansi uzodinga ukufuna ukutholakala kwezithombe ezintsha njalo. Ngamanye amagama, ukujwayela kungaqhuba ukuseshwa kwezithombe zamanoveli.
"Okutholakele kwethu kuhambisana kakhulu nezimo zocansi eziku-inthanethi," kunezela uDkt Voon. “Akucaci ukuthi yini ebangela ukulutheka ocansini kwasekuqaleni futhi kungenzeka ukuthi abanye abantu bathambekele ekuluthekeni kakhulu kunabanye, kepha ukutholakala kwezithombe zocansi ezithandekayo okubonakala kungapheli kutholakala ukondla ukulutheka kwabo, kukwenza kube ngaphezulu futhi kunzima kakhulu ukubaleka. ”

Kuthiwani ngesifundo se-EEG sikaPrause, naso uqobo esathola umkhuba? Ukuguquguquka kwezinto ezitholakala esikhathini esizayo ngezithombe zocansi ezitholakala kubasebenzisi bezinkinga kanye nezinkambiso ezingavumelani nalokho "ukuphuza utshwala"Prause et al., 2015). Uma kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli "abantu ababhekana nezinkinga ezilawula ukubukwa kwabo kocansi" babe nezimpendulo eziphansi ezithinta ubuchopho ekuvezeni okwesibili kwezithombe ze-porno ye-vanilla. I umlobi ohola uthi lezi zinkinga "debunk umlutha wezocansi." Ngokwemvelo, yimuphi usosayensi onokwethenjelwa angasho ukuthi isifundo sabo esisodwa esisodwa senze insimu yokutadisha kahle?

Eqinisweni, okutholakele Prause et al. I-2015 ihambisane ngokuphelele I-Kühn & Gallinat (2014), okuthole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn ngaphezulu kunamathele ekusebenziseni ubuchopho obuncane ekuphenduleni izithombe ze-porno ye-vanilla. I Prause et al. okutholakele nakho kuhambelana Banca et al. 2015, ebike ukuthi ukufundwa okuphansi kwe-EEG kusho ukuthi izifundo bezingazinaki izithombe kunezilawuli. Ngokumane nje, abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ababevame ukungazithandi izithombe ze-vanilla porn. Babenesithukuthezi (bejwayele noma bengenasizungu). Bona lokhu I-YBOP enkulu ihlaziya. Awekho amaphepha angaphansi kwe-9 abuyekezwe ontanga avumayo lokho Prause et al. I-2015 empeleni yathola ukuhlukanisa / ukuhlala endaweni yabasebenzisi be-porn ejwayelekile (ehambisana nomlutha): Izibukezo ezibuyekezwa kontanga Prause et al., 2015

Ucwaningo olubike ukubekezelelana nokuhoxa (izinto ezimbili uPrause's I-Lancet waqamba amanga ukuthi akukho cwaningo esabika noma): "Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Zobulili Ezingcolile (PPCS)" (2017) - Leli phepha laqala futhi lihlolisisa inkinga yezinkinga zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezahlonyiswa emva kwemibuzo yokulutha izidakamizwa. Le mibuzo yemibuzo ye-18 ihlolwe ukubekezelelana nokuhoxiswa ngemibuzo elandelayo ye-6:

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Umbuzo ngamunye utholwe kusukela kokukodwa kuye kwesikhombisa esikalini se-Likert: 1- Akukaze, 2- Kukancane, 3- Kwesinye isikhathi, 4- Kwesinye isikhathi, 5- Ngokuvamile, 6- Ngokuvamile, 7- Sonke Isikhathi. Igrafu engezansi ihlukanise abasebenzisi be-porn ngezigaba ezi-3 ngokuya ngezikolo zabo eziphelele: "Okungenankinga," "Ubungozi obuphansi," kanye "Nobungozi." Imiphumela engezansi ikhombisa ukuthi abasebenzisi abaningi be-porn bathola ukubekezelelana nokuhoxa

Ngokumane nje, lolu cwaningo lubuze ngempela mayelana nokukhula (ukubekezela) nokuhoxiswa - futhi kokubili kubikwa ngabasebenzisi abathile be-porn.

Lokhu kukhulu kakhulu (n = 6463) yokutadisha kwabantu abasha ama-debunks amahle kakhulu njalo nge-Prause et al. ukugomela - Ukuqhathaniswa, Amaphethini kanye Nemiphumela Eyaziwayo Yezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ukusetshenziswa Kwabafundi BePolish University: Isifundo Esihamba Ngezigaba (2019). Ibike ukuthi konke okushiwo yiPrause akukho: ukubekezelelana / ukujwayela, ukwanda kokusetshenziswa, okudinga izinhlobo ezeqise kakhulu ukuvuswa ngocansi, izimpawu zokuhoxa lapho uyeka, izinkinga zocansi ezibangelwa ucansi, ukuluthwa yizocansi, nokuningi. Izingcaphuno ezimbalwa ezihlobene nokubekezelelana / ukujwayela / ukukhuphuka:

Imiphumela emibi kakhulu ebonakalayo engalungile yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlanganisiwe: isidingo sokuvuselela isikhathi eside (12.0%) nokunye okuningi kocansi (17.6%) ukufinyelela i-orgasm, nokunciphisa ukwaneliseka ngocansi (24.5%) ...
Ucwaningo lwamanje lubonisa ukuthi ukuvezwa kwangaphambilini kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokungahlehlisi okungahle kwenzeke ekuthandweni kobulili njengoba kuboniswe isidingo sokuvuselela isikhathi eside kanye nesimo esiningi socansi esidingekayo ukuze sifinyelele i-orgasm uma sidla izinto ezicacile, futhi konke kunciphisa ukwaneliseka ngokobulili ....
Izinguquko ezahlukahlukene zephathini yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezenzeka phakathi nesikhathi sokuvezwa kwabikwa ukuthi: kushintshelwa uhlobo lwenoveli lwezinto ezibonakalayo (i-46.0%), ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingahambelani nokuya ocansini (60.9%) futhi okudingeka usebenzise okuningi okwedlulele (okunodlame) impahla (32.0%). Lokhu kokugcina kubikwa njalo ngabesifazane ukuthi bazibheke njengabantu abanelukuluku uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abazithatha njengabangenalo ulwazi
isifundo samanje sathola ukuthi isidingo sokusebenzisa izinto ezingcolile ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kwakuvame ukubikwa abesilisa abazichaza ngokuthi banonya.

Izimpawu ezengeziwe zokubekezelelana / ukukhula: ukudingwa amathebhu amaningi avulekile futhi asebenzisa i-porn ngaphandle kwekhaya:

Iningi labafundi livunyelwe ukusebenzisa imodi yangasese (76.5%, n = 3256) namawindi amaningi (51.5%, n = 2190) uma upheqa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili. Ukusetshenziswa kwezingubo ezingekho ngaphansi kocansi okubikwa yi-33.0% (n = 1404).

Ukuqala kwesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kokuqala okuhlobene nezinkinga ezinkulu nokulutha (lokhu kusho ngokuqondile ukubekezela-ukujwayela-ukukhula):

Ukukhula kokuqala kokuqukethwe okucacile kuhlotshaniswa nokukhula okungenzeka kwemiphumela emibi yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubantu abasha-izinkinga eziphezulu kakhulu zitholwa abesifazane nabesilisa abavezwe eminyakeni engu-12 noma ngezansi. Nakuba ukutadisha kwesigaba esingavumelani akuvumeli ukuhlolwa kwe-causation, lokhu okutholayo kungabonisa ukuthi ukuhlangana kwengane nokuqukethwe kocansi kungaba nemiphumela yesikhathi eside ....

Izinga lomlutha laliphakeme kakhulu, nakuba "lizibonele":

Ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke nokulutha komzimba okubikwayo kwabikwa yi-10.7% no-15.5%, ngokulandelana.

Ucwaningo lubike izimpawu zokuhoxiswa, ngisho nakungewona umlutha (uphawu olucacile lokushintsha kobuchopho obuhlobene nokulutha):

Phakathi kwalabo okuhlolisiswe ngabo abathi bangabathengi bezocansi abakhona (n = 4260), i-51.0% yavuma ukuthi yenze okungenani umzamo owodwa wokuyeka ukuyisebenzisa ngaphandle kokuphikisana nokuvama kwale mizamo phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. I-72.2% yalabo abazama ukuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi iveze isipiliyoni okungenani esisodwa esihlobene, futhi amaphupho abonwa kaningi afaka amaphupho amabi (i-53.5%), ukungaqondakali (i-26.4%), ukuphazamiseka ukunakwa (26.0%), kanye nomqondo isizungu (22.2%) (Ithebula 2).

Nginganikeza Izifundo eziningi ze-45 ukubika noma ukuphakamisa ukujwayela "i-porn ejwayelekile" kanye nokukhuphuka kwezinhlobo ezeqisayo nezingajwayelekile, kepha Prause et al. isivele ivezwe ukuthi iyini - inkulumo-ze ezenza njengencwadi yesazi eya kumhleli.

2) "imiphumela emibi"

Kusukela amakhulu wezifundo sixhume ukulutha kwezocansi / ucansi nokusetshenziswa kocansi emiphumeleni emibi eminingi, eyePrause's I-Lancet bathi akukho sitatimende esibikile ukuthi imiphumela emibi iveza incwadi njengengxabano.

