IZIMPENDULO: Lokhu isifundo esisha (okungezansi ngezansi) kuthathwa ngokuthi "ukuphindaphindeka kwehlulekile" kokuzama okukhulunywe kakhulu kwe-1989, okufakazela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi akunamthelela omncane ebudlelwaneni obuseduze.
Okokuqala, akunangqondo ukutshela ukuthi izifundo zokuhlola zingabonisa ukuthi ukubukela i-porn ngempela izimbangela imiphumela emibi yobudlelwane. "Ukuhlola lapho amantombazane asekolishi abheka khona ambalwa Playboy ukufakwa kwesikhungo (njengokucwaningweni) akukwazi ukukutshela lutho ngemiphumela yomyeni wakho ukushaya indlwabu kumavidiyo anzima-ama-video omfisha usuku nosuku ngeminyaka ekugcineni.
Eqinisweni, isifundo ngasinye esithinta abesilisa uye sabika ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuningi kocansi kuxhumene abampofu ukwaneliseka ngokobulili noma ngokobudlelwano. Kuzo zonke, ngaphezu kokuqukethwe kwe-70 ukuxhunywa kocansi okusetshenziselwa ubulili ekusetshenzisweni kocansi kanye nokwaneliseka komndeni. Kulezi zifundo zobudlelwano be-70 i-8 yizifundo ze-longitudinal ezilawula iziguquguquko noma izifundo lapho izihloko zilahla khona ezingcolile. Kuze kube manje kuqhutshwe izifundo eziyisikhombisa zokuxoxisana kwe-longitudinal okwembula imiphumela yempilo yangempela yokusetshenziswa kocansi okuqhubekayo. Zonke kubika ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi kuhlobene nobuhlobo obumpofu / imiphumela yocansi:
- Ukuboniswa Kwengane Yobuningi Emibonweni Ye-Internet Eya ocansini ngokobulili Ukuneliseka ngokocansi: Isifundo se-Longitudinal (2009).
- Uthando Lungahlali Kuphela: Ukusebenzisa Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Nokuzibophezela Okunciphise Kwangxenye Yomuntu Oyedwa (2012).
- Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi nobuhlobo bomhlobo: Ukufundwa kwe-longitudinal ngaphakathi kanye naphakathi kwemiphumela yomlingani yokulungiswa, ukwaneliseka ngokocansi kanye nezinto zokuxhumana ze-intanethi ezicacile ngokobulili phakathi kwezintsha ezisanda kutholakala (2015).
- Kuze Kuze Kube Nezingcolile Ukuthi Siyingxenye? Imiphumela Longitudinal ye-Pornography Sebenzisa ku-Divorce, (2016).
- Ingabe Ukubuka Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Kunciphisa Ubuningi Bomshado Ngokuhamba Nesikhathi? Ubufakazi obuvela ku-Longitudinal Data (2016).
- Ingabe Abasebenzisa Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Kungenzeka Basheshe Bahlangane? Ubufakazi obuvela ku-Longitudinal Data (2017).
- I-Pornography Sebenzisa nokuhlukaniswa komshado: Ubufakazi obuvela kuDatha ye-Two-Wave Panel (2017).
Iya ekucwaningweni kwe-2017 nemiphumela yaso ekhishwe kalula: Ingabe ukuvezwa kwama-etica kunciphisa ukukhangwa nokuthanda othandana nabo emadodeni? Izimpendulo ezizimele zikaKenrick, u-Gutierres, no-Goldberg (i-1989).
Ucwaningo lwe-2017 luzama ukuphindaphinda a Ucwaningo lwe-1989 lembula abesilisa nabesifazane ebudlelwaneni obuzibophezele ezithombeni ezivusa inkanuko zobulili obuhlukile. Ucwaningo lwango-1989 lwathola ukuthi amadoda ayevezwa enqunu Playboy ukuvulwa kwamaphakathi kunomlingani wabalingani babo njengento ekhangayo encane futhi babike uthando oluncane lomlingani wabo. Njengoba ukutholakala kwe-2017 kwehlulekile ukuphinda kuphinde kufakwe ukutholakala kwe-1989, sitshelwa ukuthi isifundo se-1989 sitholile okungalungile, nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi akukwazi ukunciphisa uthando noma isifiso. Whoa! Akuyona ngokushesha kakhulu.
Ukuphindaphindeka "kwehlulekile" ngoba indawo yethu yamasiko seyenziwe "yenziwa amanyala." Abaphenyi baka-2017 abathathanga abafundi basekolishi be-1989 abakhule bebuka i-MTV ngemuva kwesikole. Esikhundleni salokho izifundo zabo zakhula zisebenzisa i-PornHub yamaqembu ezigelekeqe namavidyo kliphu we-orgy.