Lesi simangalo esikhohlisayo sikhishwe ngamakhulu ezifundo ezihlola ukuhlola ukucindezela kokuziphatha ngokocansi, iningi lazo elisebenzise eyodwa noma ngaphezulu kwezinsimbi ezilandelayo zokulutha ucansi / ucansi. Isici esiyinhloko sokulutha umlutha "ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo naphezu kwemiphumela emibi kakhulu." Yingakho ukulandela imibuzo yonke ebuzwa ngemiphumela emibi ehlobene ne-CSB (izixhumanisi zenzelwe izifundo ze-Google scholar):

Ngisho nangaphandle kwenkinga yokulutha umlutha, ukuguqulwa kobufakazi obungokomthetho kuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kocansi kumiphumela emibi ehlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphezu kokuqukethwe kwe-70 ukuxhunywa kocansi okusetshenziselwa ubulili ekusetshenzisweni kocansi kanye nokwaneliseka komndeni. Njengoba sisazi konke Ucwaningo olubandakanya abesilisa lubike ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okungaphezulu kocansi kuxhumene nawo abampofu ukwaneliseka ngokocansi noma ngokobudlelwano. Izinkinga zocansi nezocansi? Lolu hlu luqukethe Ucwaningo lwe-35 oluxhumanisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn / ukulutha kwe-porn ezinkingeni zobulili kanye nokuvusa okuncane ezenzweni zocansi.

Ukusebenzisa i-Porn kuthinta impilo engokomzwelo nengqondo? Izifundo ezingaphezu kwe-65 zixhumanisa ukusetshenziswa kocansi nezimpofu ezingokwengqondo-ezingokomzwelo nemiphumela empofu yokuqonda.

Ukusebenzisa i-Porn kuthinta izinkolelo, isimo sengqondo nokuziphatha? Hlola ukuhlolwa komuntu ngamunye: ngaphezu kokuqukethwe kwe-35 ukuxilongwa kwe-porn ukuze "isimo sengqondo esingafani" kubesifazane kanye nokubukwa kobulili. Noma cabanga ngalesi sishwankathelo kusuka kulolu cwaningo lwe-2016-meta - Imidiya nezocansi: Umbuso woPhando lwezobuciko, i-1995-2015. Umbhalo:

Isamba sezincwadi ze-109 eziqukethe izifundo ze-135 zibuyekezwe. Ukutholakala kwahlinzeka ngokufakazela okuphelele ukuthi kokubili ukuvezwa kwelabhoratri kanye nokwehliswa kwansuku zonke, okuqukethwe kwansuku zonke kulokhu okuqukethwe kuhambisana ngqo nemiphumela eminingi, kufaka phakathi amazinga aphezulu okunganeliseki komzimba, ukuzethemba okukhulu, ukwesekwa okukhulu kwezinkolelo zobulili kanye nezinkolelo zobulili ezingathandeki, futhi ukubekezelela okukhulu kobudlova ngokocansi kubesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvezwa kokuhlolwa kwalokhu okuqukethwe kuholela kokubili abesifazane nabesilisa ukuba babe nombono owehlisiwe wokufaneleka kwamakhosikazi, ukuziphatha nokubambisana kwabantu.

Kuthiwani ngokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nokusetshenziswa kocansi? Okunye ukuhlaziywa kwemeta: Ukuhlaziywa Kwemifanekiso Yezingcolile zobulili kanye Nemisebenzi Yezenzo Zokuhlukunyezwa Ngokobulili Ezingxoxweni Ezivamile Zabantu (2015). Umbhalo:

Ucwaningo lwe-22 oluvela emazweni ahlukene we-7 luhlaziywe. Ukusetshenziswa kwakuhlotshaniswa nokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili e-United States nakwamanye amazwe, phakathi kwamadoda nabesilisa, nasemifundweni engezansi kanye neyesikhathi eside. Izinhlangano zaziqinisile kunomlomo ngaphezu kokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, nakuba zombili zazibalulekile. Iphethini elijwayelekile lemiphumela lisikisela ukuthi okuqukethwe okubudlova kungase kube yinto ekhudlwana.

Kuthiwani ngokusetshenziswa kocansi kanye nentsha? Hlola lolu hlu ngaphezulu kwezinguquko ze-250 kwentsha, noma lezi zibuyekezo zezincwadi: ukubuyekeza # 1, buyekeza2, ukubuyekeza # 3, ukubuyekeza # 4, ukubuyekeza # 5, ukubuyekeza # 6, ukubuyekeza # 7, ukubuyekeza # 8, ukubuyekeza # 9, ukubuyekeza # 10, ukubuyekeza # 11, ukubuyekeza # 12, ukubuyekeza # 13. Kusukela ekuphethweni kwalesi sibuyekezo se-2012 socwaningo - Umthelela Wezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ze-Intanethi Kubantwana Abasha: Ukubukezwa kocwaningo:

Ngokubambisana, lezi zifundo ziphakamisa ukuthi intsha edla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ingahlakulela izinkolelo nezinkolelo ezingacabangi ngokocansi. Phakathi kokufundwayo, amazinga aphezulu wemicabango yokuziphatha ngokocansi, ukukhathazeka ngokocansi, nokuhlolwa kwangaphambili kobulili kuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kaningi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile .... Noma kunjalo, ukutholakala okuqhubekayo kuye kwavela ukuxhumana kokusetshenziswa kwentsha yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisemuva ezibonisa ubudlova ngezinga eliphakeme lokuziphatha kocansi. Lezi zincwadi zibonisa ukuthi kukhona ukuhlangana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwentsha engcolile nokuzicabangela. Amantombazane abika azizwe engaphansi kwabesifazane abakubukayo ezintweni ezingcolile zobulili, kuyilapho abafana besaba ukuthi ngeke babe njengabantu abafana nalabo abakhona kulezi zindaba. Intsha iyabika ukuthi ukusebenzisa kwabo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunciphile njengoba ukuzethemba kwabo nentuthuko yezenhlalakahle kwanda. Ukwengeza, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi intsha esebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ikakhulukazi etholakala kuyi-intanethi, inezilinganiso eziphansi zokuhlanganiswa komphakathi, ukwanda kwezinkinga zokuziphatha, amazinga aphezulu okuziphatha okuhlukumezayo, izimo eziphakeme zezibonakaliso zokucindezeleka, futhi ukunciphisa ukuhlanganiswa ngokomzwelo nabanakekeli.

3) "ubunzima bokulawula izifiso"

Isimangalo sokuthi alukho ucwaningo olubike ukuthi "kunzima ukulawula izifiso" asilona iqiniso njengesimangalo esandulelayo esiphathelene nemiphumela emibi. Imibuzo eminingi ephathelene nemilutha yezocansi kanye nezocansi ebhalwe ngaphansi kwe- # 2 ihlolwe ukuthi ngabe izihloko zinenkinga yokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwazo kocansi noma isimilo sokuziphatha ngokocansi. Nakulokhu futhi, "ukungakwazi ukulawula ukusetshenziswa, naphezu kwemiphumela emibi" kuwuphawu lwenqubo yokulutha umlutha - futhi kuhlolwe ngemibuzo ejwayelekile. Sinikeza ngezibonelo ezimbalwa kusuka kuhlu olungenhla lwezinsimbi zomlutha wezocansi / zocansi.

Izithombe zobulili ze-Cyber Sebenzisa i-Inventory (CPUI) -

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Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili eziyinkinga Sebenzisa i-Scale (PPUS) -

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Isisindo sokucindezela ngokocansi (SCS) -

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I-Hypersexual Inventory Inventory (i-HBI) -

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Akunasidingo sokugcwalisa lesi sigaba ngemibuzo ye-CSB. Uthola umqondo - UPrause et al's bathi alukho ucwaningo olwake lwabika "ukungakwazi ukulawula ukusetshenziswa" kungumbhedo nokuhlambalaza I-Lancet iphephandaba elishicilela incwadi yabo.

4) "umvuzo wokushoda kwesifo"

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla i- “Reward Deficiency Syndrome” (i-RDS) akuyona into evunyelwene ngayo emhlabeni wonke yokulutha. Prause et al. baphonsa ama-RDS ohlwini lwaso ukuze banikeze umbono weqiniso wokuthi kwakuyisilonda esiyisici esiyinhloko esingakabikwa. Nakuba kungekho ukuvumelanisa kwesayensi mayelana ne-RDS, it ine ihlolwe (ngaphezulu ngezansi).

As wakhulelwa umcwaningi uKenneth Blum, "I-Reward Deficiency Syndrome" ichazwa njengokutshengiswa okuphansi kofuzo okubangelwa ufuzo, mhlawumbe okuvela ngokushoda kwama-dopamine receptors. Ngokwe-hypothesis kaBlum, i-RDS ikhombisa ukuzizwa ingajabuli kangako (i-anhedonia) kunabantu abasebenza ngokujwayelekile njenge-dopamine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, labo abane-RDS abanamathuba amaningi okuthi bakhokhele i-dopamine ephansi (injabulo encane) ngokudla ngokweqile imivuzo yemvelo (ukudla okungenamsoco, ukugembula ocansini) nezidakamizwa eziluthayo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela babe nethuba eliphakeme lokuba imilutha.