Ku-1989 bangaki abafundi bekolishi bebonile ividiyo e-X? Akuningi kakhulu. Bangaki abafundi be-1989 ekolishi abachitha yonke iseshini yokushaya indlwabu, kusukela ekufikeni kwentsha, ukushaya indlwabu kumakhamera amaningi anzima-core ngesikhathi esisodwa? Akukho. Isizathu semiphumela ye-2017 sibonakala: ukuvezwa okufutshane esithombeni esisekhona se-a Playboy I-centralfold iyinhlaya enkulu uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho amadoda asekholeji ku-2017 aye bebuka iminyaka. Ngisho abalobi wavuma ukungafani kokukhiqiza kanye ne-caveat yabo yokuqala:
I-1) Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukukhomba ukuthi isifundo sokuqala sanyatheliswa ku-1989. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuvezwa kokuqukethwe kocansi kungenzeka ukuthi kwakungatholakali, kodwa namuhla, ukuvezwa kwezithombe ezingcolile kukhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukuvezwa kwendawo yangasese kungase kungenele ukwenza umphumela wokuphambene obikiwe ekuqaleni. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela yezifundo zamanje zokuphindaphinda zingase zihluke ekutadisheni kwangempela ngenxa yokwehlukana ekuvezeni, ukufinyelela, ngisho nokwamukelwa kwe-eero then kuze kube manje.
Esikhathini esingavamile sohlelo olungenabulungiswa ngisho noDavid Ley wazizwa ephoqelekile ukuveza okusobala:
Kungenzeka ukuthi isiko, abesilisa, nezocansi sezishintshe kakhulu kusukela ngo-1989. Bambalwa abantu abadala kulezi zinsuku abangazibonanga izithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma abesifazane abanqunu — ubunqunu nobulili obuyingcaca buvamile emithonjeni yezindaba ethandwayo, kusukela Game of Thrones ukwenza amakha ezikhangiso, nasezifundazweni eziningi, abesifazane bavunyelwe ukungahambisi phezulu. Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi abesilisa ocwaningweni lwakamuva bafunde ukuhlanganisa ubunqunu nezocansi abazibona ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile nakwezemihla ngemihla ngendlela engathinti ukuheha kwabo noma ukuthanda abalingani babo. Mhlawumbe amadoda ocwaningweni luka-1989 ayengathonyiwe kangako ocansini, ubunqunu kanye nezithombe zocansi.
Khumbula ukuthi lokhu kuhlolwa akusho ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi ayikho ukukhangwa kwamadoda abathintekile kubathandi babo. Kusho nje ukuthi ukubheka "izindawo eziphakathi" akunandaba nomthelela kulezi zinsuku. Amadoda amaningi abika ngokukhululekile ukwanda ekukhangeni kubalingani ngemuva kokuyeka izithombe ze-intanethi. Futhi-ke, kukhona ubufakazi be-longitudinal obukhulunywe ngenhla obubonisa imiphumela engalungile yokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ebuhlotsheni.
Okokugcina, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi abalobi beliphepha bangabalingani bakaTaylor Kohut eNyuvesi yaseWestern Ontario. Leli qembu labacwaningi, eliholwa nguWilliam Fisher, liye lashicilela izifundo ezibucayi, ezivame ukukhiqiza imiphumela ebusweni ebonakala sengathi iphikisana nezincwadi ezinkulu ezixhumanisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile kumiphumela emibi embi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bobabili uKohut noFisher badlala indima enkulu ekunqobeni Ukunyakaza kwe-47 eCanada.
Nazi izifundo ezimbili zakamuva ezivela kuKohut, Fisher kanye nozakwabo eNtshonalanga Ontario ezigcwala izihloko eziphezulu nokudukisayo:
Ocwaningweni lwabo lwango-2017, uKohut, Fisher noCampbell kubukeka sengathi baphazamise isampula ukuze bakhiqize imiphumela abebeyifuna. Ngenkathi ucwaningo oluningi lukhombisa ukuthi idlanzana labalingani besifazane abasebenzisa i-porn lisebenzisa i-porn, kulolu cwaningo i-95% yabesifazane basebenzise i-porn bebodwa (i-85% yabesifazane bebesebenzisa i-porn kusukela ekuqaleni kobudlelwano). Lezo zilinganiso ziphakeme kunamadoda asekolishi, futhi ziphakeme kakhulu kunanoma isiphi esinye isifundo se-porn! Ngamanye amagama, abacwaningi kubukeka sengathi baphikise isampula labo ukuze bakhiqize imiphumela abebeyifuna. Iqiniso: Idatha ehlukanisiwe evela kwinhlolovo enkulu kunazo zonke yase-US (i-General Social Survey) ibike ukuthi kuphela u-2.6% wabesifazane abavakashele "iwebhusayithi yezocansi" ngenyanga edlule.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifundo sikaKohut sibuze kuphela imibuzo "evulekile evulekile" lapho izifundo zingagxambukela khona mayelana ne-porn. Abaphenyi bafunda ama-rambling futhi banquma, ngemuva kweqiniso, yiziphi izimpendulo "ezazibalulekile" (zilingana nokulandisa abakufisayo?). Ngamanye amagama, isifundo asizange sihambisane nokusetshenziswa kocansi nganoma iyiphi inhloso, ukuhlolwa okuguquguqukayo kwesayensi kokugculiseka ngokocansi noma kobudlelwano (njengoba kwenza i- cishe ucwaningo lwe-60 olubonisa ukusetshenziswa kocansi oluhlobene nemiphumela emibi ebuhlotsheni). Konke okushiwo ephepheni kufakiwe (noma kungabandakanyi) ekuqaphelweni okungenakunqunywa kwabalobi.