Ngikisela lokhu ukuthi kulula ukuqonda isihloko sikaMarc Lewis: Lapho i-Thrill is gone: Umvuzo Wokunakekelwa Syndrome. Lewis uchaza inkinga eyinhloko ngamaphuzu:

Yize sikhalisiwe, kunezinkinga ezithile ezinkulu ngemodeli ye-RDS. Ngizokhuluma amabili kuphela. Siyazi kusuka ocwaningweni oluningi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa noma kotshwala uqobo kuholela ekwehlisweni kwe-dopamine receptor density, noma okungenani ukwenziwa kwe-dopamine receptor, ngoba lawo ma-receptors athanda ukushisa noma aphelelwe yithemba lapho siqhubeka sibahlasela ngezinto ezimnandi.

Ngamanye amagama, i-RDS ayihlali ifana nezofuzo, ngoba ingabangelwa inqubo yokulutha uqobo. Lapho umlutha ubangela ukusayinwa okuphansi kwe-dopamine, noma ukwehla kokuzwela komvuzo, kubizwa kanjalo ukungafuneki. Njengoba kuchaziwe ngaphambili, ukungafuneki kwemvelo kuholela ekubekezelelaneni, okuyisidingo sokukhuthaza okukhulu ukuthola izwe elifanayo eliphakeme noma elivusa inkanuko. Ngokuphikisana nokushiwo okungaqondakali kukaPrause mayelana ne-RDS, izifundo eziyisithupha ezenzelwe i-neuroscience zibike okutholakele okuhambisana nokungafuneki noma ukujwayela: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Uma futhi sicabangela abaningi indawo yokuhlala kanye nokwenyuka izifundo ezibhalwe ngaphezulu, Ama-40 ngaphezulu aphikisanayo awela ngaphansi kwe- "desensitization" noma "anciphise ukuzwela komvuzo.".

Umbono owandile wokuba umlutha - i umfelandawonye wokukhuthaza abantu nobufakazi obuyisekelayo - babuzitshwa ngokuphelele ngu Prause et al. Izinguquko zezinzwa ezibangelwa ukuzwela kubonakala njenge ukwanda "okufunayo" noma ukuthanda ngenkathi ukuthanda noma injabulo kunciphisa. Njengoba Potenza et al ucacile, izifundo eziningi ze-CSB zibike ukutholakala okuhambisana nomfelandawonye wokukhuthaza ukukhuthaza:

Ukucwaninga kwi-neurobiology yokucindezeleka kokuziphatha ngokobulili kuye kwadala ukutholakala okuphathelene nokukhathazeka okubambe iqhaza, izibopho zokukhuthaza umqondo, nobuciko obusekelwe ebuchosheni obubonisa ukufana okukhulu nezidakamizwa.

Konke okungenhla kungabhekwa njengokusekela imodeli yokuvuselela umlutha. Izifundo ze-CSB ezenzelwe i-neuroscience ezihambisana nale modeli: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 , 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.

5) "ukuhoxiswa kwesifo ngokuyeka"

Iqiniso ukuthi, izimpawu zokuhoxa azidingeki ukuxilonga umlutha. Okokuqala, uzothola ulimi “akukho ukubekezelelana noma ukuhoxiswa kuyadingeka noma kwanele ukuxilongwa ..."Kokubili i-DSM-IV-TR ne-DSM-5. Okwesibili, i-sexology evame ukuphindaphindiwe ithi izidakamizwa "zangempela" zibangela ukuthi izimpawu zokuzihoxisa ezingozi ezisongela ukuphila ziphazamise ngephutha ukuthembela ngokwemvelo nge ukuguqulwa kobuchopho obuhlobene nomlutha. Ingcaphuno yalokhu kubuyekezwa kwezincwadi ze-2015 inikeza incazelo yezobuchwepheshe (I-neuroscience ye-Inthanethi ye-Pornography Umlutha: Ukubuyekezwa nokubuyekeza):

Iphuzu elibalulekile laleli qembu ukuthi ukuhoxiswa akukhona ngemiphumela yomzimba evela emthonjeni othile. Esikhundleni salokho, lo modeli ulungisa ukuhoxiswa ngethonya elibi elibangelwa inqubo engenhla. Imizwelo ephazamisayo njengokukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, i-dysphoria, nokucasula yizibonakaliso zokuhoxiswa kule ndlela yokulutha [43,45]. Abacwaningi abaphikisana nomqondo wokuziphatha okuba umlutha ngokuvamile bawubheki noma bangaqondi kahle lo mbono obucayi, ukudida ukuxoshwa ngokuxoshwa [46,47].

Lapho ethi izimpawu zokuhoxiswa kumele zibe khona ukuze kutholakale ukuthi umlutha Prause et al. yenza i-rookie iphutha lokudideka ukuthembela ngokomzimba nge Ukuba umlutha wezithombe. Le migomo ayifani ngokufanayo (i-Pfaus yenza lephutha elifanayo ku-athikili ye-2016 ukuthi i-YBOP ihlasele: Ukusabela kwe-YBOP ku-Jim Pfaus "Thembela ososayensi: ukulutha ngokocansi kuyindabakwane"NgoJanuwari, i-2016)

Lokho kusho, ucwaningo lwe-intanethi ye-intanethi kanye imibiko eminingi bonisa ukuthi abanye abasebenzisi be-porn bahlangabezana nakho ukuhoxiswa futhi / noma ukubekezelelana - okuyizinto ezivame ukujwayela ukuthembela ngokomzimba. Eqinisweni, abasebenzisi bokuqala be-porn babika ngokumangalisa okukhulu izimpawu zokuhoxiswa, okukhumbuza ukuhoxiswa kwezidakamizwa: ukuleleka, ukukhathazeka, ukucasula, ukuguquka kwemizwa, ukukhanda ikhanda, ukuphumula, ukugxila okuncane, ukukhathala, ukucindezeleka, nokukhubazeka komphakathi, kanye nokulahlekelwa okungazelelwe kwe-libido ukuthi abantu bayabiza 'flatline' (okubonakala sengathi iyingqayizivele yokuhoxiswa kwe-porn). Esinye isibonakaliso sokuthembela ngokomzimba okubikwe abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile akukwazi ukuthola i-erection noma ukuba ne-orgasm ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-porn.

Ngokuqondene nezifundo, ezine kuphela ngqo ubuze abasebenzisi be-porn / imilutha yezocansi ngezimpawu zokuhoxa. Zonke i-4 ibike izimpawu zokuhoxa: 1, 2, 3. 4. Ezintathu zezifundo zichazwe ngezansi.

Okokuqala ake sibheke kabusha isifundo esichazwe esigabeni sokubekezelelana / sokukhuphuka ngenhla, inhloso yayo bekuwukuthuthukisa nokuhlola inkinga yezinkinga zokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi. Qaphela ukuthi ubufakazi obuningi bokuthi "ukubekezelelana" nokuthi "ukuhoxiswa" kutholakala kubasebenzisi abasengozini nabasebenzisi abengozi kakhulu.

Okwesibili, iphephandaba le-2018 libikiwe Ukuthuthukiswa nokuqinisekiswa kwe-Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale ngeSampula enkulu kaZwelonke. Kubuye kwahlola ukuhoxa nokubekezelelana. Izakhi ezivame kakhulu "zokuluthwalukuya ocansini" ezibonwe kulezi zifundo kwakuwukusala / ukufisa nokubekezelelana, kepha ezinye izakhi, kubandakanya nokuhoxa, nazo zavela.

Kucashunwe ngenhla - Ukuqhathaniswa, Amaphethini kanye Nemiphumela Eyaziwayo Yezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ukusetshenziswa Kwabafundi BePolish University: Isifundo Esihamba Ngezigaba (2019). Ucwaningo lubike ukuthi konke okushiwo yiPrause akukho: ukubekezelelana / ukujwayela, ukwanda kokusetshenziswa, kudinga izinhlobo ezibi kakhulu zokuvuswa ngocansi, izimpawu zokuhoxa lapho uyeka, izinkinga zocansi ezibandakanya ezocansi, ukuluthwa yizocansi, nokuningi. Izingcaphuno ezimbalwa ezihlobene nokubekezelelana / ukujwayela / ukukhuphuka:

Ucwaningo luye lwabika izimpawu zokuhoxa lapho usula, ngisho nakwez ezingeyona imilutha (uphawu oluqinisekile lokushintsha kobuchopho obuhlobene nomlutha):

Phakathi kwalabo okuhlolisiswe ngabo abathi bangabathengi bezocansi abakhona (n = 4260), i-51.0% yavuma ukuthi yenze okungenani umzamo owodwa wokuyeka ukuyisebenzisa ngaphandle kokuphikisana nokuvama kwale mizamo phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. I-72.2% yalabo abazama ukuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi iveze isipiliyoni okungenani esisodwa esihlobene, futhi amaphupho abonwa kaningi afaka amaphupho amabi (i-53.5%), ukungaqondakali (i-26.4%), ukuphazamiseka ukunakwa (26.0%), kanye nomqondo isizungu (22.2%) (Ithebula 2).

Izifundo ezengeziwe ezibika ubufakazi bokuhoxisa noma ukubekezelela yilezi eqoqwe lapha.

I-6) "amathuba amahle okwenziwe sekwedlule isikhathi"

Isizathu sikaPrause's I-Lancet Incwadi ebhalwe ukuthi “amathuba amahle okwenziwa sekwedlule isikhathi” kungenxa yokuthi yena nethimba lakhe bathole aphansi amathuba amahle sekwephuzile esifundweni sakhe sango-2015 - Prause et al., 2015.