Okhulumela abakwa-Taylor Kohut baqalile ukulingana njenge-1) Ukukhipha isisu, (2) Ukuhlonza owesifazane, (3) Abesifazane abambe isikhundla samandla, (4) Ukukholelwa ukuthi impilo yomndeni ihlupheka lapho owesifazane enomsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele, futhi ngokungavamile (5) isimo sengqondo esibi emndenini wendabuko. Abantu abaningi, abavame ukukhululeka kakhulu, baye kude amazinga aphezulu okusetshenziswa kocansi kunabantu abakholwayo. Ngokukhetha lezi zindlela nokungazinaki ezinye iziguquguquli ezingapheli, umbhali oholayo uKohut kanye nabalobi bakhe abambisene nabo bayazi ukuthi bazophelisa abasebenzisi bezithombe ze-porn ababeka phambili ekukhetheni okukhethiwe ngokucophelela kwalokhu okushiwo "ukulingana."Khona-ke abalobi bakhetha isihloko esiphelele konke. Eqinisweni, lezi zithole ziphikisana nazo zonke ezinye izifundo ezishicilelwe. (Bheka lolu hlu lwezinguquko ezingaphezulu kwe-25 ezixhumanisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingqondweni, ukuphikisa nokuncane ukulingana.)
Qaphela: Lesi sethulo se-2018 sichaza iqiniso ngemuva kwezinguquko ezingaqondi futhi ezidukisayo ze-5, kufaka phakathi izifundo ezimbili ezixoxwe ngazo: Ucwaningo Lwezingubo: Iqiniso Noma Izinganekwane?
Leonhardt et al., 2019 ikheli lephepha
IPHUPHO: E2018 i I-Archives yokuziphatha ngokocansi eshicilelwe Leonhardt et al., 2018 futhi wacela iziphakamiso. Kwembula ukucabanga okugxile okuvela kumaphephabhuku we-sexology, i-4 yabaphawuli be-6 "Ochwepheshe" be-RealYBOP USamuel Perry, uToylor Kohut, uNicole Prause noDavid Ley (noLey noma uPrause abayizifundiswa, kanti uLey akazange alushicilele ucwaningo lwangempela). (I-RealYBOP izama ukuthulisa ukugxeka kwe-YBOP ngokuntshontsha uphawu lwakwa-YBOP.)