Ama-EEG alinganisa umsebenzi kagesi, noma amagagasi obuchopho, ekhanda. "Amathuba amahle okwenziwe sekwedlule isikhathi" ukufundwa kwe-EEG kukalwa ngokushesha ngemuva kwesithombe esibonwe yisihloko. Lokhu kungenye yama-spikes amaningi emisebenzini kagesi ehlolwe yi-EEG, futhi ikakhulukazi ekuchazelweni.

Okuvunyelwene ngakho ukuthi ukufundwa okuphansi kwe-EEG kubasebenzisi bakaPrause abasebenza njalo bezithombe zocansi kwakusho ukuthi abanaki kangako izithombe ze-vanilla porn kunezihloko ezazisebenzisa i-porn engaphansi. Abokuqala bamane banesithukuthezi. Akudikibalanga, uPrause ngesibindi wathi “Le iphethini ibonakala ehlukile kumamodeli wokulutha ngokwemithi. "

Kodwa ukutholwa kwe-Prause yokusebenza kwengqondo ephansi ukuze abasebenzisi be-porn abavame ukuhambisana nomlutha wokulutha: kubonisa ukungafuneki (indawo) nokubekezelelana, okuyisidingo sokukhuthazeka okukhulu ukufezekisa ukuvuswa. Amaphepha ayisishiyagalolunye abukezwe ontanga ayavuma ukuthi Prause et al., I-2015 impela itholakala ekudingisweni / ukuhlala (isibonakaliso sokulutha):

Ngisho noma iPrause yayilungile ukuthi izikhonzi zayo zazinjalo Ngaphansi "Ukucubungula-ukucubungula," kunokuba ahlale emakhaya, ubeka ngokucophelela umgodi wokungena ekuqinisekiseni kwakhe "ukukhohlisa": ezinye izifundo ze-neurological 26 zibike ukucabangela-ukucabangela noma ukufisa (ukukhuthaza ukuvuselela) kubasebenzisi abenza ucansi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 , 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.

Ukuvumelana okungokwesayensi akuxhomekile kokufunwa ngothile mayelana nocwaningo olulodwa olungathandeki oluthikamezwa amaphutha amabi endlela; ukuvumelana kwesayensi kuncike ekuthambekeni kobufakazi (ngaphandle kokuthi wena ziqhutshwa phambili).

**Ukuphendula ku Prause et al., 2017 "ukudluliswa kwe-glutamate" i-herring ebomvu**

I-PRAUSE ET AL: Isici esiyinhloko se-neurobiological yokulutha umlutha ukuphendula okunyuka kwe-glutamate neurons ehlanganisa i-nucleus accumbens. Lezi zinguquko zingase zithinte ukukhuthazwa kwesikhathi eside kwendlela ye-mesocorticolimbic dopamine, njengoba kubonakaliswa yizinhlobo zamabonakaliso kuhlanganise nokuthanda ukukhangwa nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa. ³ Kuze kube manje, ucwaninga ngemiphumela yobulili ekusebenzeni kwe-glutamate futhi ukuguqulwa kwe-dopamine endleleni akulula.

Kungani lokhu kwakufakwe encwadini ye-Prause? Iminyaka eyizinkulungwane zokucwaninga kwezilwane ziye zabunjwa ngombono wokulutha: i umfelandawonye wokukhuthaza umlutha. Ukushintsha kobuchopho obuphakathi ngemuva kwethiyori kuchazwe ngenhla - ukuzwela kwesikhathi eside kwe-mesocorticolimbic dopamine nge-glutamate neurons. Lokho kumlomo impela, kepha i-YBOP ibhale i-athikili elula kakhulu ngayo ngo-2011 (enezithombe ezimbalwa): Kungani Ngithola I-Porn Ebaluleke Kakhulu Kunokuba Ngumlingani? (I-2011).

Ngamazwi alula, imicabango, imizwa, nezinkumbulo ezivela kuwo wonke ubuchopho kuthunyelwa ohlelweni lomvuzo wobuchopho ngezindlela ezikhipha i-glutamate. Ngokulutha, lezi zindlela ze-glutamate ziba namandla amakhulu, noma zivuselelwe. Lezi izindlela ezithuthukisiwe kungacatshangwa ngokuthi Isimo se-Pavlovian on turbos. Uma isebenze ngu imicabango noma izinkinga, izindlela ezikhuthazwayo ziqhuma isifundazwe sokuvuza, ukuphoqa ukungazinaki izifiso.

Kepha nansi isivumelwano. Sekuvele kunezifundo ze-24 ezenzelwe i-neuroscience ezibika amaphethini wokwenza kusebenze ubuchopho kanye nezifiso ezibangelwa ukukhonjwa okukhombisa ngokusobala ukuzwela ezifundweni ze-CSB nakubasebenzisi be-porn: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25.

Asidingi “izifundo ze-glutamate”, ezisanda kwenziwa ezifundweni zabantu, futhi ezibiza kakhulu futhi eziyinselelo yokuhumusha.

**Ukuphendula Prause et al., I-2017 "i-supraphysiological stimulation" i-herring ebomvu**

I-PRAUSE ET AL: Ubulili ngumvuzo oyinhloko, ngokumelela okuyingqayizivele yokumisa. Ukuzibandakanya kwezocansi kuhloswe kuhlotshaniswa nokuneliseka kwezempilo nokuphila. Ubulili abuvumeli ukugqugquzela okuphezulu.

Ukudumisa kwethu kusinikeza imicu emibili ebomvu engenzi lutho ngempikiswano ehambisana nokucindezeleka kokuziphatha kobulili.

Ukhula olubomvu #1: "Ukuzibandakanya kwezocansi kuhloswe kuhlotshaniswa nokuneliseka kwezempilo nokuphila".

Ngesikhathi uhlanganyela ubulili ivame ukuhlanganiswa nezinkomba zezempilo ezingcono, lokhu akuhlangene nokusetshenziswa kocansi, ukulutha kabi kocansi, ukulutha ngokocansi, noma ukuzibandakanya kwezinye izinhlobo zezenzo zocansi (igama elithi "ucansi" alicaci, alinasayensi, futhi akufanele lisetshenziswe njenge ukubamba konke kumagazini wezemfundo).

Okokuqala, eziningi okuthiwa izinzuzo zezempilo bathi ukuhlanganiswa ne-orgasm, ukushaya indlwabu noma "ucansi" empeleni kuhlotshaniswa nokuxhumana okusondelene nomunye umuntu, hhayi i-orgasm, futhi hhayi ngokushaya indlwabu. Ngokucacile, ukuhlangana okufunwayo phakathi kwezinkomba zezempilo ezimbalwa ezihlukanisiwe nokuya ocansini mhlawumbe yizilungiselelo nje ezivela kubantu abaphilayo abaziphatha ngokwendalo ngocansi kanye nokushaya indlwabu. Akuzona ezibangelwa.

Ngokuqondile, lokhu kubuyekezwa kwezincwadi (Izinzuzo Zempilo Ezihlobene Nezocansi Ezihlukene, i-2010) wathola ukuthi ubulili buhlobene nemiphumela emihle, kanti ukushaya indlwabu kwakungekho. Kwezinye izimo ukushaya indlwabu kwakuhlobene kakhulu nezinzuzo zezempilo - okusho ukuthi ukushaya indlwabu ngaphezulu kuhambisana nezinkomba zezempilo ezimbi. Isiphetho sokubuyekeza:

"Ngokusekelwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela, amasampuli, nezinyathelo, ukutholakala kocwaningo kuyahambisana ngokuphawulekayo ekuboniseni ukuthi lo msebenzi owodwa wezocansi (Ukuziphatha Kwama-Penile-Vaginal kanye ne-orgasmic response to it) kuhlotshaniswa, futhi kwezinye izimo, kubangela izinqubo ezihlobene ngokusebenza okungcono kwengqondo nokusebenza ngokomzimba. "
"Okunye ukuziphatha ngokocansi (okufaka phakathi lapho ukuziphatha kobulili be-Penile-Vaginal kungaphumeleli, njengamakhondomu noma ukuphazamiseka kude nokuzwela kwamapenile-ubulili) akuhlanganisiwe, noma kwezinye izimo (njengokushaya indlwabu kanye nokulala komzimba) kuhlotshaniswa nokusebenza kangcono kwengqondo nokusebenza ngokomzimba . "
"Imithi yobulili, imfundo yezocansi, ukwelashwa ngokocansi, nokucwaninga ngocansi kufanele kusakaze imininingwane yezinzuzo zezempilo ngokuqondile ngobudlelwane obuphakathi kwe-Penile-Vaginal, futhi kube nokunye okucacile ekuhloleni nasekuhloleni kwabo."

Okwesibili, uPrause uthi ukulutha ngokocansi akunakubakhona ngoba "ucansi" lungaba nemiphumela emihle. Lokhu kuyafana nokuthi ukudla ukudla okungenamsoco akubangeli zinkinga ngoba ukudla ukudla kuvimbela ukungondleki nokufa. Imiphumela ebhaliwe yezempilo yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwanamuhla ukudla okunamafutha / okushukela aphezulu kusho okunye. Njengoba kunjalo iqiniso lokuthi U-39% wabantu baseMelika abadala bakhuluphele futhi i-75% noma ngaphezulu isuke ngokweqile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhulu we izifundo zesintu nezilwane ukusekela ukufakazela ukuthi ukudla ngokweqile kokudla okungenamsoco kungakwazi ukuguqula ubuchopho ngendlela efana nezidakamizwa eziluthayo.