I-RealYBOP nochwepheshe bayo babambe iqhaza ekukhuthazeni i-ajenda yomkhakha wezocansi (uLey ukhona ikhokhwe yi-xHamster). Emzamweni wokukhipha i-porn futhi kudideke umphakathi, bacaphuna ngokungafanele amaphepha akhipha izimbali anjengokuthi U-Balzarini et al., I-2017 - njengoba kwenza uNicole Prause ekuhlaziyweni kwakhe okungathandeki
Ngo 2019, Leonhardt et al. uphendula zonke izincazelo eziyisithupha ngo “Imidiya yezocansi nekhwalithi yezocansi: Izinhloso, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye ne-Reflexivity — Impendulo Kumazwana (2019).”Nayi ingcaphuno (ebhalwe phansi, kodwa ebucayi) lapho ababhali bekhuluma khona U-Balzarini et al., Umkhuba ojwayelekile we-2017 noPrause wokukhetha okweqile kwe-cherry:
I-Prause (2019) ikhombe izifundo eziningana ezigcizelela ukungaqiniseki ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-media sex yini, futhi kuhlobene nemiphumela yesikhathi eside eyinkinga. Olunye ucwaningo oluningi uPrause afake isikhalo kulo UBalzarini, Dobson, Chin, noCampbell's (2017) ukwehluleka ukuphindaphinda isifundo esedlule (UKenrick, uGutierrez, noGoldberg, 1989). Emzamweni wokuziphindaphinda, kumasampula amaningi anikwe amandla kahle, bathole ukuthi ukubuka i-erotica akuholelanga emadodeni abika ukukhanga okuphansi noma ukuthanda abalingani babo. Ucwaningo luphezulu ngekhwalithi, noma lubandakanya ukulinganiselwa okubalulekile. Lolu cwaningo lunikeze ubufakazi bokuthi labo ababheka amafolda anqunu ayi-16 amasekhondi ayi-15 lilinye alimbanga umuntu ukuthi abike ukwehla kokuheha noma ukuthanda umlingani. Sikholwa ukuthi lokhu kungafakazelwa ekuqinisekiseni kwethu ukuthi imvamisa ithonya lezindaba zocansi licashile futhi liyinselele ukulithola ngaphandle kokuthi kubhekelwe ukubalwa kwezinga lokusetshenziswa okuphezulu (isb., UWight et al., 2018, 2019), kanye / noma inhlanganisela yabomengameli abaningi lokho okuholela kumthelela ophakeme wokubhala (Leonhardt et al., 2018.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, uVandenbosch (2018) ukhulume ngezifundo ezimbalwa ezengeziwe ukuxhasa isiqiniseko sethu sokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezindaba zocansi ngokuvamile akuhambisani nokuphishekela ikhwalithi yesikhathi eside yezocansi. Sengeza ukuthi izifundo eziningi ezengeziwe ezinezindlela ezahlukahlukene (isb., Ukuxhumana okude, ukubuka, ukuhlolwa) kubonakala sengathi kusekela ukugomela kwethu okuphakathi, njengoba izifundo ezigxile ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi zikuxhumanise nokuzibophezela okuphansi (iLambert, Negash, Stillman, Olmstead, & I-Fincham, i-2012) nesaphulelo sokulibaziseka okuphansi (isb., Ukwehlisa amanani amakhulu, imivuzo yakamuva ngokuya ngemiklomelo emincane, esheshayo; I-Negash, iSheppard, iLambert, neFincham, i-2016). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kwakamuva kutholile nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuxhumene nobulili obuphezulu obungazenzisi (iTokunaga et al., 2019). Lezi zifundo akufanele zithathwe njengobufakazi obucacile bokuthi imidiya yezocansi ayihambisani nekhwalithi yezocansi yesikhathi eside ngoba nayo inezinkinga ezinamandla ebesikade sixoxa ngazo isikhathi eside, kepha zandisa ukuzethemba ekuqinisekiseni kwethu.
abstract
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.11.003
Amaphuzu avelele
- Izimpendulo ezintathu ezingabhalisiwe, ezinamandla kakhulu zikaKenrick et al. (I-1989)
- Amadoda nabesifazane abaveziwe bazinikezele ubudlelwane obuhlukile kwezobulili obuhlukile
- Ngemuva kokulinganisa ukuhlolwa kokulinganisa kokuheha kanye nothando lomlingani
- Imiphumela yezinguquko zokuqala nezokuphindaphindiwe zazihlanganisiwe
- Kuzo zonke izifundo ezintathu asizange sithole ukwesekwa kokuthola kwangempela.
UKenrick, uGutierres, noGoldberg (1989; Isifundo 2) bakhombisile ukuthi abesilisa, kepha hhayi abesifazane, ebudlelwaneni obuzinikele obudalulwe ezithombeni ezingathandeki zabobulili obuhlukile abanye babika izilinganiso eziphansi zokuheha kocansi komlingani wabo (d = 0.91) nothando oluncane ngomlingani wabo (d = 0.69) kunamadoda avezwe ezithombeni zobuciko obungabonakali. Lolu cwaningo lunomthelela ekuqondeni imiphumela engaba khona ye-erotica emadodeni ebudlelwaneni, kepha alukaze luphindwe. Senze izimpendulo ezintathu ezibhalisiwe, ezinamandla amakhulu, futhi sahlaziya imeta yezifundo zokuqala nokuziphindaphinda. Asikutholanga ukusekelwa kokutholwa kwasekuqaleni ukuthi ukuvezwa kwezithombe ezikhangayo zabobulili obuhlukile abanye kuthinta izilinganiso zabesilisa zokuheha kocansi kwabalingani babo noma uthando lomlingani wabo.
Amagama angukhiye: Izikhungo zangaphakathi; I-Erotica; Ukuheha komlingani; Uthando; Ukuphendula; Reproducibility
☆ Lolu cwaningo lwalusekelwa isibonelelo esinikezwe uLorne Campbell nguJehova Sciences Social and Humanities Research Council of Canada [inombolo yesibonelelo 122848].
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