Ukhula olubomvu #2: "Ubulili abuvumeli ukugqugquzela okuphezulu".

Abantu abambalwa kuphela ababeyokwazi lokho Prause et al. izama ukudicilela phansi umqondo wezithombe zocansi ze-intanethi njengesikhuthazo esingajwayelekile. Njengoba ababhali ababambisene nabo belisebenzisa kabi igama elithi “supraphysiological stimulation,” kuyacaca ukuthi abazi nakancane ukuthi ungubani ozuza umklomelo kaNobel U-Nikolaas Tinbergen kusho ukuthi waqamba nini igama elithi 'i-stimulus ephezulu kakhulu (noma i-supranormal).

Okokuqala, amazinga we-supraphysiological of neurotransmitters, afana ne-dopamine noma ama-opioid endogenous, awadingeki ukusetshenziswa okungapheli ukwenza izinguquko zobuchopho ezihlobene nokulutha. Isibonelo, izidakamizwa ezimbili ezilutha kakhulu (okusho ukuthi lezo ezibandakanya amaphesenti amakhulu wabasebenzisi) - i-nicotine nama-opiates - yandisa isikhungo somvuzo nge-200%. Lawa ngamazinga afanayo we-dopamine abonakala ekuvukeni kocansi (ucansi kanye ne-orgasm kukhiqiza amazinga aphakeme kakhulu e-dopamine nama-opioid endogenous atholakalayo ngokwemvelo).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvuvukala ngokocansi kanye nezidakamizwa zokulutha kuyasebenza okufanayo umvuzo wesiguli sezinzwa zesisipha. Ngokuphambene, kukhona kuphela amaphesenti amancane ukuvuselelwa kwe-nerve-cell phakathi kwezidakamizwa zokulutha neminye imivuzo yemvelo njengokudla noma amanzi. Iqiniso lokuthi meth, i-cocaine, futhi heroin vula amangqamuzana afanayo wezinzwa ezenzayo ukugqugquzela ngokocansi okuphoqelela kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani beba umlutha kangaka.

Ucwaningo lwembula ukuthi “ukukhuthazwa okungokwemvelo” akudingekile ukuba umlutha. Izintaba zocwaningo ziveza ukuthi ukulutha kokuziphatha (ukulutha kokudla , ukugembula okungokwemvelo, ukudlala ividiyo, Ukulutha kwe-intanethi futhi umlutha wezocansi) kanye nezidakamizwa ezidakamizwa zihlanganyela okuningi okufanayo izindlela eziyisisekelo okuholela ku ukuqoqwa kokushintshwa okwabiwe e-anatomy yobuchopho nakumakhemikhali.

Okokugcina sinesibonakaliso: kokubili i-DSM5 kanye ne-ICD-11 bayaqaphela ukulashwa kokuziphatha. I-DSM5 (2013) iqukethe ukuxilongwa kokugembula ukugembula, kuyilapho entsha ICD-11 (2018) uhlolisise ukubheja kokugembula kanye nokulutha komdlalo wevidiyo, futhi iqukethe ukuxilongwa kufanelekile ukubheja kwezicansi noma ukulutha ngokobulili: "Ukucindezeleka Ngokuziphatha Ngokwemvelo. "

Okwesibili, abalobi be Prause et al. awazi ukuthi kusho ukuthini stimulus supernormal (ngokuyiphutha bakubiza ngokuthi “ukugqugquzela okungokwemvelo”). Ukuqonda okungcono, ngiphakamisa lokhu isihloko esifushane nguprofesa waseHarvard, noma lokhu okuthandwa kakhulu Incazelo ecaciswa nguStuart McMillen. Mhlawumbe uPrause nenkampani bangaqhekeza incwadi, njenge I-Stimuli engavamile by Deirdre Barrett. Ingcaphuno evela ekukhishweni kwencwadi ka-2010 yencwadi:

Manje sesikwazi ukufinyelela ku-glut yezilingo ezinkulu kunezempilo, kusuka kumaswidi kuya ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kuya kumabhomu e-athomu, ahlinzeka ngemoto engapheli kodwa ephikelelayo enemiphumela eyingozi. Kuma-1930 owathola umklomelo weNobel waseNetherlands uNiko Tinbergen wathola ukuthi izinyoni ezizalela amaqanda amancane aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka amachashazi ngogrey zithanda ukuhlala ezitsheni ezinkulu, ezikhanyayo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezinamachashazi amnyama. Uvemvane lwama-fritillary wesiliva ogezwe wesilisa lwavuswa kakhulu ngosilinda ojikelezayo osayizi wovemvane onemivimbo ensundu evundlile kunowesifazane wangempela, ophilayo wohlobo lwayo. Izinyoni ezingomama zazincamela ukuzama ukondla uqhwaku lwenyoni oluyinyoni olubanjwe ngenduku ngabafundi bakaTinbergen uma uqhwaku lwedummy lubanzi futhi lubomvu kuneletshezi langempela. Izinhlanzi zesilisa ezinama-stickleback azinakanga owesilisa wangempela ukuthi alwe nedummy uma ingaphansi layo libomvu ngokugqamile kunezinhlanzi zemvelo. UTinbergen waqamba igama elithi "izinto ezingaphezu kwamandla omuntu" ukuze achaze lokhu kulingisa, okuheha imizwa yasendulo futhi, ngokumangazayo, kukhanga okunamandla kunezinto zangempela. Izilwane zihlangabezana nezikhuthazo ezingaphezu kwamandla lapho izilingo zizakha. Thina bantu singakhiqiza okwethu: iziphuzo ezinoshukela omnandi, amafriji aseFrance, izilwane ezinamehlo amakhulu, ama-diatribes mayelana nezitha ezisongelayo.

Isikhuthazo esingavamile asichazwa ngokuthi ngaphezulu-ezomzimba impendulo. Kunalokho, isekelwe ekuqhathaniseni phakathi kwalokho okushiwo isilwane ukuthola ukuphoqeleka nokuguqulwa (mhlawumbe inguquko) inguqulo yalokho okugqugquzela okufanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinyoni zezinsikazi zazinzima ukuhlala e-Tinbergen ezinkulu-kunokuphila, amaqanda ama-plaster avela ngokucacile ngenkathi amaqanda abo aphuzile, amaqanda ahlotshisiwe engapheli.

I-porn ye-intanethi ibhekwa njengesisusa esingavamile ngoba inikeza intsha engapheli ngokobulili. Nge-porn ye-intanethi, akuyona nje ubulili obungapheli Intsha lokho kuvuselela uhlelo lwethu lomvuzo. Uhlelo lomvuzo luvukela eminye imizwelo kanye nesisusa, konke okuvame ukubukeka ngokubonakalayo kubabukeli:

Imizwelo enamandla - njenge unecala, unengekile, unamahloni, ukukhathazeka & ukwesaba
Seeking futhi ucwaninga - isifunda sokuvuza ngokuvamile sibizwa ngokuthi isifunda sokufuna
Anything okwephula okulindelekile - ukushaqeka, ukumangala, noma ngaphezu kwalokho ebesikucabanga

Amagama nezithombe ezithandwayo ziye zaba khona isikhathi eside. Kanjalo no ukuqhuma kwezinzwa ezivela emakhayeni omusha. Kodwa ubuhle be-once-a-month Playboy ikhuphuka ngokushesha nje uma uvula amakhasi. Ngabe ubani ongashayela Playboy noma ama-softcore amavidiyo "okwethusa" noma "okukhiqiza ukukhathazeka?" Kungenzeka yini ukwephula ukulindelwe komfana ofunde ikhompyutha engaphezu kwe-12? Awufanisani ne "ukusesha nokufuna" kwe-multiple-tab ye-Google porn prowl. Okwenza i-internet porn iyingqayizivele ukuthi ungagcina i-dopamine yakho (nokuvuvukala ngokobulili) ngokuchofoza kwegundane noma ukuthepha esibukweni.

Eziningi zalezi zimo ezifanayo zomzwelo (ukukhathazeka, ukuhlazeka, ukushaqeka, ukumangala) hhayi kuphela ukuphakamisa i-dopamine, kodwa ngayinye ingabuye ikhulise ama-hormone okucindezeleka nama-neurotransmitters (i-norepinephrine, i-epinephrine, i-cortisol). Lokhu kugcizelela ama-neurochemicals ukwandisa injabulo ngenkathi ukukhulisa i-dopamine imiphumela ekhona kakade. Ezinye izimfanelo ezibeka i-intanethi ye-intanethi ngaphandle kwezinye izinto ezingase zibe umlutha nokuziphatha:

Ucwaningo lwembula ukuthi i-porn movie iwukuthi ukuvusa ngaphezulu kunezithombe ezingcolile.
Ukwandisa ukuvuthwa ngokocansi (nokukhulisa i-dopamine yehle) umuntu angakwazi ukushintsha ngokushesha izinhlobo zezinhlobo ngesikhathi sesimiso sokushaya indlwabu. Ayikwazanga ukwenza lokho ngaphambi kwe-2006 nokufika kwayo amashubhu we-tube yokusakaza.
Ngokungafani nezithombe zabantu abahamba ngezintambo, amavidiyo ashintsha umcabango wakho, futhi angase ahlele ukuthanda ngokocansi, ukuziphatha, noma i-trajectory (ikakhulukazi kanjalo kubantu abasha).
I-Porn igcinwa ebuchosheni bakho, okukuvumela ukuba uyikhumbule nganoma isiphi isikhathi uma udinga i- "hit."
Ngokungafani nokudla nezidakamizwa, okukhona umkhawulo wokusetshenziswa, azikho ukulinganiselwa ngokomzimba kokusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi. Izindlela zokuphefumula zemvelo zengqondo azikwenziwanga, ngaphandle uma kuphelelwa yisikhathi. Ngisho noma kunjalo, umsebenzisi angachofoza okuthile okuthakazelisayo ukuze avuke futhi.
Ngokudla kanye nezidakamizwa umuntu angathuthuka kuphela (umaka wezinqubo zokulutha izidakamizwa) ngokudla okuningi. Nge-porn ye-intanethi eyodwa ingaqhubekela phambili kokubili nge "nozakwethu" futhi ngokubuka izinhlobo ezintsha nezingajwayelekile. Kujwayelekile impela kumsebenzisi we-porn ukuhambisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile. Umsebenzisi angaphinde aqhubeke ngokubuka amavidiyo wokuhlanganiswa noma ngokusebenzisa i-VR porn.

Ukudla okunamnandi kakhulu (okushukela okugxilisiwe / amafutha / usawoti), imidlalo yevidiyo, kanye ne-porn ye-intanethi ibonakala njengenhlawulo engavamile. Nazi amaphepha ambalwa abuyekezwe ngontanga ekuhloleni izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-intanethi (i-porn, imidlalo yevidiyo, i-Facebook) njengendlela engavamile kakhulu:

1) I-neuroscience ye-Inthanethi ye-Pornography Umlutha: Ukubukeza nokuvuselelwa (2015) - Ingcaphuno:

Eminye imisebenzi ye-intanethi, ngenxa yamandla abo okuletha ukuvuselela okungahleliwe (nokusebenza komshini wokuvuza), kucatshangwa ukuthi yakha isimiso esingavamile [24], okusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani abasebenzisi abanobuchopho babo obonakalisa izinguquko ezihlobene nokulutha izidakamizwa babanjwa ekuphishekeleni kwabo. Usosayensi weNobel wokuwina umklomelo uNicokolaas Tinbergen [25] wenza umqondo "wendlela engavamile," into ekhona lapho kungenziwa khona ukukhwabanisa okuzokwenza kube ngcono ukuphendulwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Ukufanekisa lesi simo, i-Tinbergen yakha amaqanda amazinyo ayenziwe amakhulu futhi ayenemibala kunamaqanda wangempela ezinyoni. Ngokumangazayo, izinyoni zenyoni zakhetha ukuhlala emaqanda aqhamukayo futhi zilahla amaqanda azo ngokwawo ngokwemvelo. Ngokufanayo, i-Tinbergen yakha izimvemvane ezibonakalayo ezinamaphiko amakhulu nezinamabalabala, futhi izivunguvungu zamadoda zizama ngokuphindaphindiwe ukushada nalezi zimvemvane ezenziwe esikhundleni sezimvemvane zangempela zesifazane. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uDierdre Barrett wathatha lo mqondo encwadini yakhe yakamuva i-Supernormal Stimuli: Ukuthi U-Primal Urges Over Overan Inhloso Yabo Yokuguquguquka [26]. "Izilwane zihlangabezana nokulimala okungavamile uma izivivinyo zakha. Thina bantu singakwazi ukukhiqiza eyethu. "[4] (iphe. 4). Izibonelo zikaBarrett zivela ku-candy kuya ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokudla okungenamsoco okunamanzi noma okungawunakho okunamnandi okudliwayo kumdlalo wevidiyo we-video ohlanganyele kakhulu. Ngamafuphi, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-intanethi okungavamile kuvuselela kakhulu. Isebenzisa isimiso sethu somvuzo wemvelo, kodwa singase siyivuselele emazingeni aphezulu kunamazinga okusebenza okhokho bethu ababhekana nawo njengoba ubuchopho bethu beguquka, okwenza ukuba bakwazi ukushintshela kwimodi yokulutha [27].

2) Ukulinganisa Izintandokazi Zemivuzo Engokwemvelo Engaphezu Kokwemvelo: I-Two-Dimensional Anticipatory Pleasure Scale (2015) - Ingcaphuno:

Okungajwayelekile (i-SN) yinkinga yemikhiqizo yokusebenza eyenza indlela yokuvuza kanye nokuziphatha ngendlela yokuziphatha okungaphezu kwalokho okwenzeka ngokwemvelo lapho lezi zinhlelo zihloselwe khona. Imikhiqizo eminingi yanamuhla yabathengi (isib. Ukudla okudla okuphuza, utshwala, kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile) kubonakala sengathi kufaka izici ze-SN, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni okudlulele, ngokukhetha izindlela ezingokwemvelo. Ayikho into ekhona okwamanje yokuhlolwa kombiko we-self-report of umehluko ngamunye noma izinguquko ekufinyeleleni kulokho okushiwo yi-stimuli. Ngakho-ke, isilinganiso sezinjabulo esilindelekile sashintshwa ukuze kufakwe izinto ezimelela kokubili ama-SN namakilasi emvelo (N) okuvuselela ama-stimuli. Ukuhlaziywa kwesici okuhlolisayo kwaveza isisombululo sezinto ezimbili, futhi njengoba kwabikezelwa, izinto ze-N ne-SN zilayishwe ngokwethembeka ngobukhulu obuhlukene. Ukuthembeka kwangaphakathi kwezikali ezimbili bekuphezulu, ρ = .93 no-ρ = .90, ngokulandelanayo. Isilinganiso sezinhlangothi zombili sasihlolwe ngendlela yokusebenzisa ngokusetshenziswa kwe-N ne-SN esilinganisweni njengama-predictors kanye nemibiko yokuzibandakanya kokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwemikhiqizo ye-21 enezici ze-SN njengemiphumela. Njengoba kulindelwe, izilinganiso ze-SN zenjabulo zazihlobene nokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo ophezulu we-SN, ngenkathi i-N izilinganiso zenjabulo yayinezinhlangano ezimbi noma ezingathathi hlangothi ekusetshenzisweni kwalo mkhiqizo. Siphetha ngokuthi isilinganiso esilandelayo sokwemibono emibili yisilinganiso sokuzethemba esingasethemba futhi esivumelekile sokukhetha okuhlukile umahluko we-SN stimuli. Ngenkathi kuhlolwa okunye okudingekayo (isibonelo, ukusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuhlola), isikali esicatshangwayo singadlala indima ewusizo ekuhloleni kokubili ukuhlukahluka kwesimo kanye nesimo esivela emphakathini ekufinyeleleni komuntu ku-SN stimuli.
Ukudla okucutshungulwayo, izinto zokusebenza kwengqondo, izinto ezithile zokuthengisa, kanye nemidiya ehlukahlukene yezenhlalo kanye nemikhiqizo yokudlala ilula kakhulu, iveza izinselelo eziningi zempilo yabantu (URoberts, van Vught, noDunbar, 2012). I-psychology yokuziphendukela kwemvelo inikeza incazelo ekhombisayo yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile. Izilwane, kuhlanganise nabantu, zivame ukusondela (ie, ukuqoqa, ukuzuza, nokudla) inhlawulo ehlinzeka ngomvuzo ophezulu kunayo yonke imizamo yabo, ngaleyo ndlela ivuselele amandla azo (Chakravarthy & Booth, 2004; IKacelnik neBateson, ngo-1996). Izinqubo ze-neurological rewards zashintsha ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuziphatha okuguquguqukayo ngokuqinisa ukukhwabanisa okuthumela izimpawu zokugqugquzela ukuqina, njengokunikeza izakhi noma amathuba okuzala. I-Tinbergen (i-1948) wahlanganisa igama elithi "Stimulus Overnormal" lapho ethola ukuthi izilwane zivame ukubonisa izimpendulo eziphakeme ekuguqukiseni okuguquguqukayo kwemvelo yemvelo. Le "asymmetry yokukhetha" (I-Staddon, i-1975; Iwadi, i-2013) akuyona into engathintekayo ezindaweni zemvelo lapho izihumusho ezishintshayo ze-stimulus zingavamile-kodwa zikhona izinkinga uma kunezinye izindlela zokufakelwa nokugqweba ezikhona. Isibonelo, inhlanzi entsha ye-herring ihlose ukugoba ngentonga ebomvu eboshiwe enezintambo ezimhlophe ngesiphakamiso sayo, kunokuba umlomo omncane obomvu obunombala obomvu obumnyama (I-Tinbergen ne-Perdeck, ngo-1951). Emkhakheni wokukhethwa kwezinsiza, umphumela uwukuziphatha okuphathelene nokuziphatha "uthole konke ongakwenza": isu eliguquguqukayo ezindaweni ezendalo lapho ukutholakala kwezinsiza kungatholakali noma kungathembeki. Emvelweni wesintu wanamuhla, okuhlangenwe nakho okuningi okunomvuzo okukhona okukhona kunomkhiqizo wemikhiqizo yabathengi oye waklanywa noma ohlanjululwa ukuba abe okungavamile. Okusho ukuthi, bashukumisa isimiso somvuzo esivela ku-degree ngezinga elingatholakali kwisimiso semvelo (I-Barrett, i-2010). Isibonelo, izinto zengqondo (INesse neBerridge, ngo-1997), imikhiqizo yokudla okusheshayo (I-Barrett, i-2007), imikhiqizo yokugembula (Rockloff, i-2014), imibukiso yethelevishini (I-Barrett, i-2010; UDerrick, uGabriel, noHugenberg, 2009), ukuxhumana nabantu be-digital kanye ne-inthanethi (Rocci, 2013; Iwadi, i-2013), nemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yokudayisa, njengezimoto ezibizayo (U-Erk, Spitzer, Wunderlich, Galley, noWalter, 2002), izicathulo eziphakeme kakhulu (UMorris, uMhlophe, uMorrison, noFisher, ngo-2013), izimonyo (Etcoff, Stock, Haley, Vickery, & House, 2011), kanye namathoyizi wezingane (UMorris, uReddy, noBunting, ngo-1995) konke kuye kwaxoxwa njengamafomu wezinsuku zanamuhla eziyingozi kakhulu. Eminye yalezi zindlela, ubufakazi bezinzwa buye babonisa ukuthi bathambekele ekusebenziseni i-dopamine izindlela ngokujulile, bethawula impendulo yomvuzo eyenzelwe imivuzo yemvelo, ngaleyo ndlela bakhuthaze ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile futhi kwezinye izimo, ukulutha umlutha (I-Barrett, i-2010; IBlumenthal neGolide, ngo-2010; U-Wang et al., I-2001).
Ngezilinganiso ezihlukahlukene, ukukhwabanisa okungavamile kuyinto engafanele. Ukutholakala okulungiselelwe kokudla okuphezulu kwekhalori kanye nokudla okuluthayo, ubuthi obutshwala nezinye izinto, umsebenzi wokuhlala ohilelekile ohilelekile ekubukeni ithelevishini, ngokusebenzisa imidiya yedijithali nemikhiqizo yokudlala, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokudayisa noma ukugembula, bonke bakhonza ukuhlinzekela imvelo lokho kukhuthaza ukuziphatha okungahambi kahle, okuholela ekulimazeni (I-Barrett, i-2007, 2010; Birch, 1999; I-Hantula, i-2003; Iwadi, i-2013). Lokhu kwenza isifundo sokuthi abantu banamuhla bakwazi ukuthatha izinto ezingaphezu kokuvamile. Embikweni wamanje, sisebenzisa leli gama igama elibi kakhulu lokubhekisela emikhiqizweni yesimanje kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okwenziwe ukukhethwa kwe-asymmetric (ukungalawulwa okungalawulwayo kuyahlukahluka okukhulu) futhi kwenziwa ngokwanele ezweni elinamuhla. Le mikhiqizo ivame ukucubungulwa, ehlanjululwayo, noma izimpahla zabathengi ezihlanganiswa kubandakanya ukudla okudla noma izinto. Izibonelo ezimbalwa ezicacile zifaka imilayezo etholakele ngezindaba zomphakathi. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kungakhuthazi okuncane kunengxoxo ebuso ubuso nobuso, le ndlela yokuxhumana inikeza izici ezibukwayo, ezisheshayo, nezidingo ezithuthukisiwe. Ngokufanayo, izingubo eziningi zanamuhla nezokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo ziveza abalingani abafanayo abathintekayo bokuthola noma ukufaneleka, kanye nesibindi esithinta umlingani wesimo socansi noma sezenhlalakahle. Ukusetshenziswa noma ukutholakala kwemikhiqizo kuhloswe ukuhlinzeka ngomvuzo osheshayo ngenxa yokuhunyushwa njengokuthuthukiswa komzimba.
Kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi ukukhethwa komvuzo ongaphezu kwemvelo kungaba umphumela wokungafani kokusebenza kwe-dopamine. Ukutholakala kwe-Dopamine kuye kwatholakala ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokusetshenziswa okudlulele okubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala, ukudla ukudla ngokweqile, ukugembula inkinga, nokulutha kwe-inthanethi (IBergh, i-Eklund, iSödersten, ne-Nordin, ngo-1997; Blum, Cull, Braverman, & Comings, 1996; UJohnson & Kenny, 2010; Kim et al., 2011). Umqondo wokuthola okungavamile okungavamile kuhambisana nokuhumusha ngokuhlukahluka komuntu ngamunye ekusebenzeni kwe-dopamine. Izindlela ze-Dopaminergic, zashintsha ukubeka phambili ukutholakala kwemithombo kanye nokusetshenziswa esimweni esingekho emithonjeni yemvelo, kungenzeka ukuthi zizwele ikakhulukazi izinto eziphathelene nokusebenza kwengqondo, ukudla okunamandla, kanye neminye imikhiqizo yomthengi yosuku lwanamuhla ekhombisa umvuzo wokuzikhandla (I-Barrett, i-2010; INesse neBerridge, ngo-1997; U-Wang et al., I-2001). Uma kunjalo, khona-ke i-NPS / i-SNPS emibili echazwe lapha ingalindeleka ukuba icacise abantu abane-dopamine ukungasebenzi. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungase lusetshenziswe ngokunenzuzo ngamasu we-neurophysiological ngokubambisana nezinyathelo zokubika, ukuze kuqinisekiswe izincwadi eziphakathi kwala mazinga amabili encazelo.
Okuhlangenwe nakho okungavamile kungokwemvelo futhi kungenakudliwa ngokweqile ngenxa yezici zabo ezicutshungulwayo (isb., Ukudla okulula futhi kuthatha ukudla) nokukhuthaza ukuziphatha okude isikhathi eside (isib. Ukuxhumana nabantu nokudlala). Ngakho-ke, ikhono lokubona abantu abakhetha lezi zinhlobo zomvuzo inikeza usizo olubalulekile kulabo abacwaninga, abaphatha, futhi bevimbela izinkinga zempilo yabantu ngenxa yokusetshenziswa.

3) Ukulutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile - ukugqugquzela okuphezulu okucatshangwa kumongo we-neuroplasticity (2013) - Ingcaphuno:

Isiyaluyalu sekuyisikhathi sokuhlukanisa uma sisetshenziselwa ukuziphatha okucindezelayo ngokocansi (CSBs), kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa okugqamile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Naphezu kokwamukelwa okukhulayo kokukhona kwezidakamizwa zemvelo noma inqubo esekelwe ekuqondeni ukwandiswa komsebenzi we-systemlialic dopaminergic imivuzo yokuhlelwa, kuye kwaba nokubonakala kokubiza ama-CSB njengokungathi umlutha. Ngesikhathi ukugembula kwe-pathological (PG) nokukhuluphala kunakekelwe kakhulu ekufundeni okusebenzayo nokuziphatha, ubufakazi ngokuya ngokusekela ukuchazwa kwama-CSB njengomlutha. Lobu bufakazi buningi futhi busekelwe ekuqondeni okuqhubekayo kwendima ye-neuronal receptor ekungeneni kwe-anti-addiction, okusekelwe ngokomqondo wokuziphatha ngokomlando. Lo mthelela wokulutha ungathuthukiswa yintsha yokuphuthumayo kanye 'ne-supranormal stimulus' (ibinzana elakhiwe nguNicolaas Tinbergen) isici esithathwe yizithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi ....
Kuyamangaza ukuthi ukulutha kokudla ngeke kuhlanganiswe njengokulutha kokuziphatha, naphezu kokuhlola okubonisa ukwehla kwe-dopaminergic receptor ngokweqile (Wang et al., 2001), ngokubuyiselwa okubonwe ngokudliwayo nokujwayelekile komzimba womzimba (BMI) (Steele et al., 2010). Umqondo 'we-supranormal stimulus', ecela igama likaNikolaas Tinbergen (Tinbergen, 1951), kusanda kuchazwa kumongo wobumnandi obedlula umvuzo wecocaine, nawo osekela isisekelo sokulutha kokudla (Lenoir, Serre, Laurine, & Ahmed, 2007). I-Tinbergen yasithola ukuthi izinyoni, izimvemvane nezinye izilwane zingase ziphonswe ekukhethweni kwezindawo zokufakelwa ezenzelwe ukubonakala ezikhangayo kakhulu kuneziqanda ezivamile nezilwane. Yiqiniso, kukhona ukungabi nemisebenzi efana nokusebenza komsebenzi ekuhloleni ukulutha komuntu ngokobulili, uma kuqhathaniswa nokugembula nokulutha kwezidakamizwa, kodwa kungathiwa yilowo nalowo walezi zimo angaba nesimiso esiphezulu. UDeirdre Barrett (2010) ufake izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengesibonelo se-stimulus supranormal ...
Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyi-laboratory ephelele yalolu hlobo lokufunda lombhalo oluhlangene nokushayela okunamandla kwenjabulo. Ukucwaninga okugxilile nokuchofoza, ukufuna isihloko esiphezulu se-masturbatory, kuyisenzo sokufunda nge-neuroplastic. Ngempela, kubonisa umqondo kaTinbergen we "supranormal stimulus" (Tinbergen, 1951), ngamabele asepulasitiki aphuthumayo ahlinzekwa ngendlela engenamkhawulo kubantu abasebenzela inhloso efanayo njengamamodeli we-butterfly kaTinbergen's and Magnus; abesilisa bazo zonke izinhlobo zikhetha ukufakelwa okwenzeka ngokwemvelo (Magnus, 1958; Tinbergen, 1951). Ngalesi sizathu, ubuciko obuthuthukisiwe buhlinzeka, ngomqondo okokufanisa, umphumela ofana ne-pheromone emadodeni angabantu, njengamabhu, 'okuvimbela ukuma' nokuphazamisa ukuxhumana kwangaphambi kokukhwelana phakathi kobulili ngokugcwala emoyeni '(UGaston, uShorey, NaseSaario, 1967) ... ..
Ngisho nombono womphakathi kubonakala sengathi uzama ukuchaza lesi senzakalo sezinto eziphilayo, njengaleli sitatimende kuNawomi Wolf; 'Ngesihlandlo sokuqala emlandweni wesintu, izithombe' amandla kanye nokukhwabanisa kuye kwandisa lokho okwakungowesifazane wangempela uhamba. Namuhla abesifazane abahamba ngezimoto zangempela bangabantu ababi kakhulu '(Wolf, 2003). Njengoba nje uThimbergen's and 'Magnus' porno 'Magunus' bephumelela ngokuphumelela ukunakekelwa kwebesilisa ngenxa yezinduna zangempela (Magnus, 1958; Tinbergen, 1951), sibona le nqubo efanayo eyenzeka kubantu.

4) Ingabe Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Zase-Internet Zibangela Ukuhlukunyezwa Ngokocansi? Ukubukezwa Ngemibiko Yomtholampilo (2016) - Ingcaphuno:

I-3.2. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet njenge-Stimulus engavamile
Ngokusobala, ukuthuthukiswa okubaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezinkinga zokuziphatha ngokobulili kuyinkinga indlela i-intanethi ethonya ngayo futhi yenza lula ukuziphatha kocansi okuphoqelekile [73]. Ama-movie anecala angenakukhawulwa ngokusakaza nge-"tube sites" manje ayatholakala mahhala futhi afinyeleleka kakhulu, ngosuku lwe-24 ngekhompyutha, amaphilisi kanye nama-smartphones, futhi kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi ziyisikhuthazo esingavamile, ukulingisa okuphambene nalokho okuthiwa ubuchopho bethu buguquke ukuphishekela ngenxa yobuqotho bayo bokuziphendukela kwemvelo [74,75]. Izinto ezicacile ngokobulili zilokhu ziseduze isikhathi eside, kodwa (i-1) yezocansi ezingcolile zevidiyo zivusa kakhulu ngokobulili kunezinye izinhlobo zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile [76,77] noma iphutha [78]; (I-2) ukubukwa kwezocansi zamanoveli kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi kubangele ukuvuvukala okukhulu, ukujula okusheshayo, nokwenza okuningi komzimba nokwenziwa komsebenzi kuqhathaniswa nolwazi olujwayelekile, mhlawumbe ngoba ukunakwa kwabangane abanoveli abanobuchwepheshe kanye nokuvusa kunempilo yokuzala [75,79,80,81,82,83,84]; futhi (i-3) ikhono lokuzikhethela ngokuzikhethela kalula lenza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi zivusa kakhulu kunezingqoqo ezikhethiwe [79]. Umsebenzisi wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile angakwazi ukugcina noma ukukhulisa ukuvusa ngocansi ngokuchofoza kweso simo esivumelwaneni, ividiyo entsha noma engakaze ihlangane nhlobo. Ucwaningo lwe-2015 lokuhlola imiphumela yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Inthanethi ngokubambezeleka kokuphumula (ukukhetha ukuzithokozisa okusheshayo mayelana nemiphumela yokubambezeleka okubaluleke kakhulu) kusho ukuthi, "Inzuzo ehlala njalo kanye nobukhulu bezenzo zobulili njengemivuzo yemvelo enamandla kakhulu yenza i-Internet pornography ibe isishoshovu esiyingqayizivele ohlelweni lomvuzo wobuchopho. ... Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuphatha izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengesimo esiyingqayizivele ekufundiseni umvuzo, ukungaziphathi kahle nokulutha umlutha "[75] (iphe. 1, 10).
I-novelty irejistreshini njengobuningi, ikhulisa inani lomvuzo, futhi inemivuzo ehlala njalo ekukhuthazeni, ekufundeni nasekumemori [85]. Njengesisusa socansi kanye nezakhiwo ezivuzayo zokusebenzisana ngokocansi, ubuhle buyacindezela ngoba kubangela ukuqhuma kwe-dopamine ezindaweni ezibuchopho ezihlotshaniswa kakhulu nomvuzo nomgomo-okuqondiswe ngayo [66]. Ngesikhathi abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi bephoqelela ukubonisa okunamandla kakhulu kwezithombe zobulili zomsindo kunezindlela zokulawula okunempilo, i-DACC yabo (ukukhipha i-cortex yangaphakathi) ibonisa ukujwayela okusheshayo kwezithombe kunokulawula okunempilo [86], okwenza usesho lwezithombe ezingezansi zocansi ngaphezulu. Njengombhali wezobambiswano uVoon wachaza ngesifundo se-2015 sethimba lakhe ekwenzeni izinto ezintsha nezindlela zokuhlala ezitholakala kubasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Internet, "Ukutholakala okubonakala okungenamkhawulo kwezithombe zocansi ezitholakala kuyi-intanethi [kungadla] ukulutha, okwenze kube nzima nakakhulu ukuphunyuka" [87]. Umsebenzi we-Mesolimbic dopamine nawo ungathuthukiswa izakhiwo ezengeziwe ezivame ukuhambisana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zo-Inthanethi zisebenzisa njengokuthi, ukwephulwa kokulindelwe, ukulindela umvuzo, nesenzo sokufuna / ukufaka (ngokuqondene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi) [88,89,90,91,92,93]. Ukukhathazeka, okuye kwaboniswa ukwandisa ukuvusa ngocansi [89,94], kungase futhi kuhambisane nokusetshenziswa kocansi kwe-intanethi. Ngamafuphi, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi zinikeza zonke lezi zimfanelo, ezibhalisa njengezingokoqobo, zivuselele i-dopamine bursts, futhi zithuthukise ukuvusa ucansi.

Prause et al., 2017 ayiqondi imodeli yokulutha

I-PRAUSE ET AL: Futhi, idatha ayanele ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamamodeli acindezelayo futhi angahlosile.

Omunye uhlaya obomvu. Ngokungafani nabalobi be Potenza et al., abalobi be Prause et al., akuzona ochwepheshe bezidakamizwa - futhi kubonisa. Izifundo zibika kaninginingi ukuthi ukuluthwa kunezici ze- kokubili ukungaziphathi nokucindezela. (Ukusesha kwe-Google Scholar ukulutha umlutha + ukucindezela + ukubuyisela ukubuyiswa kwe-22,000 ukucaphuna.) Nazi izincazelo ezilula ze ukungaziphathi kahle futhi ukuphoqeleka:

Ukungaziphathi kahle: Ukusebenza masinyane ngaphandle kokucatshangelwa noma ukuhlela okufanelekile ekuphenduleni isimiso sangaphakathi noma sangaphandle. Isikhundla sokwamukela imivuzo emincane esheshayo ngokunciphisa ukulibaziseka okukhulu futhi ukungakwazi ukuyeka ukuziphatha ngokuzithokozisa uma sekusethiwe.
Ukuphoqeleka: Kubhekisela ekuziphatheni okuphindaphindiwe okwenziwe ngokwemithetho ethile noma ngendlela ehlukile. Lezi zindlela zokuziphatha zikhuthazela ngisho nalapho kubhekene nemiphumela emibi.

Izibikezelo, abacwaningi bomlutha ngokuvamile kuwuphawu lokulutha njengoba ithuthuka kusuka ukuphinga ukuziphatha okuthanda injabulo kuya ukuziphatha okuphindiwe okuphindaphindiwe ukugwema ukungakhululeki (njengokubuhlungu kokuhoxiswa). Ngakho, Umlutha uhlanganisa kancane kokubili, kanye nezinye izakhi. Ngakho umehluko phakathi "kobuhle" bokungacabangi nokucindezela njengoba kuhlobene ne-CSBD kungakabonakali.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-"compulsive" ku-diagnostic entsha ye-ICD-11 akuhloswanga ukuchaza ukuthi iziphi izinkinga ze-Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder: "waqhubeka nokuphindaphinda ukuziphatha ngokocansi naphezu kwemiphumela emibi."Esikhundleni salokho" ukucindezela, "njengoba kusetshenziswe ku-ICD-11, igama elichazayo eliye lasetshenziswa iminyaka, futhi livame ukusetshenziswa ngokungafani" nokulutha. "(Isibonelo isesho sezazi zeGoogle ukucindezelwa + ukulutha kubuyisela iziqu ze-130,000.)

Ngakho-ke, noma yini wena noma umhlinzeki wakho wokunakekelwa kwempilo ufuna ukuyibiza - "ukuxhashazwa ngokobulili," "ukubheja kocansi," "ukubheja kocansi," "ukuziphatha okungaxhunyiwe ngokobulili," "ukubheja kocansi lwe-inthanethi" - uma ukuziphatha kungena ngaphakathi "kwe-Compulsive Behavior Disorder" incazelo, isimo singatholakala ukuthi sisebenzisa i-ICD-11 CSBD ukuxilongwa.